Сукетоши Таба и С. Твумаси-Африйе

реклама
Сукетоши Таба1 и С. Твумаси-Африйе2
1
2
Международный центр улучшения кукурузы и пшеницы (CIMMYT), Мексика
CIMMYT, Эфиопия
(Zea mays L. subsp. mays) –
,
,
! "
#"
,
,
&
'
#(
)
&
$ %
* –
. + *
& #
"
!
(
.-.
3
$/
!
&
(
!
$
)
3-!
(
,
*
,
$ ,
, *
:
$
26º #"
. . .),
&
26º
!
"
!
.7
# '
!
$ ,
$ ,
.
.
,
!,
& #
.
(1200 –1900
,
!
"
: (
$
! ,
,
)
(
" #
(
"
!
#
10
,
250
,
)
5
)
)
)
$ *
(
,
9
4–
(
!
# :
, *
,
#
#
. . .)
&
"
26º #"
"
*
(<1200
(1900–2600
$ ,
26º
,
. . .),
*
#
@
)
:
*
!
A)
'
*
(
&
&
) &
&
(
#
*
)
)
)
&
"
&
(
(
)
)
)
(
#
&
-
*
$
*
(
!
,
$
#
,&
#
*
&
*
)
,
D
);
(
)
.
&
(E13.4 *
(
). 9
(
*
) *
!,
"
,
)
)
$
$%
,
&
!
/
!
*
G
10
(
,
"
$/
(
&
5
)
45º C,
,
.
*,
&
! 25 – 35º C. I
,
"
)
*
)
*
(
"
)
)
$
(
&
85%
!
)
*
&
!
(
!
)
)
)
)
$
,
,
!
)
!.
!
" #
#"
#
$
(
F
),
(.
, 500–700
)
"
!
:
F
(
.
" #
$ )
! ) &
.
&
!
(
)
)
(
*
"
'
"
)
).
@
+
!
$
(
)
!
$
"
#,
,
)
.
!
)
(
, 1500
*
, 250
)
$
)
(
(
)
"
! "
$
(
$
$
)
(
.
"
*
$
.: FAO/IPGRI 1994; ISTA 2008).
*
!
)
)
$
: & (
(
!
!,
.
2
-
) "
&
*
!
*
&
$: ,
( $,
"
& , *
, #
,
4
&
"
)
,
)
(
!
$
$
"
'::
)V
!
#
#
–
*
(
) >100
$ )
*
,
)
(
*
() (Crossa 1987; Crossa et al. 1994;
Wang et al. 2004).
F
& , * )
*
*
)
,
"
&
$
(
#
!
$
!
)
$ (Mezzalama
et al. 2001).
A )
"
D%A. +
"
*
@
D%A
)!
) #
*
$
* "
(Mezzalama et al. 2008).
"
&
.
!
I
)
#
) *
"
)
)
(
&
. F
(plant-to-plant crossing),
)
. F
(
"
)
, &
*
)
'
&
)
(
#
.
+
!
)
! (
"
*
,
)
"
"
)
. +
)
)
!,
'::
&
)
"
'
*
,
, *
*
!
*
100
& "
)
(
*
,
'::
!
( . .,
*
(
200).
+
!
)
!
"
1. F
& ,
! (
,
"
*
(
)
"
.
,
*
"
&
#
) (@ . 2);
2. f
#
(
3. g
* )
4. h
"
)
(
"
!
$ (@ . 3);
#
)
&
(
,
&
$
"
!
(@
# , * )
,
&
,
. 4);
"
( $
(
! (
,
#
;
3
5. g
#
#
9
)
)
!
,
#
,
!
)
"
"
A
(
$
.
!
.
& ,
36 C°.
"
7
( . .
"
!
!
"
*
)
!,
$
&
*
&
"
:
#
,
:
#
,
(
!
$
:
. - '
:
!
j
,&
)
, $ )
)
*
!.
"
(
)
(3–5 &)
&
)
&
,
& !
)
#
.
# $
+
,
D%A,
$
&
, &
!
)
)!
"
"
&
#
,
&
"
*
,
!
!
"
$,
)
(
. -
"
,
&
$
(
!
"
D%A
. 3 ' !
,
(!
)
&
#
&
,
, & )
"
"
–
.
&
$
*
,
)
7
)
. +
(
( ,
( $
,
)
"
D%A (Mezzalama
et al., 2008).
!
%
%
-
!
&
,
*
&
*
6–8
"
&
&
,
*
*
(
$
,
8 *
(
"
$
& &
*
,
*
%
(
,* )
"
(%
)
( #(
&
*
,
&
). I
)
'
)
*
*
!
)
(
"
, & *
)
(
$
.
,
F
,
)
- (
!
"
$,
!
!
!
(
,
&
'
!
!
*
!
$.
( $,
4
"
&
$
)
$
)
+
! "
,
!
.
$
*
"
,
(
$)
k
(
&
$
$
)
& &
&
.g
)
100
"
,* )
*
(
*
*
!
256
$
$
(
"
* )
75
&
), )
*
)
2
(60
.f
"
+
"
.
)
&
)
)
&
(
)
)
( 16
$
16
,
$.
&
)
(
)
#
$.
F
)
!
$
$
)
$
. +
"
$
*
$),
. + *
,
!
( (21
$
! :
#
,
#
(
*
8 – 10
!
*
$,
*
(
!
)
1
*
$,
&
!
)
168
"
"
8–10
), * )
*
(
*
!
#
*
!
&
,
* #
!
)
*
#
*
.
+
,
& ,
*
100 !
)
200
,
!
(
)
$
$ 100
)
$
*
"
-
)
). j )
*
(
$
)
7
(
*
&
),
"
"
! "
)V
"
. + *
,
, * )
)
( ,* )
*
'::
$ *
&
(
*
' &
&
$ *
( .
"
*
200–300
)
100
*
(
(
)
,
*
!
$
*
$
)
$
(
,
&
(
.
'(
A) *
$
#
) &
,
&
,
!
!.
)
-
,
7
$
"
!
!
#*
(
"
)
!
, &
,
*
*
.
,
*
$
,
'
.
5
k )
,
*
3
!
)
*
*
!.
(N-P-K)
(
!
(
7
!
*
$
)
!
#
)
#
!
!, *
)
!
&
,
!
N-P-K (80-40-0).
$
)!
!
.
*
F
:
!
#
!
"
)
)
. F
!
)
$
)
,
$,
)
) *
)
#
:
G
,
, Dalbulus maidis, Cicadulina spp., Spodoptera frugiperda,
&
,
)
*
!
$
!
(Ortega 1987)
n
,
" #
,
,&
)
–
)
)
&
(
)
(
)
)
, "
Pythium, Fusarium
Gibberella),
(Collectotrichum graminicola), &
)
Cephalosporium),
*
Stenocarpella),
&
Ustilago maydis),
,
*
,
Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Gibberella
(
(
*
,
(Stenocarpella (syn. Diplodia maydis)),
*
"
,
MRFV,
(MBS),
Spiroplasma kunkelii Whitcomb et al.
(+
&
CIMMYT
, 2004).
*
f
(
)
:
j
!
)
!-
" &
g
#
$. +
)!
)
)
#
! * &
)
&
)
)
j
:
)
,
.
,
*
(
'
*
) &
-
& .
(
*
$
!
"
$
,
"
$.
& )
)!
&
&
)
,
&
&
"
#
)
.
*
$
.
(
+
#
"
,
)
*
!
!
$
(
, &
,
)
(
6
"
"
)
(
*
&
,
&
&
,
"
$
* "
!
$
( $.
+
j
) &
* "
$
@
)
( $,
,
#*
( D%A.
$
$
.
,
1. F
)
"
(
)
.@
«F
2. g
!
)!
»
)
$
&
*
&, !
*
" ).
"
# *
$.
3.
)
)
!
"
,
,
*
:
*
)
*
)
#
*
,
! # . A
)
,
)
. (@ . 5 , ))
4. F
"
$
*
#
*
5. k )
)
)
)
*
#
:
)
*
)
$
-
#
)
,
.
*
6. j )
,
(
*
*
,
& *
*
$"
(
)
)
( , )
!
,
)
.
#
(
)
.
100
50
, * )
)
*
!-
,
n
10
20
*
* )
)
!
$ '::
1994; Vencovsky
1. j )
, &
,
*
&
!
$
, #(
#
!
(
! (
$,
(Ne) (Crossa et al.
,
)
)
,
,
( #
!
$
*
*
35°C), * )
13 – 15%. 7
,
!
*
,
&
(
)
Crossa 1999).
*
"
$,
# *
*
"
!
!
,
"
*
30°C. +
,
)
*
! .
7
2. f
"
&
*
)
#
)
(
!
$
& (
*
!
$
)
(
3. F
#
*
$
#
. -
#
,
$
"
"
,
*
#
,
&
&
&
)
)
#
7 – 8%
$
)
!
,
"
' &
#
+
&
& &
)
(
(
!
&
. g )
)
#
, #
)
"
&
#
)
(
.
. A
«F
)!
#
!, )
8. j
$ /
.
8
!
!
)
$
(
'
&
!
,
( $.
!
. g )
*
" ).
! !
)
'
)
,* )
,(
#
)
" )
#
!
'
!
»
&
!
,
1000
.
&
"
(10 –
(
"
&
"
!
! "
(
&
"
&
$
#
6. A
7. A)
*
.
$
(
)
, .
#
:
)
)
, *
"
!
5. +
&
6 – 8%. A) *
!
$, )
(
(
.
!
)
*
4
"
(
)
!
&
15 – 20%)
:
&
,
$
$
,
(Crossa 1987).
#
&
#
&
*
!
' & )
!
,
&
(. A) *
.F
,
15°C
4. F
*
"
)
,
&
, * )
)
!
!
*
"
"
)V
"
#
#
, $
$
)
(
(
&
$
!
.
%
F
"
"
)
+
:
)
*
,
$
! &
)
:
&
$ )
$
)
)
$
(
,
,
"
"
:
)
:
(
(
#
(
' &
&
"
- !
( # )
,
"
" #
(
$
(
)
!
)
.
"
*
&
"
!
( ). F
,
,
&
,
)
"
!
/ )
!
.@
*
*
.
#
#
8
'
*
!
:
)
&
!
, *
(
)
"
,
&
#
(
:
"
(
(
'
$,
.
"
'
g
&
& ,
" .
! "
*
!
$"
,&
,
&
,
!
*
)
%
(
)
&
(
"
+
$
( . -
# '
()
-
)
"
,*
!
(
)
)
"
"
#
*
)
:
GPS
h
@ &
(
g
)
h
*
F
,
$
/ *
( ,
:
/
/
(
(
(
*
"
F
*
,&
"
& &
@
"
$
F
!
(
)
3
,
$
*
,
!
!
,
&
, &
,
,
,
(
&
(
*
$)
k
, !
k
$
$
(
*
!
$
(
"
!
)
j
)
:
k
,
!
F
)
k
,
)
$
!
)
$(
!
(
)
:
*
,
)
!
&
*
*
,
,
$*
& *
*
,
,
*
"
(
!
*
!
)
*
!
!
*
"
A(
-
)
"
)
%
/&
)
. .)
+
+
$, )
"
(
*
)
. .)
" #
"
,
, ,
*
(
*
&
,
*
,
, *
#
,
,
,
*
*
&
,
9
*
$
*
"
:
(
&
#
!
$, *
*
)
#
$
&
"
#
!(
,
*
&
$
&
)
(
(Franco et al. 2005)
f
&
@ ,
!
"
)
x
&
)!
'::
)
.
$ *
(
(
/
'
(
&
:
*
F
!
h !
+
(
$
(
F
(
! "
"
"
(
! "
!
!
!
$
,
$:
$
") $.
,
th
The CIMMYT Maize Program. 2004. Maize diseases: A guide for field identification. 4
edition. CIMMYT: Mexico, D.F.
Crossa J. 1989. Methodologies for estimating the sample size required for genetic
conservation of outbreeding crops. Theoretical Applied Genetics 77:153–161.
Crossa J, Taba S, Eberhart SA, Bretting P, Vencovsky R. 1994. Practical considerations for
maintaining germplasm in maize. Theoretical Applied Genetics 89:89–95.
FAO/IPGRI. 1994. Genebank Standards. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Franco J, Crossa J, Taba S, Shands H. 2005. A sampling strategy for conserving genetic
diversity when forming core subsets. Crop Science 45:1035–1044.
Hartkamp AD, White JW, Rodriguez Aguilar A, Banzinger M, Srinivasan G, Granados G,
Crossa J. 2000. Maize production environments revisited: A GIS-based approach.
CIMMYT, Mexico City, Mexico.
ISTA. 2008. International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association.
ISTA Secretariat, CH-Switzerland.
Lafitte HR. 1994. Identifying production problems in tropical maize: A field guide. CIMMYT,
Mexico, D.F.
Mezzalama ML, Gilchrist L, McNab A. 2001. Seed health: rules and regulations for the safe
movement of germplasm. CIMMYT, Mexico D.F.
Ortega AC. 1987. Insect pests of maize. A guide for field identification. CIMMYT, Mexico
D.F.
Pardey PG, Koo B, Van Dusen E, Skovemand B, Taba S, Wright BD. 2004. CIMMYT
genebank in Saving Seeds: The economics of conserving crop genetic resources ex-situ
in the future harvest centers of the CGIAR, pp. 21–47. CABI Publishing, UK.
10
Salhuana W. 1995. Conservation, evaluation and use of maize genetic resources. In: Engels
JMM, Rao RR, editors. Regeneration of Seed Crops and Their Wild Relatives. ICRISAT,
India.
Wang J, Crossa J, van Ginkel M, Taba S. 2004. Statistical genetics and simulation models in
genetic resource conservation and regeneration. Crop Science 44:2246–2253.
*
F-
ƒ
%
(CIMMYT, %
(g (
$&
), -
)
)
%'$ "
'
D
(j„/)
# (
'
&
-
f !
.
.
$.
Taba S. and Twumasi-Afriyie S. 2008. @
"
#.
. -: Dulloo
M.E., Thormann I., Jorge M.A. and Hanson J., editors. Crop specific regeneration
guidelines [CD-ROM]. CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy.
13 pp.
11
1-
j
ƒ
%
Suketoshi Taba
2- f *
*
*
!
Suketoshi Taba
3-
,
)
(
Suketoshi Taba
4- j)
(
!
(
Suketoshi Taba
5a, 5b
j )
*
Suketoshi Taba
12
f
13
Скачать