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ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ Ãëàâà 1. ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÅÉ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) .................................. 11 Ïðåäèñëîâèå ê ãëàâå .............................................................................................. 11 1.1. Ðàííÿÿ èñòîðèÿ ............................................................................................... 11 Ðàííèå ãîäû: îò òåëåãðàôà äî òåëåôîíà ............................................................... 13 Èçîáðåòåíèå èìïóëüñíî-êîäîâîé ìîäóëÿöèè (ÐÑÌ) ............................................ 15 Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîå îáîñíîâàíèå ÈÊÌ .................................................................... 16 Ïàòåíò Àëåêñà Õàðëè Ðèâçà íà ÈÊÌ ................................................................... 18 ÈÊÌ è Bell System: Âòîðàÿ ìèðîâàÿ âîéíà, è äî 1948 ãîäà .................................. 20 ÎÓ è ðåãåíåðàòèâíûå èìïóëüñíûå ðåòðàíñëÿòîðû: îò ýëåêòðîííî-âàêóóìíûõ äî ïîëóïðîâîäíèêîâûõ óñòðîéñòâ ........................................................................ 23 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 1.1. Ðàííÿÿ èñòîðèÿ ........................................................... 25 1.2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè 1950-õ è 1960-õ ãîäîâ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) .............................. 27 Êîììåð÷åñêèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè: 1950-å ãîäû ....................................................... 27 Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé: 1960-e ãîäû ................................................ 29 Àðõèòåêòóðû ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ............................................................................ 33 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 1.2. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè 1950-õ è 1960-õ ãîäîâ .................... 36 1.3. Ðàçâèòèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé â 1970-å ãîäû .................................................... 37 Ìîíîëèòíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè 1970-õ ãîäîâ ......................................................... 38 Ìîäóëüíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè 1970-õ ãîäîâ ............................................................ 48 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 1.3. Ðàçâèòèå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé â 1970-å ãîäû ................ 50 1.4. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè äàííûõ â 1980-å ãîäû (Óîëò Êåñòåð) .............................. 51 Ââåäåíèå ............................................................................................................. 51 Ìîíîëèòíûå ÖÀÏ â 1980-å ãîäû ......................................................................... 52 Ìîíîëèòíûå ÀÖÏ 1980-õ ãîäîâ ........................................................................... 53 Ìîíîëèòíûå ïàðàëëåëüíûå ÀÖÏ â 1980-å ãîäû ................................................... 54 Ãèáðèäíûå è ìîäóëüíûå ÖÀÏ è ÀÖÏ â 1980-å ãîäû ............................................ 55 1.5. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè â 1990-å ãîäû (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ........................................... 56 Ââåäåíèå ............................................................................................................. 56 Ìîíîëèòíûå ÖÀÏ â 1990-õ ãîäàõ ........................................................................ 58 Ìîíîëèòíûå ÀÖÏ â 1990-å ãîäû ......................................................................... 60 Ãèáðèäíûå è ìîäóëüíûå ÖÀÏ è ÀÖÏ â 1990-å ãîäû ............................................ 65 1.6. Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè â 2000-õ ãîäàõ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ........................................... 66 Ãëàâà 2. ÎÑÍÎÂÛ Ñ×ÈÒÛÂÀÍÈß ÄÀÍÍÛÕ Â ÀÍÀËÎÃÎÂÎ-ÖÈÔÐÎÂÛÕ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÕ ............................................................. 68 2.1. Êîäèðîâàíèå è êâàíòîâàíèå (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äýí Øàéíãîëä, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò) ............................................................................................ 68 Îäíîïîëÿðíûå êîäû ............................................................................................ 71 Êîä Ãðåÿ ............................................................................................................. 73 Áèïîëÿðíûå êîäû ................................................................................................ 75 Êîìïëåìåíòàðíûå êîäû ...................................................................................... 80 Ñòàòè÷åñêèå ïåðåäàòî÷íûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÖÀÏ è ÀÖÏ è ïîãðåøíîñòè ïîñòîÿííîãî òîêà ................................................................................................. 80 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 2.1. Êîäèðîâàíèå è êâàíòîâàíèå ....................................... 88 2.2. Òåîðèÿ îòñ÷åòîâ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ..................................................................... 89 4 Ñîäåðæàíèå Íåîáõîäèìîñòü â íàëè÷èè ôóíêöèè âûáîðêè-õðàíåíèÿ ....................................... 90 Êðèòåðèé Íàéêâèñòà ........................................................................................... 93 Ôèëüòðû äëÿ óñòðàíåíèÿ ýôôåêòà íàëîæåíèÿ ñïåêòðîâ (àíòèàëàéçèíãîâûå ôèëüòðû) ............................................................................................................. 95 Ñóáäèñêðåòèçàöèÿ (Undersampling) (ãàðìîíè÷åñêàÿ äèñêðåòèçàöèÿ (Harmonic Sampling), äèñêðåòèçàöèÿ ìîäóëèðîâàííûõ ñèãíàëîâ (Bandpass Sampling), äèñêðåòèçàöèÿ íà ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé ÷àñòîòå (Ï×) (IF Sampling), ïðÿìîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå Ï× â öèôðîâóþ ôîðìó (Direct IF-to-Digital)) ............................. 97 Ôèëüòðû äëÿ óñòðàíåíèÿ ýôôåêòîâ ñìåùåíèÿ è íàëîæåíèÿ ñïåêòðîâ â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ ñ ñóáäèñêðåòèçàöèåé .................................................................... 99 Cïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 2.2. Òåîðèÿ îòñ÷åòîâ ....................................................... 100 2.3. Ïîãðåøíîñòè ïåðåìåííîãî òîêà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò) ........................................................................................... 101 Òåîðèÿ øóìà êâàíòîâàíèÿ èäåàëüíîãî N-ðàçðÿäíîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ ............... 101 Øóì â ðåàëüíûõ ÀÖÏ ....................................................................................... 107 Äèíàìè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ............................................... 110 Äèíàìè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÖÀÏ .................................................................. 143 Cïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 2.3. Ïîãðåøíîñòè ïåðåìåííîãî òîêà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ................................................................................................... 152 2.4. Îáùèå òåõíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé (Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò) .......................................................................................... 153 Îáùèå ïîëîæåíèÿ ............................................................................................. 153 Ëîãè÷åñêèé èíòåðôåéñ ...................................................................................... 155 Ëîãè÷åñêàÿ ÷àñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé: òàêòèðîâàíèå è äðóãèå ïîêàçàòåëè ............. 156 2.5. Îïðåäåëåíèå òåõíè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê (Äýí Øàéíãîëä, Óîëò Êåñòåð) .................................................................................................. 157 Îáùàÿ áèáëèîãðàôèÿ ïî ïðåîáîðàçîâàíèþ äàííûõ è ñîïóòñòâóþùèì âîïðîñàì ....... 180 Ãëàâà 3. ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÛ ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÅÉ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ ............................... 182 3.1. Àðõèòåêòóðû ÖÀÏ (Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò, Óîëò Êåñòåð) ................................ 182 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 182 Îáñóæäåíèå âûõîäîâ ÖÀÏ ................................................................................. 184 Áàçîâûå ñòðóêòóðû ÖÀÏ .................................................................................... 185 Äðóãèå àðõèòåêòóðû ñ ìàëûìè èñêàæåíèÿìè ...................................................... 211 Îáñóæäåíèå ëîãèêè ÖÀÏ ................................................................................... 213 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 3.1. Àðõèòåêòóðû ÖÀÏ ................................................... 215 3.2. Àðõèòåêòóðû ÀÖÏ (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò) ................................ 216 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 216 Êîìïàðàòîð: 1-ðàçðÿäíûé ÀÖÏ ......................................................................... 220 Àðõèòåêòóðû âûñîêîñêîðîñòíûõ ÀÖÏ ................................................................ 223 Àðõèòåêòóðû ñ÷åòíûõ è èíòåãðèðóþùèõ ÀÖÏ .................................................... 262 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 3.2. Àðõèòåêòóðû ÀÖÏ ................................................... 277 3.3. Ñèãìà-äåëüòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò) ........... 282 Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ ïåðñïåêòèâà ................................................................................. 282 Îñíîâû ñèãìà-äåëüòà ÀÖÏ ................................................................................ 286 Îáñóæäåíèå ñèñòåì áîëåå âûñîêîãî ïîðÿäêà ...................................................... 294 Èçìåðèòåëüíûå ñèãìà-äåëüòà ÀÖÏ âûñîêîãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ .................................. 298 Ïîëîñîâûå ñèãìà-äåëüòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè ......................................................... 303 Ñèãìà-äåëüòà ÖÀÏ ............................................................................................ 304 Âûâîäû ............................................................................................................. 305 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 3.3. Ñèãìà-äåëüòà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè ............................... 306 Ñîäåðæàíèå 5 Ãëàâà 4. ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈß ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÅÉ ................................................... 310 4.1. Ðàííèå ïðîöåññû (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ................................................................. 310 Ýëåêòðîííî-âàêóóìíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè ........................................................... 310 Ïîëóïðîâîäíèêîâûå ìîäóëüíûå è ãèáðèäíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè .......................... 312 Ïðîöåññ êàëèáðîâêè .......................................................................................... 317 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 4.1. Ðàííèå ïðîöåññû ........................................................ 317 4.2. Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîöåññû (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò) ....................... 318 Áèïîëÿðíûå ïðîöåññû ....................................................................................... 318 Òåõíîëîãèÿ òîíêîïëåíî÷íûõ ðåçèñòîðîâ ............................................................ 319 Êîìïëåìåíòàðíûå áèïîëÿðíûå òåõíîëîãèè ....................................................... 320 Òåõíîëîãèè ÊÌÎÏ (CMOS) .............................................................................. 321 Òåõíîëîãèè è àðõèòåêòóðà ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé ...................................................... 323 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 4.2. Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîöåññû .............................................. 327 4.3. Ðàçóìíîå ðàçäåëåíèå (Äýéâ Ðîáåðòñîí, Ìàðòèí Êåññëåð) ......................... 327 Êîãäà ïîëíàÿ èíòåãðàöèÿ íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïòèìàëüíûì ðåøåíèåì .......................... 327 Äëÿ ÷åãî íåîáõîäèìî ðàçóìíîå ðàçäåëåíèå? ....................................................... 332 ×òî ìåíÿåòñÿ? ................................................................................................... 333 Ãëàâà 5. ÒÅÑÒÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÅÉ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ ............................ 337 5.1. Òåñòèðîâàíèå ÖÀÏ (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äýí Øåéíãîëä) .................................... Òåñòèðîâàíèå ñòàòè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ÖÀÏ .................................................. Òåñòèðîâàíèå äèíàìè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ÖÀÏ .................................................. Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 5.1. Òåñòèðîâàíèå ÖÀÏ ................................................... 5.2. Òåñòèðîâàíèå ÀÖÏ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) .............................................................. 337 337 349 361 362 Êðàòêèé èñòîðè÷åñêèé îáçîð ñïåöèôèêàöèé è ìåòîäîâ òåñòèðîâàíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé äàííûõ .................................................................................. 362 Òåñòèðîâàíèå ñòàòè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ÀÖÏ .................................................. 364 Òåñòèðîâàíèå äèíàìè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ....................................................... 380 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 5.2 .Òåñòèðîâàíèå ÀÖÏ ................................................... Äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà ïî ÁÏÔ è ÖÎÑ ..................................................... Ïðîãðàììíûå ïàêåòû äëÿ âû÷èñëåíèÿ ÁÏÔ è àíàëèçà òåõíè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ ...... Îáùàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà ïî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèþ äàííûõ è ñìåæíûì âîïðîñàì ............... 421 423 423 423 Ãëàâà 6. ÈÍÒÅÐÔÅÉÑÛ ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÅÉ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ ............................... 425 6.1. Ñîïðÿæåíèå àíàëîãîâûõ âõîäîâ ÀÖÏ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ............................... 425 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 425 Àíàëèç ðàáîòû óñèëèòåëÿ íà ïîñòîÿííîì è ïåðåìåííîì òîêå ............................ 427 Ñîïðÿæåíèå èçìåðèòåëüíûõ å-D ÀÖÏ âûñîêîãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ ............................ 439 Ñîïðÿæåíèå ÀÖÏ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîãî ïðèáëèæåíèÿ ñ îäíèì âõîäîì è îäíîïîëÿðíûì ïèòàíèåì 1,63,6  ................................................................ Ñîïðÿæåíèå ÀÖÏ ñ îäíîïîëÿðíûì ïèòàíèåì ñ ìàñøòàáèðóåìûìè âõîäàìè ...... Ñîïðÿæåíèå CMOS ÀÖÏ ñ êîììóòèðóåìûìè êîíäåíñàòîðàìè è äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûì âõîäîì ............................................................................ Ñõåìû ïîäêëþ÷åíèÿ ïî îäíîìó âõîäó CMOS ÀÖÏ ñ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûì âõîäîì ............................................................................................................... Äðàéâåðû ÀÖÏ ñ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûì âõîäîì .................................................... Ñîïðÿæåíèå ÀÖÏ ñ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûìè óñèëèòåëÿìè ..................................... 440 442 443 444 447 452 Cïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 6.1. Ñîïðÿæåíèå àíàëîãîâûõ âõîäîâ ÀÖÏ ....................... 466 6.2. Öèôðîâûå èíòåðôåéñû ÀÖÏ È ÖÀÏ (è ñâÿçàííûå òåìû) (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ................................................................................................. 467 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 467 6 Ñîäåðæàíèå Èíèöèàëèçàöèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé äàííûõ ïðè âêëþ÷åíèè ................................. Èíèöèàëèçàöèÿ âíóòðåííèõ ðåãèñòðîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëÿ äàííûõ ...... Ýêîíîìè÷íûé ðåæèì, ñïÿùèé ðåæèì è ðåæèì ãîòîâíîñòè ................................ Æäóùèé ðåæèì, òîë÷êîâûé ðåæèì è ðåæèì äèñêðåòèçàöèè íà ìèíèìàëüíîé ÷àñòîòå .............................................................................................................. Öèôðîâûå âûõîäíûå èíòåðôåéñû ÀÖÏ ............................................................. Öèôðîâûå âõîäíûå èíòåðôåéñû ÖÀÏ ............................................................... 467 468 469 469 471 481 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 6.2. Öèôðîâûå èíòåðôåéñû ÀÖÏ è ÖÀÏ (è ñâÿçàííûå ñèñòåìû) .......................................................................................... 485 6.3. Áóôåðèçàöèÿ àíàëîãîâûõ âûõîäîâ ÖÀÏ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ........................... 486 Ïðåäèñëîâèå ..................................................................................................... 486 Òåõíèêà ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîãî ñèãíàëà ê îäíîìó âûõîäó ............ 487 Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå òîê-íàïðÿæåíèå ñ îäíèì âûõîäîì ........................................... 490 Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîãî òîêà â äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîå íàïðÿæåíèå ..... 491 Àêòèâíûå ôèëüòðû Í× äëÿ àóäèî ÖÀÏ ............................................................. 492 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 6.3. Áóôåðèçàöèÿ àíàëîãîâûõ âûõîäîâ ÖÀÏ ................... 493 6.4. Îïîðíûå íàïðÿæåíèÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëåé äàííûõ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ............ 493 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 493 6.5. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñèíõðîèìïóëüñîâ äèñêðåòèçàöèè (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ............ 496 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 496 Ôàçîâûé øóì è äðîæàíèå ãåíåðàòîðà ................................................................ 499 «Ãèáðèäíûå» ãåíåðàòîðû ÷àñòîòû ...................................................................... 506 Ïîäêëþ÷åíèå äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûõ âõîäîâ ñèíõðîíèçàöèè .................................. 507 Âûâîäû ïî òàêòèðîâàíèþ âûáîðîê .................................................................... 509 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 6.5. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñèíõðîèìïóëüñîâ äèñêðåòèçàöèè ....................................................................................................... 509 Ãëàâà 7. ÑÕÅÌÛ ÏÎÄÄÅÐÆÊÈ ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÅÉ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ .................. 511 7.1. Èñòî÷íèêè îïîðíîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ (Óîëò Äæàíã, Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò) ........................................................................................... 511 Ïðåöèçèîííûå èñòî÷íèêè îïîðíîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ ............................................... 511 Òèïû èñòî÷íèêîâ îïîðíîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ ............................................................ 512 ÈÎÍ ñ íàïðÿæåíèåì çàïðåùåííîé çîíû ........................................................... 514 ÈÎÍ íà çàãëóáëåííûõ ñòàáèëèòðîíàõ ................................................................ 520 ÈÎÍ XFET Ò ..................................................................................................... 521 Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ÈÎÍ ........................................................................................ 525 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 7.1. Èñòî÷íèêè îïîðíîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ ............................ 536 7.2. Ëèíåéíûå ñòàáèëèçàòîðû ñ ìàëûì ïàäåíèåì íàïðÿæåíèÿ (Óîëò Äæàíã) .................................................................................................. 537 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 537 Îñíîâû ëèíåéíûõ ñòàáèëèçàòîðîâ íàïðÿæåíèÿ .................................................. 538 Ïðîõîäíûå ýëåìåíòû, èõ ïðåèìóùåñòâà è íåäîñòàòêè ........................................ 540 Àðõèòåêòóðû ñòàáèëèçàòîðîâ ñ ìàëûì ïàäåíèåì íàïðÿæåíèÿ ............................. 545 Ñåìåéñòâî ñòàáèëèçàòîðîâ ñ ìàëûì ïàäåíèåì íàïðÿæåíèÿ anyCAPÒ ........................ 549 Êîíòðîëëåðû LDO-ñòàáèëèçàòîðîâ .................................................................... 560 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 7.2. Ëèíåéíûå ñòàáèëèçàòîðû ñ ìàëûì ïàäåíèåì íàïðÿæåíèÿ ............................................................................................................ 569 7.3. Àíàëîãîâûå êëþ÷è è ìóëüòèïëåêñîðû (Óîëò Êåñòåð) .............................. 569 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 569 Îñíîâû ÊÌÎÏ-êëþ÷åé ..................................................................................... 571 Èñòî÷íèêè îøèáîê â ÊÌÎÏ-êëþ÷àõ ................................................................ 573 Ïðèìåíåíèå àíàëîãîâûõ êëþ÷åé ....................................................................... 580 ÊÌÎÏ-êëþ÷è ñ ïîëîñîé 1 ÃÃö ......................................................................... 584 Ñîäåðæàíèå 7 Âèäåîêëþ÷è è ìóëüòèïëåêñîðû ......................................................................... Âèäåî êðîññ-êîììóòàòîðû ................................................................................. Öèôðîâûå êîììóòàòîðû .................................................................................... Ñåìåéñòâà êëþ÷åé è ìóëüòèïëåêñîðîâ ïðîèçâîäñòâà Analog Devices ................... Ïàðàçèòíîå çàùåëêèâàíèå â ÊÌÎÏ-êëþ÷àõ è ìóëüòèïëåêñîðàõ ........................ 585 588 588 589 590 7.4. Ñõåìû âûáîðêè è õðàíåíèÿ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ............................................... 594 Ââåäåíèå è èñòîðè÷åñêèé îáçîð ......................................................................... 594 Îñíîâíûå ïðèíöèïû ðàáîòû ÓÂÕ ..................................................................... 596 Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðåæèìà ñëåæåíèÿ ..................................................................... 597 Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðåæèìà ïåðåõîäà îò âûáîðêè ê õðàíåíèþ ................................. 598 Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðåæèìà õðàíåíèÿ ..................................................................... 602 Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè â ðåæèìå ïåðåõîäà îò õðàíåíèÿ ê âûáîðêå ............................... 605 Àðõèòåêòóðû ÓÂÕ .............................................................................................. 605 Âíóòðåííèå ÓÂÕ ÈÑ ÀÖÏ ................................................................................ 608 Ïðèìåíåíèå ÓÂÕ .............................................................................................. 611 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 7.4. Ñõåìû âûáîðêè è õðàíåíèÿ ....................................... 613 Ãëàâà 8. ÏÐÈÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÅÉ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ .............................. 615 8.1. Ïðåöèçèîííûå èçìåðåíèÿ è ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ñèãíàëîâ äàò÷èêîâ ........... 615 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 615 Ïðèìåíåíèå ïðåöèçèîííûõ èçìåðèòåëüíûõ S-D ÀÖÏ ........................................ 616 Àíàëèç ïðîåêòà âåñîâ íà áàçå AD7730 ................................................................ 620 Òåðìîïàðà ñ AD7793 .......................................................................................... 626 Ïðÿìûå öèôðîâûå èçìåðåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû ....................................................... 628 Äàò÷èêè òåìïåðàòóðû ìèêðîïðîöåññîðíûõ ïîäëîæåê ......................................... 633 Ïðèìåíåíèå ÀÖÏ â âàòòìåòðàõ ......................................................................... 636 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 8.1. Ïðåöèçèîííûå èçìåðåíèÿ è ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ñèãíàëîâ äàò÷èêîâ ................................................................................................. 639 8.2. Ìíîãîêàíàëüíûå ñèñòåìû ñáîðà äàííûõ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) .......................... 639 Êîíôèãóðàöèè ñèñòåì ñáîðà äàííûõ .................................................................. 639 Ìóëüòèïëåêñèðîâàíèå ....................................................................................... 640 Ôèëüòðàöèÿ â ñèñòåìàõ ñáîðà äàííûõ ................................................................ 643 Cèñòåìû ñáîðà äàííûõ íà êðèñòàëëå ................................................................. 646 Ìóëüòèïëåêñèðîâàíèå âõîäîâ S-D ÀÖÏ ............................................................. 648 Ñèñòåìû ñ îäíîâðåìåííîé âûáîðêîé ................................................................. 651 Ñèñòåìû ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äàííûõ ........................................................................ 653 Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå äàííûõ ïðè ïîìîùè ñõåì ñ âûáîðêîé è áåñêîíå÷íûì õðàíåíèåì ......................................................................................................... 658 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 8.2. Ìíîãîêàíàëüíûå ñèñòåìû ñáîðà äàííûõ .................. 661 8.3. Öèôðîâûå ïîòåíöèîìåòðû (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Óîëò Õàéíöåð) ........................ 661 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 661 Ñîâðåìåííûå öèôðîâûå ïîòåíöèîìåòðû â ìèíèàòþðíûõ êîðïóñàõ .................... 663 Öèôðîâûå ïîòåíöèîìåòðû ñ ýíåðãîíåçàâèñèìîé ïàìÿòüþ ................................. 664 Îäíîêðàòíî ïðîãðàììèðóåìûå (OTP) öèôðîâûå ïîòåíöèîìåòðû ....................... 665 Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè öèôðîâûõ ïîòåíöèîìåòðîâ ïî ïåðåìåííîìó òîêó ..................... 667 Ïðèìåðû ïðèìåíåíèÿ ....................................................................................... 668 Ðåçþìå .............................................................................................................. 669 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 8.3. Öèôðîâûå ïîòåíöèîìåòðû ....................................... 670 8.4. Öèôðîâîé çâóê (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ..................................................................... 671 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 671 Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ÷àñòîòå äèñêðåòèçàöèè è THD + N äëÿ öèôðîâîãî çâóêà .............. 673 Îáùèå òåíäåíöèè â àóäèî ÀÖÏ è ÖÀÏ ............................................................. 676 Ðå÷åâûå êîäåêè ................................................................................................. 678 Âûñîêîêà÷åñòâåííûå àóäèî ÀÖÏ è ÖÀÏ â ðàçäåëüíûõ êîðïóñàõ ....................... 679 8 Ñîäåðæàíèå Âûñîêîêà÷åñòâåííûå ìíîãîêàíàëüíûå àóäèîêîäåêè è àóäèî ÖÀÏ ..................... 683 Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè ÷àñòîòû äèñêðåòèçàöèè ........................................................... 684 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 8.4. Öèôðîâîé çâóê ........................................................... 687 8.5. Öèôðîâîå âèäåî è öèôðîâàÿ ýëåêòðîíèêà äèñïëååâ (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ....... 687 Öèôðîâîå âèäåî ................................................................................................ 687 Ýëåêòðîííûå êîìïîíåíòû äèñïëååâ .................................................................. 697 Ýëåêòðîíèêà ïëîñêèõ äèñïëååâ .......................................................................... 703 Ýëåêòðîíèêà ÏÇÑ .............................................................................................. 706 Óñòðîéñòâà îöèôðîâêè ñåíñîðíûõ ýêðàíîâ ........................................................ 712 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 8.5. Öèôðîâîå âèäåî è öèôðîâàÿ ýëåêòðîíèêà äèñïëåÿ ................................................................................................................... 716 8.6. Ïðîãðàììíîå ðàäèî è äèñêðåòèçàöèÿ íà ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé ÷àñòîòå (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ................................................................................................. 717 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 717 Ðàçâèòèå áåñïðîâîäíîãî ðàäèî ........................................................................... 718 ÀÖÏ ñ äèñêðåòèçàöèåé íà Ï× â ðåæèìå ðàçäåëåíèÿ âî âðåìåíè ñ öèôðîâûìè ïîñò-ïðîöåññîðàìè (Ìàðê Ëóíè) ........................................................................ 758 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 8.6. Ïðîãðàììíîå ðàäèî è äèñêðåòèçàöèÿ íà ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé ÷àñòîòå ................................................................................. 767 8.7. Ïðÿìîé öèôðîâîé ñèíòåç (Óîëò Êåñòåð) ................................................... 769 Ââåäåíèå â òåõíîëîãèþ DDS .............................................................................. 769 Íàëîæåíèå â DDS-ñèñòåìàõ ............................................................................... 774 ×àñòîòíîå ïëàíèðîâàíèå â DDS-ñèñòåìàõ .......................................................... 775 Ñîâðåìåííûå èíòåãðèðîâàííûå DDS-ñèñòåìû ................................................... 777 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 8.7. Ïðÿìîé öèôðîâîé ñèíòåç .......................................... 785 8.8. Ïðåöèçèîííûå àíàëîãîâûå ìèêðîêîíòðîëëåðû (Ãðýéñîí Êèíã) ............... 786 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 786 Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñåìåéñòâà ìèêðîêîíâåðòåðîâ .................................................... 787 Íåêîòîðûå ïðèìåðû ïðèìåíåíèÿ S-D-ìèêðîêîíâåðòåðîâ .................................. 793 Ìèêðîêîíâåðòåðû ADuC7xxx íà áàçå ÿäðà ïðîöåññîðà ARM7Ò ........................... 797 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 8.8. Ïðåöèçèîííûå àíàëîãîâûå ìèêðîêîíòðîëëåðû ......... 800 Ãëàâà 9. ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÏÐÎÅÊÒÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß ÀÏÏÀÐÀÒÓÐÛ ................................... 801 9.1. Ïàññèâíûå êîìïîíåíòû (Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò, Óîëò Äæàíã, Óîëò Êåñòåð) .......................................... 801 Ââåäåíèå ........................................................................................................... 801 Êîíäåíñàòîðû ................................................................................................... 802 Ðåçèñòîðû è ïîòåíöèîìåòðû .............................................................................. 811 Èíäóêòèâíîñòü .................................................................................................. 821 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 9.1. Ïàññèâíûå êîìïîíåíòû ............................................ 827 9.2. Âîïðîñû êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ ïå÷àòíûõ ïëàò (Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò, Óîëò Êåñòåð, Óîëò Äæàíã) .......................................... 828 Ñîïðîòèâëåíèå ïðîâîäíèêîâ ............................................................................. 829 Ïàäåíèå íàïðÿæåíèÿ íà ñèãíàëüíûõ ïðîâîäíèêàõ îáðàòíàÿ ñâÿçü Êåëüâèíà ........................................................................................................... Îáðàòíûå ñèãíàëüíûå òîêè ................................................................................ Çàçåìëåíèå â ñèñòåìàõ ñî ñìåøàííûìè àíàëîãî-öèôðîâûìè ñèãíàëàìè (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò, Ìàéê Áèðí) ..................................................... Íåêîòîðûå îáùèå ïðàâèëà ðàçâîäêè ÏÏ äëÿ ñèñòåì ñî ñìåøàííûìè ñèãíàëàìè ................................................................................ Ñêèí-ýôôåêò ..................................................................................................... Ëèíèè ïåðåäà÷è (äëèííûå ëèíèè) ..................................................................... Áóäüòå âíèìàòåëüíû ê ðàçðûâàì â çàçåìëÿþùèõ ïîâåðõíîñòÿõ .......................... Ìåòîäû èçîëÿöèè çàçåìëåíèÿ ............................................................................ 830 831 833 849 851 852 853 854 9 Ñîäåðæàíèå Ñòàòè÷åñêèå ýôôåêòû ÏÏ ................................................................................. 857 Äèíàìè÷åñêèå ýôôåêòû ÏÏ .............................................................................. 862 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 9.2. Âîïðîñû êîíòðóèðîâàíèÿ ïå÷àòíûõ ïëàò ............... 867 9.3. Ñèñòåìû «àíàëîãîâîãî» ïèòàíèÿ (Óîëò Äæàíã, Óîëò Êåñòåð) ................ 868 ÈÑ ëèíåéíûõ ñòàáèëèçàòîðîâ ............................................................................ 869 Íåêîòîðûå îñíîâû ëèíåéíûõ ñòàáèëèçàòîðîâ íàïðÿæåíèÿ ................................ 870 Ïðîõîäíûå ýëåìåíòû ......................................................................................... 872 ±15  ñòàáèëèçàòîð íà áàçå ÈÑ ñ ðåãóëèðóåìûì íàïðÿæåíèåì .......................... 873 Àðõèòåêòóðû ñòàáèëèçàòîðîâ ñ íèçêèì ïàäåíèåì íàïðÿæåíèÿ ............................ 874 Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè íàïðÿæåíèÿ ñ ïîäêà÷êîé çàðÿäà .............................................. 879 Ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëè íàïðÿæåíèÿ íà ïðèíöèïå ïîäêà÷êè çàðÿäîâ ñî ñòàáèëèçèðîâàííûì âûõîäîì ........................................................................ Ëèíåéíûå ïîñòñòàáèëèçàòîðû äëÿ èìïóëüñíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ïèòàíèÿ .................. Çàçåìëåíèå ëèíåéíûõ è èìïóëüñíûõ ñòàáèëèçàòîðîâ ......................................... Ñíèæåíèå øóìîâ è ôèëüòðàöèÿ íàïðÿæåíèÿ èñòî÷íèêà ïèòàíèÿ ....................... 881 882 884 887 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 9.3. Ñèñòåìû «àíàëîãîâîãî» ïèòàíèÿ ............................. 898 9.4. Çàùèòà îò ïåðåíàïðÿæåíèÿ (Óîëò Äæàíã, Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò, Äæî Áàêñòîí, Âåñ Ôðèìýí) ............................................ 899 Çàùèòà îò âíóòðèñõåìíîãî ïåðåíàïðÿæåíèÿ ...................................................... 899 Çàùèòà îò âíåñõåìíîãî ïåðåíàïðÿæåíèÿ ............................................................ 924 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 9.4. Çàùèòà îò ïåðåíàïðÿæåíèÿ .................................... 931 9.5. Óïðàâëåíèå òåïëîâûì ðåæèìîì (Óîëò Äæàíã) ......................................... 932 Îñíîâíûå òåïëîâûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè .................................................................. 933 Îòâîä òåïëà ....................................................................................................... 934 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 9.5. Óïðàâëåíèå òåïëîâûì ðåæèìîì ............................... 943 9.6. Âîïðîñû ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ/ðàäèî÷àñòîòíûõ ïîìåõ (Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò, Óîëò Äæàíã, Óîëò Êåñòåð) ........................................................................... 944 Ìåõàíèçìû ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ/ðàäèî÷àñòîòíûõ ïîìåõ ....................................... 945 Cïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 9.6. Âîïðîñû ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûõ/ðàäèî÷àñòîòíûõ ïîìåõ ...................................................................................................................... 982 9.7. Èíòåðôåéñ ñ íèçêîâîëüòíîé ëîãèêîé (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Ýòàí Áîðäî, Éîõàííåñ Õîðâàò, Êýòðèí Ðåäìîíä, Åâà Ìåðôè) ......................................... 984 Óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê ïîâûøåííîìó íàïðÿæåíèþ è ñîâìåñòèìîñòü ïî íàïðÿæåíèþ ... 988 Ñîåäèíåíèå 5-âîëüòîâûõ è 3,3-âîëüòîâûõ ñèñòåì ñ ïîìîùüþ «øèííûõ ïåðåêëþ÷àòåëåé» íà n-ÌÎÏ ïîëåâûõ òðàíçèñòîðàõ ............................................ Èíòåðôåéñ ìåæäó ëîãèêàìè ñ ïèòàíèåì 3,3 è 2,5  ........................................... Èíòåðôåéñû 3,3 Â/2,5 Â; 3,3 Â/1,8 Â; 2,5 Â/1,8  .............................................. Ïðèìåíåíèå øèííûõ ïåðåêëþ÷àòåëåé äëÿ ãîðÿ÷åé çàìåíû è ãîðÿ÷åãî ïîäêëþ÷åíèÿ ..................................................................................................... Óñòîé÷èâîñòü è ñîâìåñòèìîñòü ïî íàïðÿæåíèþ, îáåñïå÷èâàåìàÿ âíóòðåííèìè ñðåäñòâàìè ñõåìû .............................................................................................. Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 9.7. Èíòåðôåéñ ñ íèçêîâîëüòíîé ëîãèêîé ..................... 9.8. Ìàêåòèðîâàíèå è ñîçäàíèå ïðîòîòèïîâ (Óîëò Êåñòåð, Äæåéìñ Áðàéàíò, Óîëò Äæàíã) .................................................................. Ñîçäàíèå ïðîòîòèïîâ «ìåðòâûõ æóêîâ» ........................................................ Ìàêåòèðîâàíèå íà Solder-Mount ...................................................................... Ñîçäàíèå ïðîòîòèïîâ íà ôðåçåðîâàííûõ ÏÏ ................................................... Îñòåðåãàéòåñü ïàíåëåê! .................................................................................... Íåêîòîðûå äîïîëíèòåëüíûå âîïðîñû, êàñàþùèåñÿ ñîçäàíèÿ ïðîòîòèïîâ ......... Îöåíî÷íûå ïëàòû ............................................................................................ 989 992 994 997 998 1000 1000 1001 1004 1005 1007 1008 1008 Îöåíî÷íûå ïëàòû îáùåãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ äëÿ îïåðàöèîííûõ óñèëèòåëåé â ñåðåäèíå 1990-õ ãîäîâ ................................................................................... 1009 Ðåçþìå ............................................................................................................ 1014 Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ê 9.8. Ìàêåòèðîâàíèå è ñîçäàíèå ïðîòîòèïîâ ................ 1015
