геноцид армян. историческая память и трансформация
реклама
B:LFZjmlyg B=?GHPB>:JFYG BBKLHJBQ?KD:YI:FYLVBLJ:GKNHJF:PBYWLGBQ?KDBOKL?J?HLBIH< BihfZl_jbZeZfljZgkiZjZglh\bieZdZlh\DZjZ[Zokdh]h^\b`_gby IZfylvhkljZrghcljZ]_^bbdjh\Z\hf]_ghpb^_Zjfyg\ - 101 HkfZgkdhcLmjpbb\]\k_]^Z[ueZ`b\Z\khagZgbbgZjh^Z g_kfhljygZ^_kylbe_lbyhnbpbZevgh]haZij_lZ^Z`_mihfbgZgbyh[ wlhcj_ag_<k_j_^bg_o]h^h\wlhfheqZgb_[ueh\ahj\Zghb l_fZ]_ghpb^Zihkl_i_gghml\_j^beZkv\ijhba\_^_gbyoebl_jZlmjub bkdmkkl\Znhjfbjh\Z\rboikboheh]bq_kdbch[ebdZjfygkdh]hgZjh^Z L_fZ]_ghpb^Zij_ehfeyeZkvij_`^_\k_]hq_j_ah[jZa[_aaZsblghc `_jl\ulmj_pdh]hylZ]ZgZb^_ihjlZpbb`_jl\uaZ]h\hjh\b\_jh ehfkl\Z\_ebdbo^_j`Z\bbghkljZgghc^biehfZlbbMl\_j^bekykl_ j_hlbi`_jl\uieZqms_cbkdhj[ys_ckihkh[ghc\ua\Zlvebrvkhkl jZ^Zgb_b`Zehklvkdhj[vbkhqm\kl\b_<wlboijhba\_^_gbyoih^ q_jdb\ZehkvqlhZjfygkdbcgZjh^ihl_jyek\hxbklhjbq_kdmxjh^b gm^_kyldbp\_lmsbo]hjh^h\lukyqb[h]Zluok_eieh^hjh^gu_ a_febbliBohlyhnbpbZevghcb^_heh]b_cm`_^himkdZehkvh[jZ s_gb_dwlhcl_f_qlh[ug_^Zlvm]Zkgmlvbklhjbq_kdhciZfylbgZ jh^Zh]_ghpb^_gZ[ex^ZeZkvl_g^_gpbykhojZgblvbf_gghkl_j_hlbi `_jl\ui_j_`b\r_ckljZrgmxljZ]_^bxHkgh\gh_kh^_j`Zgb_ijhba \_^_gbclZdbebbgZq_aZljZ]b\Zxsbol_fm]_ghpb^Zfh`gh\ujZ ablvijbau\hfBLu^he`_ghlhfklblvijh^he`Zy`blvBbaihwfu Kbev\uDZimlbdygJZa^mfvygZiheimlbkjDZimlbdyg 1963,56-64). Iheh`_gb_klZehf_gylvkykn_\jZey]kgZqZehfDZjZ [Zokdh]h^\b`_gby<ua\Zggh_^\b`_gb_fijh[m`^_gb_gZpbhgZevgh]h kZfhkhagZgbyZjfygkdh]hgZjh^Zijbg_kehkkh[hclZd`_gZklhysbc \kie_kdgZjh^gh]hl\hjq_kl\Zqlhhkh[_gghyjdhijhy\behkv\ ljZgkiZjZglZobieZdZlZokhijh\h`^Z\rbo\k_wlZiu^\b`_gbybg_ ihkj_^kl\_gghhldebdZ\rbokygZex[u_baf_g_gbykblmZpbbDZ`^uc bagbojh`^Zekyijbhij_^_e_gguoh[klhyl_evkl\Zobfh] \ihke_^kl\bbljZgknhjfbjh\Zlvky\hh[s_bkq_agmlvijbmkljZg_gbb ihjh^b\r_cbokblmZpbbbebijZdlbq_kdbg_f_gylvky\l_q_gb_\k_ ]h^\b`_gbyIhieZdZlZfbljZgkiZjZglZffh`ghq_ldhijhke_^blv \k__]hwlZiubaf_g_gbyiheblbq_kdhchjb_glZpbbbwlghikboheh]b q_kdbokl_j_hlbih\ H^ghcba[hevrboihh[t_fml_fljZgkiZjZglh\bieZdZlh\khi jh\h`^Z\rbo^\b`_gb_gZ\k_f_]hijhly`_gbb[ue]_ghpb^WlZl_ fZihy\beZkvkjZamihke_kmf]ZblkdhcljZ]_^bbdhlhjZy[ueZh^ ghagZqghkhhlg_k_gZgZjh^hfk]_ghpb^hf]Ba^_kyldh\ ljZgkiZjZglh\bieZdZlh\ihy\b\rboky\jmdZo^_fhgkljZglh\ Zij_ey]fh`ghmihfygmlvke_^mxs__BKmf]Zblijh^he`_ Bgb_]_ghpb^Z]BB?keb[KKKJijbagZe]_ghpb^]g_ B[ueh[uKmf]ZblZ]BBBBB BL_jAhjBBBBKmf]ZblB>lj_[m_f@Bj_r_gbyihaeh^_ygbyfBBLmjpby B:a_j[Zc^`ZgBBQ_eh\_q_kl\h^he`ghijbagZlv]_ghpb^ B]qlh[ug_ih\lhjbebkvkmf]ZbluBGZe_glZo\_gdh\\haeh `_gguodiZfylgbdm`_jl\Zf]_ghpb^Z][ueblZdb_keh\Z BIZfylb`_jl\]_ghpb^Z]bKmf]ZblZBGZp\_lZom\_qgh]h h]gyjy^hfknhlh]jZnbyfbZjfygkdboibkZl_e_cklZ\rbo`_jl\Zfb ]_ghpb^Z\HkfZgkdhcLmjpbbe_`Zebbnhlh]jZnbb`_jl\Kmf]ZblZ ZlZd`_nhlhdhibbk\b^_l_evkl\h[bokf_jlbm`ZkZxsb_^Zggu_h ijbqbgZokf_jlbmdZaZggu_\wlbok\b^_l_evkl\Zoihk\h_c`_klh dhklbihqlbg_hlebqZebkvhlf_lh^h\j_agb]M`_kbxgy ]wlZl_fZ]jZnbq_kdbij_^klZ\eyeZkv\\b^_hdjZr_gghc\ q_jgucp\_ldZjlu:a_j[Zc^`ZgZbLmjpbbkbah[jZ`_ggufbgZgbo q_eh\_q_kdbfbq_j_iZfbbmdZaZgb_f^Zl^\mo]_ghpb^h\b - 102 GZh^ghfbaieZdZlh\ih^bah[jZ`_gb_fex^_cb^Zlhc [uehgZibkZghfegbgb`_[uegZjbkh\Zglmj_pdbcneZ]Z jy^hfhl^_e_ggZyhdjh\Z\e_ggufylZ]Zghf^ZlZkhagZdhf \hijhkZbkbah[jZ`_gb_fZa_j[Zc^`Zgkdh]hneZ]Z <DZjZ[Zokdhf^\b`_gbbl_fZ]_ghpb^Zbf_eZjZaebqgu_ijhy\e_ gbyI_j\Zy]jmiiZljZgkiZjZglh\bieZdZlh\bf_eZmkeh\gh\ujZ `ZykvwfhpbhgZevgmxbgjZ\kl\_ggmxgZijZ\e_gghklv<wlhfjy^m fh`ghmihfygmlvke_^mxsb_ljZgkiZjZglubieZdZluBKmf]Zblih BahjOO\_dZBBIhahjkmf]ZblkdbfiZeZqZfBBDZdZyB>fh`_l[ulv@ B^jm`[Zihke_]_ghpb^Z]]BBDlhaZ[m^_lijhj_agxZj Bfyglhl\jZ]gh\hc:jf_gbbBBGbdlhg_aZ[ulgbqlhg_aZ[ulh beb`_B<q_jgucqZkkdhj[bluh^bghdZjfygkdbcgZjh^BZlZd`_ pblZlubaebl_jZlmjguoijhba\_^_gbcBHq_eh\_q_kdZykijZ\_^eb B\hklv^Zcfg_iexgmlv\l\h_ebphBKbZfZglhBIhijh B[mckmfZg_khc^b<Zj^Zi_lBIZjmcjK_\ZdBKdhj[ex Bihf_jl\ufij_ehfeyxfhegbb\au\Zxd`b\ufBklbohl\hjgucj_n j_gbaihwfuLj_o]hehkgZyeblmj]byIZjmcjK_\Zd l Ex[hcq_eh\_dlhevdhihke_qbklhwfhpbhgZevghcj_ZdpbbgZ kemqb\rmxkykgbf[_^mkihkh[_giheghklvxhkhagZlv__gZclbb ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv__ijbqbguLh`_kZfh_ijhbahrehb\DZjZ [Zokdhf^\b`_gbbihke_kmf]ZblkdhcljZ]_^bbGZi_j\ucieZgkjZam \uklmibeblj_[h\Zgbyke_^mxs_]hkh^_j`ZgbyZ^Zlvhp_gdmkmf]Z blkdbfkh[ulbyf[\uy\blvbgZdZaZlvg_ihkj_^kl\_gguobkihegb l_e_cbhj]ZgbaZlhjh\]_ghpb^ZijbwlhfmdZau\Zebkvij_^iheZ]Z_ fu_\bgh\gbdb\^Zlvhp_gdmkm^_[ghfmijhp_kkmih^_emih]jh fh\\Kmf]Zbl_Gb`_ihijh[m_fij_^klZ\blvljZgkiZjZglubieZdZlu ijbf_jgh\lhcihke_^h\Zl_evghklb\dZdhchgbihy\bebkv\ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb LZd^hfZybxgy]hkgh\gh_kh^_j`Zgb_ljZgkiZjZglh\ lj_[mxsbohp_gdbij_klmie_gbc\Kmf]Zbl_[uehke_^mxsbfBLj_[m B_fijZ\^uhKmf]Zbl_BBLj_[m_fiheghc]eZkghklbkmf]Zblkdh]h]_ Bghpb^ZB>Lj_[m_f@BIj_^klZ\blvqbkeh`_jl\Kmf]ZblZbbobf_ BgZBGZqbgZykh\lhjhciheh\bgu]h^ZgZi_j\ucieZgklZeb\uklm iZlvlj_[h\Zgbyiheblbq_kdhchp_gdblbiZB>Zlviheblbq_kdmx Bhp_gdmkmf]Zblkdhfmaeh^_ygbxBBIheblbq_kdmxhp_gdmkmf]Zblm dZd\b^bfkeh\hkmf]ZblklZgh\blkygZjbpZl_evgufLh`_kZfh_ fh`ghm\b^_lvbgZ^jm]hfieZdZl_BLj_[m_fhlijZ\bl_evkl\ZKKKJ Biheblbq_kdhchp_gdbkmf]ZblZBB<_joh\guckh\_l^he`_gijbagZlv B]_ghpb^\Kmf]Zbl_BBG_bsbl_]_ghpb^lhevdh\;jZabebbB Ihke_^gbcieZdZlihy\beky\k\yabkl_fqlh\p_gljZevghckh \_lkdhcij_kk_m[bckl\h\;jZabebblj_obg^_cp_\[uehjZkp_g_gh dZd]_ghpb^Ba\_klbyk_glkjFdjlqyg Lj_[h\Zgby\uy\blvbgZdZaZlvg_ihkj_^kl\_gguobkihegbl_e_cb hj]ZgbaZlhjh\kmf]Zblkdhcj_agb[uebij_^klZ\e_gu\ljZgkiZjZglZo bieZdZlZoke_^mxs_]hkh^_j`ZgbyBM[bcpZfg_lijhs_gbyBBIh^ BebggufiZeZqZfKmf]ZblZkf_jlgmxdZagvBBLh\Zjbs=hj[Zq_\km B^bl_gZdZ`bl_^_lhm[bcpBB<uy\blvhj]ZgbaZlhjh\Kmf]ZblZBBIh Bebl[xjhG_kdju\Zchj]ZgbaZlhjh\kmf]Zblkdh]h]_ghpb^ZBBLj_[m B_fkijZ\_^eb\h]hkm^ZgZ^kmf]ZblkdbfbiZeZqZfbBB>hklhcgmxdZjm Baeh^_yfKmf]ZblZBBGh\uoLZe_Zlh\bWg\_jh\gZkdZfvxih^km^b BfuoB Bgl_j_kgmxljZgknhjfZpbxij_l_ji_eh\hkijbylb_gZjh^hf\bgh\ - 103 gbdh\kmf]Zblkdboih]jhfh\LZd_keb\Zij_e_]\bgh\gbdb \hkgh\ghfij_^klZ\eyebkvh[_aebq_ggufbhq_fk\b^_l_evkl\mxlb ieZdZluB=hkm^Zjkl\hg_k_lhl\_lkl\_gghklvaZljZ]_^bxKmf]Zb BlZBBHj]ZgbaZlhjuKmf]ZblZ\jZ]bi_j_kljhcdbBB=_ghpb^\Kmf B]Zbl_bkiulZggZylZdlbdZiZglxjdbBaBfZBlhkhk_gb]\b^y ihimklbl_evkl\hP_gljZb_]hih^klj_dZl_evkdmxiheblbdmg_h[t_d lb\ghklvkm^_[gh]hijhp_kkZgZjh^klZeihkl_i_gghhkhagZ\Zlv dZdb_kbeuklhyebaZhj]ZgbaZlhjZfbwlh]hij_klmie_gbyqlh\b^gh gZke_^mxsboijbf_jZoBDlhklhblaZiZeZqZfbkmf]ZblZ"""BBAZ Bkibghckmf]ZblkdboiZeZq_cklhblFhkd\ZBBKmf]Zblkdbc]_ghpb^ Bbgl_jgZpbhgZebafDj_feyBB<_qgu_\jZ]bih^ihdjh\bl_evkl\hf B\_qguo^jma_chkms_kl\eyxlmgbqlh`_gbB_BZjfygBBDlhg_ijbagZ_l B]_ghpb^lhlkZfklZgh\blky_]hmqZklgbdhfBBGZ]jZ^ZaZZj Bfygkdmxdjh\vhj^_g>jm`[ugZjh^h\"BBGZ]jZ^ZAZ\aylb_ Bkmf]ZblZBihih\h^mmdZaZhgZ]jZ`^_gbbhj^_ghf>jm`[ugZjh ^h\^moh\gh]hjmdh\h^bl_eyfmkmevfZg:a_j[Zc^`ZgZGZh^ghfba ieZdZlh\jmdZkbf\hebabjmxsZyP_gljaZ\h^bldmdemZa_j[Zc^ `ZgpZ^_j`Zsmxhdjh\Z\e_ggucylZ]Zg Kmf]Zblkdh_^_ehlZdbg_[uehij_^klZ\e_ghp_ebdhfdZdh^gh ^_ehZ[uehjZa^jh[e_ghbjZkkfZljb\Zehkv\jZaguokm^Zo:a_j [Zc^`ZgZbJKNKJbl_f[he__g_[uehd\Zebnbpbjh\ZghdZdihiul dZ]_ghpb^Zmfure_ggu_`_m[bckl\Zij_^klZ\eyebkv\k_]hebrvdZd jZagh\b^ghklvomeb]Zgkl\Z<:jf_gbb\k\yabkwlbfih^gyeZkv fhsgZy\hegZijhl_klZqlhhljZabehkvb\ljZgkiZjZglZobieZdZ lZo<fZ_]dh]^Z\:a_j[Zc^`Zg_r_ei_j\ucijhp_kkgZ^ mqZklgbdZfbkmf]Zblkdboih]jhfh\\ljZgkiZjZglZoihy\bebkvhp_g dbke_^mxs_]hoZjZdl_jZBK\h[h^mijZ\hkm^bxBB:fhlKIhahj B6KDPHBBijhdmjZlmj_:a_j[Zc^`ZgkdhcKKJBBHj]Zgbah\Zggucih]jhf Bg_imlZlvkomeb]Zgkdbfbih[m`^_gbyfbBBe_laZ]_ghpb^"Bb lZd`_hp_gdZhdZaZ\rZykyijhjhq_kdhcB;_agZdZaZgghklvhj]Zgbah B\Zgguoih]jhfh\jh`^Z_lgh\u_ih]jhfuB:\ghy[j_ihke_lh]h dZdkm^hl\_j]oh^ZlZckl\hZjfygkdboZ^\hdZlh\lj_[mxsbo\uy\blv ijbqbguij_klmie_gbyb_]hhj]ZgbaZlhjh\bg_h[t_dlb\ghklv<_j oh\gh]hkm^ZKKKJklZeZhq_\b^ghckh^_j`Zgb_ljZgkiZjZglh\b ieZdZlh\dZq_kl\_gghbaf_gbehkvHlf_lbfg_dhlhju_bagboBKmf B]Zbl]_ghpb^Zkmf]Zblkdbcijhp_kkdhf_^byBBKmf]Zblkdbc Bijhp_kkdZjbdZlmjZgZkijZ\_^eb\hklvBBFhkdh\kdbcijhp_kkhkd B\_jgy_liZfylvZjfygkdbo`_jl\Kmf]ZblZBB<_joh\guckm^KKKJg_ Bijh^Z\Zck\hxkh\_klvBGZh^ghfbaieZdZlh\ljhcdZkm^_c[ueZ bah[jZ`_gZ\\b^_dmdhegZ^_luogZiZevpuqv_clhjmdb Ihke_[Zdbgkdboih]jhfh\\yg\Zj_]Fhk_kh\ZH\gZgyg :[jZfygb^jklZehhq_\b^ghqlhjmdh \h^kl\hKhxaZbdhffmgbklbq_kdhciZjlbbkljZgug_ijhklhkfhljbl kd\haviZevpugZhq_j_^gmxj_agxZjfyggh[he__lh]h\b^bl\ hj]ZgbaZpbb]_ghpb^Zkj_^kl\hj_r_gbyiheblbq_kdbo\hijhkh\LZ dZyihabpbyP_gljZkjZamihemqbeZh^ghagZqgmxhp_gdm\ljZgkiZ jZglZobieZdZlZom`_\n_\jZe_Zij_e_Hlf_lbf\Z`g_crb_bagbo B=_ghpb^]]^_ehjmdP_gljZBBDj_fevHl\_qZcaZ:j BpZob]_ghpb^ZjfygBBG_jmrbfuckhxaDj_feyk:a_j[Zc^`Zghf BDjZkgh_ihehlghbfi_jbb[_kke_^ghih]ehsZ_ldjh\vZjfygWlh[h Be__q_fnZrbafBBDj_fevZdZ^_fby\_jrbl_e_c]_ghpb^ZBB@_jl\u B;ZdmgZkh\_klb=hj[Zq_\ZBKlhblmihfygmlv_s_h[h^ghfieZdZl_ gZdhlhjhfihZgZeh]bbkhij_^_e_gb_fiZjlbb[hevr_\bdh\^Zgguf - 104 E_gbguf\gZqZe_;;\_dZIZjlbymfq_klvbkh\_klvgZr_c wihob[uehgZibkZghBKmf]Zblq_klvbkh\_klvDIKKBIh^wlhc gZ^ibkvx[ueZgZq_jq_gZko_fZ]^_ih^^Zlhc][uehgZibkZ ghfegbLZe_ZlZih^^Zlhc]klhyeagZd\hijhkZ bnZfbeby:eb_\ih^^Zlhc]lZd`_\hijhkbl_evgucagZd bbgbpbZeuF=l_FboZbe=hj[Zq_\Ih^kZfhcko_fhc[ueh gZibkZghebrvh^ghkeh\h*(12&,'( AZ[Zdbgkdbfbkh[ulbyfb]ihke_^h\ZebgZklmie_gbyZa_j [Zc^`Zgkdbo[h_\bdh\gZjZaebqguomqZkldZoZjfyghZa_j[Zc^`Zgkdhc ]jZgbpuBgklbgdlkZfhkhojZg_gby\k_]^Z`b\msbc\ZjfygkdhfgZ jh^_ih^gyegZgh]bfgh]boEx^breb\h_\ZlvkhklZjufbbgh\ufb jm`vyfbkhjm`b_faZo\Zq_ggufgZ\h_gguokdeZ^ZoNhjfbjh\Zebkv [h_\u_hljy^u>_eh^hreh^hgZklhysbokjZ`_gbckijbf_g_gb_fly `_ehcl_ogbdbGZjh^\hkijbgye^h[jh\hevp_\b^msbo\hljy^udZd nb^Zbbhlghkbekydgbfkih^q_jdgmlufm\Z`_gb_fFh`ghkdZ aZlvqlh\khagZgbbgZjh^Zijhbahr_ehdhgqZl_evguci_j_oh^hl kl_j_hlbiZ`_jl\udkl_j_hlbimnb^Zb]hlh\h]hkhjm`b_f\jmdZo \klZlvgZaZsblmk\h_]hhqZ]ZJh^bguLhh[klhyl_evkl\hqlhex ^b[hevr_g_`_eZebqm\kl\h\Zlvk_[y`_jl\hc]_ghpb^ZkjZam`_ gZrehk\h_ijhy\e_gb_\ljZgkiZjZglZobieZdZlZoLZdZij_ey ]ihqlbg_[uehljZ^bpbhgguoljZgkiZjZglh\\au\Zxsbod kijZ\_^eb\hklbbbf_xsboijhkbl_evgmxbglhgZpbxM`_lhlnZdl qlhbagbo[uehgZibkZghgZZjfygkdhfyaud_k\b^_l_evkl\h\Z ehhlhfqlhhgb[uebh[jZs_guij_`^_\k_]hdkh[kl\_gghfmgZjh ^mQZklvljZgkiZjZglh\ijbau\ZeZdhjm`bxd[hjv[_BOhqm BhklZlvky\`b\uoebrvlhevdh^eyfs_gbyBBFu^he`gu[hjhlvkyZ Bg_ieZdZlvihl_jbgZpbbhl\h_\Zlvkhjm`b_f\jmdZoBBLZf]^_ B]h\hjylyaudhfhjm`by]^_k\_jdZxlf_qbdZdh_B>lZf@B^_eh^h Bijhkv[bijhr_gbcOjbfyg:cjbdBBGZjh^gh_^\b`_gb_g_mlh Biblv\djh\bBB>mrbfmq_gbdh\Zjfyg\au\Zxld[hjv[_BB;hjx BsbckygZjh^\_q_gBBKdhj[v\_qgZ_kebg_l[hjv[uBBF_jadb_ B\_jrbl_eb]_ghpb^ZkdhjhmagZ_l_kbemZjfygkdh]hdmeZdZBBDjh\v BaZdjh\vBGZqbgZyk]\i_j\u_\jmdZo^_fhgkljZglh\ihy\ eyxlkyieZdZlukbah[jZ`_gb_fZjfygkdbofklbl_e_cbdjZldbf hibkZgb_fbo^_yl_evghklb;ueblZd`_ieZdZluihk\ys_ggu_ih]b[ rbfnb^ZbLjZgknhjfbjm_lkybljZ^bpbhggh_ij_^klZ\e_gb_h\bgh\ gbdZo]_ghpb^Z\HkfZgkdhcLmjpbbhq_fk\b^_l_evkl\mxlgZijb f_jke_^mxsb_ljZgkiZjZgluB=_ghpb^Zjfygj_amevlZl Bjmkkdhlmj_pdh]hkhxaZBBDjh\Z\uckhxaB>LmjpbbbJhkkbb@B^he`_g BaZieZlblvB>aZ]_ghpb^@ GZfdZ`_lkyqlhhkh[_gghihke_^gb_ljZgkiZjZglh\iha \heyxlkm\_j_gghklvxml\_j`^Zlvqlhbokh^_j`Zgb_kh\_jr_gghg_ khhl\_lkl\m_lfure_gbxgZjh^Zkhkl_j_hlbihf`_jl\uEx^bg_km sb_ih^h[gu_ljZgkiZjZglubieZdZlu_klvij_^klZ\bl_ebgZjh^Z gZoh^ys_]hkygZimlbh[j_l_gbygh\h]hikboheh]bq_kdh]hh[ebdZ DZdhlf_qZehkv\ur_bklhjbq_kdZyiZfylvqZklbklZjr_]hihdh e_gbyZjfygkdh]hgZjh^Zi_j_r_^rZydbo^_lyfb\gmdZfwlh\ hkgh\ghfiZfylvhkljZ^ZgbyobgZkbebb]eZ\gufh[h[sZxsbfkbf \hehfdhlhjuoy\ey_lky]_ghpb^]h^ZWlbfh[tykgy_lkylh qlh\i_jbh^DZjZ[Zokdh]h^\b`_gbyex[h_khpbZevgh_bebiheblb q_kdh_y\e_gb_m]jh`Zxs__kms_kl\h\ZgbxZjfygdZdgZpbbijbh[ j_lZehdZd[u^hihegbl_evgh_agZq_gb_ihwlhfmbihgylb_]_gh pb^qZklhijbh[j_lZeh[he__rbjhdh_lhedh\Zgb_lZd`_b\ - 105 ljZgkiZjZglZobieZdZlZoWlh\b^ghgZijbf_jgZljZgkiZjZglZo ihk\ys_gguowdheh]bq_kdbfijh[e_fZfBK_]h^gyrgbcwdheh]bq_kdbc B]_ghpb^ijh^he`_gb_]_ghpb^Z]BB:lhfgZyklZgpbyijh B^he`_gb_]BBL_jAhjKmf]Zbl:lhfgZyklZgpbyGZb BjblBBHklZgh\bkvobfbq_kdbc]_ghpb^BB>hehc]_ghpb^GZbjblB GZh^ghfbaieZdZlh\\jmkkdhcZ[[j_\bZlmj_B:WKBZlhfgZywe_dl jhklZgpby[md\ZBKB[ueZbah[jZ`_gZ\\b^_fmkmevfZgkdh]hihem f_kypZba\_a^uGZ^jm]hfieZdZl_bah[jZ`_gZjZd_lZkgZ^ibkvx GZbjblbkeh\h]_ghpb^f_`^mdhlhjufbklhblagZdjZ\_gkl\Z ;hevrhcm]jhahc^eygZpbbkqblZehkvblhqlh\]h^ukh \_lkdhc\eZklb\k_[hevr__qbkehZjfygkdbo^_l_cihemqZehjmkkdh_ h[jZah\Zgb_Wlhy\e_gb_lZd`_qZklhlhedh\ZehkvdZd]_ghpb^ GZijbf_jBJmkkdZyrdheZfh]beZ^eyZjfygkdhcgZpbbBBIj_^Z Bl_evkl\hjh^gh]hyaudZ[_euc]_ghpb^BOZjZdl_jghqlhihf_j_ jZa\blbyDZjZ[Zokdh]h^\b`_gbyg_mdehggh\hajZklZeijhp_gl ljZgkiZjZglh\gZibkZgguogZZjfygkdhfyaud_l__kebjZgvr_ hgb[uebh[jZs_gu\h\g_lhl_i_jvhgb[uebh[jZs_gudkh[kl\_g ghfmgZjh^mqlhlZd`_y\ey_lkyijbagZdhfbaf_g_gbykl_j_hlbiZ KjZ\gb\Zehkvk]_ghpb^hfbjZajmr_gb_gZl_jjblhjbb:a_j[Zc^`ZgZ iZfylgbdh\Zjfygkdhcdmevlmjuhq_f]h\hjblh^bgbaghy[jvkdbo ljZgkiZjZglh\]BJZajmr_gb_bklhjbq_kdboiZfylgbdh\^m Boh\guc]_ghpb^B <ij_^klZ\e_gbbgZjh^Z[uehg_kdhevdhiml_cij_^hl\jZs_gby gh\h]h]_ghpb^ZgZqbgZykj_r_gbcdZkZxsbokydhgdj_lghGD:H dhgqZyh[s_ciheblbq_kdhchjb_glZpb_cLZd_s_\Zij_e_] ihy\bebkvlZdb_ljZgkiZjZgluBIjbagZ\g_hlt_fe_fh_ijZ\hdZjZ B[Zop_\gZkZfhhij_^_e_gb_ij_^hl\jZlbfgh\uc]_ghpb^djZkgucb B[_eucBBQ_eh\_q_kl\h^he`ghijbagZlv]_ghpb^]qlh[g_ Bih\lhjbebkvkmf]ZbluBH^gbfbaqZklh\klj_qZxsbokyehamg]h\dZd \gZqZe_DZjZ[Zokdh]h^\b`_gbylZdb\][ueb[_kkf_jlgu_ keh\Z?QZj_gpZlBGZjh^ZjfygkdbcL\h_ B_^bgkl\_ggh_kiZk_gb_\_^bg_gbbB<l_q_gb_DZjZ[Zokdh]h^\b `_gbyljZgknhjfbjm_lkybiheblbq_kdZyhjb_glZpbygZk_e_gby j_kim[ebdbjZklmlZglbkh\_lkdb_bgZijZ\e_ggu_ijhlb\P_gljZ gZkljh_gbyi_j_kfZljb\Zxlkyhp_gdbg_hq_gv^Z\g_]hghg_^hklZ lhqghbamq_ggh]hZihjhcbeh`ghlhedh\Z\r_]hkyijhreh]hG_dh lhju_i_j_ehfgu_fhf_glugh\_cr_cbklhjbb:jf_gbblZd`_kjZ\gb\Z xlkyk]_ghpb^hfGZijbf_jB<_jrbgZ]_ghpb^ZZjfygkdh]hgZjh^Z BgZkbevkl\_ggZykh\_lbaZpby:jf_gbbBB<_jrbgZ]_ghpb^ZZjfyg B^h]h\hjfZjlZ]BB=_ghpb^ZjfygB>wlh@ B]]BB=_ghpb^ijh^he`Z_lky\kh\_lkdhfie_gmBBHklZ B\Zlvky\khklZ\_bfi_jbbwlhkZfhihk_[_]_ghpb^B<uoh^\b ^_eky\g_aZ\bkbfhklb:jf_gbbB?^bgkl\_gguckihkh[kiZklbkvhl B]_ghpb^Zwlhg_aZ\bkbfhklvBB>Z[m^_lk\h[h^gZybg_aZ\bkbfZy B:jf_gbyBB=ZjZglbyij_^hl\jZs_gby]_ghpb^Z\g_aZ\bkfhklbB B=_ghpb^fh`ghhklZgh\blv\hkklZgh\e_gb_fgZpbhgZevghcg_aZ\bkb BfhklbBIjbq_f_kebZ[khexlgh_[hevrbgkl\hljZgkiZjZglh\bieZ dZlh\[uebj_amevlZlhfqbklhgZjh^gh]hl\hjq_kl\Zlhg_kdhevdh ihke_^gboehamg]h\dZkZxsbokyb^_bg_aZ\bkbfhklb[uebij_^eh`_ guH[t_^bg_gb_fgZpbhgZevghcg_aZ\bkbfhklbblhevdh]h^kimkly ihemqbebjZkijhkljZg_gb_\[he__rbjhdbodjm]Zoh[s_kl\Z BlZd\l_q_gb_\k_]h^\molj_oe_l\khagZgbbgZjh^Zijhb ahreZklj_fbl_evgZykf_gZkl_j_hlbiZkbf\he]_ghpb^Zkf_gbeky - 106 kbf\hehf[hjv[ugZpbhgZevghhk\h[h^bl_evgh]h^\b`_gbynb^Zb kbf\hehf\hbgZg_ihdhjyxs_]hky]jm[hfmgZkbebxb]hlh\h]hkhjm `b_f\jmdZoaZsbsZlvk\hxJh^bgm IJBF?Q:GBY KlZlvy\\b^_^hdeZ^Z[ueZijhqblZgZgZdhgn_j_gpbbhj]Z gbah\Zgghc=hkm^Zjkl\_gguffma__fwlgh]jZnbb:jf_gbbKf<hijhku bamq_gbyZjfygkdhcgZjh^ghcdmevlmju <l_q_gb_]gZfbaZnbdkbjh\Zghhdhehlukyqb ljZgkiZjZglh\bieZdZlh\[hevrbgkl\hdhlhjuogZfb`_knhlh]jZnb jh\ZguK]jmiibjh\Zggucihl_fZlbq_kdhfmijbagZdmwlhlfZl_jbZe khklZ\behkgh\m^hdeZ^Zih^]hlh\e_ggh]h\khZ\lhjkl\_kE::[ jZfyghfijhqblZggh]hgZdhgn_j_gpbb\:efZlu:[jZfygFZjmlyg 1990). Zij_ey]\DhgklZglbghihe_gug_KlZf[meih ml\_j`^_ggufijZ\bl_evkl\hfkibkdZfgZqZebkvfZkkh\u_Zj_klu ij_^klZ\bl_e_caZiZ^ghZjfygkdhcbgl_eeb]_gpbbdhlhjuoaZl_fih] gZeb\]em[bggu_jZchgu:gZlhebb]^_hgb[ueba\_jkdbmgbqlh`_ guK]Zij_eyhlf_qZ_lkydZd^_gviZfylb`_jl\]_ghpb^Z Zjfyg MihfbgZgb_\wlhfjy^m^Zluh[mkeh\e_ghl_fh[klhy l_evkl\hfqlh\lhf]h^mlhevdhkl_jjblhjbbAZdZ\dZavy[ueh \ukeZgh]eZ\gufh[jZahf\Kb[bjvb:elZckdbcdjZc[he__ lukZjfyg BkdZ`_ggZynhjfZgZa\Zgby]hjh^Z>_cjwaahjZgZk_\_j_ KbjbbgZijZ\hf[_j_]mj_db?\njZl<wlhfjZchg_gZl_jjblhjbb ZjZ[kdboimklugv[uehmgbqlh`_ghhdhehlukZjfyg>eylmj_p dbo\eZkl_cimklugbF_khihlZfbbku]jZeblm`_jhevdZdmx\h\j_ fy\lhjhcfbjh\hc\hcguku]jZebFZc^Zg_dbHk\_gpbf^eyg_f_pdbo nZrbklh\ <wlhfljZgkiZjZgl_fZy]mihfbgZgb_keh\Z^jm`[Z [uehk\yaZghkhklZ\rbfba\_klgufieZghfhlijZ\e_gby\:jf_gbxba :a_j[Zc^`ZgZih_a^Z>jm`[ZBaqbkeZihy\b\rbokyihwlhfmih\h ^mljZgkiZjZglh\hlf_lbfblZdhcBIjb\_l[jhg_ih_a^m>jm`[ZB KljhdbbaihwfuIZjmcjZK_\ZdZG_mfhedZ_fZydhehdhevgy Fkb^jihk\ys_gghcljZ]bq_kdhckm^v[_\_ebdh]h Zjfygkdh]hdhfihablhjZDhfblZkZHg[ueZj_klh\ZgZij_ey ]h^Zbm\_a_g\qbke_i_j\uokf_jlgbdh\qm^hfkiZkkyghhl\k_ ]hm\b^_ggh]hkhr_ekmfZb^\Z^pZlve_l^hkZfhcdhgqbgugZoh ^beky\ikbobZljbq_kdhc[hevgbp_\IZjb`_ Wg\_jiZrZLZe_ZliZrZeb^_ju lmj_pdhc[mj`mZaghgZpbhgZebklbq_kdhciZjlbb?^bg_gb_bijh] j_kk]eZ\gu_hj]ZgbaZlhju]_ghpb^ZZjfyg]<]h^ui_j\hc fbjh\hc\hcguWg\_j[ue\h_gguffbgbkljhfZLZe_Zlfbgbkljhf \gmlj_gbo^_eHkfZgkdhcLmjpbb<]\qbke_^jm]bofeZ^hlm j_pdboeb^_jh\hgbh[Z[uebaZhqghijb]h\hj_gudkf_jlghcdZagb dZd\h_ggu_ij_klmigbdbbhj]ZgbaZlhju]_ghpb^ZZjfygM[bluZj fygkdbfbfklbl_eyfb :fhlK6KDPHihahjihZjfygkdbbihZg]ebckdb - 107 Nb^ZbZjZ[[hcpu^h[jh\hevpukjZ`Zxsb_ky\AZiZ^ghc :jf_gbbijhlb\lmj_pdhclbjZgbb\dhgp_;,;gZqZe_;;\_dZ FdjluqOjbfygh[s_kl\_gghiheblbq_kdbc^_y l_evkdZlhebdhk\k_oZjfygGhkbl_ev\ukhdh]h^moh\gh]h kZgZhklZ\Zeky\_j_gb^_yfgZpbhgZevghhk\h[h^bl_evghc[hjv[u< gZjh^__]hqZklhgZau\ZebHl_p:cjbdOjbfyg GZbjblobfbq_kdbcaZ\h^]b]ZgljZkiheh`_gguc\q_jl_ ]?j_\ZgZ Kh\_lkdhlmj_pdbc^h]h\hjih^ibkZgguc\Fhkd\_\j_ amevlZl_dhlhjh]h:jf_gbyihl_jyeZagZqbl_evgu_l_jjblhjbbd LmjpbbhlhreZDZjkkdZyh[eZklvaZo\Zq_ggZy_xhk_gvx] hl^_evghcklZlv_cGZobq_\ZgkdZyh[eZklv:jf_gbb[ueZij_h[jZah\Z gZ\Z\lhghfgmxl_jjblhjbx\khklZ\_:a_j[Zc^`ZgZ
