Английский язык Политехнический вектор (2)

П
Владивосток
2023
Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
Дальневосточный федеральный университет
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Политехнический вектор
Учебное пособие
Для студентов, обучающихся по направлениям подготовки бакалавриата
и специалитета в области образования по инженерному делу,
технологиям и техническим наукам
Рекомендовано Дальневосточным региональным учебно-методическим
центром (ДВ РУМЦ) в качестве учебного пособия по английскому языку
для студентов вузов региона, обучающихся по направлениям подготовки
и специальностям в области инженерного дела,
технологий и технических наук
Владивосток
2023
© ФГАОУ ВО ДВФУ, 2023
ISBN 978-5-7444- 5463-0
УДК 519.6(075.8)
ББК 22.1+32.97я73
Авторы:
П.С. Минакова, Н.А. Роговая, О.И. Тараненко, Л.А. Федько
Рецензенты:
Л.Е. Пак, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры
межкультурных коммуникаций и переводоведения ФГБОУ ВО
«Владивостокский государственный университет»;
О.А. Шурыгина, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры
иностранных языков ГКОУ ВО «Российская таможенная академия»,
Владивостокский филиал.
Английский язык. Политехнический вектор : учебное пособие : для студентов, обучающихся по направлениям подготовки бакалавриата и специалитета в области образования
по инженерному делу, технологиям и техническим наукам / П.С. Минакова, Н.А. Роговая,
О.И. Тараненко, Л.А. Федько. – Владивосток : Издательство Дальневосточного федерального
университета,
2023.
–
[178 с.].
–
ISBN
978-5-7444-5463-0.
–
URL:
https://www.dvfu.ru/science/publishing-activities/catalogue-of-books-fefu/. – Дата публикации:
23.03.2023. – Текст. Изображение : электронные.
Пособие разработано в соответствии с федеральными государственными стандартами
и предназначено для формирования профессиональной иноязычной компетенции студентов.
Пособие помогает освоить терминологию в различных областях инженерного дела, развить и
усовершенствовать навыки профессионально-ориентированного чтения, письма, аудирования
и говорения в ситуациях профессиональной коммуникации.
Текстовое электронное издание
Минимальные системные требования:
Веб-браузер Internet Explorer версии 6.0 или выше,
Opera версии 7.0 или выше, Google Chrome версии 3.0 или выше.
Компьютер с доступом к сети Интернет.
Минимальные требования к конфигурации и операционной системе компьютера
определяются требованиями перечисленных выше программных продуктов.
Размещено на сайте 23.03.2023 г.
Объем 6,40 Мб
Дальневосточный федеральный университет
690922, Приморский край, г. Владивосток, о. Русский, п. Аякс, 10.
E-mail: prudkoglyad.sa@dvfu.ru
Тел.: 8 (423) 226-54-43
© ФГАОУ ВО ДВФУ, 2023
CONTENTS
PART 1 ................................................................................................................ 5
Unit I. Numerals ................................................................................................ 5
Unit II. Shapes ................................................................................................ 22
Unit III. Dimensions ........................................................................................ 29
Unit IV. Materials and their Properties ........................................................... 34
Section I. Structural Materials ...................................................................... 34
Section II. Alloys .......................................................................................... 40
Section III. ABC of Mechanical Properties of Materials ............................. 44
Unit V. Tools & Equipment ............................................................................ 50
Section I. Engineering Tools ........................................................................ 50
Section II. Heavy Equipment ....................................................................... 58
PART 2 .............................................................................................................. 68
Unit VI. Engineering Field .............................................................................. 68
Section I. Engineering Fundamentals........................................................... 68
Section II. Undergraduate and Postgraduate Engineering Programs ........... 81
Section III. International Engineering Education......................................... 93
Unit VII. Contemporary Engineering Trends ............................................... 114
Section I. Science, Engineering and Technological Breakthroughs .......... 114
Section II. Examples of Modern Technologies .......................................... 123
Section III. Robotics ................................................................................... 130
Unit VIII. Environmental Protection ............................................................. 135
Section I. Our Planet is in Danger .............................................................. 135
Section II. Environmental Protection and Management of Natural
Resources .................................................................................................... 141
Section III. Technosphere Safety ............................................................... 146
READING BANK........................................................................................... 152
INTERNET RECOURSES............................................................................ 177
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов бакалавриата и специалитета направлений подготовки по инженерному делу, технологиям и
техническим наукам. Учебное пособие предназначено для формирования
профессиональной иноязычной компетенции студентов. Пособие помогает
освоить терминологию в различных областях инженерного дела, развить и
совершенствовать навыки чтения, письма, аудирования и говорения в ситуациях профессиональной коммуникации.
Пособие разработано в соответствии с федеральными государственными образовательными стандартами. Целью пособия является формирование способности студентов к свободному профессиональному общению
в иноязычной среде в процессе обучения.
В пособии выдержан принцип преемственности для разных образовательных уровней. Издание несет прикладную направленность и содержит
информацию, которая будет непосредственно востребована студентами в
предстоящей профессиональной деятельности.
Учебное пособие состоит из 8 модулей. Каждый модуль имеет коммуникативную направленность и предлагает активный словарь, текстовый
и аудитивный материал с заданиями проблемного и творческого характера.
В каждом модуле имеются упражнения, систематизирующие и обобщающие изученный материал.
В конце пособия в разделе для дополнительного чтения предлагаются
аутентичные познавательные и информативные тексты, взятые из научнотехнической литературы. Специальные задания к ним и тесты с ключами
могут использоваться как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов.
4
PART 1
Unit I
Numerals
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit, check that you remember the numerals in English. Here are symbols and words representing cardinal numbers:
Symbol
Word
Symbol
Word
0
naught
17
seventeen
1
one
18
eighteen
2
two
19
nineteen
3
three
20
twenty
4
four
21
twenty-one
5
five
30
thirty
6
six
40
forty
7
seven
50
fifty
8
eight
60
sixty
9
nine
70
seventy
10
ten
80
eighty
11
eleven
90
ninety
12
twelve
100
one hundred
13
thirteen
101
one hundred and one
14
fourteen
1,000
one thousand
15
fifteen
1,000,000
one million
16
sixteen
1,000,000,000
one billion
Here are ordinal numbers in figures and in words:
In figures
Word
In figures
Word
1 st
the first
20 th
the twentieth
2 nd
the second
21 st
the twenty-first
3 rd
the third
22 nd
the twenty-second
4 th
the fourth
23 rd
the twenty-third
5 th
the fifth
24 th
the twenty-fourth
6 th
the sixth
25 th
the twenty-fifth
7 th
the seventh
26 th
the twenty-sixth
th
th
8
the eighth
27
the twenty-seventh
th
th
9
the ninth
28
the twenty-eighth
5
10 th
11 th
12 th
13 th
14 th
15 th
16 th
17 th
18 th
19 th
the tenth
the eleventh
the twelfth
the thirteenth
the fourteenth
the fifteenth
the sixteenth
the seventeenth
the eighteenth
the nineteenth
29 th
30 th
40 th
50 th
60 th
70 th
80 th
the twenty-ninth
the thirtieth
the fortieth
the fiftieth
the sixtieth
the seventieth
the eightieth
90 th
the ninetieth
100 th
the hundredth
the hundred and
first
101 st
Exercise 2. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What does the noun “numerals” define in English?
2. What are two main types of numerals?
3. What numerals correspond to the interrogative word “How many?” Give
examples of your own.
4. What numerals correspond to the interrogative word “Which”? Give examples of your own.
5. When can the words “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a million” have the
plural ending “s”? Give examples of your own.
6. What is the common rule to write groups of three digits in numerals of
one thousand and higher? Give examples of your own.
7. What are the ways to pronounce 0 in English? Give examples of your own.
Numerals
We cannot imagine our life without numbers. We are surrounded by numbers, especially in the field of engineering: to solve problems (equations), to
measure weight, height, to count meters and kilometers of distance between
places, etc. For all measurements, we need to use numerals. Numerals in English are a part of speech that defines the number (quantity) or the order of items.
Numerals can be divided into two main types: cardinal and ordinal numerals.
There are simple numerals (1–12), derivative numerals (13–19) and composite numerals (for example: 21, 67, 147).
6
1. Cardinal numerals show the number (amount, quantity) of certain
items. They correspond to the interrogative word “How many”: 220 Volts,
660 kilometers, 25,000,000 people, 402 tons, 31 students, 18 laptops.
Such words as “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a million” are nouns, not
numerals. If these words are used in a singular form, they always go with the
indefinite article “a” or the numeral “one”. These words are not used with the
plural ending: five hundred plants, nineteen thousand substations, twenty-four
million books.
But the words “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a million” could have the
plural ending, if they are followed with the “of” preposition and a noun: thousands of people, millions of stars, hundreds of ideas.
2. Ordinal numerals are used to show the order of items. They correspond
to the question starting with the word “Which?” Generally, ordinal numerals are
used as adjectives and stand before nouns. An ordinal numeral is usually preceded by the definite article "the". The first story was interesting. The second one
was dull.
Both in British English and in American English groups of three digits in
numerals of one thousand and higher are usually separated by a comma, counting
from the right: 5,286 (five thousand two hundred (and) eighty-six); 12,345;
378,925; 6,540,210 (six million five hundred forty thousand (and) two hundred
ten), 93,005 (ninety-three thousand five).
There are a number of ways you can say 0 in English:
0 – naught (In Mathematics): 0.7 – naught point seven
0 – nil/nothing (In Sports): 4:0 – score is four nothing (nil)
0 – o [ou]- (Phone number): 220450 – double two o [ou] four five o [ou]
0 – zero (in Science): -32 0C – thirty-two degrees below zero
O = oh
[ou]
O=
naught
When we use it
after a decimal point
in bus or room numbers
In phone numbers
in years
before a decimal point
Example
9.02 = “Nine point oh two”
Room 201 = “Room two oh one”
Bus 602 = “Bus six oh two”
9130472 = “Nine one three oh four seven”
1906 = “Nineteen oh six”
0.06 = “Naught point oh six”
7
O = zero
O = nil
in temperature
US English for the
number
in football
O = love
in tennis
-20°C = “20 degrees below zero”
0 = “Zero”
Spartak 2 - Dinamo 0 = “Spartak two Dinamo nil”
40:0 = “Forty love”
Exercise 3. Find English equivalents in the text
Решить уравнение, простые числительные, производные, расстояние,
измерение, запятая, точка, ноутбук, количество, счет, градусы.
Exercise 4. Make up questions and answers:
A
Example: a) A: Is it nineteen [naɪnˈtiːn]?
B: No. It’s ninety [ˈnaɪntɪ].
a) A: 19?
B: 19 90
b) A: 50?
B: 50 15
c) A: 13?
B: 13 30
d) A: 80?
B: 80 18
e) A: 14?
B: 14 40
f) A: 70?
B: 70 17
g) A: 16?
B: 16 60
h) A: 30?
B: 30 13
i) A: 40?
B: 40 14
1,002
5,241
1,000,009
888,010
24,999
222,456
24,555,000
275,000,504
B
Read out numbers.
457
1,245
10,676
860,000
8
Exercise 5. Match words and numbers.
Exercise 6. Read the text and sum up the difference between figure, digit,
numeral and number. Match the parts of the sentences (1–4) with the (a-h).
Language learners sometimes may have some difficulties with the words "figure, digit, numeral, number". We can say "the figure 5; the digit 5; the numeral 5;
the number 5", but the meanings of these word combinations are not the same.
The word "figure" refers to a numerical symbol for a number and can also
refer to the numerical value of a number: the figure 5; Arabic figures; a fivefigure number; a figure of 5 million; write these numbers in figures and in words.
The word "figures" can also mean "arithmetic": He is good at figures.
The word "digit" refers to any of Arabic figures from 0 to 9. Examples: the
digit 2; the digit 9; a four-digit number; a group of three digits; use digits to write
these numbers.
A numeral is a name used for denoting a number. Numerals can be in the
form of any symbols denoting a number. In the texts of general character, numerals are usually written as figures or words: the numeral 5; the numeral five; cardinal and ordinal numerals; Arabic numerals, Roman numerals.
9
The word "number" refers to quantity or amount (in various fields of application) and is one of the main concepts in mathematics: whole numbers; natural
numbers; prime numbers; even numbers; odd numbers; large numbers; round
numbers; negative numbers; the number 10; the number twelve; the number 225.
One of the meanings of the word "number" is "numeral". Because of that, the
word "number" can be used in many cases where the word "numeral" is meant,
for example, you can say "cardinal numerals" or "cardinal numbers"; "ordinal
numerals" or "ordinal numbers".
1. Figure
2.Digit
3.Numeral
4.Number
a) refers to quantity or amount.
b) refers to the name used for denoting
a number.
c) refers to the numerical value of a
number.
d) refers to any of Arabic figures from
0 to 9.
e) refers to a numerical symbol for a
number.
f) is usually written as figures or
words.
g) is one of the main concepts in mathematics.
h) can be in the form of any symbols
denoting a number.
Exercise 7. Read the text.
Fractions
A fraction is a number we need for measuring. When we measure something, such as length, it will not always be a whole number. Therefore, we need
numbers that are less than 1, 2 or other figures – numbers that are the parts of
these figures: half of one, a third/ a fourth/ a fifth/ a millionth part of some figure.
The first number in fraction, written before a slash (/), is called numerator and
is expressed by a cardinal numeral. The second number, written after a slash (/), is
called denominator and is expressed by an ordinal numeral.
10
Examples of fractions, represented by symbols and words:
1/2
one-half / a half
1/3
one-third/ a third
1/4
one-fourth / a quarter
1/5
one-fifth
1/32
one thirty-second
1/100
one-hundredth
1/1000
one-thousandth
2/3
two-thirds
3/4
three-fourths / three-quarters
7/36
seven thirty-sixths
33/100
thirty-three hundredths
65/1000
sixty-five thousandths
1 1/2
one and a half
4 1/4
four and a quarter
6 3/7
six and three-sevenths
Decimal Fractions
The decimal point (not a comma) separates the whole from the fraction in
decimal fractions in English. Decimals are written in figures. When pronouncing
decimals we use the word "point" to represent the dot. The numbers following
the dot are pronounced separately: When you have the number 1.36 we say "One
point three six."
The digits to the left of the decimal point are usually read as a whole cardinal
number, and the digits to the right of the decimal point are usually read as separate
digits: 546.132 can be read as "five hundred forty-six point one-three-two".
Exercise 8. Read out these common and decimal fractions.
¼; 4/7; 7 ½; 8 5/9; 21 7/9; 0.25; 0.008; 12.57; 455.67; 2/5; 45; 6.22.
Exercise 9. Read the text.
Writing the Date
There are different ways to write and to say the date in English according
to formal or informal writing and also in British or American English. There
are three parts to write a date. These are:
✓ Day
(Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc.)
11
✓ Month
(January, February, March, etc.)
✓ Year
(1900, 1999, 2019, etc.)
The most common way to write the date in British English is
1 September, 2020 - 01.09.2020 - 01/09/2000
The most common way to write the date in American English is
March 2, 2021 - 03.02.2021 - 03/02/2021
Saying the Date
The most common way to say the date in English is
On
the
оf
Month
Preposition
On
On
Ordinal number
the first
the second
Preposition
of
of
September
March
in
year
Preposition
in
in
2020
2022
We talk about years like this: it is necessary to divide the four-digit number into two two-digit numbers and to pronounce them separately:
1986 is read like nineteen eighty-six.
In the dates like 1907, 1702 etc. zero is pronounced not as zero, but as the
letter o [əu].
✓ 1907 – nineteen o seven;
✓ 1702 – seventeen o two.
Dates signifying the beginning of this or that century are read in a peculiar
way. In such cases, the word "hundred" is used:
✓ 1600 – sixteen hundred;
✓ 1900 – nineteen hundred.
Since mankind has long crossed the boundary between the twentieth and
twenty-first centuries, the dates containing the words "two thousand" are used in
the speech of people more often:
12
2000 – two thousand;
✓ 2008 – two thousand (and) eight.
Dates, beginning in 2010, can be read in both ways: with the words "two
thousand" or classically, broken down into two two-digit numbers:
✓ 2015 – two thousand (and) fifteen, or twenty fifteen;
✓ 2027 – two thousand (and) twenty seven, or twenty twenty-seven.
✓
Exercise 10. Write and pronounce the following dates: first in British and
then in American English
8/4/2000; 5/12/1999; 12/6/1900; 7/9/2009; 2/10/2019; 1/10/2020;
4/3/1988.
Exercise 11. Find information and match the dates with the inventions.
Read out the sentences with the dates.
a) The first transcontinental telegraph
system was completed, making it pos1. October 10, 1911
sible to transmit messages rapidly (by
mid-19th-century standards) from
coast to coast.
b) A patent for a ballpoint pen was
2. September 8, 1994
received by John Loud.
c) The first artificial Earth satellite was
3. September 24, 1852
launched.
d) Henry Ford received a patent for an
4. October 30, 1888
automobile transmission mechanism.
e) Rudolf Diesel of France was
5. October 24,1861
granted patent.
f) Microsoft gave “Windows” its new
name. Previously, the operating sys6. October 4,1957
tem had been referred to by its code
name of "Chicago."
g) A new invention, the dirigible or
7. August 9,1898
airship, was first demonstrated.
13
Exercise 12. Ask your group mate the following questions. First, write
the answers down and then present the information in the classroom. Mind the
writing and pronunciation of the dates.
1. When were you born?
2. When did you enter the University?
3. When was your first day at the University?
4. When do you get your scholarship?
5. What date is it today?
6. When will you graduate from the university?
7. When will you take your first exam this semester?
8. When do we celebrate International Students’ Day?
9. When do we celebrate International Day of Engineers?
Exercise 13. Study the information and solve the problems. These words will
help you.
Addition
Division
Subtraction
Multiplication
To equal
To be equal to
To add
Plus
Involution
Evolution
Root
Power
Proportion
I. Addition and Subtraction
7 + 5 = 12
62 + 15 = 77
10 -6 = 4
82 – 32 = 50
Solve the problems:
1. 89 + 11 = ?
2. 120 + 361 = ?
3. 51 – 11 = ?
–seven plus five equals twelve
– sixty-two plus fifteen is equal to seventy-seven
– ten minus six equals four
– eighty-two minus thirty-two is equal to fifty
4. 230 – 130 = ?
5. 5,200 – 4, 150 = ?
6. 1,203 + 413 = ?
14
7. 5,555 + 2,222 = ?
8. 22 +22 = ?
9. 5.02 + 4.02 = ?
II. Multiplication and Division
1x1=1
– once one is one
2x2=4
– twice two is four
3x3=9
– three times three equals nine
4 x 4 = 16
– four times four is equal to sixteen
12 x 10 = 120 – twelve multiplied by ten is equal to one hundred and
twenty
35 : 7 = 5
– thirty-five divided by seven equals five
1000 : 25 = 40 – one thousand divided by twenty-five is equal to forty
Solve the problems:
1. 749 : 7 =
3. 12 x 12 =
5. 2,000 : 2 =
2. 100 x 100 =
4. 900 : 9 =
6. 80 x 5 =
22
23
25
III. Involution
the square of two/ the second power of two/ two squared
the cube of two/ the third power of two/ two cubed
the fifth power of two / two to the fifth power
√𝟒 = 𝟐
𝟑
√𝟐𝟕 = 3
IV. Evolution
the square root of four is two
the cube root of twenty-seven is three
Solve the problems:
1. 54 =
2
2. √9 =
𝟒∶𝟐
𝒂∶𝒃
𝟐∶𝟑=𝟒∶𝟔
3. 42 =
5. √16 =
6. 106 =
9
4. 10 =
V. Ratio
the ratio of four to two
the ratio of a to b
VI. Proportion
two is to three as four is to six
the ratio of two to three equals the ratio of four to six
15
Exercise 14. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. This calculator solves math equations which add, subtract, multiply and
divide positive and negative numbers and exponential numbers. 2. Here are two
numbers for you to multiply. 3. Any improper fraction can be converted into a
mixed fraction. 4. To add the two vulgar fractions you'll have to find first their
common denominator. 5. To what power can the calculator raise numbers? 6. I
can't find the 6th power of the number manually. 7. You should multiply six by
three. 8. The fourth power of .25 is easy to calculate. 9. Please, find the square
root of this number. 10. It took us about a decade to find the solution. 11. The
fraction is improper if the denominator is smaller than the numerator. 12. This is
an equation in two unknowns. 13. There must be a mistake in the subtraction
exercise, check up the difference by addition. 14. You should have added the
numbers rather than subtracted them. 15. The calculator can multiply two fivedigit numbers. 16. Please, divide the number by 5 and tell me what the quotient
is equal to. 17. Before trying to solve the problem, you should check up the multiplication factors. 18. You’ve missed the division sign. 19. The distance to the
Moon is 239,000 miles. The distance to the Sun is 90,000,000 miles. 20. The plane
flew at the altitude of 30,000 ft. 21. The rocket speed was as high as 3,500 km per
hr. 22. The wall was 10.3 in thick. 23. The motor is said to operate at a rate of ca
2,000 r. p. m. 24. The pipe diameter was .55 in. 25. The building site area was 16
acres.
Exercise 15. Translate into English.
1. В 1980 году Шакунтала Деви из Индии попала в Книгу Рекордов
Гиннеса, верно умножив два 13-значных числа за 28 секунд.
2. Самарт Патель из Индии поставил рекорд, когда быстрее всех правильно решил 10 случайных задач на умножение за 1 минуту. На момент
рекорда ему было всего 7 лет.
3. Основные признаки делимости:
✓ число делится на два тогда, когда его последняя цифра делится на
два, то есть является четной;
✓ число делится на три или на девять тогда, когда сумма его цифр делится на три или на девять;
✓ число делится на пять тогда, когда последняя цифра делится на пять
(то есть равна нулю или пяти).
16
Exercise 16.
Be ready to voice the video “Global Energy Consumption Five Key Facts”.
Exercise 17.
Watch the video “How Much Oil Is Left On Earth?”
and fill in the blanks with numbers. Answer the question: How Much Oil Is
Left On Earth?
а) ______ marks World Energy Day, when we observe the need to take
environmental actions in the face of energy dependence. This holiday originated
at b) _____ , intended to address the future of oil and sustainability. Although
peak oil usage was supposed to have occurred in the c) _____, today production
and use is as high as ever. So we wanted to know, just how much oil do we
actually have?
Well, unlike more modern forms of energy, crude oil is a non-renewable
resource, meaning that once we use it all up, it’s gone. Almost all of the world’s
oil is located in vast reservoirs, centralized in a number of countries. However,
whether that oil can actually be extracted is referred to as “proven or unproven”.
Proven reserves simply mean that there is a d) _____ chance of the oil
being extracted, and we know it is there. Unproven generally means that we believe it is there, but for a number of reasons cannot extract it with certainty. Generally, oil estimates focus on proven reserves. So how much oil is still left?
Well, as of e) ______, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
reports that roughly f) _______of proven reserves are still available. For comparison, some have estimated that g) _______have been used up since commercial
oil drilling began in the h) ______, although other estimates vary wildly. And
while a century and a half seems like a pretty long time, oil use has been rapidly
increasing.
Today the world consumes about i) _______a year, with China expected to account for half of that usage within the next j) ________.
But China only holds about k) ______ itself. Roughly l) _____ of the
world’s oil comes from the m) ____ members of OPEC, with roughly n) _____located in the Middle East.
However, the single largest reserve on the Earth is nowhere near most of
the other OPEC countries. o) ____ of the world’s oil is located in Venezuela,
South America. They reportedly hold about p) ____ billion barrels.
17
Saudi Arabia comes in close with about q) ____ billion barrels. However,
r) _____highest reserves are found in Canada, which is a non-OPEC nation.
In fact, of the s) _____barrels held outside OPEC, more than t) ____ is in Canada.
But how long all that oil will last as is a somewhat shaky subject. Some are saying
that we’ll soon end up relying on unconventional oil extraction like fracking to
power the world.
Others say we’ll make a shift to alternative energies like solar or wind before it's too late. But the most recent estimates by British Petroleum say that we
have a little over u) ____ years before the oil runs out. Still, almost every figure;
including the amount of oil reserves, consumption rate, and number of years left
has been widely disputed, and past estimates have been repeatedly revised.
How much oil do we really have left? It seems like nobody really knows.
While we don’t know how much oil we have left, we do know where we get it from.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true,
continue the list.
󠆲 I know the types of numerals in English.
󠆲 I know how to read fractions.
󠆲 I know how to read and say date in English.
󠆲 I know….
󠆲 I can say 0 in different situations.
󠆲 I can read out the ratio and proportion….
󠆲 I can ….
󠆲 I understand the difference between figure, digit, numeral and number.
󠆲 I understand how to read out involution and evolution.
󠆲 I understand ….
Key Words
Figure, digit, numeral, number, multiplication, to equal, to add, to subtract,
involution, evolution, root, power, fraction, division, to calculate, an equation,
natural numbers, prime numbers, even numbers, odd numbers, decimal, cardinal
numerals, ordinal numerals, numerator, denominator, slash, comma, point, numerical value, amount, quantity.
18
TEST “Numerals”
1. Write the following cardinal numerals with letters
13 14 816 25 307 52 6,790
74 99 1,905
533
31
2. Write the following ordinal numerals with letters
3 12 28 46 83 222
2 4
5
3,562
7,324 245
3. Write it in English
1. Сто книг; сотня страниц; сотни людей.
2. Тысяча машин; тысячи людей; миллион книг.
3. 2+3=5; 7-4=3; 3 х 5=15; 10:2=5.
4. 01.02.1900 (Br. + Am)
5. 3.45; 88.09; 0.009
6. 2/3; 44 4/5.
3
7. √27 =? 82 =?
4. Read and translate into Russian
Decimal fraction; denominator; numeral; vulgar fraction; numerator; multiplication; division; ratio; ordinal numerals; slash; comma; point; amount; quantity.
5. Read correctly
Global average PV module selling prices have decreased by more than
two orders of magnitude in a 40-year period. Two years ago, we observed that
if PV could continue on its historical learning curve, then PV module prices
would reach $0.50/W and $0.25/W at a cumulative deployment of 1 and 8 TW,
respectively.
19
Choose the correct variant
1. 145 _____ live in the Russian Federation.
a. millions people
b. millions of people
c. million of people
d. million people
2._____ are starving in the world today.
a. Thousands people
b. Thousands of people
3. You are _____ who asks me this stupid question.
a. fifth
b. the fiveth
c. the fifth
d. five
4.Two _____ of my income I spend on my pet’s food.
a. twelve
b. twelfth
c. twelves
d. twelfths
5. Every _____ person in our company is not satisfied with his salary.
a. three
b. the third
c. third
6. Ok! See you on _____ of April.
a. the twentyth-seventh
b. twenty-seven
c. the twenty-seventh
7. It is _____ hit. I like such songs.
a. his the third
b. his third
c. the third his
8._____ of the territory is covered with ice.
a. one thirds
b. one third
9. This bouquet costs _____ dollars!
a. two hundreds
20
b. two hundred
c. two hundred of
10. Two thirds of my work _____ dedicated to the theory of the subject.
a. are
b. is
11. Two _____ two is four.
a. on
b. to
c. by
12. I need _____ of your annual turnover.
a. three-nineths
b. three-ninths
c. three-nine
13. So, this will be two _____ five.
a. point
b. comma
14. _____ can save the situation.
a. ten percent
b. ten percents
15. A fortnight means _____ weeks.
a. two
b. three
c. four
16. _____ we need to think this problem over.
a. the first of all
b. first of all
17. The length of this avenue is 5 kilometers _____ four hundred _____
fifty meters.
a. and ... and
b. and ...
c. ... and
18. I wonder what the world will be at the end of _____ century?
a. twenty one
b. the twentieth-first
c. the twenty-first
21
19. Personally, I prefer music of _____ .
a. nineteen seventys
b. the nineteen seventies
c. the nineteen seventeens
Unit II
Shapes
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit name shapes, you remember and tell
where we can use the names of shapes in engineering.
Exercise 2. The below-mentioned words all appear in the text you are going to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Angle
equilateral
approximately
helix
circle
quadrilateral
circumference
rectangle
cone
square
cube
triangle
degree
regular
ellipse
vertex
acute
leg
blunt angled
isosceles
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Diameter, sphere, rhombus, cylinder, geometry, oval, pyramid, regular, circular, technically, radius, Pythagoras, Pythagorean theorem.
22
Exercise 4. Match the words and the number of sides. Pay special attention to the prefix. Note! – 'gon' from Greek means 'sides'.
Word
Number of sides
1. Pentagon
a) ten
2. Hendecagon
b) seven
3. Heptagon
c) five
4. Decagon
d) twelve
5. Hexagon
e) six
6. Octagon
f) eleven
7. Dodecagon
g) eight
Exercise 5. Write down the names of the following shapes in English.
Compare your result with your desk neighbor one.
Exercise 6. Match the words (1-8) with the definitions (A-H).
1 – helix
A – a shape with four equal and straight sides
2 – rectangle B – a shape that is a half of a circle
3 – square
C – a seven – sided figure
4 – cone
D – an elongated circle
5 – angle
E – a combination of two rays with a common endpoint
6 – oval
called the vertex
7 – semi-circle F – a shape formed by a smooth curve
8 – heptagon G – a shape with a circular base and a top that forms a
point
H – a shape with four sides and right angles
Exercise 7. Read and translate text A, complete the sentences and find
the necessary words in the box.
rectangle triangle octagon
oval
hexagon
legs
heptagon
shapes
square
sides
ellipse
length
pentagon
circle
parallelogram
equilateral
corners
polygons
23
Shapes
Once you start looking, you'll see shapes all over the place! You could perhaps create a list of objects that have regular 1____ or draw them, or make a
collage from digital photos.
The easiest shape to recognize is a 2____. It has no straight edges, and
drawing one accurately is difficult by hand. You can see circles all over the place:
a ring is circular, so is a biscuit, or a counter in many board games. Wheels are
circular too.
An elongated circle, as if it's been stretched, is called 3____. You don't see
so many of these in everyday life, but you might have a bathroom light or mirror
that's oval. Actually this shape is technically called an 4 ____; an oval is a more
general term for anything egg-shaped, so that one side can be fatter than the other.
Most shapes, however, are drawn with straight lines. A 5____ is the simplest shape. An equilateral triangle is one that has all three sides of exactly the
same 6____. In an orchestra the instrument called a triangle is a simple piece of
metal which has this shape. The word ' 7____’ is from Latin, meaning 'equal
8___’. The word 'triangle' is from Greek, where 'tri' is from the word meaning
'three'. There are other words using it, such as a tripod (something with three
9____ ) or a tricycle (something with three wheels).
You can make triangles that are not equilateral, of course. They can be tall,
thin ones or short, fat ones, or totally irregular ones. To be a triangle, the shape
simply has to have three sides.
If you have a shape with four equal and straight sides, it's a 10____. This
is another regular shape - or polygon, if you want to use the official term. Polygon
is also from Greek: 'poly' means 'several' (or 'a lot') and 'gon' means 'sides'.
This is a 11____ or oblong shape. It's one of the most commonly seen
shapes in everyday life. Look at a curtain, or a pillowcase, or a table-top, or even
a wall. With some exceptions, they're mostly rectangles. A rectangle has four
sides, and four square 12____ , but two of the sides are longer than the other two.
A square is actually a specific type of rectangle that has all four sides the same.
This related shape is a diamond or rhombus. If you squash a square, so that
you still have four equal sides but they're no longer straight, this is what you get.
It's also a special instance of a 13___, which is like a squashed rectangle.
A five-sided figure is a regular 14____. The word ‘pente’ comes from the
Greek, meaning five. You don't see many of these in everyday life, but a child's
drawing of a house tends to be five-sided, even if the sides aren't the same lengths.
24
A six-sided figure is a 15____. Not surprisingly, the word hex- is from the
Greek, meaning six. Hexagons are the shapes found in honeycombs. You can
divide a hexagon into six equilateral triangles if you draw three lines from each
pair of opposite corners.
There are many more 16____ if you know the Greek numbers, you can
usually guess the names of the shapes with that number of sides. A 17____ is a
seven-sided figure, an 18____ is an eight-sided figure, and so on.
If you draw two straight lines that cross in some place, you have something
like this...X. At the point where the lines cross, there are four gaps, which are
called 'angles'.
Exercise 8. Give English equivalents of the following words and wordcombinations.
Предметы правильной формы, точно, равносторонний треугольник,
колесо, геометрическая фигура, равные и прямые стороны, разделить на восемь частей, противоположные углы, шестисторонний, одинаковая длина,
прямые линии пересекаются, удлиненная форма, количество сторон.
Exercise 9. Do sight translation of the text into English.
Познакомимся с основными фигурами геометрии.
Прямоугольник – фигура, которая имеет четыре стороны и четыре
прямых угла. У прямоугольника противоположные стороны равны.
В геометрии прямоугольник обозначают четырьмя заглавными латинскими буквами.
Противоположные стороны прямоугольника
ABCD: AB = CD, BC = DA.
Углы: ABC = BCD = CDA = DAB = 90° –
все углы прямые.
Квадрат – это прямоугольник, у которого все стороны равны. В геометрии квадрат, также как и прямоугольник, обозначают четырьмя большими латинскими буквами.
Стороны квадрата KLFM: KL = LF = FM = MK.
Углы: KLF = LFM = FMK = MKL = 90° – все углы прямые.
25
Треугольник – это геометрическая фигура, которая имеет три стороны
и три угла (вершины треугольника).
Треугольник обозначается тремя заглавными латинскими буквами, перед которыми ставится знак: .
Треугольник EFG – EFG.
Виды треугольников
Вид треугольника
Углы треугольника
Прямоугольный
Один угол прямой, два
других острых.
Остроугольный
Все углы острые
Тупоугольный
Один угол тупой, два
других – острые
Пример
Многоугольники – это геометрические фигуры различной формы.
Вершины многоугольника – это точки, соединяющие отрезки, из которых состоит многоугольник.
Стороны многоугольника – это отрезки, из которых состоит многоугольник.
Многоугольник ELNFK.
Вершины многоугольника – E, L, F, N, K.
Стороны многоугольника – EL, LN, NF, FK,
KE.
26
Окружность – это геометрическая фигура, образованная замкнутой
кривой линией, все точки которой находятся на одинаковом расстоянии от
центра.
Круг – это геометрическая фигура, которая ограничена окружностью.
Окружность – это граница круга. Радиус круга – это расстояние от центра
окружности до любой её точки.
Диаметр круга – это отрезок, который соединяет две точки окружности и проходит через её
центр. Диаметр круга равен двум его радиусам.
Точка O – центр круга.
AB – диаметр круга.
OK – радиус круга.
АB = 2 x OK.
Exercise 10. Do the crosswords.
A)
Down:
4. A bathroom tile,
a checkerboard game –
my four straight sides
are all the same!
I’m a ____.
27
6. A door, a book,
a tabletop —
four corners wait
where my four sides stop.
I’m a ____.
7. ____ is a stretched circle.
Across:
1. Geometric ___.
2. An arrowhead,
a party hat –
I’ve got three sides.
Now think of that.
I’m a ____.
3. A pizza, a clock,
a bicycle wheel –
I have no sides,
but I’m a ___.
5. A ____ is called a parallelogram, in which all sides are equal.
B)
1. Polygon with three edges
2. The rectangle is a _____ .
3. Opposite sides of ____ are of equal length.
4. It has at least one pair of parallel sides.
5. It has four sides of equal length.
28
6. It is made up of a curved line.
7. Triangle, trapezoid, square, rectangle are all _____ .
Exercise 11. Describe any device, machine or equipment related to your
sphere of engineering from the point of geometry (geometric shapes).
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true,
continue the list.
󠆲 I know the names of basic shapes in English.
󠆲 I know the types of triangle.
󠆲 I know the types of polygon.
󠆲 I know….
󠆲 I can describe objects from the point of geometric shapes.
󠆲 I can explain the way of measuring angles.
󠆲 I can ….
󠆲 I understand the difference between angle and corner.
󠆲 I understand the difference between leg and side.
󠆲 I understand ….
Key Words
Angle, shape, triangle, polygon, leg, corner, equal, rectangle, equilateral,
heptagon, circle, square, helix, hexagon, acute, regular, vertex, isosceles, diameter, sphere, rhombus, cylinder, geometry, oval, pyramid, technically, radius, Pythagoras, circumference, Pythagorean theorem, approximately, edge.
Unit III
Dimensions
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit, say what dimensions there are and
why they are important for the field of engineering.
Exercise 2. Study this information.
We cannot imagine the field of engineering without dimensions. A dimension is something that allows us to measure a quantity. In the field of engineering
dimension usually refers to the linear measurements of any object (e.g. length,
width, height, thickness).
29
thick
high
high
long
long
wide
wide
wide
high
high
deep
deep
wide
wide
Exercise 3. Complete these combinations:
Example:
a. Length – long
b. Width –
c. Height –
d. Depth
e. Thickness-
30
Exercise 4. Match the words with the number.
width
diameter
height
volume
thickness
area
length
depth
31
Exercise 5. Put questions to the following answers.
Example: a) What is the height of this building? It’s 0.5 m high.
b)
_________? It’s about 3.15 m long.
c)
_________? It’s 0.2 m wide.
d)
_________? It’s 0.5m thick.
e)
_________? It’s 0.75m3.
f)
_________? It’s 27 m2.
Exercise 6. Make sentences.
Example: The height of the cable distribution cabinets is 2 m and the width
is 1.1m.
0.5m
5.47m
2m
10m
3.57m
5.85m
1.1m
115.15mm
20mm
20mm
Exercise 5. How do
250mm
130mm
32
Exercise 7. Measure objects in your classroom (or guess their measurements), make sentences.
Example:
Box – The width is about 0.7 m.
The length is about 0.4m.
The height is about 1 m.
The volume of the box is about 0.28 m3.
a) blackboard
b) window
c) eraser
d) door
e) desktop
f) laptop
g) room
Exercise 8. How do we calculate these? Make instruction.
Example 1. Multiply 0.5 by 1.5
(0.5 × 1.5) = 0.75
2. Now multiply 0.75 by 1
(0.75 × 1) = 0.75
3. The volume of the box is 0.75
a)
c)
b)
A
2m
Hammer
case
2.5m
D
B
3.5m
3m
C
Height of water
tank = ?
0.2m
peak
2.5m
Volume = 25 м3
BC =?
Volume =?
d)
0.5m
Length of jackhammer =?
e)
water
tank
0.2m
30m
0.2m
15m
0.5m
Volume of
toolbox =?
33
Good
job!
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know linear measurements of an object.
󠆲 I know….
󠆲 I can calculate the volume of an object.
󠆲 I can ….
󠆲 I understand the difference between height, length, width, depth, etc.
󠆲 I understand ….
Key Words
Dimension, height, length, depth, width, volume, thickness, area, to measure, to calculate, diameter, linear measurement.
Unit IV
Materials and their Properties
Section I
Structural Materials
Exercise 1. Before starting the section, try to discuss the questions in
pairs: What structural materials do you know? Do structural materials have
any advantages and disadvantages? What optical properties do metals have?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Concrete, stone, wood, glazed brick, to decay, to withstand, alloy, durable,
masonry unit, to fasten, porosity, crushed stone, malleable, clay tiles, opaque, to
hammer, to crack, linear, to cast, strain, lustrous.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Elastic, interior, materials, plastic deformation, proportional, permanent, to
press, thermal conductivity, reversible, optical, to limit, mixture, magnesium,
structural, fire–protection, cement, compactness, ornamental decoration, mineral.
34
Exercise 4. Study the following information. Mind the difference between
made of/ made from/ made with/ made out of. Do the test
MADE FROM
We use MADE FROM when we talk about how something is produced.
The material it has been made from cannot be seen because it has been changed.
e.g. Cheese is made from milk. Plastic is made from oil.
MADE OF
Something is MADE OF when we talk about the basic material or qualities
of something; material hasn’t been significantly changed. We can still see it in
the object. It has a meaning similar to ‘composed of’.
e.g. This shirt is made of cotton. This ring is made of gold. The house is made of
bricks.
MADE OUT OF
However, when something was changed from one thing into another, we
can say that it was MADE OUT OF:
e.g. They were living in tents made out of old plastic sheets.
The plates they were eating from were made out of the finest porcelain.
MADE WITH
Finally, we usually use MADE WITH to talk about the ingredients contained in foods and drinks:
e.g. This dish is made with beef, red peppers and herbs.
The bartender made this cocktail with gin and tonic.
Bread is normally made with flour and water.
Test
Choose the correct preposition: of/ out of/ from/ with
1. That house in the woods is made __logs.
2. Is sushi always made ___ raw fish or do the Japanese use cooked fish too?
3. Paper is made ___ wood.
4. My watch is made ___ steel.
5. Today, they make fridge parts ___ recycled materials.
6. Knives are generally made ___ steel.
7. This juice is made ___ water, lemon and sugar.
8. The handles are made ___platinum.
9. Can you believe that her bag is made ___ plastic bottles?
10. Concrete is made ___ cement, sand, crushed stone and water.
35
11. Goods made ___ glass are shipped with “Fragile” label.
12.Most rooftops in Britain are made ___ tiles.
Exercise 5. Present your own examples of similar phraseological units
(from exercise 4) in the class.
Exercise 6. Read the text and answer the questions.
The most commonly used materials are steel, concrete, stone, wood and
brick. Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant and easily fastened together.
Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy to
work. But wood has certain disadvantages: it burns and decays.
Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by a man. It has
a lot of properties. They are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound
and heat insulation and fire–resistance.
Because of their ability to withstand external forces, construction materials
are considered in the design of a structural framework. Bricks were known many
thousands of years ago. They are examples of artificial building materials and
can be classified as face bricks, common bricks, and glazed bricks.
Structural clay tiles are burned–clay masonry units having interior hollow
spaces termed cells. Such tiles are widely used because of its strength, light
weight, and insulating and fire-protection qualities.
Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials.
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone and water, which, if combined in a certain proportion, forms a plastic mixture capable of being placed
in forms and of hardening through the hydration.
Metals are materials (or alloys) which are typically hard, opaque, shiny, and
have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are usually malleable – that
is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking
or cracking – as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to
be drawn out into a thin wire). In terms of optical properties, metals are shiny
and lustrous.
Mechanical properties of metals include ductility, i.e. their capacity for
plastic deformation. Reversible elastic deformation in metals can be described
by Hooke’s Law for restoring forces, where the stress is linearly proportional to
36
the strain. Forces larger than the elastic limit, or heat, may cause plastic deformation.
The structural steels, steel castings, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys,
and cast and wrought iron are also important structural metals. Steel castings
are used for rocker bearings under the ends of large bridges. They are cast in
stainless steel.
Marble is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes. White
and black marbles are used for ornamental decoration where the beauty of the
marble is shown to its best advantage.
Questions
1. Where can construction materials be used?
2. What are the oldest construction materials?
3. What components are used to make concrete?
4. Mechanical properties of metals are numerous, aren’t they?
5. How can you characterize metals?
6. Why are alloys widely used?
Exercise 7. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
Механические свойства, конструкционные материалы, пожароустойчивые характеристики, строительная керамическая плитка, гидратация цемента, строительный материал, глазурованный кирпич, блестящий, звуко- и
теплоизоляция, мрамор, кованое железо, пластичность, непрозрачный.
Exercise 8. Complete the table.
Property
Material
positive
Wood
Stone
Structural clay tiles
Concrete
Metals
Marble
Exercise 9. Match the words.
37
negative
1. Timber
2. Concrete
3. Steel
4. Lime
5. Stone
6. Brick
7. Sand
8. Finesand
9. To adapt
10. To bind
11. Masonry
12. Mortar
13. Plaster
14. Quebracho
a) кирпич
b) связывать
c) песок, гравий
d) мелкозернистый песок
e) штукатурка
f) известковый раствор
g) применять
h) кирпичная кладка
k) сталь
l) бетон
m) древесина квебрахо
n) известь
o) лесоматериал
p) камень
Exercise 10.
Watch the video about “Building materials” and be ready to
answer questions.
Questions
1. How can you characterize building materials?
2. What groups of building materials are presented in the video?
3. What objects can be constructed with these materials?
4. Where can mud be used?
5. What can leaves construct?
6. Where can fibers be used?
7. How is sand created?
Exercise 11. Render the text in English in writing.
Для изготовления деталей машин применяются конструкционные
материалы, от правильного выбора которых зависят качество, надежность, экономичность и долговечность машины в целом. Все конструкционные материалы подразделяются на однородные и композиционные,
металлические и неметаллические. Металлические материалы – это металлы и сплавы. Последние включают черные и цветные сплавы. Неметаллические материалы – это простые и сложные вещества. Сложные вещества – это аморфные вещества и полимеры.
38
Неметаллические материалы – это неорганические и органические
материалы, композиционные материалы на неметаллической основе, клеи,
герметики, графит, стекло, керамика и т.д. Они находят широкое применение в машиностроении.
Exercise 12.
Watch the video “Why doesn’t the Tower of Pisa fall
over?”, answer the following questions and ask some questions more.
Questions
1) What city is the Tower of Pisa in?
2) At what angle should the tower have collapsed?
3) What is the Greek word for the city of Pisa?
4) What year was the center of gravity of the falling tower calculated in?
5) How much soil was extracted from the northern side of the tower?
6) What is the angle of inclination of the tower now?
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know traditional structural materials.
󠆲 I know the oldest building materials.
󠆲 I know…
󠆲 I can identify some of the properties of the construction materials.
󠆲 I can give examples of artificial building materials.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand the reasons of the popularity of the construction materials.
󠆲 I understand the widespread application of concrete.
󠆲 I understand …
Key Words
Interior, plastic deformation, permanent, thermal conductivity, reversible,
magnesium, fire–protection, compactness, ornamental decoration, concrete,
wood, glazed brick, to decay, to withstand, alloy, durable, masonry unit, to fasten,
porosity, crushed stone, malleable, clay tiles, opaque, to hammer, to crack, to cast,
strain, lustrous, mortar, lime, ductility, marble, steel castings.
39
Section II
Alloys
Exercise 1. Before starting the section, try to discuss the questions in
pairs: What is an alloy? What metallic alloys used nowadays do you know?
What branches of industry can aluminum alloys be widely used in?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Steel, fire–resistant, fusible, to melt, ductile, wrought, sparsely, rocker
bearing, brittle, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel, carbon, fatigue,
toughness, flammable, intolerance, susceptible, to contain, warping crankcase,
iron, metal–skinned, combustion chamber, predominant.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Amplitude, plastic, regime, aggregate, electrical, thermal, critical, element, component, corrosion, silicon, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, carbon,
cycle, titanium, engineering structure, rocketry, cylinder block, laboratory,
metal, aluminum, chromium.
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions.
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in which the main
component is a metal. The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less
brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster.
Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel,
cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest proportion both by quantity
and commercial value.
Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high
carbon steels with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness.
The addition of silicon will produce cast irons, while the addition of chromium,
nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless
40
steels.
The alloys of aluminum, titanium and magnesium are valued for their high
strength–to–weight ratios. These materials are ideal for situations where high
strength–to–weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in aerospace and some automotive applications. Alloys specially designed for highly
demanding applications, such as jet engines, may contain more than ten elements.
Aluminum alloys are alloys in which aluminum is the predominant metal.
Aluminum–magnesium alloys are both lighter than other aluminum alloys and
much less flammable than alloys that contain a very high percentage of magnesium.
Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or corrosion resistance is required. Alloys composed
mostly of aluminum have been very important in aerospace manufacturing
since the introduction of metal–skinned aircraft. Aluminum intolerance to high
temperatures has not precluded its use in rocketry, even in the application o f
the construction combustion chambers where gases can reach 3500 K. Aluminum alloys are also used in automotive engines, particularly in cylinder
blocks and crankcases due to the weight savings that are possible. Since aluminum alloys are susceptible to warping at elevated temperatures, the cooling system of such engines is critical.
An important structural limitation of aluminum alloys is their lower fatigue strength compared to steel. In controlled laboratory conditions, steels
display a fatigue limit, which is the stress amplitude below which no failures
occur – the metal does not continue to weaken with extended stress cycles.
Aluminum alloys do not have this lower fatigue limit and will continue to
weaken with continued stress cycles. Aluminum alloys are therefore sparsely
used in parts that require high fatigue strength in the high cycle regime.
Questions
1. Why are alloys widely used?
2. What is the aim of making alloys?
3. What will the addition of silicon produce?
4. What results in stainless steels?
5. What materials are ideal for aerospace and some automotive applications?
Exercise 5. Prove or correct the following with the facts from the text.
41
1. Because of the ability to withstand external forces, construction materials are considered in the design of a structural framework.
2. Alloys composed of aluminum have been very important in aerospace
manufacturing.
3. Concrete is a mixture of cement, mineral aggregate, and hot water.
4. Metals can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without
breaking or cracking.
5. The addition of silicon produces cast irons.
6. Aluminum alloys can’t be used in parts those require high fatigue
strength.
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with proper words from the box.
intolerance optical crankcases proportion alloys
aerospace and automotive jet engines
1. Aluminum’s … to high temperatures has not precluded its use in rocketry.
2. If we consider … properties, metals are shiny and lustrous.
3. Aluminum alloys are used in automotive engines, e.g. in cylinder blocks
and ...
4. The alloys of iron make up the largest … both by quantity and commer-
cial value.
5. The alloys of aluminum, titanium and magnesium are ideal for … applications.
6. Alloys designed for wide applications, e.g. …, contain more than ten
elements.
Exercise 7. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Metals
a) the oldest of all artificial building materials
2. Concrete
b) mixture of two or more elements with a metal as the
main component
3. Brick
c) important structural metals
4. Alloy
d) mixture of cement, mineral aggregate, and water
5. Structural steels e) hard, opaque, shiny, with good electrical and thermal conductivity materials or alloys
Exercise 8. Render the text in English in writing.
42
Все металлы делятся на черные и цветные. Как правило, к черным металлам относят железо и его сплавы, а к цветным – все остальные металлы.
Металлы обладают следующими физическими свойствами:
• специфический металлический блеск;
• пластичность;
• плотность;
• температура плавления;
• электропроводность.
• теплопроводность
Эти характеристики присущи всем металлам, однако сами металлы
отличаются друг от друга. Сталь и чугун относятся к группе черных металлов. Чугун является самым дешевым из черных металлов.
Существуют различные виды стали. Примером легированной или специальной стали является коррозионно – стойкая сталь. Этот вид стали широко
используется в строительстве. Нержавеющая сталь также коррозионно –
стойкая сталь. Она используется для изготовления столовых приборов, отдельных деталей печи, оборудования химического цеха, клапанов, шарикоподшипников и т.д.
Цветные металлы имеют следующие характеристики:
• Высокая электро– и теплопроводность;
• Высокая коррозионная стойкость;
• Немагнитные свойства;
• Небольшой вес.
Алюминий – самый старый и самый известный из легких металлов.
Он используется в авиационной, автомобильной, химической и некоторых
других отраслях промышленности.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know the definition of alloys.
󠆲 I know why aluminum alloys are widely used in engineering structures.
󠆲 I know what the addition of silicon to iron will produce.
󠆲 I know…
󠆲 I can give some examples of iron alloyed with carbon.
43
󠆲 I can explain what strength–to–weight ratio means.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand the aim of making alloys.
󠆲 I understand why aluminum alloys are used in parts those require high fatigue strength in the high cycle regime.
󠆲 I understand …
Key Words
Fusible, to melt, ductile, wrought, sparsely, rocker bearing, brittle, stainless
steel, cast iron, tool steel, fatigue, toughness, flammable, intolerance, susceptible,
warping crankcase, metal-skinned, combustion chamber, predominant, aggregate, corrosion, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, engineering structure, rocketry, cylinder block, aluminum.
Section III
ABC of Mechanical Properties of Materials
Exercise 1. Before starting the section, try to discuss the questions in
pairs:
What mechanical properties of materials do you know? What phenomenon takes place in case of the change in the construction of an object?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
44
Deflect, durability, strength, shear, curvature, due to, strain, induce, yield,
beams, collinear, fatigue, response, torsional, withstand, ductile, assess, failure,
stretch, stiffness, brittle, sufficiently, rupture, squeezing, tensile, displacement,
transverse, drawback, elongate, bend, prone, unrecoverable, fracture, lead,
ductile.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Proportional, perpendicular, compress, configuration, rotation, defects, modulus, theoretical, permanent, cyclic, static, ceramics, elasticity, geometry, gravitational, acceleration, thermal, expansion, category, polymers, structure, microscopic,
axial, energy, major, metallurgical, accurately, multidisciplinary integration.
Exercise 4. Read the text and find answers to the questions.
Mechanics of Materials
Strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, is a subject
which deals with the behavior of a solid object to stresses and strains. The study
of strength of materials often refers to various methods of calculating stresses and
strains in structural elements, such as beams, columns, and shafts. Properties of
materials predict the response of the structure under different loads.
The strength of materials is the ability to withstand an applied load without
failure or deformation. Deformation is the change in the construction. The proportion of deformation to the original size is called strain.
The applied loads may be axial (tensile or compressive), or rotational
(strength shear).
Loadings can be classified in the following way:
Transverse loading – when forces are applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the element. Transverse loading causes the element to bend and deflect from its original position, with internal tensile and compressive strains accompanying the change in curvature of the element.
Axial loading. It takes place when the applied forces are collinear with the
longitudinal axis of the element. The forces cause the element to either stretch
or compress.
Torsional loading. The twist of the element comes from the pair of externally applied forces that act on parallel planes or by a single external force that
is applied to the element that has one end fixed against the rotation.
45
The stresses and strains that develop within an element must be calculated
in order to assess the load capacity of that element. When the state of stress and
strain within the element are known, the strength of that element, its deformations, and its stability can be calculated.
✓ Stress Terms
A material can be loaded in a) compression; b) tension; c) shear
Compressive stress is the load that acts to reduce the length of the material
along the axis of the applied load; it is a stress state that causes a squeezing of the
material. Compressive strength for materials is generally higher than their tensile
strength.
Tensile stress is the load caused by an applied force that tends to elongate
the element along the axis of the applied load, it is the stress caused by pulling
the material. Materials loaded in tension are prone to material defects and deformation. Shear stress is caused by the opposing forces that act along parallel lines
of action through the material. An example is cutting paper with scissors or
stresses due to torsional loading.
✓ Strength Terms
Mechanical properties of materials include the yield strength, tensile
strength, fatigue strength, crack resistance, and other characteristics.
Yield strength is the lowest stress that produces a permanent deformation
in a material. But in some materials, e.g. aluminum alloys, the point of yielding
is difficult to identify.
Compressive strength is a limit state of compressive load that leads to ductile or brittle failures of the element.
Tensile strength can be quoted as either true stress or engineering stress,
but engineering stress is the most commonly used.
Fatigue strength is a measure of the strength of a material or a component
under cyclic loading and it is usually more difficult to assess that the static
strength measures.
Impact strength is the capability of the material to withstand a suddenly
applied load and is expressed in terms of energy. Volume, modulus of elasticity,
distribution of forces, and yield strength affect the impact strength of a material.
46
✓ Strain (Deformation) terms
Deformation of the material is the change in geometry created when stress
is applied, for example, gravitational fields, accelerations, thermal expansion, etc.
Strain or reduced deformation expresses the change within the material
field. Plasticity or plastic deformation is the opposite of elastic deformation.
Plastic deformation is retained after the release of the applied stress. Most materials are usually capable of plastic deformation. Brittle materials, like ceramics,
do not experience any plastic deformation and will fracture under relatively low
strain, while ductile materials such as metallic, lead, or polymers will plastically
deform much more before a fracture occurs.
✓ Mechanical Fatigue
Components of machines, vehicles, and structures are frequently subject to
transient dynamic loadings. Structural fatigue takes place due to the damage accumulation through transient dynamic loadings applied during the service life of
mechanical systems. Fatigue failure continues to be a major concern in the engineering design.
The traditional approach for durability analysis is based on the stress–life
method. One of the major drawbacks of the stress–life approach is that it ignores
true stress-strain behavior and treats all strains as elastic. The strain–life method
is based on the observation that damage depends on plastic deformation or strain.
Questions
1. How can loadings be classified?
2. What strength terms are given in the text?
3. How can a material be loaded?
4. What is a durability analysis?
5. When does mechanical fatigue take place?
6. Can you give examples of plastically deformed materials?
Exercise 5. Give English equivalents of the following words and wordcombinations.
Сопротивление материалов, износостойкость, пропорционально, перпендикулярно продольной оси, внешняя сила, поперечное отклонение, пролонгировать, пластическая деформация, конструкционная прочность материала, главный недостаток.
47
Exercise 6. Prove or correct the following with the facts from the text.
1. Mechanical properties of materials include the yield strength, tensile
strength, fatigue strength, crack resistance, etc.
2. A material can be loaded in compression, tension and shear.
3. Fatigue failure is not a major concern in engineering design.
4. Plasticity or plastic deformation is the same as elastic deformation.
5. Tensile stress is the load caused by an applied force.
6. The applied loads may be axial, or rotational.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with the proper words from the box.
load capacity strain yield plastic elastic compression
1. … strength is the lowest stress that produces a permanent deformation
in a material.
2. One of the major drawbacks of the stress–life approach is that it treats
all strains as…
3. Materials in the linear–elastic category are usually capable of … deformation.
4. A simple case of … is the uniaxial compression induced by pushing
forces.
5. The proportion of deformation to the original size is called ... .
6. The stresses and strains must be calculated in order to assess the … of
the element.
Exercise 8. Match the questions and answers, practice with a partner to
complete information.
I
II
1. What features can materials
a) Component under cyclic loading
have?
2.
How
will
you
say
b) A limit state of compressive load
“деформация” in English?
3. How can loadings be classified? c) Transverse, axial and torsional
4. What is “compressive strength”? d) Capability to withstand load
5. What is” tensile strength”?
e) True stress or engineering stress
6. What is “impact strength”?
f) Strain or reduced deformation
7. What is “fatigue strength”?
g) Stresses, strains loadings, fatigue
48
Exercise 9. Render the text into English in writing.
Основными показателями свойств материалов являются твердость,
прочность и другие характеристики.
Твердость является механической характеристикой материала, отражающая его прочность, пластичность и свойства поверхностного слоя изделия.
Прочность – это свойство материала сопротивляться разрушению
под воздействием внешних нагрузок.
Деформирование – это изменение относительного расположения частиц в материале (растяжение, сжатие, изгиб, кручение, сдвиг). Деформация называется упругой, если она исчезает после снятия нагрузки, или пластичной, если она не исчезает. Предел упругости – это напряжение, при
котором остаточная деформация (т.е. деформация, обнаруживаемая при
разгрузке образца) достигает значения, установленного техническими
условиями.
Предел прочности – основная характеристика механического свойства хрупких материалов, т.е. материалов, которые разрушаются при малых
пластических деформациях.
Усталость материалов – это процесс постепенного накопления повреждений под действием переменных напряжений, приводящих к изменению свойств материалов.
Ползучесть (creeping) – непрерывное пластическое деформирование
материалов под действием постоянной нагрузки. Любые твердые материалы подвержены ползучести во всем диапазоне температур эксплуатации.
Вот почему определенные характеристики материалов в процессе эксплуатации машин следует учитывать.
Exercise 10. Choose any material(s) widely used in your professional
sphere and describe its(their) properties. Present your information in the class.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know how mechanics of materials is called.
󠆲 I know how loadings can be classified.
󠆲 I know what strain or reduced deformation expresses.
󠆲 I know…
49
󠆲 I can say when structural fatigue takes place.
󠆲 I can distinguish the strength terms of materials.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand that the strength of materials is the ability to withstand an applied
load without deformation.
󠆲 I understand that durability analysis is very important in the production process.
󠆲 I understand …
Key Words
Deflect, durability, strength, shear, curvature, strain, induce, yield, beams,
collinear, fatigue, response, torsional, ductile, assess, failure, stretch, stiffness, brittle, sufficiently, rupture, squeezing, tensile, displacement, transverse, drawback,
elongate, bend, prone, unrecoverable, fracture, lead, ductile, compress, rotation,
modulus, expansion, axial, major, accurately, multidisciplinary integration.
Unit V
Tools & Equipment
Section I
Engineering Tools
Exercise 1. Before starting the section tell why it is important to
have the right tools.
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are
going to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning
of the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Hammer
handsaw
drill
hacksaw
bit
vise
screwdriver
toolbox
file
equipment
mallet
welders
50
chisel
spanner
pliers
wire cutters
caliper
to tighten
loosen
rake
lathe
goggles
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Agriculture, essential, formal, informal, manually operated, performance,
process, procedure, sensors.
Exercise 4. Match an English word and its Russian equivalent.
English
Russian
1. Set of tools
a) технология изготовления
инструмента
2. Maintenance tools
b) разметочный инструмент
3. Tool engineering
c) эксплуатационный инструмент
4. Marking tool
d) исправный инструмент
5. Measuring tool
e) набор инструментов
6. Serviceable tools
f) токарный резец
7. Lathe tool
g) мерительный инструмент
Exercise 5. Write down the names of the following tools in English. Compare your result with your desk neighbor one.
Exercise 6. Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (A-G).
1. Vise
2. Screw
3. Screwdriver
4. Soldering iron
5. Drill
6. Pliers
51
A – makes holes or inserts and removes screws.
B – used to grab, pull and cut objects.
C – piece of metal used to fasten objects.
D – twisted by hand to insert or remove screws.
E – removes insulation from wiring.
F – holds an object in place.
G – heats and connects metal objects together.
Exercise 7. What are these tools for? Answer this question, using
the words in the box.
grip things cut metal pipes
tighten and loosen nuts
cut wooden planks
tighten and loosen screws
drive in nails
drill holes
pull out nails
cut holes in wood
1. Pincers
2. Handsaw
3. Spanner
4. Drill
5. Chisel
6. Hacksaw
7. Hammer
8. Screwdriver
9. Pliers
Exercise 8. Read and translate the text. Mind the difference between different designations of the word “tool”
A tool is a device that can be used to produce an item or achieve a task, but
that is not consumed in the process. Informally the word is also used to describe
a procedure or process with a specific purpose. Tools that are used in particular
fields or activities may have different designations such as instrument, utensil,
appliance, device, implement, machine, or apparatus. These nouns refer to devices used in the performance of work.
A tool applies broadly to a device that facilitates work; specifically, it denotes a small manually operated device:
e.g. a box full of tools for bike repair.
A tool is usually a simple object that you use to make, shape, or mend
something, for example: a hammer, saw, spade, or spanner.
52
e.g. 1. Remember to put all your tools away safely.
2. ...a glass-cutting tool.
3. Tools that operate by electricity are called power tools.
4. Keep power tools out of children's reach.
Other things which are used to achieve something can also be referred to
as tools. This is a fairly formal use.
e.g. Textbooks became the essential tools of a teacher.
An instrument refers especially to a relatively small precision tool used by
trained professionals. An instrument is an object used for a scientific or medical
purpose, or for measuring something:
e.g. ...surgical and dental instruments.
A musical instrument is an object from which music is produced:
e.g. a violin (a drum, or a flute) is one of the oldest musical instruments.
An implement is a preferred term for tools used in agriculture and certain
building trades:
e.g. rakes, hoes, and other implements.
The earliest wooden implements known are spears, clubs and sharpened sticks,
possibly used for digging.
A utensil often refers to an implement used in a household, especially in
the kitchen: cooking utensils hung by the stove. A utensil is usually a container
or small object used for cooking, such as a saucepan or a spoon.
e.g. Students usually provide their own crockery, cutlery, cooking utensils and
bedding.
An appliance most frequently denotes a power-driven device that performs
a specific function:
e.g. ...household appliances; a store selling toasters and other appliances.
A machine is a piece of equipment which uses electricity or some other
form of power to perform a task. It can be quite large.
e.g....when Walter Hunt and Elias Howe invented the sewing machine.
Employers have to provide workplaces, machines and methods of work that are safe.
A device or gadget is usually a fairly small object, often a complicated or
unusual one. Some devices and gadgets are powered by electricity. A gadget is
an informal word, and is often used to show disapproval.
e.g. ...a tiny 'pacemaker' – a device that sends pulses of electricity to activate the
heart.
A new gadget will make it easy for bosses to spy on their staff.
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Exercise 9. Make a list of different designations of the word “tool” mentioned in the text, be ready to give definition and your own examples.
e.g. An appliance is usually a machine that is used in people's homes, such
as a washing machine or cooker.
Exercise 10. Choose the proper words to complete the sentences.
Rollers
jack
die
dipstick
bulldozers
hammer
punch diggers
chisel
turpentine
1. Loosen the wheel nuts with a _____.
2. Place the sheet steel onto a _____ and cut a hole in it with a _____.
3. Earth is removed using ______ and _____.
4. You need ______ for cleaning the brushes and rollers.
5. Layers of hot tarmacadam are poured onto the gravel and pressed down using
______.
6. The oil level is checked with a ______.
7. The cable channel is made by cutting away brickwork with a ____ and a ____.
Exercise 11. Choose the correct answer.
Tool
Instrument Implement Utensil
Spoon
✓
Plough
Screwdriver
Guitar
Microwave
oven
Rake
Whisk
Vice
Vacuum
cleaner
Scalpel
Blender
Tin opener
Sickle
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Appliance
Exercise 12. Read the text. Discuss with your partner the function of each
tool in this list. Choose tools, which can be useful in your sphere of engineering. Explain why.
Top Essential Tools for Engineers
For an engineer, it’s essential to be prepared for anything during his/her
job. These are the tools that every engineer should be familiar with.
1. Eyeglasses or goggles
Engineers who do a lot of drilling, hammering, cutting, and sawing want to
make sure to protect their eyes from flying shrapnel. If you don’t want to damage
your eyesight permanently, you should get yourself a decent pair of safety goggles. They come in a wide variety of styles but generally fall into the categories
of full-face visors, safety glasses, goggles, or foam line/sealed safety glasses.
The choice is up to you.
2. Pliers
Pliers are essential tools for any engineer to have in their kit. They are
straightforward tools by design, and you’ll want a selection of different types
depending on the task at hand. They are ideally suited for manipulating materials,
such as to bend or grip things, “crimp” wires, squeeze something or holding
something small, sharp, hot, corrosive, or anything that your fingers are too weak,
too big, or awkward to hold in place.
3. A flashlight
Flashlights are critical tools for engineers who need to see well in dark
places. They come in many shapes, sizes, and powers.
4. A saw
A good saw is essential, whether you need to cut wood, stone, or anything
else. They come in a variety of forms but generally fall into either the toothed
blade or disk types. Saws tend to come in specific sizes and shapes and can either
be hand-powered or motorized for maximum cutting power. A good old-fashioned hand saw is the most common and often the simplest one to be used. They
are ideal for small tasks and woodcutting.
5. A rugged bag or toolbox
With all these awesome tools at your disposal, you are going to need something to carry them all in. Just make sure it’s nice and rugged to take all the punishment it’s bound to receive throughout its lifetime. Whether it’s a bag or boxis
a completely personal choice and will depend on the number of tools you intend
to carry around.
55
6. A jack for lifting
Depending on your needs, a good jack will go a long way. They are great
for anyone who likes to tinker with their car but has many other applications,
including hydraulic floor jacks for big objects, scissor jacks for lifting cars, bottle,
or piston jacks for lifting when a small footprint is needed.
7. A level
If you want to make sure something is perfectly level, or vertical for that
matter, you’ll want to get yourself a decent spirit level. Although there are a lot
of smartphone apps out there, you might not want to get our phone dirty or risk
damaging it. A physical leveling tool is a valuable addition to your tool kit.
8. A good hammer
A hammer is an ancient tool with a lot of functions. If you are going to be
hitting something, breaking something, or assembling things with nails, a hammer is the best way to go. It’s always advisable to buy of good quality ones as
they will tend to last a lifetime and are usually an excellent investment.
9. A chisel
A chisel is a relatively simple yet indispensable tool. They consist of a
chunk of metal, usually with a wooden, plastic, or rubber handle that has a beveled cutting edge designed for cutting and shaping stone, wood, or even metal.
Chisels, like other tools, are ancient in origin and have stood the test of time.
Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English
1. В набор инженера входят 28 видов инструментов, в том числе, отвертки, ключи, съемники изоляции, пресс-клещи, мультиметр, паяльник,
плоскогубцы.
2. Отвертки разных размеров и типов являются незаменимым инструментом в работе инженера-механика.
3. Штангенциркуль – это инструмент, который используется для измерения размеров объекта. Инженер-механик может использовать штангенциркуль для измерения машин и деталей.
4. Пресс для холодной штамповки – это вертикальная машина, которая может создавать детали из металла, пластика или других материалов,
которые инженер-механик может использовать в других машинах.
5. Набор инструментов позволяет сервисному инженеру поддерживать оборудование в рабочем состоянии, а также устранять возникшие
неполадки. Набор инструментов состоит из изолированных длинногубцев,
56
бокорезов и отверток, набора отверток для точных работ, пресс-клещей, паяльника и пр.
6. Чтобы повысить эффективность и точность, нет ничего лучше, чем
цифровой штангенциркуль, который даст вам точные размеры вашего дизайна.
7. В настоящее время дома нас окружает большое количество приборов: утюги, водонагреватели, чайники, тостеры и т.д.
8. Коллекция музыкальных инструментов включает в себя как словацкие народные инструменты, так и инструменты европейских и неевропейских культур.
9. Наиболее известным является плуг – древнее орудие, который
Джон Дир усовершенствовал в 1838.
Exercise 14. Make a list of five essential tools in your sphere of engineering. Present the information in the class.
Tool
History
Function
Practical
of invention
application
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know different designations of the word “tool”.
󠆲 I know the names of appliances in English.
󠆲 I know the functions of essential engineering tools.
󠆲 I know….
󠆲 I can name the essential tools in my sphere of engineering.
󠆲 I can ….
󠆲 I understand the difference between instrument, utensil, appliance and implement.
󠆲 I understand ….
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Key Words
Appliance, implement, instrument, tool, drill, bit, screwdriver, file, mallet,
chisel, spanner, pliers, wire, cutters, to grab and cut objects, cut wooden planks,
measuring tool, maintenance tools, different designations, manually operated device, drill holes, vise, pincers, handsaw, spanner, drill, chisel, hacksaw, hammer,
screwdriver, pliers.
Section II
Heavy Equipment
Exercise 1. Before starting the section, try to discuss in pairs different
types of heavy equipment commonly used in the field of Construction Engineering.
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Heavy-duty vehicle, backhoe, wheel tractor scraper, trencher, loader,
paver, telehandler, feller buncher, dump truck, pile boring machine, pile driving
machine, to execute, power train, to exert, treatise, tunnelling shield, pile driver,
dredging, implement, boom, traction, demolition, rotatable, sediment removal,
topsoil, rock strata, rear axle, steel trusses, jib, forklifts.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Earthwork operations, structure, power train, primary source of motion,
cranes, excavator, digging bucket, machine operator, vehicle, hoe arrangement,
loading bucket, hydraulics, heavy machines, asphalt, bulldozer, drainage, dragline
excavator, gasoline-powered tractor, tower crane, compactor, hammer guides.
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions.
Types of Heavy Construction Equipment
Heavy equipment refers to heavy–duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations.
They are also known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment,
58
engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics. Heavy equipment
functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between the input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Some equipment
uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
JCB 3CX backhoe loader
A wheeled bulldozer in an open pit
coal mine
A portable engine; a precursor to
modern engineering vehicles
An early gasoline-powered tractor
Different types of heavy equipment commonly used in the construction are as
follows: excavators, backhoes, dragline excavators, bulldozers, graders, wheel tractor scrapers, trenchers, loaders, tower cranes, pavers, compactors, telehandlers,
feller bunchers, dump trucks, pile boring machines, pile driving machine, etc.
Excavators
Excavators are important and widely used equipment in the construction
industry. Their general purpose is to do excavation but other than that they are
also used for many purposes like heavy lifting, demolition, river dredging, cutting
of trees, etc.
Excavators contain a long arm and a cabinet. At the end of a long arm digging
bucket is provided and a cabinet is the place provided for a machine operator. This
whole cabin arrangement can be rotatable up to 360o which eases the operation. Excavators are available in both wheeled and tracked forms of vehicles.
59
Fig 1: Tracked Excavator
Fig 2: Back Hoe
Backhoes
A backhoe is the other widely used equipment which is suitable for multiple
purposes. The name itself tells that the hoe arrangement is provided on the back
side of a vehicle while the loading bucket is provided in the front.
This is well useful for the excavating trenches below the machine level and
using front bucket loading or unloading. Lifting of materials can also be done.
A Dragline Excavator
A dragline excavator is the following example of heavy equipment used in
the construction which is generally used for larger depth excavations. A dragline
excavator consists of a long length boom, and a digging bucket is suspended with
a help of a cable from the top to the boom.
For the construction of ports, for excavations under water, sediment removal in water bodies, etc. can be done by a dragline excavator.
Fig 3: Drag line Excavator
Fig 4: Bulldozer
Bulldozers
Bulldozers are a type of soil excavating equipment which is used to remove
the topsoil layer up to a particular depth. The removal of soil is done by the sharp
edged wide metal plate provided at its front. This plate can be lowered and raised
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using hydraulic pistons. They are widely used for the removal of weak soil or
rock strata, lifting of soil, etc.
Graders
Graders also called as motor graders are a type of equipment used especially for the construction of roads. It is mainly used to level the soil surface.
It contains a horizontal blade in between the front and rear wheels. This blade is
lowered in to the ground while working. The operating cabin is provided on the
top of a rear axle arrangement.
Motor Graders are also used to remove snow or dirt from the roads, to flatten the surface of soil before laying the asphalt layer, to remove unnecessary soil
layer from the ground, etc.
Fig 5: Motor Grader
Fig 6: Wheeled Tractor Scraper
Wheel Tractor Scrapers
Wheel Tractor Scrapers are earth moving equipment used to provide flatten
soil surface through scrapping. The front part of it contains a wheeled tractor
vehicle and a rear part contains a scrapping arrangement such as a horizontal
front blade, conveyor belt and a soil collecting hopper. When the front blade is
lowered onto the ground and vehicle is moved, the blade starts digging the soil
above the blade level and the soil excavated is collected in the hopper through
the conveyor belt. When the hopper is full, the rear part is raised from the ground
and a hopper is unloaded at the soil dump yard.
Trenchers
Trenchers or trenching machines are used to excavate trenches in soil.
These trenches are generally used for pipeline laying, cable laying, drainage purposes, etc. Trenching machines are available in two types: namely, chain trenchers and wheeled trenchers. Chain trenchers contain a fixed long arm around which a
digging chain is provided. Wheeled trenchers contain a metal wheel with a digging
tooth around it. To excavate hard soil layers, wheeled trenchers are more suitable.
Both types of trenchers are available in tracked as well as wheeled vehicle forms.
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Fig 7: Wheeled Trencher
Fig 8: Loader
Loaders
Loaders are used in the construction site to load the material onto dumpers,
trucks, etc. The materials may be: excavated soil, demolition waste, raw materials, etc. A loader contains large sized bucket at its front with a shorter moving
arm. A loader may be either tracked or wheeled. Wheeled loaders are widely used
in the sites while tracked or crawled loaders are used in the sites where wheeled
vehicles cannot reach.
Tower Cranes
Tower cranes are fixed cranes which are used for hoisting purposes in the
construction of tall structures. Heavy materials like pre–stressed concrete blocks,
steel trusses, frames, etc. can be easily lifted to required height using this type of
equipment. They comprise a mast which is a vertical supporting tower, a jib
which is an operating arm of a crane, a counter jib which is the other arm which
carries a counter weight on the rear side of a crane and an operator cabin from
which the crane can be operated.
Fig 9: Tower Crane
Fig 10: Asphalt Paver
Paver
A paver or asphalt paver is a pavement laying equipment which is used in
the road construction. A paver contains a feeding bucket in which asphalt is continuously loaded by the dump truck. A paver distributes the asphalt evenly on the
62
road surface with slight compaction. However, a roller is required after laying an
asphalt layer for perfect compaction.
Compactors
Compactors or rollers are used to compact the material or earth surface.
Different types of compactors are available for different compacting purposes.
Smooth wheel rollers are used for compacting shallow layers of soil or asphalt,
etc. Sheep–foot rollers are used for deep compaction purposes.
Fig 11: Smooth Wheel Compactor
Fig 12: Telehandler
Telehandlers
Telehandlers are hoisting equipment used in the construction to lift heavy
materials up to required height or to provide construction platform for workers at
greater heights, etc. They contain a long telescopic boom which can be raised or
lowered or forwarded.
Different types of arrangements like forklifts, buckets, cabins, lifting jibs,
etc. can be attached to the end of a telescopic boom based on the requirement of
some job.
Feller Bunchers
A feller buncher is a tree cutting heavy equipment used to remove large
trees in the construction field. They cut the tree and grab it without felling, likewise gather all the cut down trees at one place which makes job easier for loaders
and dump trucks.
Fig 13: Feller Buncher
Fig 14: Off-Road Dump Truck
63
Dump Trucks
Dump trucks are used in the construction sites to carry the material in larger
quantities from one site to another site or to the dump yard. Generally, in a big
construction site, off-road dump trucks are used. These off–road dump trucks
contain large wheels with huge space for materials which enables them to carry
huge quantity of a material in any type of the ground conditions.
Pile Boring Equipment
Pile boring equipment is used to make bore holes in the construction site to
install precast piles.
Fig 15: Pile Boring machine
Pile Driving Equipment
The following type of heavy equipment used in the construction site is pile
driving equipment in case of a pile foundation construction. This equipment lifts the
pile, holds it in proper position and drives into the ground up to the required depth.
Different types of pile driving equipment are available: namely, piling rigs,
piling hammers, hammer guides, etc. In any case the pile is driven into the ground
by hammering the pile top which is done hydraulically or by dropping.
Some facts for you to know.
The use of heavy equipment has a long history. The ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (the 1st century BC) in his treatise De Architectura gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome.
The pile driver was invented around 1500.
The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818.
Questions
1. What kind of equipment does this text concern?
2. What tasks does such equipment perform?
64
3. What can be used as a primary source of motion in case of such equipment?
4. What parts do excavators contain?
5. What equipment can be used for larger depth excavations?
6. Many kinds of equipment are used for the construction of roads, aren’t they?
7. What equipment flattens soil surface through scrapping?
8. What materials can be loaded onto dumpers, trucks, etc.?
Exercise 5. Match the words.
1. Wheel tractor scraper
2. Dump truck
3. Trencher
4. Pile boring equipment
5. Loader
6. Tracked excavator
7. Tower crane
8. Dragline excavator
9. Paver
10. Bulldozer
11. Compactor
12. Pile driver
13. Telehandler
14. Dump truck
15. Feller buncher
16. Heavy equipment
a) сваебойное оборудование
b) башенный кран
c) копер
d) колесный тракторный скребок
e) феллер банчер
f) гусеничный экскаватор
g) самосвал
h) телескопический погрузчик
i) бульдозер
j) асфальтоукладчик
k) самосвал
l) траншеекопатель
m) драглайн экскаватор
n) уплотнитель
o) погрузчик
p) тяжелая техника
Exercise 6. Render the text in English in writing.
Строительная техника необходима при любых тяжелых работах, однако
имеется еще и тяжелая техника, используемая в укладке дорог и строительстве мостов, аэродромов, высоток и т.д. Она включает в себя все специализированные машины, предназначенные выполнять сложнейшие строительные
задачи. Самыми известными представителями таких машин являются:
Экскаваторы. Эти машины нашли применение как в рытье котлованов, различных траншей и каналов, так и в погрузочно-разгрузочных работах. Они настолько функциональны, что используются при строительстве
дамб и добыче различных руд, прокладке коммуникаций и тоннелей, необходимых работах под землей и т.д.
65
Автокраны. Такая техника необходима при погрузке и разгрузке тяжестей на строительных площадках. Они способны быстро перемещать
грузы между строительными объектами, находящимися на достаточно
большом расстоянии. Их также удобно использовать и в работах при железной дороге.
Трубоукладчики. Эта техника применяется при необходимости укладки
труб разного диаметра. Они способны опускать, поднимать и перемещать
трубы в требуемом направлении сразу в несколько рабочих движений.
Вся тяжелая техника дорогая по стоимости и обычно закупается специализированными предприятиями и в дальнейшем предоставляется в
аренду. Техника должна быть в ухоженном состоянии и использоваться по
назначению.
Exercise 7.
Watch the video about “Heavy Construction Equipment”, be ready to answer the questions and try to ask your questions.
Questions
Exercise 6. Render the text in English in writing.
1. What country presented top ten brands of heavy equipment?
2. What purposes are they used for?
3. How can you differentiate these brands of heavy equipment according to the functions they perform?
4. How can you characterize them according to this video?
5. What countries use these brands of equipment?
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which
are true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know what equipment can be used for the construction of roads.
󠆲 I know the name of the ancient engineer who gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in the Ancient World.
󠆲 I know who patented the first tunnelling shield.
󠆲 I know what equipment flattens soil surface through scrapping.
󠆲 I know….
󠆲 I can say what parts excavators contain.
66
󠆲 I can say what equipment can be used for deep excavations.
󠆲 I can list types of heavy equipment used in the field of the construction.
󠆲 I can ….
󠆲 I understand the difference between the tower cranes and telehandlers.
󠆲 I understand ….
Key Words
Heavy-duty vehicle, compactor, backhoe, wheel tractor scraper, trencher,
paver, telehandler, hammer guides, dump truck, pile boring machine, pile driving
machine, primary source of motion, dredging, demolition, rotatable, sediment removal, topsoil, rear axle, steel trusses, jib, forklifts, digging bucket, hoe arrangement, gasoline-powered tractor.
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PART 2
Unit VI
Engineering Field
Section I
Engineering Fundamentals
Exercise 1. Before starting the section tell what engineering is and why
it is important.
Exercise 2. Read what Ralph J. Smith, Emeritus Professor of Electrical
Engineering, Stanford University, California, the author of “Engineering as a
Career” writes about engineering. Answer the questions to the text.
Engineering is the application of science to the optimum conversion of the
resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The words ‘engine’ and ‘ingenious’
are derived from the same Latin root, ingenerare, which means “to create.”
Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis. Associated with
engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional
practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge.
Though engineering is a science, several things set it apart as a field.
Whereas the scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the
physical world, the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems.
The function of a scientist is to know, while that of an engineer is to do.
Problem solving is common to any engineering work. The problem may involve
quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require
abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of
creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum
solution.
Although engineering problems vary in scope and complexity, the same
general approach is applicable. First comes an analysis of the situation and a preliminary decision on a plan of attack. In line with this plan, the problem is reduced
to a more categorical question that can be clearly stated. The resulted question is
then answered by deductive reasoning from known principles or by creative synthesis, as in a new design. The answer or design is always checked for accuracy
68
and adequacy. Finally, the results for the simplified problem are interpreted in
terms of the original problem and reported in an appropriate form.
In order of decreasing emphasis on science, the major functions of all engineering branches are the following:
• Research. Using mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental
techniques, and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles
and processes.
• Development. Development engineers apply the results of research to
useful purposes.
• Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements
and to meet performance specifications.
• Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the
site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired
quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and
equipment.
• Production. Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility
of the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow
of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection.
• Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of
complex equipment.
• Management and other functions. In some countries and industries, engineers analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems.
Questions
1. What is engineering based on?
2. What is the difference between an engineer and a scientist?
3. What is the general approach to the engineering problems?
4. What are the major functions of all engineering branches?
Exercise 3. Read the text and complete the sentences, find the necessary
words in the box.
evaluate
application
creates
design
wizard
scientists
maintains
focus
rigor
skills
research
reality
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Engineers have excellent mathematical 1____, work largely in theory, and
2____ systems or conduct 3____. They may manage projects, 4____ and test
ideas or theories, or design something as tiny as a single switch. They are not as
theoretical, perhaps, as engineering 5____ , but engineers work from theory to
the very doorstep of practicality. It is the engineering technologist who today
carries the idea across the threshold, into the realm of 6_____ .
An Engineering technologist uses some of the same skills as an engineer,
though with a bit less 7____ in mathematics and theoretical science. Where the
engineer might work largely on theoretical work, an engineering technologist is,
frankly, a bit of a 8____. What the engineer devises, the engineering technologist
actually 9____, with real parts, products and profits.
An Engineering technologist constructs, 10_____ and repairs all types of
devices, systems and inventions that the engineer designs and draws. The focus
is on 11______, not theory.
Education for Engineers vs. Technologists
A key distinction between engineering technologists and engineers is their
educational background. While engineers will delve deeply into complex undergraduate mathematics classwork and classes in the pure sciences, engineering
technologists 12_____ more on application of skills through introductory mathematics, survey science courses, and engineering fundamentals.
Exercise 4. Read about Alison Delahunty, project engineer, RPS, telling
the Engineers Journal why creativity, curiosity and intention to make the world
a better place are at the heart of desire to work in the profession. Match the
following questions with the proper sections in the text.
1. How has the career differed from what you expected, particularly initially?
2. What do you expect to be the most exciting aspect of engineering over
the next five years?
3. At what age did you start to think about becoming an engineer?
4. What would you say to someone right now if they asked you should they
study engineering?
5. What were the major influencers of this decision?
6. What for you are the most interesting aspects of engineering?
70
Alison Delahunty, project engineer, RPS
I studied civil & environmental engineering (Level 8) at the University College Cork (UCC) from 2008-2012. My engineering career commenced in Malachy
Walsh and Partners (MWP), primarily as a structural engineer, from 2012-2015.
My interest in Geotechnics was piqued while working in MWP and I enrolled in a Master’s of Soil Mechanics (Level 9) at the Imperial College of London in 2014. I enrolled on a part-time basis and completed the course in 2016.
Prior to completing it, I joined RPS where I have been a member of the Geotechnics team since 2015.
Here I have had the opportunity to work on a wide range of projects. I am
currently working on the conceptual model for a contaminated land site, the
earthworks design for a local access road and the geotechnical design report for
a cable stay bridge.
A _______ ?
I was unaware of engineering until the age of 17. I went to an all-girls
school where the CAO focus was on nursing and teaching. I knew neither of these
were a good fit for me so I sought advice from an external career guidance counselor (CGC). After a brief chat about my interests and subject performances, the
CGC immediately suggested engineering and the rest is history.
B _______ ?
In school, I enjoyed Мaths, Physics and Geography and, outside of school,
I admired architecture and impressive structures such as dams and bridges. I researched the various avenues in engineering and decided that the Civil & Environmental course in UCC was right for me.
I filled out my CAO in 2008 at the start of the economic downturn. Choosing engineering was a risky decision at the time due to the decimation of the
construction industry in Ireland. However, I was sure it was a solid career choice
and I was comforted by the fact that a qualification in engineering travels well
and is a pathway into many other disciplines.
C _______?
I learnt that the title of your engineering degree does not limit you to that
one aspect of engineering. The basics of problem solving stand to you across
many fields within the industry.
For example, having initially qualified as a civil and environmental engineer
in 2012, I have since been involved in utilities design, flood risk assessments, temporary works design, structural design, geotechnical design and health and safety.
D _______?
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I love a challenge and that is something that engineering provides every
day. You’re presented with a problem and you use your knowledge and common sense to produce a solution that is safe, functional and aesthetic.
E _______?
I am looking forward to seeing how geotechnical engineering develops
in Ireland over the coming years. The engineering industry is realizing its importance, particularly the benefits of a targeted ground investigation to inform
the design process.
I also look forward to learning more about the advantages that the collaborative design process Building Information Modelling (BIM) offers us on
projects.
F ________?
From my own experiences, I would say that you need a strong work ethic
and an aptitude for Maths to progress through a course in engineering. The
courses are intense but certainly achievable for anybody who meets the course
entry requirements.
I would also say that engineering is a strong career choice. Engineering,
in all its forms, helps the world function, from transport to energy to water and
the digital economy. It offers a wealth of opportunities. In addition, it is a wellrespected degree and will stand to you if you decide to pursue a career outside
of the engineering spectrum.
Exercise 5. Study the following information.
Picture description is an important tool for practicing your English vocabulary and other skills besides speaking, such as listening or writing, and
also speaking or conversing. Photo description gives us many possibilities to
practice vocabulary in all kind of areas and it can bring about all sorts of conversations and discussions and a great variety of lessons depending on the
point you want to focus on. Structuring your picture description is very important. Remember that practice makes perfect. At the beginning you might
find it difficult but little by little, practice by practice you will get used to
describe pictures in English, just be confident, do not get stuck on words and
keep talking.
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Example of describing a photo
In this photo I can see a man. He is in the street.
On the background I can see a brick building. The man
is in his twenties. He is wearing a protective mask on his
face and a black uniform. He is sitting and working with
a tool grinder. He is probably a worker. He seems busy
with his work. In my opinion, it is always pleasant to
watch how people work.
Exercise 6. Describe the photos. The following tips will help you
1. Comment on the general context.
2. Deal with unknown vocabulary by using paraphrase strategies.
3. Give a detailed description, mentioning weather, colours, clothes, etc.
that might seem obvious.
4. Do not waste time describing exact position, but instead use simple prepositions of place.
5. Use the following strategies:
What/when/who/where?
Prepositions of place:
In the foreground/background
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On the left/right
In the middle
At the top/bottom
Exercise 7.
Watch the video “Crash Course Engineering Preview”.
Listen to Dr. Shini Somara about her Crash Course Engineering and answer
the questions:
1. Why is Dr. Shini Somara excited to talk about engineering?
2. What does an engineering encompass?
3. What is Dr. Shini Somara going to discuss in her course?
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4. Where and what did Dr. Shini Somara study?
5. What degree does Dr. Shini Somara have?
6. Where did Dr. Shini Somara work?
Exercise 8. Read the text and suggest the headline of it. Match the parts
of the sentences (1-7) with the (a-g).
Engineering has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley.
The Ancient Romans built aqueducts to bring a steady supply of clean and
fresh water to cities and towns in the empire.
The pyramids in Egypt, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the
Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, Teotihuacán, the Great Wall
of China, the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur, among many others, stand
as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers.
Other monuments, no longer standing, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon,
and the Pharos of Alexandria were important engineering achievements of their
time and were considered among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. As one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around
2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military
domains. The Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer,
and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical
engineering. Some of Archimedes’ inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the
Industrial Revolution, and are still widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.
Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman and Hungarian armies employed military
machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks
around the 4th century B.C., the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed.
Renaissance era. The first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this device gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the
coming decades, allowing for the beginnings of mass production.
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With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term
became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were
applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to Military and Civil engineering, the
fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering.
The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical
engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.
John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the “father” of Civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors, and lighthouses. He was also
a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the
third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–1759) where he pioneered the use of ‘hydraulic lime‘ (a form of mortar which will be set under water) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. His
lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt
at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeaton’s Tower. He is important in the
history and development of modern cement, because he identified the compositional requirements needed to obtain “hydraulicity” in lime; work which led ultimately to the invention of Portland cement.
The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of “engineer” for the
first time with a count of 2,000. There were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in
the U.S. before 1865. In 1870, there were a dozen U.S. mechanical engineering
graduates, with that number increasing to 43 per year in 1875. In 1890, there were
6,000 engineers in Civil, Mining, Mechanical and Electrical engineering.
There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge until 1875, and no chair of engineering at Oxford until 1907. Germany
established technical universities earlier.
The foundations of electrical engineering in the 1800s included the experiments of Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric telegraph in 1816 and the electric motor in 1872. The theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave
rise to the field of electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and
the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent
electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any
other engineering specialty.
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The first PhD in engineering ( applied science and engineering) awarded
in the United States went to Josiah Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863; it
was also the second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.
1. Smeaton work
a) listed in1850 with a count of 2,000.
2. The term engineering
b) devised different inventions.
3. The transistor
c) became more narrowly applied in the
4. The pyramids show
18th century.
5. The trebuchet
d) led to the invention of Portland ce6. Humans
ment.
7. The occupation of “an engineer”
e) was developed in the Middle Ages
f) shows the ingenuity of ancient engineers.
g) accelerated the development of
electronics.
Exercise 9. Study the following information.
Comparing and Contrasting will not only help people with reading, but
also in everyday life. It helps:
● Strengthen Memories (analyzing pairs of ideas, remembering key content).
● Develop Higher-Order Thinking Skills (practical and easy-to-use introduction to higher-order thinking).
● Increase Comprehension (highlighting important details, making abstract ideas more concrete, and reducing the confusion between related concepts,
in turn, help make better decisions in life).
● Enhance Writing in the Content Areas (strengthening writing skills by
providing a simple structure that helps organize information and develop ideas
with greater clarity and precision).
● Develop Habits of Mind (thinking flexibly; thinking about thinking (metacognition); striving for accuracy; applying past knowledge to new situations;
and thinking and communicating with clarity and precision).
How to Compare and Contrast Pictures
1. Give a brief description of two photos (action, location).
2. Say what the pictures have in common.
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3. Say what the pictures are different in.
4. Say which of the activities presented in the photos you would prefer.
5. Explain why.
Example of describing photos
Describing the first picture. In the first picture we can see a group of people
sitting under a big tree. It looks like the summer and everyone looks very relaxed.
Describing the second picture. In the second picture there are a lot of people sunbathing on the beach. In the background, we can see lots of apartments.
The beach is really crowded.
Comparing the pictures. Obviously, both photos were taken in the summertime and maybe the common theme is about what people like doing in the holidays.
Contrasting the pictures. The scene in the first photo looks very peaceful.
On the other hand, the beach scene looks very noisy and chaotic.
Speculating. Maybe the people in the second picture are on a package holiday and normally they live in cities, whereas the people sitting under the tree
live in the country. They could be farmers or something.
Personal feelings. Personally, I'd rather be in the first photo. It looks like a
perfect way to spend a summer's afternoon. The scene at the beach, it's my idea
of a nightmare, I mean I like going to the beach but I don't really like crowds.
Exercise 10. Compare the photos and say what you think the people are
doing.
Compare WHO:
• Who can you see in Picture 1?
• Who can you see in Picture 2?
• The pictures differ because in the first picture there’s a …. while in the
second picture there are ….
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Exercise 11. Translate the text into English in writing. Say your own
opinion about engineering profession.
Инженер: древняя профессия будущего
В нашем веке невозможно представить себе сферу жизни, где можно
обойтись без участия инженера. Почти все, что нас окружает, создано инженерами: дом построил инженер-строитель, ноутбук, телевизор, телефон
и другую технику создал инженер-электронщик; тепло, воду и электричество мы получаем, благодаря инженерам-энергетикам.
«Инженер» происходит от латинского «ingenium», что означает изобретательность. Работа инженера – придумывать новые и модернизировать существующие технические решения. Проявлять эту способность людям приходилось с древних времен. Востребованность в таких специалистах с каждым годом растет. Профессия входит в список не только самых актуальных в
наши дни, но и находится в рейтинге профессий будущего. Инженеры – это
те люди, которые придумывают, как организовать технологические процессы
развития, они творят Четвертую промышленную революцию,
Много говорится о том, что роботы будут заменять человека, но то,
что роботы не смогут – это быть творцами, придумывать новое. Нужно будет решать задачи по обслуживанию роботов, придумывать новые алгоритмы – это как раз те направления, которые будут развиваться. Поэтому
спрос на технических специалистов, потребность в инженерных знаниях и
творчестве будут расти. Сегодня инженерное и техническое образование,
пожалуй, самое перспективное.
Exercise 12. Read about your future Major and Career Opportunities.
Using questions below discuss what an engineer in your branch do, how to
become an engineer, what payment and job outlook are, etc. You can use the
information from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Questions
1. What are the duties of an engineer in your branch?
2. What is the work environment of engineers in your sphere?
3. What is job outlook in your future profession?
4. What are the steps to become an engineer in your sphere?
5. What are the occupations with job duties that are similar to those of yours?
6. Where can we find more information about necessary engineering occupations?
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Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know what engineering is.
󠆲 I know the difference between engineer and technologist.
󠆲 I know ….
󠆲 I can speak about my future profession.
󠆲 I can speak about ….
󠆲 I can describe the photo.
󠆲 I can ….
󠆲 I understand the difference between engineering and science.
󠆲 I understand ….
Key Words
Engineering, career choice, to be set up, engineering department, visiting
industrial professor, appropriate, objective, to train, solution, specific area, ancient, practical application, to depend on, human being, widespread, to maintain,
technologist, solid career choice, initially qualified, to look forward to, to pursue
a career, to make a research.
Section II
Undergraduate and Postgraduate Engineering Programs
Exercise 1. Before starting the section tell how many reasons you can
think for studying engineering.
Exercise 2. Read the text and answer the questions.
The Difference between Undergraduate
and Postgraduate Study in the UK
The terms undergraduate and postgraduate study fall under the umbrella
term of 'higher education', relating to different levels of qualification. An undergraduate is a candidate enrolled in higher education who hasn't yet received their
first degree such as a Bachelor’s degree.
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The term 'postgraduate' is used to describe graduate students, studying a
second-cycle qualification, beyond their first degree, typically a Master’s, postgraduate certificate (PGCert) or postgraduate diploma (PGDip). 'Postgraduate' is
also used to describe those studying PhDs.
While the majority of undergraduate degree courses include lectures and
group projects in their structure, postgraduate courses tend to involve more research-based, independent study, culminating in a final dissertation.
Questions
1. What is undergraduate study?
2. What is postgraduate study?
3. What is the difference between undergraduate and postgraduate study?
4. What is the difference in undergraduate and postgraduate study in the
Russian system of education?
5. What is similar in undergraduate and postgraduate study in the Russian
system of education?
Exercise 3. Read the text about undergraduate qualification in Great
Britain and write these six headings in the correct order.
1. Higher National Diploma (HND)
2. National Vocational Qualification (NVQ)
3. Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE)
4. Bachelor’s Degree
5. Undergraduate Qualification
6. Foundation Degree
A_____
In the UK, an undergraduate degree is an academic step up from A-levels*
(or their equivalent), typically completed at a university or other higher education
institution. It is usually the first university degree, such as an Associate or Bachelor's degree. There are generally three kinds of undergraduate course:
• those leading to a degree;
• intermediate qualifications in the form of certificates or diplomas;
• those combining workplace learning and academic study.
It typically takes three to four years of full-time study to complete, with
many institutions including the option to spend a year in industry or study abroad.
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Some courses, such as medicine and architecture, are exceptions and run for
much longer, while you can also choose to study a degree on a part-time basis.
The two most common denominations of Bachelor’s degree are Bachelor of
Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc). Other degree schools include Bachelor
of Education (BEd), Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) and Bachelor of Laws (LLB).
The classification of a Bachelor’s degree is usually based on a weighted
average - for example, 70% or above is typically graded as a first-class honor’s
degree (known as the 1st), while a second-class honor’s degree in the upper division (2:1) is typically given for marks in the 60–69% range.
B______
A foundation degree is the academic equivalent of two-thirds of a Bachelor’s degree, a Higher National Diploma (HND) and a Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE).
Created in partnership between universities, higher education colleges and
employers, these courses focus on developing in-demand skills. Therefore, foundation degrees provide a strong platform for candidates seeking employment –
but also open doors for those looking to study a full undergraduate qualification
further down the line.
A foundation degree offers a combination of workplace learning and academic study. It carries the same weight as two-thirds of a Bachelor’s degree –
equivalent to an HND or DipHE qualification. Completing a foundation degree
full time will usually take two years, with part-time courses lasting around four
years.
Candidates looking to match their workplace knowledge with a qualification, or those looking to enter a specific profession may wish to consider a foundation degree. There are no set entry requirements, as company training and relevant work experience may be more useful than formal qualifications.
C_____
An HND is equivalent to the second year of a Bachelor’s degree. It takes
two years of full-time study to complete, or three to four years part time, and is
designed to equip you with skills relevant to your chosen career. Those looking
to enter practical industries such as health and social care, engineering or agriculture may benefit more from an HND than a Bachelor’s degree.
An HND can lead directly to a career, or can be extended via a 'top-up'
course into a full Bachelor’s degree. Applications for full-time HNDs and topups are made through UCAS.
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D______
A DipHE is the academic equivalent to the HND and is awarded after two
years of full-time study at a university or other higher education institution.
It's recognized as a stand-alone qualification and teaching is delivered to
the standard of a full undergraduate degree, which makes the DipHE an attractive
option to students who can't commit to a three-year degree.
As long as the DipHE is available for your chosen subject, you may be able
to leave a Bachelor's course early and still obtain a DipHE.
E_____
You can also take the Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE), which is
a level below the DipHE and takes one year of full-time study to complete. It's
the academic equivalent to the Higher National Certificate (HNC) and a viable
option for those considering transferring onto a Bachelor’s course they don't have
the qualifications for.
F_____
NVQs are awarded at six different levels, equivalent to other academic
qualifications. A Level 6 NVQ is equivalent to a Bachelor’s degree, while Levels
4 and 5 equate to the first and second years of a Bachelor’s degree respectively.
NVQs are focused on practical skills in the context of your full or part-time work.
You must be employed prior to enrolling onto an NVQ course.
Instead of taking exams, you're assessed by demonstrating your ability to
do your job over a period of time - by submitting a portfolio and undergoing
observations by an assessor. Candidates are observed on each unit when they're
ready, meaning there's no time limit on completing NVQ modules.
* A level is the common name for the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level certificate (GCE A level). It is a high school qualification studied
in England, Wales and Northern Ireland by pre-university students. A level is the
standard assessment of applicants for UK university admission and is highly respected worldwide.
Exercise 4. Look at the types of Bachelor’s degrees and match them
(1-4) with their definitions (a-d).
1. BA
a) Bachelor of Arts
2. LLB
b) Bachelor of Engineering:
3. BEng
c) Bachelor of Law
4. BSc
d) Bachelor of Science
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Exercise 5. Tick three questions answered in the text written below.
Postgraduate Qualification in Great Britain
Master’s degree
A Master’s degree is a qualification above Bachelor’s degree but below
PhDs. Study is intense and typically involves completing a series of modules
and writing a dissertation. Master’s qualification can greatly improve your career prospects, but the high costs and academic demands mean this method of
postgraduate study isn't for everyone. Full-time Master’s degrees usually involve one or two years of study, while part-time program lasts between two
and four years.
PhDs
The Doctoral degree, or PhD, is usually a pure research degree and the
highest qualification awarded. It typically takes three years to complete and is
undertaken on completion of a Master’s qualification.
A research program for the Doctoral degree is made up of three components:
➢ a review of literature, experimentation or other methodical approach to
a body of knowledge;
➢ an original research project that contributes to understanding and
knowledge in your field;
➢ a thesis that demonstrates a relationship between the research and the
field of study.
In terms of assessment you'll submit a written thesis, but unlike in other
countries you won't need to orally defend your work.
Questions
1. What kind of qualification is a Master’s degree?
2. Why can Master’s qualification greatly improve your career prospects?
3. How much time do full-time Master’s degrees usually involve?
4. What are the components research program for the Doctoral degree made
up of?
5. Do you need to defend your scientific work for PhD orally in all the
countries?
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Exercise 6. Look at the types of Master’s degrees and match them (1-6)
with their definitions (a-f).
1. MSc
a) Master of Research
2. MRes
b) Master of Science
3. MEd
c) Master of Law
4. MBA
d) Master of Arts
5. MA
e) Master of Education
6. LLM
f) Master of Business Administration
Exercise 7.
Watch funny video about "The Curse of the Engineer"
where Dilbert is diagnosed with "The Knack" at a young age and is destined
to become an engineer. What do you think the phrase, said by the doctor “If an
engineer loses the knack, the results can be devastating”, means?
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with the suitable words in brackets.
1. The engineer must be _____ and practical in the chosen field [skillful,
skilled]. 2. Providing _____ business subjects, such as finance, economics and
marketing, will prepare engineers to operate and succeed in the global market
[relevant, similar]. 3. These qualities were included in the survey to assist in
defining precisely what skills and attributes an engineer is expected to _____
[possess, hold]. 4. _____ is made on the basis of the application, including not
only academic background and professional experience, but also the rationale for
pursuing an ISM degree and how it fits with the applicant’s career plan [Assessment, Mark]. 5. Students choose postgraduate study for many different reasons,
but most are either looking for a personal or intellectual _____ or to advance or
change their career [challenge, change]. 6. P.E. is a title used by professional
engineers throughout the United States. The P.E. is granted by state ____ boards
upon meeting a combination of requirements in education, experience, and exams
[licensing, license].
Exercise 9. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
require specialized additional requirements degree certificate
is earned
completed
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A number of U.S. higher education institutions offer programs that permit
a student to earn a ____ (it can also be called a diploma) at the same time the
Bachelor’s degree _____ or shortly thereafter. These certificates may indicate
the mastery of knowledge and skills, such as foreign languages or computer software, or the completion of ____ permitting access to professional licensure procedures, as in teacher training, accounting, and other fields. Post-Bachelor’s certificates usually _____ no more than a single academic year to complete, and are
often _____ as part of the degree program. They do not constitute a separate
____ level and are not degrees.
Exercise 10. Look at the categories used in the table about effective engineer qualities, based on Carter's opinion (R. G. Carter, A taxonomy of objectives for engineering education, Studies in Higher Education), read the explanation of the table below. Discuss the table with your partner, the following
questions will help you.
1. What are three main categories mentioned in the table?
2. What kind of knowledge areas do engineers need?
3. What kinds of skills are included in the table as effective engineer qualities and why do you think they are important?
4. What kinds of characteristics are important for an effective engineer and
why?
5. What subjects at the university are important to study to form these skills
and characteristics?
6. What knowledge, skills and characteristics are not so important in your
opinion?
7. What knowledge, skills and characteristics among suggested do you have
now?
Table
Effective Engineer Qualities Identified by Empirical Test
KNOWING
Factual knowledge
Experiential knowledge
awareness needed of:
practical experience
business knowledge
environmental issues
political issues
community issues
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DOING
Information
Analytical skills
Action skills
Social skills
skills
easily able to sepainitiative
leadership skills
inquisitive
rate feelings from
decisiveness
interpersonal
perceptive
ideas
good judgement skills
resourceful
recognition of wider
negotiation skills
issues
respect for othapplication of lateral
ers' opinions
thought critiquing
teamwork skills
skills
BEING
Mental character- Attitudes and values
Personality characterisistics
self esteem
tics active
flexibility
ambitiousness
energetic
creativity
optimism
extravert
lateral thinking
enthusiastic
ability
motivated
intelligence
enjoys challenge
prepared to take risks
calm in crisis
sense of humor
handle pressure well
The main conclusion the author (R. G. Carter) makes in his research is the
distinguishing effective engineer qualities by type of learning experience (See
the Table) reveals a large number of “skill” qualities which are learnable, and
that therefore they are teachable within an education program. The “knowledge”
areas identified in the study can also be incorporated into an education program.
Exercise 11.
Listen to the song “I Wanna Be an Engineer” (Billionaire Geeked Out Mix) by Only Won, read the information about the author.
Why does the singer want to be an engineer? Sing the song and complete it
with these words.
design patent quantify protractor directions cover optimize
equations intelligent
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The author of the song Only Won was born Baldwin Chiu in San Francisco.
He played viola in his school orchestra. Only Won attended Sacramento State
University and became a fully licensed mechanical engineer. Why is he in Los
Angeles? He's also an actor who appeared in "The Pursuit of Happiness," "The
Hulk," and "The Matrix." He also reports that he has a new fashion line -Geek
fashion. According to his Wikipedia bio, he teaches tai chi in Hollywood. Don't
mess with this guy. He's over six foot (six-foot-one) and 188 pounds.
I Wanna Be an Engineer
I wanna be an engineer so freakin' bad,
1_________ the things I've always had
I wanna be on the cover of PC Magazine,
Smiling next to Pentium machines.
Oh, every time I close my eyes, I calculate a new 2 _______
yeah....an efficient way to quantify oh ai..I swear
my 3 _____ would be here...If I was an engineer.
Yeah, I would have a show on Discovery, hoping that e-ve-ry..
body in the country would watch me on their HD.
I'd probably pull an Orville Wright and a Wilbur
Build a plane and take the rudder and dip it in silver.
Give away a few smartphones, like, Einstein here have this
Take my 4 _____ out and do some mathematics
It's been a couple years since I've been single so
you can find me working late and living off Ho Ho's.
Brain food for the 5 ________, sometimes I like to complement
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myself for being smart, but you can call me brilliant.
Yeah...Call me a geek or maybe even nerd
but face the facts, we da ones be ruling this world.
Every time I close my eyes (what cha see, what cha see?)
I calculate a new design (uh huh uh huh)
oh ye-ah....an efficient way to quantify, oh ai..I swear
my patent would be here...If I was an engineer
ohhh ohhhh....Yeah, I'm an engineer! oohh ohhhh....
I be playing Xbox with some scientists, workin' with geologist
maybe ask a girl out and get lucky with little kiss.
Or not because I have to...formulate a program
in C or going back and using Fortran.
Toss a few 6 _______ in just for the heck of it.
Solve my own problem just so I can delineate
Yeah, I be comin' on a whole new level.
Like comparing HDMI to a coax cable.
Sometimes I give 7 _______ with Euclidean vectors
And transfer files faster on eSATA connectors.
...I know we all have a similar dream
to build cantilever beams, ...it makes me wanna sing
I wanna be an engineer so freakin' bad,
optimize the things I've always had
I wanna be on the 8 _____ of PC Magazine,
Smiling next to Pentium machines.
Every time I close my eyes, I calculate a new design
an efficient way to 9 ______, oh ai..I swear
my patent would be here...If I was an engineer
ooh ohhh....
("Yeah! Solve it!) If I was an engineer! ohh ohh
I wanna be an engineer so freakin' bad.
Exercise 12. Look at the highlighted words and explain their meanings.
Speak about Professional Engineers in your country.
What is a PE in the USA?
Attaining licensure is an important step in every professional engineer's
career. To become licensed, engineers must complete a four-year college degree,
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work under a Professional Engineer for at least four years, pass two intensive
competency exams and earn a license from their state's licensure board. Then, to
retain their licenses, PEs must continually maintain and improve their skills
throughout their careers.
To use the PE seal, engineers must complete several steps to ensure their
competency.
• Earn a four-year degree in engineering from an accredited engineering
program;
• Pass the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam;
• Complete four years of progressive engineering experience under a PE;
• Pass the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exam.
Exercise 13. Read the text about online learning in the USA and say if
the statements are true (T), false (F) or it does not say (DNS)?
1. Digital Learning Compass counts more than 5,000,000 people study
online UK.
2. Distance courses are becoming popular.
3. ECPI University has one of the best online Bachelor degree programs
in the world.
4. Online students can interact with faculty and fellow classmates.
5. Online students have good marks.
6. Currently, ECPI University offers not less than 20 undergraduate and
postgraduate degree programs online.
7. ECPI University interacts with online students weekly.
U.S. News & World Report College Rankings
finds ECPI University Online
According to a recent report by Digital Learning Compass (2019), there are
about 6,000,000 people nationwide who are enrolled in higher education distance
courses. Moreover, 30 percent of all college students are taking at least one online
course. As online learning continues to grow, the focus is now squarely on quality
and outcomes.
In its most recently released report, it placed ECPI University among the
nation’s best for online Bachelor degree programs, its Bachelor’s Programs are
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among top 10 percent. Data analysts for the publication ranked online learning
programs based on performance within four categories:
• Student Engagement – Quality programs promote participation among
online students and create ways for them to interact with faculty and fellow classmates, keeping them engaged and on track for graduation.
• Student Services and Technology – Faculty employ advanced teaching
technologies and simulation software replicates the in-seat experience online.
School provides students with highly-accessible financial, academic, and career
service advisors.
• Faculty Credentials and Training – Faculty members are both highly credentialed and trained to accommodate the needs of distance learners.
• Peer Reputation – Feedback from high-ranking academic officials and
employers provide insights not always captured by empirical data.
With approximately 1,000 colleges and universities currently offering
online programs, the U.S. News & World Report ranking (94th) positions ECPI
University among the nation’s best. What’s more, it ranked ECPI University’s
online Bachelor’s program tops for veterans as well (#54). “Our staff has been
working diligently to provide the best educational experience for our students,”
says ECPI University Vice President of e-Learning and Online Education Aaron
Wettstein.
Currently, ECPI University offers more than 20 degree programs online,
including: Accounting, Criminal Justice, Master of Business Administration
(MBA), Homeland Security, Business Administration, Hospitality Management,
IT Management, Healthcare Administration, Radiologic Sciences, Master of Science in Nursing, etc.
“Our faculty and curriculum provide an engaging learning environment
where our students are prepared for real-world, in-demand careers using the latest
innovative technologies,” says Wettstein.
That means interacting with students weekly via live Zoom lecture sessions
and on-demand tutoring through an intuitive, user-friendly learning management
system, and ECPI University’s popular Mobile APP 2.0. Virtualization and simulation labs serve to create a hands-on learning environment linked to real-world
applications. At ECPI University, we like to say that ECPI University Online
bridges the “distance” in distance education.
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Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true,
continue the list
󠆲 I know effective engineer qualities.
󠆲 I know …
󠆲 I can speak about undergraduate and postgraduate study in the UK.
󠆲 I can speak about Professional Engineers and their competency.
󠆲 I can tell about educational degrees.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand the structure of professional education in the UK.
󠆲 I understand …
Key Words
Education, career, research, technical competency, to solve problems and
make decisions, professional training, engineering degree, Bachelor of science
(BS or BSc), Master of science (MSc), doctorate degree, PhD – Doctor of Philosophy, to maintain and improve skills, experience, negotiation skills, to respect
for others' opinions, teamwork skills, challenge, to handle pressure well, full time
student, part- time course, first-class honor’s degree.
Section III
International Engineering Education
Exercise 1. Before starting the section think about the reasons to study
abroad, give advantages and disadvantages of being an international student.
Exercise 2. Read the text about studying in the USA and number the items
below in the correct order in which they occurred in the text.
The process of becoming an international student.
Score for degrees in the programs.
International student enrollment in the USA.
English language proficiency.
Study in the USA
The USA has the world’s largest international student population, with
more than 1,000,000 students choosing to broaden their education and life experience in the United States. Nearly 5% of all students enrolled in higher-level
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education in the USA are international students, and the numbers are growing.
From the mid-1950’s, when international student enrollment was only just reaching 35,000, international education in the USA has come a long way.
Trying to become an international student inside the US is not easy.
The application process is complex and competitive which means it requires hard
work and dedication before classes even start.
Most U.S. colleges and universities will require international undergraduate and graduate students to demonstrate their knowledge and English language
proficiency as part of the admissions process through standardized tests. These
tests are valuable as a common measure of the skills and abilities of people from
different educational backgrounds. Your scores on these tests will play a role in
determining whether or not you are admitted to your schools of choice. For undergraduate admissions, required standardized tests usually include: Scholastic
Assessment Test (SAT), American College Testing (ACT) and the most popular
International English Language Testing System (IELTS) and Test of English as
a Foreign Language (TOEFL). The TOEFL IBT (Internet-Based Testing) consists of a 4-hour test in 4 sections which covers:
• Reading – students are given a reading passage and then posed questions
about the content they have just read;
• Listening – students are given a passage to listen only once and are asked
questions about the conversation;
• Speaking – students read passages and answer questions on a variety of
subjects. These replies are digitally recorded and sent to exam judges to be tested;
• Writing – students are given a passage, and then asked to write a passage
in response to the text. The TOEFL can take up to 4 hours to complete, and students are given optional 10 -minute breaks.
Usually minimum overall score for degrees in the programs are based on
our most common IELTS or TOEFL score:
A minimum overall band score of 6.5 on IELTS (Academic) (no sub-score
less than 6.0)
OR · a minimum score of 575 on TOEFL
OR · an internet-based (IBT) TOEFL score of 79 (no sub-score less than 19)
OR · no score less than 3+ in each skill of the ISLPR (conducted by ISLPR Language Services only)
OR · a minimum grade of C on the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English
(CAE)
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OR · a minimum grade of C on the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE)
OR · an overall score of 58 in the Pearson Test of English (Academic) with no
score less than 50.
Universities do not accept English language test results that are more than
two years old. Some degrees have higher English language requirements.
Exercise 3.
Look at the assignment from IELTS test in listening
and try to do it. Check the answers.
Exercise 4. Look at the assignment from IELTS test in reading and try to
do it.
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based
on Reading Passage 1 below.
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
given after the text.
Write the correct number (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Snow-makers
Skiing is a big business nowadays. But what can ski resort owners do if
the snow doesn't come?
A. In the early to mid-twentieth century, with the growing popularity of
skiing, ski slopes became extremely profitable businesses. But ski resort owners
were completely dependent on the weather: if it didn't snow, or didn’t snow
enough, they had to close everything down. Fortunately, a device called the snow
gun can now provide snow whenever it is needed. These days such machines are
standard equipment in the vast majority of ski resorts around the world, making
it possible for many resorts to stay open for months or more a year.
B. Snow formed by natural weather systems comes from water vapor in the
atmosphere. The water vapor condenses into droplets, forming clouds. If the temperature is sufficiently low, the water droplets freeze into tiny ice crystals. More
water particles then condense onto the crystal and join with it to form a snowflake. As the snowflake grows heavier, it falls towards the Earth.
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C. The snow gun works very differently from a natural weather system, but
it accomplishes exactly the same thing. The device works by combining water
and air. Two different hoses are attached to the gun: one leading from a water
pumping station, which pumps water up from a lake or reservoir, and the other
leading from an air compressor. When the compressed air passes through the hose
into the gun, it atomizes the water - that is, it disrupts the stream so that the water
splits up into tiny droplets. The droplets are then blown out of the gun and if the
outside temperature is below 0°C, ice crystals will form, and will then make
snowflakes in the same way as natural snow.
D. Snow-makers often talk about dry snow and wet snow. Dry snow has a
relatively low amount of water, so it is very light and powdery. This type of snow
is excellent for skiing because skis glide over it easily without getting stuck in
wet slush. One of the advantages of using a snow-maker is that this powdery
snow can be produced to give the ski slopes a level surface. However, on the
slopes which receive heavy use, resort owners also use denser, wet snow underneath the dry snow. Many resorts build up the snow depth this way once or twice
a year, and then regularly coat the trails with a layer of dry snow throughout the
winter.
E. The wetness of snow is dependent on the temperature and humidity outside, as well as the size of the water droplets launched by the gun. Snow-makers
have to adjust the proportions of water and air in their snow guns to get the perfect
snow consistency for the outdoor weather conditions. Many ski slopes now do
this with a central computer system that is connected to weather-reading stations
all over the slope.
F. But man-made snow makes heavy demands on the environment. It takes
about 275,000 liters of water to create a blanket of snow covering a 60x60 meter
area. Most resorts pump water from one or more reservoirs located in low-lying
areas. The run-off water from the slopes feeds back into these reservoirs, so the
resort can actually use the same water over and over again. However, considerable amounts of energy are needed to run the large air-compressing pumps, and
the diesel engines which run them also cause air pollution.
G. Because of the expense of making snow, ski resorts have to balance the
cost of running the machines with the benefits of extending the ski season, making sure they only make snow when it is really needed and when it will bring the
maximum amount of profit in return for the investment. But man-made snow has
a number of other uses as well. A layer of snow keeps a lot of the Earth’s heat
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from escaping into the atmosphere, so farmers often use man-made snow to provide insulation for winter crops. Snow-making machines have played a big part
in many movie productions. Movie producers often take several months to shoot
scenes that cover just a few days. If the movie takes place in a snowy setting, the
set decorators have to get the right amount of snow for each day of shooting either
by adding man-made snow or melting natural snow. And another important application of man-made snow is its use in the tests that aircraft must undergo in
order to ensure that they can function safely in extreme conditions.
List of Headings
I. Considering ecological costs
II. Modifications to the design of the snow gun
III. The need for different varieties of snow
IV. Local concern over environmental issues
V. A problem and a solution
VI. Applications beyond the ski slopes
VII. Converting wet snow to dry snow
VIII. New method for calculating modifications
IX. Artificial process, natural product
X. Snow formation in nature
Exercise 5. Look at the example of assignment from IELTS test in writing
and try to do it.
Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
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The graph below shows the total number of internet users in Vietnam from
2003 to the second quarter 2012.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.
You should write at least 150 words.
Internet users in Vietnam (in million), 2003-2012
* Internet users until the Q2 2012. Data source - Vietnam Internet Network Information Center (VNNIC).
Sample Answer:
The bar chart delineates how the internet users in Vietnam developed from
the beginning of 2003 to the second quarter of 2012 according to the data provided by the Vietnam Internet Network Information Center. As is obvious, the
internet subscribers in Vietnam increased steadily throughout the period.
According to the diagram, 3.1 million Vietnamese used the internet in
2003, which more than doubled in just 1 year. After another year, the total number of internet users in Vietnam exceeded 10 million and in 2006 another 4 million new users emerged. During 2006 and 2008, the number of such netizens
(people who are connected to the internet) doubled, accounting somewhat 21 million total users. It is worth noticing that the number of new internet subscribers
kept on increasing in Vietnam throughout the period and in 2011, their number
went as high as 30 million, ten times higher than that of 2003. During the second
quarter of 2012, the Vietnamese internet subscribers reached a record high, 31.2
million with 0.6 million new users in just six months.
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Exercise 6. Now it is your turn to do the written task, don’t forget about
useful vocabulary for graphs and diagrams. You can find it here
Exercise 7. The graph below compares figures for the production and
consumption of energy in the US from 1950 to 2000. It also predicts figures for
2025. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.
Exercise 8. Look at the assignment from TOEFL IBT test in speaking
and try to do it.
Read a passage from a psychology textbook and the lecture that follows
it. Then answer the question. (Reading time in an actual test would be 45-50
seconds.)
Flow
In Psychology, the feeling of complete and energized focus in an activity
is called a flow. People who enter the state of a flow lose their sense of time and
have a feeling of great satisfaction. They become completely involved in an activity for its own sake rather than for what may result from the activity, such as
money or prestige. Contrary to expectation, a flow usually happens not during
relaxing moments of leisure and entertainment, but when we are actively involved in a difficult enterprise, in a task that stretches our mental or physical
abilities.
Professor Male says, “I think this will help you get a picture of what your
textbook is describing. I had a friend who taught in the physics department, Professor Jones, he retired last year. Anyway, I remember this was a few years ago.
I remember passing by a classroom early one morning just as he was leaving, and
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he looked terrible: his clothes were all rumpled, and he looked like he hadn’t slept
all night. And I asked if he was OK. I was surprised when he said that he never
felt better, that he was totally happy. He had spent the entire night in the classroom
working on a mathematics puzzle. He didn’t stop to eat dinner; he didn’t stop to
sleep or even rest. He was that involved in solving the puzzle. And it didn’t even
have anything to do with his teaching or research; he had just come across this
puzzle accidentally, I think in a mathematics journal, and it just really interested
him, so he worked furiously all night and covered the blackboards in the classroom
with equations and numbers and never realized that time was passing by”.
Question: Explain the idea of a flow and how the example used by the professor illustrates the concept.
Preparation Time: 30 seconds Response Time: 60 seconds
Exercise 9. Read about the tests, which are necessary to pass in order to
study in the USA at the university. Say what feelings you have before passing the
tests and exams and what useful tips for passing them successfully there are.
The Importance of the SAT and GRE Tests
If you want to study at a university in the United States as an international
student, you must pass the SAT exam, because practically all four-year universities require exams such as the SAT for admission.
The SAT is a college entrance exam that many colleges and universities in
the United States use as a part of the college admissions process. The SAT is a
standardized test that measures a student's skills in three core areas: Critical
Reading, Math, and Writing. Students in grades 11 and 12 take the SAT so that
they can submit their scores to colleges as part of the college application process.
The SAT is composed of three main sections – Math, Evidence-Based Reading,
and Writing. There is an optional 50-minute essay, and total testing time with the
essay is 3 hours and 50 minutes. Each part of the SAT is scored on a scale of 200
to 800 points, so 1600 is the highest score you can get.
On the first part you will have to focus a lot on the analysis of literature,
social studies, and scientific texts, as well as the vocabulary part within a realistic
context with sections for revision, editing, and text comprehension. The second
part, mathematics, focuses a lot on algebra, equations, and interpretation of data
through tables and graphs.
We should mention that the SAT has an optional part: the essay. The essay
lasts 50 minutes and requires the student to analyze the arguments of an author.
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You can practice and find more information about SAT here and here.
The GRE Subject Tests are achievement tests that measure your
knowledge of a particular field of study. Each Subject Test is intended for students who have an undergraduate major or extensive background. Prospective
graduate school applicants take the Subject Tests. Applicants come from varying
educational and cultural backgrounds and the GRE Subject Tests provide a common measure for comparing candidates' qualifications.
The GRE is a multiple-choice, computer-based, standardized exam that is
often required for admission to graduate programs and graduate business programs (MBA) globally.
You will receive three scores on the GRE: Analytical Writing, Verbal Reasoning, and Quantitative Reasoning.
In addition, you will see one of the following sections:
Unscored (may be either Verbal Reasoning or Quantitative Reasoning)
Research (used for ETS research purposes)
The Quantitative Reasoning and Verbal Reasoning sections are each scored
on a scale of 130 to 170. The mean score for Verbal Reasoning is 151, and the
mean score for Quantitative Reasoning is 153. The Analytical Writing Assessment is scored from 0 to 6 in half-point increments, and the mean score is 4.0.
On GRE Test Day, you can expect to sit for the exam for approximately
four hours, including test-taking time and short breaks.
You can practice and find more information about GRE here.
Exercise 10. Explore the best universities in the world in engineering
and technology, using the data from the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and answer the questions.
1. What are 13 performance indicators, which help to rank universities?
2. What countries are the leaders in top 10 universities?
3. What university has the most quantity of international students in top 10?
4. What indicator do you think is the most important for ranking universities?
5. What university from top 20 would you choose to study and why?
The 2021 Times Higher Education World University Rankings table for
engineering and technology subjects uses the same rigorous and balanced range
of 13 performance indicators as the overall World University Rankings, but the
methodology has been recalibrated to suit the individual fields.
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It highlights the universities that are leading across general engineering,
electrical and electronic engineering, mechanical and aerospace engineering,
civil engineering and chemical engineering subjects.
This year, we have made a small adjustment to the eligibility criterion for
the academic staff in the subject tables, which has resulted in more universities
being eligible for inclusion.
The 2021 engineering and technology ranking has also expanded to include
903 universities, up from 501 last year.
The University of Oxford leads the table for the first time, after overtaking
Stanford University and the California Institute of Technology. Meanwhile, Harvard University joins the table in third place.
Peking University is the highest-ranked Asian university, but it drops seven
places to 14th position. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore is one
place behind at 15th (up from 16th).
Meanwhile, Germany’s top two representatives – Technical University of
Munich and RWTH Aachen University – have both declined.
World University Rankings by subject: engineering and technology
Rank
Name
No. of
No. of International Female:Male
FTE
students
Students
Ratio
Students per staff
1
University of Ox20,298
11.0
40%
46 : 54
ford (UK)
2
Stanford Univer15,878
7.4
23%
43 : 57
sity (US)
3
Harvard University
20,595
9.1
26%
48 : 52
(US)
4
California Institute of Technol2,255
6.5
29%
33 : 67
ogy (US)
5
Massachusetts
Institute
of 11,231
8.7
34%
38 : 62
Technology (US)
6
University
of
18,749
10.9
37%
46 : 54
Cambridge (UK)
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7
8
9
10
Princeton University(US)
National University of Singapore
Singapore
ETH Zurich
Switzerland
Georgia Institute
of
Technology(US)
7,996
8.2
24%
45 : 55
30,727
17.4
28%
50 : 50
18,171
12.3
39%
31 : 69
21,903
21.5
27%
32 : 68
Exercise 11. Now look at the best universities in Russia according to the
RAEX agency data.
For rating RAEX analytics questioned more than 50000 students and
studied 158 universities. Analyze the data from the site, the following word expressions will help you.
✓ An inspection of the data in the table shows …
✓ It is apparent from this table that considerable …
✓ Closer inspection of the table shows …
✓ As the table shows, there is a significant decrease …
✓ What stands out in this table …
✓ …is the general pattern of
✓ …is the difference between
✓ …is the wide disparity between
✓ …is the high rate of
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Exercise 12. Read what CV is and say why it differs from resume. Complete the sentences with the suitable words in brackets.
CV
A curriculum vitae (English: /kəˈrɪkjʊləm ˈviːtaɪ, -ˈwiːtaɪ, -ˈvaɪtiː/), Latin
for "the course of your life", often ____ (shortened, short) as CV or Vita, is a written overview of someone's life's work (academic formation, publications, qualifications, etc.). Vitae ______ (summarizes, reviews) your past, existing professional
skills, proficiency and experiences. The purpose of this document is to ____
(demonstrate, reveal) that you have the necessary skills (and some complementary
ones) to do the job for which you are applying. Literally, you are selling your talents,
skills, ______ (proficiencies, know-how), etc. So, vitae is different from a résumé,
which is typically a brief 1–2 page summary of _____ (qualifications, training) and
work experience for the purposes of ____ (employment, business), and often only
presents recent highlights. In many countries, a résumé is typically the first item that
a potential _____ (employer, employee) encounters regarding the job seeker and is
typically used to screen applicants, often followed by an interview. In Englishspeaking and most European countries now Vitae is more often requested for applicants to top positions, postsecondary programs, scholarships, grants and bursaries.
Exercise 13. Do you know how to write a CV? Look at the examples in
the internet and put the components of CV in the correct order. Watch the examples of CV from Massachusetts University
CV Components
• Objective
• Letterhead (name, address, phone, email, linkedin)
• Skills
• Education
• Work Experience
• References
• Awards & Recognition
• Hobbies & Interests
Exercise 14. Work with the partner, imagine that you are at the job interview. You are an employer and employee:
a) Look at the CV of the applicant and make a dialogue.
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Zara Fahar 263 London Road, Highbridge, Nowhereshire,
XP9 8JQ zfahar99@gmail.com 07567567567
Due to graduate in 2017, I have acquired technical knowledge and skills
from my course as well as practical and business skills from my industrial year
in a software company in Germany. I have used a range of languages, operating
systems and development tools as well as experiencing the system development
life cycle. Specializing in mobile technology, I am keen to develop as a graduate
trainee in software development.
Education
University of Bedfordshire (2015-2019)
BSc Computer Science and Software Engineering with industrial year. Predicted 2:1.
Modules include object oriented programming, mobile applications, AI and
systems development. Third-year industry placement: Mehrmann Technologies,
Essen, Germany (2015-2016).
Placement year individual project: Stock control systems for wholesale
food suppliers.
Final-year group project: Development of a mobile application for the hospitality sector.
Highbridge College (2013-2015)
BTEC Level 3 ICT
A-level maths
Highbridge School (2008-2013)
7 GCSEs in the English language, maths, science, German, IT, PE, history.
IT Skills
- Development tools: LabVIEW, MATLAB, Simulink, WINDEV/WEBDEV, OrCAD, MPLAB and ModelSim Packages: MS Office, Dreamweave and
Photoshop
- Programming Languages: Java, C++, SQL, TLearn and HTML
- Operating Systems: Android, iOS, Windows and Linux
Other training/skills
PRINCE2
BCS Foundation Certificate in Systems Development
Conversational German, including technical and business
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Employment
Junior software developer, Mehrmann Technologies, Essen, Germany
(2017-2018)
- Systems analysis with clients to determine requirements - talking to managers and staff and observing work practices throughout the supply chain
- Analysis of data including modelling
- Part of a software development team creating a stock control system linking mobile devices to warehouse systems
- Demonstrating prototypes to staff
- Field testing, implementation and evaluation
- Participating in the final project reporting
- Contributing to the English language documentation and training
Bar assistant, Ship and Crown, Luton (2016-2017)
Serving customers
Keeping bar area tidy and well-stocked
Maintaining health and safety and food hygiene standards
Retail assistant, Primark, Highbridge (2013-2015)
Tidying stock on the shop floor
Restocking shelves and rails
Serving customers at till points
Dealing with customer queries on the shop floor
Sports and interests
University of Bedfordshire Second XI Hockey Captain
Highbridge School Hockey First XI Captain
Represented Nowhereshire in 1500m U16 and U18
Organizing and hosting charity comedy nights in aid of Highbridge Children's Hospice
References available on request
b) Look at the vacancy and make a dialogue.
Mechanical Design Engineer
My client, an award winning global business with a proud history are seeking an individual a technical expertise to support with mechanical expertise
across multiple business units.
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To produce engineering technical data that delivers to customer requirements ensuring Product Quality and Industrial standards, Environmental and Legal requirements are met. To offer technical support to other areas of the business.
Key Responsibilities:
Specific
- The design of products to meet industry and client specifications. Producing technical data, drawings and BOM’s and any supporting calculations.
- Analyzing the performance of products and providing data for impeller
trimming and performance data for applications.
- The checking and approval of drawings and data produced by others.
- The improvement of product design to reduce cost and enable efficient
manufacture.
- Perform the activities required to CE mark Products, Risk assessment,
Design reviews.
- Responsible for the management of the product definitions for one or
more of product ranges. This includes the product data, drawings, technical specifications and BOM required for manufacturing and selling a product.
- Provide technical support to the sales team to select products for applications.
- Investigation and root causes analysis of internal nonconformities and
warranty claims.
- Supporting the manufacturing operation with the design of processes,
providing assembly and test instructions and procedures.
Qualifications and Experience
NVQ4 or HND equivalent in a relevant engineering subject
Knowledge and practical experience of engineering design and industrial product
manufacturing
Highly numerate with competent IT skills
Knowledge of 2D and 3D drafting and design work
Auto CAD and Creo SAP BOM and Material Master Generation and
maintenance
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c) Look at the vacancy and write an appropriate CV for it.
Electrical Maintenance Engineer (Days only)
Salary/Rate £33000 – £38000/annum + Package
My client is a world leading manufacturer, supplying to a number of industries who's products are around each and every one of us every day is seeking an
Electrically biased Maintenance Technician who has experience in the practical
aspects of engineering and maintenance in a manufacturing environment. The
company like to develop talent from within and have very low staff turnover with
a clear career path for those who desire career development.
Responsibilities
- To act as an integral part of the operations team to deliver effective and
efficient maintenance to the manufacturing facility to ensure continuous operation.
- This role will support the site operations team in carrying out a wide
range of electrical/instrumentation and mechanical maintenance activities to include:
Routine maintenance to support plant critical systems and equipment.
Equipment performance and reliability.
First line fault finding and diagnostics.
Support of Operations Improvement and Transformation projects.
An understanding of automation.
Requirements
Experience of the practical aspects of engineering and maintenance within
a manufacturing environment.
Successful completion of an Electrical/Instrumentation Apprenticeship or
academic qualifications to maintain process machinery and equipment.
Exercise 15. Read the text and choose the appropriate sentence below
with the main idea of it. How can you comment pros and cons?
1. Great video CV is important to get a good job.
2. Creating a great video CV can help people get a job.
3. Video CV has pros and cons, nevertheless it can stand you out from the
crowd.
4. Creating a great video CV is difficult but important to get a job.
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Items
Structure of the video (beginning, middle and end)
Introduction of yourself ( childhood, school years)
Explanation why you've created the video and why
you're the right person for the job
Talking about your unique “selling” points and any
relevant skills and experience
Showing examples of your work and demonstrating
your skills through the use of slideshows, clips or onscreen graphics
Summarizing at the end of the video what you have
told the employer and reiterate why you're right for the
role
Saying thanks for watching the video and including
contact details
Linking to online platforms that could strengthen your
application, such as a website or social media account
Demonstrating your passion and capability in a video
CV
Choosing suitable format of the video
Video and audio quality
high
average
low
Create a Great Video CV
While they're not suitable for every type of job, video CVs are increasing
in popularity. With employers typically inundated with applications for every advertised role, it's important to make your CV stand out. One way that graduates
are doing this is by submitting their CV in video format. Despite the common
perception that video CVs are only applicable to certain vocations, they can get
you noticed by recruiters in any sector. The purpose of a CV in this format is to
highlight a candidate's skills and experience while giving employers an insight
into their personality.
Video CVs are usually between one and three minutes long. It's important to
grab a recruiter's attention while keeping the running time of the video to a minimum. The idea of getting in front of a camera and putting yourself in the public
domain can be scary, but in some industries a video CV can really set you apart.
The most important thing to demonstrate in a video CV is your passion and
capability, the format of the video could be a project showcase, mock interview
(where you answer relevant questions to camera) or a narrated timeline of your
experience and achievements. Let your personality in video shine and, where appropriate be funny.
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Video CVs are most commonly used to apply for creative and customerfacing roles in sectors such as advertising, creative arts, marketing, media, PR
and sales.
Recorded CVs don't have to be restricted to particular jobs or industries.
However, with more traditional jobs, such as those in law, accounting, medicine,
construction a video CV may not always be appropriate.
As any idea this method has either the advantages or disadvantages, nevertheless it can help you:
• stand out from the crowd;
• showcase your creativity;
• display your personality; demonstrate particular skills.
However, they also have their share of disadvantages such as:
• make you stand out for the wrong reasons;
• lead you to sell yourself short;
• take up precious time;
• irritate employers.
Exercise 16.
Watch the examples of video CV and say your opinion
about the idea of video CV: Example 1, Example 2, Example 3.
Exercise 17. Create your video CV (2-4 minutes); tell briefly about your
childhood, school years, pay attention at your achievements in different fields,
your previous jobs, your best professional skills, etc. Say how you see your life
in ten years. The table will help assess your video CV in the group.
Exercise 18.
Learn about Canada's academic advantages. Search
Canadian programs and scholarships (CBIE Student Centre: istudentcanada.ca) Listen to the information attentively and complete the sentences with
the facts from the video.
1. Canada is the _______ country in the world.
2. Canada hosts the ______ international students population in the world.
3. Canada is ranked the ______ for scientific research.
4. The teachers in Canada have ______ understanding.
5. Campus life in University has lots of ________ .
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6. If you need to improve your language skills, the company will ____ you
programs in one of their accredited language schools.
7. Canada offers a variety of ______ especially designed for international
students.
Exercise 19. Your friend Jameson has written you a letter:
I am interested in studying at your University. I’d love to hear all about it.
Could you tell about your major? What subjects do you study? What is the
system of assessing?
Reply to the letter (at least 150 words), follow the sample answer.
Dear Marcus,
Hope you and family are doing great.
……………………………………….
……………………………………….
………………………………………
I look forward to hearing from you soon. Take care and stay fine.
Best wishes,
Alex
Exercise 20. Do the crossword about education.
Across:
1. A student who is studying for their first degree at a College or University.
3. Something that needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done
successfully and therefore tests a person's ability.
5. The fact of having the skill and experience for doing something.
6. An important skill that is needed to do a job.
7. A person whose job is to design or build machines, engines, or electrical
equipment, or things such as roads, railways, or bridges, using scientific
principles.
8. The highest college or university degree, or someone who has it.
9. To put yourself or someone else on an official list for an activity or for
membership in a group, or to accept someone in such a list.
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11. A detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding.
12. The job or series of jobs that you do during your working life, especially
if you continue to get better jobs and earn more money.
13. Something that you must do, or something you need.
14. Understanding of or information about a subject that you get by experience or study, either known by one person or by people generally.
15. Synonym of the word “study”.
16. The physical or mental power or skill needed to do something.
17. The qualification given to a student after he or she has completed his or
her studies.
18. An advanced college or university degree.
20. An ability to do job well, especially because you have practiced it.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Down:
2.
A person employed to look after technical equipment or do practical
work in a laboratory.
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4.
The act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made.
7.
Knowledge or skill from doing, seeing, or feeling things.
10.
A first degree at a college or university.
12.
A short written description of your education, qualifications, previous
jobs, and sometimes also your personal interests, that you send to an
employer when you are trying to get a job.
19.
To find an answer to a problem.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true,
continue the list.
󠆲 I know what IELTS and TOEFL is.
󠆲 I know what CV is.
󠆲 I know the top 10 International Engineering Universities.
󠆲 I know the top 10 Russian Universities.
󠆲 I know the process of becoming an international student.
󠆲 I know …
󠆲 I can write CV in English.
󠆲 I can create video CV.
󠆲 I can pass a job interview in English as an employee.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand the purpose of CV.
󠆲 I understand …
Key Words
International student enrollment, language proficiency, to require, undergraduate and graduate students, admissions process, common measure of the
skills and abilities, to be admitted, assessment, overall score, completely dependent on, to highlight, civil engineering, Curriculum Vitae, item, job seeker, references, awards, recognition, requirement, to increase in popularity, to grab a recruiter's attention.
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Unit VII
Contemporary Engineering Trends
Section I
Science, Engineering and Technological Breakthroughs
Exercise 1. Before starting the section, try to explain the idea of Science,
Engineering and Technology.
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Distinction, technique, requirement, novel, accomplishment, to embed, input, outcome, to refer, dissemination, consequence, breakthrough, commodity,
enterprise, to incorporate, nimble.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Systematic, virtual reality, nanomaterial, industrial innovation, process of
designing, to exploit natural phenomenon, cluster, detailed knowledge, global,
technological system, collection of methods and processes, to achieve some practical result, term, infrastructure, cost-effectiveness, artificial intelligence.
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions.
Science, Engineering and Technological Breakthroughs
The distinction between Science, Engineering
and Technology is not always clear. Science is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation.
Engineering is a well-organized process of
designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often using results and techniques from science.
Technologies are not usually products of science. As a rule they have to
satisfy requirements of a society. The word Technology (from the Greek language “science of craft, art, skill” is a collection of techniques, skills, methods,
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and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation.
Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like,
or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed
knowledge of their work. Systems (e. g. machines) applying technology by taking an input, changing it according to the system use, and then producing an outcome are referred to as technology systems or technological systems.
In German and other European languages, there is a distinction between the
words technique and technology that is absent in English, which usually translates both terms as "technology." By the 1930s, the idea of "technology" referred
not only to the study of the industrial arts but to the industrial arts themselves.
To achieve some practical results the development of technology may be based
upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge.
Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering, although
technology as a human activity precedes these two fields. The exact relations
between science and technology have been debated by scientists, historians, and
policymakers in the late 20th century.
People often ask, what is exactly meant by a “breakthrough”? What people
are really looking for is a technology, or perhaps even a collection of technologies, that will have a profound effect on our lives. Scientific breakthroughs are
those sudden discoveries that have a major impact on follow-up scientific research.
Technological breakthrough drives technologies, system integration solutions, infrastructures, safety systems to provide a higher range of products or services. It is the ability to overcome emerging technological obstacles to a corresponding increase in commodity supply. Technological breakthroughs significantly increase the cost-effectiveness of engineering technologies.
The scientific community recognizes that nanomaterial-related applications have the potential to create major technological breakthroughs, and therefore nanomaterials have been identified as a key enabling technology.
Through research, knowledge and innovation, people contribute to leading
discoveries, technological breakthroughs, the dissemination of scientific information, building of community-based technology clusters, creation of new business enterprises, industrial innovation and global competitiveness of companies.
Particular attention is to be paid to ensuring a balanced approach to research
and innovation, which is not only limited to the development of new products
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and services on the basis of scientific and technological breakthroughs, but which
also incorporates such aspects as the use of existing technologies in novel applications, continuous improvement and non-technological and social innovation.
Questions
1. How are the words Science, Engineering and Technology connected
with each other?
2. What is the distinction between the words technique and technology?
3. What can the development of technology be based upon?
4. What is meant by a “breakthrough”?
5. How can breakthrough technologies be characterized?
6. Why can nanomaterials be identified as a key enabling technology?
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1.Technology is a consequence of
a) the physical or material world.
2.Science is systematic knowledge of b) designing and making tools.
3.Scientific breakthroughs are sudc) to overcome emerging technologiden
cal obstacles.
4.Engineering is a well-organized
d) science and engineering.
process of
5. A technological breakthrough is
e) discoveries having impact on folthe ability
low-up scientific research.
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
techniques
knowledge
products
respective
problems
wants
materials
methods
completed
The word “technology” can be used to refer to a collection of
. In this
context, it is the current state of humanity_____ of how to combine resources to
produce desired _____, to solve _____, fulfill the needs, or satisfy _____; it includes technical _____, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw _____ . When
combined with another term, such as “medical technology” or “space technology” it refers to the state of the _____ knowledge of the field and tools.
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Exercise 7. Read the text given below.
Many of modern trends have been predicted for some time. It’s the availability of the cheap (almost free) computing power that’s delivering many of the
promises made by technology over the last thirty years. These are worth examining more closely. The top some business trends in 2020 might be:
1) Robots taking our jobs
Probably the biggest change that is affecting our businesses is how machines are taking over tasks ranging from window cleaning to inventory management. Anyone with a transaction based job or business will be forced to change
them before the end of the decade.
2) The Internet of machines
Those robots and computers are talking to each other and this process
speeds up business decisions.
3) Flatter organizations
A consequence of faster decisions is the need for less management. Organizations need to be flatter in order to process information faster unless they want
to risk nimble competitors seizing business opportunities.
4) 3D printing
One of the most exciting, and business changing technologies is 3D printing which allows you to print a coffee cup at your desk, help robots construct
new buildings and give a little boy a set of fingers.
5) Nano-technology
The 3D printing is happening alongside biological engineering. By the end
of the decade, we’ll be able to print our own skin. By 2030, we’ll be printing
replacement body parts like heart valves.
6) Mobile apps redefining service industries
The mobile phone app is currently booming but the real effects of these
mobile services will be felt on such industries as the taxi, mining and agricultural
sectors.
7) Fight for control of the mobile payments system
An upshot of the app economy is the question of who processes, and makes
money from online payments. The battle between banks, credit card companies,
and software companies is going to be a major business story of the decade.
8) Reinventing entertainment
Apps and connected machines are going to change consumer behavior and
it is very notable in the entertainment industries which are being revolutionized
by such tools as Google Glasses and social media.
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9) Fall and rise of social media
Like many innovations social media was greatly hyped and now we see the
backlash of it being oversold. Over the rest of the decade organizations are going to
figure out how to use social media services effectively and profitably without hype.
10) Newspapers cease to exist
One of the effects of social media, mobile phone apps and the pervasive internet is the end of newspapers by 2020 as the futurist Ross Dawson has predicted.
Exercise 8. Choose the best answer.
1. Many of modern … are worth examining more closely.
a) styles
b) machines
c) trends
d) technologies
2. There are currently top some … trends.
a) commercial
b) business
c) professional
d) construction
3. … printing allows you to print a coffee cup at your desk, help robots
construct new buildings and give a little boy a set of fingers.
a) Digital
b) 4G
c) 3D
d) Binary
4. Soon … will allow printing our own skin.
a) nanotechnologies
b) technology trends
c) new developments
d) modern inventions
5. At present the mobile phone app is ....
a) successful
b) booming
c) limited
d) not allowed
6. An upshot of the app economy is the question of who processes, and
makes money from online ....
a) payments
b) expenses
c) meetings
d) greetings
7. In the nearest future we might … replacement body parts like heart
valves.
a) construct
b) print
c) design
d) apply
8. Apps and connected machines are going to change consumer ....
a) behavior
b) mood
c) conduct
d) interests
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9. In some years organizations are going to … how to use social media
services effectively and profitably.
a) understand
b) determine
c) give arguments
d) figure out
10. Organizations should be flatter to process information faster if they
don’t want to risk competitors seizing business ... .
a) opportunities
b) chances
c) actions
d) rights
11. The entertainment industries are … by such tools as Google Glasses
and social media.
a) developed
b) revolutionized
c) reformed
d) prohibited
12. Currently the biggest change affecting businesses is how machines …
different tasks.
a) consult
b) function
c) perform
d) take over
13. The actions between banks, credit card companies, and software companies are going to be … in the nearest future.
a) virtual
b) very important
c) complicated
d) difficult
14. One of the … of social media, mobile phone apps and the pervasive
internet is the end of newspapers by 2020.
a) inventions
b) possibilities
c) activities
d) effects
15. Robots and computers talking to each other speed up business ....
a) decisions
b) problems
c) prospects
d) competition
Exercise 9.
Watch the video about "Graphene - a material of the
future", answer the following questions and ask some questions more.
Questions
1) Why is graphene a material of the future?
2) Why is graphene still not used in everyday life?
3) What characteristics of 3D graphene did a team of engineers from MIT
create?
4) What applications can graphene be used for?
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5) How do engineers from Massachusetts change the mechanical properties
of graphene?
Exercise 10. Render the text in English in writing.
Нейронные сети – это вычислительные системы
или машины, созданные для моделирования аналитических действий, совершаемых человеческим мозгом.
Нейронные сети относятся к направлению искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) и применяются для распознавания скрытых закономерностей в необработанных данных, группировки и классификации, а также решения
задач в области ИИ, машинного и глубокого обучения.
Работа нейронной сети сравнима с действиями
человека: сталкиваясь с незнакомым предметом, он
узнает его свойства и делает выводы. Аналогичные процессы происходят в
узлах нейросетей, когда решая определенную задачу, они используют полученный опыт для дальнейшего обучения.
Есть десятки видов нейросетей, которые применяются для классификации изображений, распознавания объектов, прогнозирования, обработки
естественного языка, используют для языкового моделирования и генерации текстов, машинного перевода, распознавания речи и других задач.
Выделяют несколько базовых типов задач, для решения которых могут использоваться нейросети.
Классификация. Для распознавания лиц, эмоций, типов объектов:
например, квадратов, кругов, треугольников. Также для распознавания образов, то есть выбора конкретного объекта из предложенного множества:
например, выбор квадрата среди треугольников.
Регрессия. Для определения возраста по фотографии, составления
прогноза биржевых курсов, оценки стоимости имущества и других задач,
требующих получения в результате обработки конкретного числа.
Прогнозирования временных рядов. Для составления долгосрочных
прогнозов на основе динамического временного ряда значений. Например,
нейросети применяются для предсказания цен, физических явлений, объема потребления и других показателей. По сути, даже работу автопилота
Tesla можно отнести к процессу прогнозирования временных рядов.
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Кластеризация. Для изучения и сортировки большого объема неразмеченных данных в условиях, когда неизвестно количество классов на выходе, то есть для объединения данных по признакам. Например, кластеризация применяется для выявления классов картинок и сегментации клиентов.
Генерация. Для автоматизированного создания контента или его
трансформации. Генерация с помощью нейросетей применяется для создания уникальных текстов, аудиофайлов, видео, раскрашивания черно-белых
фильмов и даже изменения окружающей среды на фото.
Exercise 11. Find the information about the new technology trends in the
field of your studying. Present it to your group mates. While listening to them,
fill in the table.
Technology/ The
Practical application Interesting facts
trend
origin/coun of the trend
try of the
trend
Exercise 12. Do the crossword.
1. The hundredth part, indicated by the sign "%" used to indicate the proportion of something relative to the whole.
2. The ratio between the achieved result and the resources used is this process.
3. The definition of the process of joint activity of people or organizations
to achieve common goals.
4. A new material with unique properties created on the basis of nanotechnologies.
5. Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic, infrared or ultrasonic waves.
6. A colorless, odorless, non-combustible gas.
7. An industry where recycled materials are used to produce a new product.
8. An automatic device designed to carry out various kinds of mechanical
monotonous operations.
9. The ability to do something as a result of acquired knowledge or experience.
10. A rotating device to convert the energy of the environment into useful work.
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11. Something new providing better results.
12. A device designed to replenish the lost functions due to the external
frame.
13. One of the most popular search systems.
14. The name of complex devices, mechanisms or systems (household, industrial).
15. A place where all kinds of plants are grown.
7
1
5
2
13
9
12
15
6
4
11
14
3
8
10
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know the distinction between the words technique and technology.
󠆲 I know that engineering is a well-organized process of designing and
making tools and systems.
122
󠆲 I know the top some business trends in 2020.
󠆲 I know 3D printing is one of the most exciting, and business changing
technologies.
󠆲 I know how machines are taking over many tasks.
󠆲 I know ….
󠆲 I can identify nanomaterials.
󠆲 I can give the definition of a technological breakthrough.
󠆲 I can identify nanomaterials as a key enabling technology.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand how the words Science, Engineering and Technology are
connected with each other.
󠆲 I understand that many of modern trends have been predicted.
Key Words
Distinction, technique, requirement, novel, accomplishment, to embed, input, outcome, to refer, dissemination, consequence, breakthrough, commodity,
enterprise, to incorporate, nimble, to exploit natural phenomenon, cluster, detailed knowledge, global, technological system, cost-effectiveness, artificial intelligence.
Section II
Examples of Modern Technologies
Exercise 1. Before starting the section, tell what countries are the most
promising in making technological breakthroughs. Give your arguments.
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Foreseeable, to account, emission, refining industry, to capture, boost, to
release, greenhouse, to crank, business opportunity, collaboration, to implement,
carbon dioxide, efficiency.
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Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Per cent, massive, pilot, petroleum industry, technology, natural gas, standard, greenhouse-gas emission, initial testing, turbine, to recycle, artificial intelligence (AI), Amazon, Google, Microsoft, etc.
Exercise 4. Read the following texts and answer the questions.
Text A
Promising Technology in Cutting Carbon Emission
The modern world is fixed with natural gas as one of the primary sources
of electricity for the foreseeable future. Being cheap and available, natural gas
accounts for more than 30 per cent of the US electricity and 22 per cent of the
world electricity. Although it’s cleaner than coal, it’s a massive source of carbon
emissions.
A pilot power plant near Houston, the heart of the US petroleum and refining industry, is testing a technology that could make clean energy from natural
gas a reality. This company believes it can generate power at least as cheaply as
standard natural-gas plants and freely capture carbon dioxide released by burning
natural gas, avoiding greenhouse-gas emissions during this process – and it is a
breakthrough. Such natural-gas plants could be cranked up and down on demand,
avoiding the high capital costs of nuclear power.
Net Power is a collaboration between technology development and energy
construction of foreign companies. They have already begun initial testing. The
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plant puts the carbon dioxide released from burning natural gas under high pressure and heat, using the resulting supercritical CO2 as the “working fluid” that
drives a specially built turbine. Much of the carbon dioxide can be continuously
recycled; the rest can be captured cheaply.
Net Power expects the growing demand for carbon dioxide in cement manufacturing and making plastics and other carbon-based materials. Net Power
technology won’t solve all the problems with natural gas, in the case of extraction, but its application can be made much cleaner. This technology is considered
to be one of the most promising in cutting carbon emission.
Questions
1. What is considered to be one of the primary sources of electricity for the
foreseeable future in the world?
2. Why is natural gas in demand while generating electricity?
3. What emissions should be avoided in the process of generating electricity in case of burning natural gas?
4. What breakthrough can this technology result in?
5. How can you characterize a foreign Net Power technology?
Text B
AI for Everybody
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is dominated by a relatively few big
companies (such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft, etc.). For many other companies and parts of the economy AI systems are very expensive but they could give
the economy a boost. At present cloud-based AI is making the technology
cheaper and easier to be used – and this is a breakthrough.
Nowadays AI is chiefly used in the tech industry, where it has created efficiencies and produced new products and services. But many other businesses and
industries have struggled to take advantage of the advances in artificial intelligence. Such sectors as medicine, manufacturing, and energy could also be transformed if they were able to implement this technology more fully, with a huge
boost to economic productivity.
It is not still clear which of these companies will become the leader in offering AI cloud services. Up till now most companies don’t have enough people
who know how to use cloud AI. When the cloud puts the technology within the
reach of almost everyone, the real AI revolution can begin. It is a huge business
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opportunity for the winners. These products will be essential if the AI revolution
is going to spread more broadly through different parts of the economy.
Questions
1. What is an AI technology?
2. What breakthrough is there in case of an AI technology?
3. Such sectors as medicine, manufacturing, and energy can’t be transformed if they were able to implement this technology?
4. Why have businesses and industries struggled to take advantage of the
advances in artificial intelligence?
5. When can the real AI revolution begin?
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Natural gas is
a) technology development and energy construction of foreign companies.
2. Breakthrough technology being b) in cement manufacturing and maktested near Houston
ing plastics.
3. Net Power is a collaboration be- c) a massive source of carbon emistween
sions.
4. The growing demand for carbon di- d) that could make clean energy from
oxide is expected
natural gas a reality.
5. Houston, the heart of the US petro- e) keeps avoiding greenhouse-gas
leum and refining industry, is testing a emissions.
technology
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Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
dominated, expensive, cloud, AI revolution, boost, efficiencies,
artificial, companies, tech industry, opportunity, implemented
1. For many parts of the economy AI systems are very ____and difficult to be
___ fully.
2. AI in the ____ has created ____ and produced new products and services.
3. Nowadays the use of ____intelligence is ____ by very big companies.
4. AI systems could give the economy a _____.
5. Up till now most _____ don’t have enough people who know how to use ___.
6. The real AI ____ is a huge business ____for the winners.
Exercise 7.
Watch the video about "Artificial Intelligence", answer the following questions and ask some questions more.
Questions
1. What is Artificial Intelligence?
2. How can Artificial Intelligence influence your work?
3. When was the term Artificial Intelligence coined?
4. Who coined the term Artificial Intelligence?
5. What can IBM Watson’s type machines do?
Exercise 8. Render the text in English in writing.
Самые важные изобретения XXI века
Автомобили, работающие на водородном топливе, являются одним из самых важных изобретений нового века. Это изобретение является
прекрасной возможностью для борьбы с глобальным потеплением. Эти автомобили работают на топливе, вырабатываемом возобновляемыми ресурсами, и не испускают ничего, кроме водяных паров. Топливо для этих автомобилей получается путем электролиза. Изобретение, как ожидается, резко
сократит сжигание ископаемого топлива в мире.
Генетическая инженерия является манипулированием структурой
ДНК организма с применением биотехнологий. Генетическая инженерия
принесла пользу областям медицины, фармакологии, воспроизводства, технологий и т.д. Улучшенные виды сельскохозяйственных культур, современные лекарства являются некоторыми из заметных достижений, связанных с генетической инженерией.
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Свободная энергия жизненно важна для выживания человека. Люди
живут благодаря разным формам энергии. В прошлом ископаемое топливо
стало основным источником энергии. Развитие технологий позволило нам
использовать альтернативные источники энергии: ветер, геотермическое
тепло, воду и даже солнце.
Искусственный интеллект развивается для установления связей
между человеком и технологиями. В сегодняшнем мире роботы выполняют
приказ человека и отвечают потребностям в соответствии с его пожеланиями.
Нанотехнологии – это манипулирование веществом на атомном, молекулярном и сверхмолекулярном уровне. Изобретение нанотехнологии
позволяет нам превратить сложную технологию в простую, компактную
форму.
Клонирование человека – это создание его генетически идентичных
копий. Клонирование человека было новаторским открытием. С применением этого открытия ученые теперь видят перспективу борьбы с проблемами, угрожающими жизни, такими как сердечный приступ, рак, лечение
или выращивание новых органов, селективный выбор генов у новорожденных и даже заранее устранение болезней у младенцев.
Автоматизация была обнаружена в процессе развития роботов. Автоматизация продвигала обрабатывающую промышленность, содействуя
процессам сборки. Домашняя автоматизация также является частью нашей
повседневной жизни, как централизованное отопление, охлаждение, безопасные замки для дверей и ворот. Автоматизация упростила работу людей
и может принести большую пользу человечеству.
Робототехника – это отрасль науки, изучающая работу машины по
собственному программированному интеллекту и мыслям, искусственно
имплантированным в ней и выполняет автоматические функции. Роботы
используются в сферах обрабатывающей промышленности, обороны,
услуг, в разведке и в мерах безопасности. Разница между роботами и
людьми размывается быстрыми темпами, поскольку роботы дальше развиваются и совершенствуются.
Гиперзвуковой транспорт. Ученые приложили много времени и сил
для достижения эффективности времени. Они разработали технологии,
обеспечивающие наименьшее потребление времени с большей производительностью. Гиперзвуковой транспорт является одним из величайших
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изобретений этого века в направлении к эффективности. Гиперзвуковой
транспорт дал возможность подвижности с невообразимыми темпами. Сейчас транспортные средства способны покрывать большие расстояния со
скоростью в 4 раза быстрее, чем звук.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know natural gas is cleaner than coal, but it is a massive source of
carbon emissions.
󠆲 I know the modern world is fixed with natural gas as one of the primary sources of electricity.
󠆲 I know AI is used chiefly in the tech industry nowadays.
󠆲 I know what breakthrough is in case of an AI technology.
󠆲 I know natural gas accounts for more than 22 per cent of the world
electricity.
󠆲 I know …
󠆲 I can characterize a foreign Net Power technology.
󠆲 I can offer AI cloud services to become the leader of new products and
services.
󠆲 I can tell when the real AI revolution will begin.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand why natural gas is in demand.
󠆲 I understand what an AI technology is.
Key Words
Foreseeable, to account, emission, refining industry, to capture, boost, to
release, greenhouse, to crank, collaboration, to implement, efficiency, per cent,
carbon dioxide, petroleum industry, technology, greenhouse-gas emission, initial
testing, to recycle, artificial intelligence (AI), business opportunity, etc.
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Section III
Robotics
Exercise 1. Before starting the section, give some information about robots and robotics as a branch of engineering. Do you know the origin of the
word “robot”?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and meaning of the
words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Computer science, to resemble, appearance, sensory feedback, to substitute,
to replicate, to survive, dangerous environment, significant, scholar, to overlap, to
mimic, frame, caterpillar track, tracker tread, autonomously, remote control.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Deactivation, mechanical construction, bomb, electronic engineering, information engineering, human-like fashion, domestic, creator’s solution, electrical aspect, to originate from a battery, robotic program, preexisting, hybrid.
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions.
Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that deals with mechanical
engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science,
etc. It deals both with the design, construction, operation and use of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.
These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for
humans and replicate human actions. Some robots are made to resemble humans
in appearance. Robots can be used in many situations and for a variety of purposes. In our days they are used in dangerous environments, e.g. bomb detection
or deactivation, some manufacturing processes or where humans cannot survive
(e.g. in high heat, underwater space).
The idea to create machines that can operate autonomously goes back to
classical times but a significant progress in developing robots took place at the
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end of the 20th century. Numerous scholars, inventors, engineers and technicians
are of the opinion that robots will be able to mimic human behavior and manage
tasks in a human–like fashion.
Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue. This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering. Researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes – domestic, commercial or military. Robotics is used in STEM (science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics) as a teaching instrument.
The word robot came from the Slavic word robota, which means work or
labor.
There are different types of robots. They are used in various environments
and have different application. But they have three basic similarities in connection with their construction.
1. All robots have some kind of a mechanical construction, a frame, form,
or shape designed to achieve a particular task. For example, a robot designed to
travel across heavy dirt or mud, might use caterpillar tracks. The mechanical aspect is chiefly the creator’s solution to completing the assigned task and dealing
with the physics of the environment around it. Form follows function.
2. Robots have electrical components which power and control the machinery. For example, the robot with caterpillar tracks would need some kind of
power to move the tracker treads. The electrical aspect of robots is used for movement (through motors), sensing (where electrical signals are used to measure
things like heat, sound, position, and energy status) and operation (robots need
some level of electrical energy supplied to their motors and sensors in order to
activate and perform basic operations.
3. All robots contain some level of computer programming code. A program is how a robot decides when or how to do something. Programs are the core
essence of a robot, it could have excellent mechanical and electrical construction,
but if its program is poorly constructed its performance will be very poor. There
are three different types of robotic programs: remote control, artificial intelligence and hybrid. A robot with remote control programing has a preexisting set
of commands that it will only perform if and when it receives a signal from a
control source, typically a human being with a remote control.
Robots that use artificial intelligence interact with their environment on
their own without a control source, and can determine reactions to objects and
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problems they encounter using their preexisting programming. Hybrid is a form
of programming that incorporates both AI and RC functions.
Questions
1. What does robotics deal with?
2. What operations can robots perform?
3. Where do we use robotics?
4. What branches of engineering does robotics overlap?
5. What types of robots do you know?
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Robots have three basic similarities a) designed to achieve a particular
task.
2. There are three different types of
b) which power and control the marobotic programs:
chinery.
3. All robots have some mechanical
c) that incorporates both AI and RC
construction, a frame, form, or shape functions.
4. Robots have electrical components d) remote control, artificial intelligence and hybrid.
5. All robots contain some level of
e) in connection with their construction.
6. Hybrid is a form of programming
f) computer programming code.
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the suitable words in brackets.
More and more robots are designed for specific tasks and the method of
their ____ becomes more or less relevant [classification, identification]. For example, many robots are designed for ____work, which may not be readily adaptable for other applications [gathering, assembly]. They are termed as "assembly
____" [robots, robotics]. For seam ____, some suppliers provide complete welding systems with the robot i.e. the welding equipment along with other material
handling facilities like turntables, etc. as an integrated unit [linking, welding].
Such a(n) ____robotic system is called a "welding robot" even though its discrete
manipulator unit could be adapted to a variety of tasks [integrated, unified].
Some robots are specifically designed for heavy load ____, and are labelled as
"heavy duty robots" [assimilation, manipulation].
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Exercise 7. Render the text in English in writing.
Роботы Boston Dynamics
Инженеры компании Boston Dynamics не раз радовали любителей роботов своими новыми изобретениями. Не
так давно компания выпустила ролик, в
котором представила двухколесного робота, способного перемещаться на батарейках на 24 километра, развивать максимальную скорость 15 километров в час, а также совершать прыжки до
122 сантиметров в высоту.
Следующий робот был выпущен несколько позже, и им оказался робопес, который сразу же покорил сеть. Робот является продвинутой моделью
Spot Mini, которую разработчики презентовали в 2016 году. Тогда робота прозвали «жирафом» из-за длинной шеи-манипулятора, с помощью которой он
мог выполнять разные действия, например, приносить хозяину вещи. Своими
движениями он многим напомнил собаку или героя из мультиков Pixar.
Однако компания решила не останавливаться на одной новинке, и выпустила ролик на ютуб, в котором показала, как робот их производства выполняет сальто назад. Стоит сказать, что движения гуманоида захватывают:
они очень точные, но в тоже время плавные и «человеческие».
Exercise 8. Do the crossword.
1. A set of principles and their application in harnessing resources efficiently to achieve organizational goals.
2. A process to discover new knowledge.
3. The use of marketing and advertising to make people interested in something.
4. Sudden discoveries that have a major impact on follow-up scientific research.
5. A way, technique, or process of or for doing something.
6. The information about a subject that you get by experience or by study.
7. The abilities, coming from one's knowledge, practice, aptitude, etc., to
do something well.
8. A programmable machine capable of carrying out series of actions automatically.
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9. Systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through
observation and experimentation.
10. The collection of techniques, methods, skills and processes used in the
production of goods or services.
11. A well-organized process and systems of designing and making tools usually based on science to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means.
12. A way or method of carrying out a particular task.
4
6
1
3
11
7
13
9
5
2
8
14
12
10
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know the word robot comes from the Slavic word robota, which means
work or labor.
󠆲 I know all robots have some kind of a mechanical construction, a frame,
form, or shape designed to achieve a particular task.
󠆲 I know that significant progress in developing robots took place at the
end of the 20th century.
󠆲 I know robots can be used in many situations and for a variety of purposes.
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󠆲 I know there are three different types of robotic programs: remote control, artificial intelligence and hybrid.
󠆲 I know …
󠆲 I can tell what robotics deals with.
󠆲 I can define some characteristics of robots.
󠆲 I can prove that programs are the core essence of a robot.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand what STEM is.
󠆲 I understand that robots can substitute for humans and replicate human
actions.
Key Words
Computer science, to resemble, appearance, sensory feedback, to substitute, to replicate, to survive, dangerous environment, significant, scholar, to overlap, to mimic, frame, caterpillar track, tracker tread, remote control, deactivation,
autonomously, human-like fashion, domestic, creator’s solution, to originate
from a battery, robotic program, preexisting, hybrid.
Unit VIII
Environmental Protection
Section I
Our Planet is in Danger
Exercise 1. Before starting the section, try to explain the idea of Environmental Protection and urgent steps we can take to improve the situation.
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and meaning of the
words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Influx, shellfish, depletion, vulnerable, spill, notorious, soil, to run off, to
dump, to recoup, to deprive, shelter, nutrients, sustainable, cloth, scarce, fertilizer, awareness, shortage of resources, acid rain, crucial environmental problem.
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Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Humans, global warming, air pollution, melting of polar ice caps, genetic
engineering, pesticides and insecticides, emission of Greenhouse gases, renewable sources of energy, intensive agriculture, allergic, biogas, deforestation, geothermal, toxins, plankton, biotechnology, target plant.
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions.
Environmental Problems our Planet Faces
Our environment is constantly changing. With a massive influx of natural
disasters, warming and cooling periods, different types of weather patterns, etc.
people need to be aware of what types of environmental problems our planet is
facing.
Global warming has become an undisputed fact about our real life.
The planet is warming up and we are definitely a part of the problem. However,
this isn’t the only environmental problem that we should be concerned about.
Current environmental problems make us vulnerable to disasters and tragedies,
now and in the future. There are some problems which require urgent attention.
Pollution. Pollution of air, water and soil requires millions of years to recoup. Industry and motor vehicle exhaust is the No.1 pollutants. Heavy metals,
nitrates and plastics are toxins responsible for pollution. While water pollution is
caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban runoff; air pollution is caused by various gases
and toxins released by industries and factories and combustion of fossil fuels; soil
pollution is mainly caused by industrial waste that deprives soil from essential
nutrients.
Global Warming. Climate changes like global warming is the result of human practices like emission of Greenhouse gases. Global warming leads to rising
temperatures of the oceans and the Earth’s surface causing melting of polar ice
caps and rise in the sea levels.
Overpopulation. The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable
levels as it faces shortage of resources like water, fuel and food. Population explosion in less developed and developing countries is straining the already scarce
resources. Intensive agriculture, practiced to produce food damages the environment through the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. Overpopulation is one of the crucial current environmental problems.
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Natural Resource Depletion. Natural resource depletion is the other crucial current environmental problem. Fossil fuel consumption results in emission
of Greenhouse gases, which is responsible for global warming and climate
change. Nowadays people are taking efforts to shift to renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, biogas and geothermal energy.
Waste Disposal. The overconsumption of resources and creation of plastics
are creating a global crisis of waste disposal. Developed countries are notorious
for producing an excessive amount of waste or garbage and dumping their waste
in the oceans. Nuclear waste disposal has tremendous health hazards associated
with it. Waste disposal is one of the urgent current environmental problems.
Climate Change. Climate change is the following environmental problem
that has surfaced in the last decades. It occurs due to rise in global warming which
occurs due to the increase in temperature of atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels
and release of harmful gases by industries. Climate change has various harmful
effects to melting of polar ice, change in seasons, occurrence of new diseases,
frequent occurrence of floods and change in overall weather.
Deforestation. Our forests are natural sinks of carbon dioxide, they produce fresh oxygen as well as help in regulating temperature and rainfall. At present forests cover 30% of the land but every year tree cover is lost to the country
of Panama due to growing population demand for more food, shelter and cloth.
Deforestation simply means clearing of green cover and makes that land available
for residential, industrial or commercial purposes.
Ocean Acidification. It is a direct impact of excessive production of CO2.
25% of CO2 is produced by humans. The ocean acidity has increased by the last
250 years but by 2100, it may shoot up by 150%. The main impact is on shellfish and plankton in the same way as human osteoporosis.
Genetic Engineering. Genetic modification of food using biotechnology is
called genetic engineering. Genetic modification of food results in increased toxins and diseases as genes from an allergic plant can transfer to target plant. Genetically modified crops can cause serious environmental problems. The other
drawback is that the increased use of toxins to make insect resistant plants can
cause resultant organisms to become resistant to antibiotics.
If humans continue moving forward in such a harmful way towards the
future, there will be no future to consider. Although it’s true that we cannot physically stop our ozone layer from thinning, there are still so many things we can
do to improve the situation. By raising awareness in our society and within our
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families about these issues, we can help contribute to a more environmentally
conscious and friendly place for us to live.
Questions
1. Why has global warming become an undisputed fact about our real
life?
2. What problems require urgent steps?
3. Why does deforestation take place?
4. What does ocean acidification mean?
5. How is genetic modification of food based on biotechnology called?
6. What can humans stop?
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Ocean acidification is a direct
a) is created by the overconsumption
of resources and creation of plastics.
2. Deforestation means clearing of
b) to shift to different renewable
green cover to
sources of energy.
3. A global crisis of waste disposal
c) impact of excessive production of
CO2.
4. If people continue moving forward d) make the land available for differin a harmful way towards the future, ent purposes.
5. At present people are taking efforts e) there will be no future to consider.
Exercise 6. Prove or correct the following with the facts from the text.
1. People needn’t be aware of what types of environmental problems our
planet is facing.
2. The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces
losses of such resources as water, fuel and food.
3. At present lawns cover 30% of the land.
4. The increased use of toxins can cause some organisms to become resistant to antibiotics.
5. Climate changes have no harmful effects to melting of polar ice, changes
in seasons, occurrences of new diseases, floods and changes in the overall
weather.
6. Nuclear waste disposal has no health hazards associated with it.
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Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
destruction
activity
to perfect
crucial
marine
threatens
decimating
extinction
global
Human … is leading to the … of species and habitats and loss of bio-diversity. Eco systems, which took millions of years …, are in danger when any population of species is .... Balance of natural processes like pollination is … to the
survival of the eco-system and human activity itself. Another example is the …
of the coral reefs which support the rich … life in various oceans.
Exercise 8.
Watch the video about "The climate change" answer
the following questions and ask some questions more.
Questions
1) What is a greenhouse effect?
2) What is the main manmade source of CO2 emission?
3) How can climate changes affect the life of the planet?
4) What is the main source of fresh water?
5) How can people influence global warming?
Exercise 9. Render the text in English in writing.
Леса для человека выполняют многие полезные функции: от возможности получать древесину, орехи, грибы, ягоды, лекарственные растения,
мясо и мех диких животных – до природоохранных функций и пополнения
атмосферного воздуха кислородом. Поэтому с точки зрения охраны природы и рационального природопользования все леса делятся на три группы.
В первую группу включены леса, в которых рубка деревьев строго запрещена, во второй группе рубки ограничены, и лишь леса третьей группы
являются эксплуатационными, в них ведутся основные лесозаготовки. Леса
третьей группы в Приморье занимают около 60% лесопокрытой площади,
а леса, где возможны рубки – около 75%.
Чтобы можно было непрерывно использовать лесные ресурсы, специалисты рассчитывают правила и нормы ежегодной вырубки. Для Приморского края эта норма составляет около 10 млн. м3 в год. В действительности
в некоторых районах вырубается намного больше рациональных норм, а в
труднодоступных районах лес может не вырубаться вообще.
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Леса в Приморье – это целая кладовая самых ценных продуктов, так
называемых не древесных ресурсов леса. Это и кедровые орехи, и разнообразные ягоды – лимонник, виноград, голубика, калина, рябина, грибы, папоротник, лекарственные растения, среди которых знаменитый женьшень.
Exercise 10. Say what you think about the following:
1. Pollution and Global Warming.
2. Waste Disposal and Climate Change.
3. Overpopulation and Deforestation.
4. Ocean Acidification and Natural Resource Depletion.
Exercise 11. Make a list of measures helping to solve environmental
problems our planet is facing.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list.
󠆲 I know that our environment is constantly changing.
󠆲 I know industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the No.1 pollutants.
󠆲 I know the result of human practices is the emission of Greenhouse
gases.
󠆲 I know the population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels.
󠆲 I know fossil fuel consumption results in emission of Greenhouse gases.
󠆲 I know …
󠆲 I can find the answer to the problem of global warming.
󠆲 I can give arguments in favor of shifting to such renewable sources of
energy as solar, wind, biogas and geothermal energy.
󠆲 I can do so many things to improve the environmental situation.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand climate changes have various harmful effects to melting of
polar ice, changes in seasons and occurrences of new diseases.
󠆲 I understand that global warming has become an undisputed fact about
reality.
Key Words
Influx, shellfish, depletion, vulnerable, spill, notorious, soil, run off, to dump,
to recoup, to deprive, shelter, nutrients, sustainable, cloth, scarce, fertilizer, shortage
140
of resources, acid rain, crucial environmental problem, global warming, air pollution, melting of polar ice caps, genetic engineering, pesticides and insecticides, renewable sources of energy, deforestation, plankton, target plant.
Section II
Environmental Protection
and Management of Natural Resources
Exercise 1. Before starting the section give some facts about the documents
concerning environmental protection. Are there any international documents?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words.
World Charter for Nature, direct drivers, to engage, evident, to meet one’s
needs, notably, to regard, rainforest.
Exercise 3. Read the text and answer the questions.
Environmental Protection and Management of Natural Resources
In 1982 the UN developed the World Charter for Nature in which the need
to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity was recognized.
The document states the measures needed to be taken at all societal levels, from
international right down to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for
sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources
should be incorporated into the law system at the federal and international levels.
The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. In recent
years, the depletion of natural resources has become a major focus of governments and such organizations as the United Nations (UN). The depletion of natural resources is considered to be a sustainable development issue.
The term sustainable development has many interpretations, most notably
‘to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs’. However, in broad terms it is
balancing the needs of the planet’s people and species now and in the future.
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At present there is a particular concern for rainforest regions which hold
most of the Earth's biodiversity. According to statistics deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the world’s forests with 30% of the Earth’s surface already
cropped. If we consider that 80% of people rely on medicines obtained from
plants and ¾ of the world’s prescription medicines have ingredients taken from
plants, the loss of the world’s rainforests could result in a loss of finding more
potential lifesaving medicines.
The depletion of natural resources is caused by such ‘direct drivers of
change’ as Mining, petroleum extraction, fishing and forestry as well as such
‘indirect drivers of change’ as demography, economy, society, politics and technology. The current practice of Agriculture is another factor causing depletion of
natural resources; for example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive uses of nitrogen and desertification. The depletion of natural resources is a
continuing concern for society.
Natural resource management focuses on the management problem in such
natural resources as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular emphasis on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future
generations.
Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to
use the resources and defines the boundaries of the resource. The resources are
managed by the users according to the rules governing of when and how the resource is used depending on the local conditions.
A successful management of natural resources should engage the community. The users have the rights to device their own management institutions and
plans under the recognition of the government. The right for resources includes
land, water, fisheries and pastoral rights. The users or parties accountable to the
users have to actively monitor and ensure the utilization of the resource compliance with the rules and to impose penalty on those people who violate the rules.
Questions
1. When was the World Charter for Nature developed by the UN?
2. What is the fundamental problem concerning nature at present?
3. What interpretations does the term sustainable development have?
4. What does natural resource management focus on?
5. How are the resources managed by the users?
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Exercise 4. Choose the best answer.
1. The term sustainable development has many … .
a) readings
b) analysis
c) interpretations
d) senses
2. Depletion has the ability to degrade … and potential to impact the needs
of generations.
a) environment
b) county
c) region
d) agenda
3. Rainforest … hold most of the Earth's biodiversity.
a) sections
b) geosystems
c) ecosystems
d) regions
4. One of the terms of “sustainable” is balancing the needs of the … and
species now and in the future.
a) planet’s societies
b) planet’s species
c) planet’s people
d) classes
5. Deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the world’s ...
a) resources
b) forests
c) requirements
d) needs
6. The necessary steps should be taken by the countries to … their natural
resources.
a) sustain
b) withstand
c) save
d) ensure
7. About 30% of the Earth’s … has already been cropped.
a) natural resources
b) territory
c) surface
d) rewards
8. Plenty of the world’s prescription medicines have ingredients taken from
a) prescriptions
b) species
c) sustainable development
d) plants
9. The … of natural resources is caused by such ‘indirect drivers of change’
as demography, economy, society, politics and technology.
a) depletion
b) restoration
c) increase
d) development
10. The need for sustainable use of natural resources is outlined in the
World Charter for ...
a) flora and fauna
b) nature
c) wild life
d) demography
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11. Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right
to use the resources and defines the … of the resource.
a) boundaries
b) margins
c) levels
d) depletion
12. The users have to monitor and ensure the utilization of the resource
compliance with the rules and to … on those peoples who violate the rules.
a) force
b) rely
c) impose penalty
d) depend
13. The … of resources includes land, water, fisheries and pastoral rights.
a) truth
b) availability
c) amount
d) right
14. How the resource is used depends on local ...
a) conditions
b) situations
c) warehouse
d) deposits
15. The resources are … by the users according to the governing rules.
a) accomplished
b) managed
c) regarded
d) followed
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. At present there is a particular con- a) as mining, petroleum extraction,
cern for
fishing and forestry.
2. The need to protect nature from fur- b) should be taken at all societal levther depletion due to human activity els.
3. The depletion of natural resources c) rainforest regions.
is caused by such ‘direct drivers of
change’
4. To protect nature the measures be- d) land, water, soil, plants and aniginning from international right down mals.
to individual
5. Natural resource management fo- e) became evident many years ago.
cuses on the management problem in
such natural resources as
6. The right of resources includes
f) of when and how the resource is
used depending on local condition.
7. The resources are managed by the g) land, water, fisheries and pastoral
users according to the rules governing rights.
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Exercise 6. Render the text in English in writing.
Ничто не влияет на состояние природы, и никакие стихийные бедствия не оказывают более серьезного и долговременного эффекта на окружающую среду как деятельность человека. Выбросы токсичных отходов
отравляют воду, воздух и почву и приводят к гибели целых экосистем. Вырубка леса и браконьерство ведут к вымиранию многих видов животных.
Ситуация ухудшается по мере развития технологий.
Охрана окружающей среды не была приоритетом вплоть до середины
ХХ века, когда была создана новая всемирная организация по защите окружающей среды (ЮНЕП) и был учрежден особый праздник – Всемирный
день окружающей среды, который отмечается каждый год 5 июля и проходит под эгидой ЮНЕП. Цель этого праздника – напомнить каждому жителю Земли о том, что планета – наш общий дом и ее состояние зависит от
действий каждого из нас.
Штаб-квартира ЮНЕП находится в Найроби, Кении. Также у этой организации есть региональные офисы в различных странах.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list
󠆲 I know some documents in which the need to protect nature from further
depletion because of human activity is recognized.
󠆲 I know the term sustainable development has many interpretations.
󠆲 I know the depletion of natural resources is caused by such ‘direct drivers
of change’ as Mining, petroleum extraction, fishing and forestry.
󠆲 I know the resources are managed by the users according to the rules of
local conditions.
󠆲 I know the users have the rights to device their own activity under the
recognition of the government.
󠆲 I know …
󠆲 I can say that according to statistics deforestation and degradation affect
8.5% of the world’s forests.
󠆲 I can monitor and ensure the utilization of the resource compliance with
the rules and impose penalty on those people who violate the rules.
󠆲 I can say how management affects the quality of life for future generations.
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󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand the boundaries of the resources on the Earth.
󠆲 I understand a successful management of natural resources should engage the community.
Key Words
World Charter for Nature, direct drivers, to engage, evident, to meet one’s
needs, notably, to regard, rainforest, compliance, pastoral, to impose penalty, particular concern for
Section III
Technosphere Safety
Exercise 1. Before starting this section, answer the following questions:
How can technosphere effect human life, flora and fauna? What professional
skills should a specialist with a concentration on technosphere possess?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going
to read:
a) work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of
the words;
b) practice pronouncing the words;
c) make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Adversely, hazard, to withstand, preventive measures, resource-saving, assessment, aftermaths, to challenge, disaster, to adopt, approach, to contaminate,
option, derelict land.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult
the dictionary.
Factor, flora, fauna, administration, technologies, engineering problems,
professionals, active, social, international standard, metallurgy, machinery, industries, economic, concentration, energy, management, basic method, public.
Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word
combinations.
Technospheric hazard, criterion (criteria), skill, resource-saving, production process, environmental consequences, natural disaster, technical means, vital
safety, technological solutions, to carry out calculations, sustainability.
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Exercise 5. Read the text and answer the questions.
Human environment – technosphere – is full of harmful factors adversely
affecting human life, natural environment, its flora and fauna.
Technospheric hazards derive from industrial facilities and technologies,
dangers, natural disasters and dangers from technical means and devices used by
man in his everyday life. Man would be able to withstand technospheric hazards only in case of active preventive measures instead of cleaning – up the aftermaths of hazardous impacts on the environment. This is a great challenge to
professionals – specialists in vital safety in technosphere.
Professional skills of a specialist with a concentration on technospheric safety
are aimed to:
• acquire skills and ability to predict the social, economic and environmental consequences of the decisions of complex engineering problems, evaluate the
problems associated with the economic activity of man in nature, based on different sources of information to determine the measures to protect the environment, apply the methods and means of energy – and resource-saving technologies
for environmental management and protection of the environment during the production process;
• know and be able to apply the criteria, domestic and international standards and norms in the field of life safety; own methods of assessment of the main
resource-saving and environmental technologies and to use it for the environmental protection, have basic methods of protection of industrial workers from
the consequences of accidents, disasters and natural disasters;
• adopt technological solutions to be used without waste and resource-saving technologies in metallurgy, machinery and other industries, to carry out calculations of emissions and assessment of the environmental status by the existing
and projected technological processes and equipment, use standard approaches
to ensure the safety of life and environmental sustainability; apply the legal and
technical standards for security life management.
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Career options:
• service and supervisors in the field of environmental protection and
safety of technosphere. Project organization of systems and devices of protection
of the environment from the sources of negative impacts;
• organizations engaged in the administration of health, environment and
safety;
• engineering services to ensure environmental security and environmental
management in enterprises of any form of ownership in various industries;
• research and development organizations engaged in the development of
new methods for the protection of the environment, rehabilitation of contaminated and derelict lands;
• organization for the operation and maintenance of systems, equipment
and devices protecting the environment from the adverse of man-made effects,
industrial enterprises of various sectors of the economy.
Questions
1. Where do technospheric hazards derive from?
2. What are professional skills of a specialist with a concentration on
technospheric safety?
3. Enumerate career options of such a specialist.
Exercise 6. Prove or correct the following with the facts from the text.
1. Professional skills of a specialist with a concentration on technospheric
safety acquire the ability to predict the social, economic and environmental consequences of engineering problems.
2. To adopt technological solutions to be used without waste and resourcesaving technologies in metallurgy, machinery and other industries aren’t professional responsibilities of a specialist.
3. To use standard approaches to ensure the safety of life and environmental
sustainability is very important for this specialty.
4. Specialists with a concentration on technospheric safety should apply the
legal and technical standards for life security management.
5. Technospheric hazards derive from domestic facilities and dangers from
devices used by man in his day-to-day life.
6. Man would be able to withstand technospheric hazards in case of preventive measures.
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Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
criteria
environmental
options
protection
standards
approaches
contaminated
impacts
1. Career … of a specialist concentrate on project organization and devices
to protect the environment from different sources of negative … .
2. Carrying out calculations of emissions and assessment of the … status
by the existing and projected technological processes and equipment are very
important for a specialist.
3. A specialist should know and be able to apply …, domestic and international norms and … in the field of life safety.
4. A specialist should use standard … to ensure the safety of life and …
sustainability.
5. The sphere of activities cover research and development organizations
engaged in the development of new methods for the … of the environment.
6. Rehabilitation of … and derelict lands concern professional responsibilities of a specialist.
Exercise 8. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Professionals in this sphere are
a) only in case of active preventive
measures.
2. Human environment is full of harm- b) are aimed to determine the
ful factors adversely affecting
measures to protect the environment.
3. The problems associated with the c) use standard approaches to ensure
economic activity of man in nature,
the safety of life and environmental
sustainability.
4.Man would be able to withstand d) specialists in vital safety in technotechnosphere hazards
sphere.
5. Professional skills of such a special- e) human life, natural environment, its
ist are aimed to
flora and fauna.
Exercise 9. List career options of a specialist in the sphere of Technosphere safety.
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Exercise 10. Render the text in English in writing.
Функциональные обязанности специалиста по техносферной безопасности зависят от отрасли, в которой он работает и занимаемой должности.
Общие для всех сфер деятельности виды работ это:
1) выявление возможных источников опасностей и определение
их уровня на производстве;
2) определение зон, в которых техногенный риск повышен;
3) разработка требований по технике безопасности, средств спасения
и организационных мероприятий в инвестиционных проектах;
4) регулярное проведение инструктажа по технике безопасности
среди сотрудников производства;
5) проведение контроля за состоянием средств защиты и выполнением работниками требований техники безопасности;
6) проведение экологической экспертизы и контроль за рациональным использованием природных ресурсов.
В современном мире данная профессия важна и в связи с этим высоко
востребована. Ни один проект не может быть эффективно реализован без
оценки вредных и опасных производственных факторов. Это стабильная и
престижная работа.
Однако к негативным характеристикам можно отнести возможные
опасности для здоровья и жизни в процессе работы.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this section. Tick (✔) the statements, which are
true, continue the list
󠆲 I know professional skills of a specialist with a concentration on Technospheric safety.
󠆲 I know career options of such a specialist.
󠆲 I know the conservation of natural resources is a fundamental problem.
󠆲 I know where technospheric hazards are derived from.
󠆲 I know the sphere of activity of the Technosphere safety.
󠆲 I know …
󠆲 I can recognize the need to protect nature from further depletion due to
human activity.
󠆲 I can outline the necessary steps to be taken by countries to sustain their
natural resources.
150
󠆲 I can consider that ¾ of the world’s prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants.
󠆲 I can …
󠆲 I understand the term sustainable development.
󠆲 I understand there is a particular concern for rainforest regions which
hold most of the Earth's biodiversity nowadays.
Key Words
World Charter for Nature, direct drivers, to engage, evident, to meet one’s
needs, notably, to regard, rainforest, adversely, hazard, to withstand, preventive
measures, aftermaths, to challenge, to contaminate, option, derelict land, engineering problems, international standard, metallurgy, machinery, industries, economic, concentration, energy, management, basic method, public.
151
READING BANK
Text 1
Measuring Angles
Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. What units should the angles be measured in?
2. How are the angles measured with a protractor?
3. Who decided that angles should be measured in degrees?
4. A regular 'equilateral' triangle has all the angles equal to 60 degrees,
hasn’t it?
5. What angles have more or less than 90 degrees?
Angles are measured in degrees
It was apparently an ancient Greek astronomer who decided that angles
should be measured in units called 'degrees', and that there should be 360 of them
altogether. In other words, if you take a large pie and cut it into 360 equal pieces,
each one would have an angle of one degree at the center. It’s an impossible task,
of course. But if you cut the pie into four equal pieces, each one will be a quarter
of 360 degrees, which are 90.
What's more, if you cut the pie into four, you'll notice that the angle at the
center is like the corner of a square: with two perpendicular sides like this: .
This is what's called a 'right angle', and even if it's not at the center of a pie it
always has 90 degrees as its measurement.
Measuring angles with a protractor
If you want to measure degrees accurately, the easiest way is to use an inexpensive tool called a protractor, which looks something like this:
. You
can buy them at most stationery shops.
If you put the center point of the protractor on the point of an angle, and
the edge along one side, the number around the half circle that matches the position of the other edge of the angle is the number of degrees. Try it first with a
square corner, such as a page of a book, to see that it measures 90 degrees.
A smaller angle will have less than 90 degrees and a larger one will have more,
right up to the maximum possible which is 180 degrees - half of 360 - which is
the 'angle' of a straight line.
The concept of angles, and recognizing approximate measurements of angles, is a useful one that may come up naturally in home education. If it doesn't,
152
you can introduce a protractor casually and show your younger sisters or brothers
how it works. Then suggest they try measuring things. Perhaps they could challenge
your division of a cake or pie, and show that one piece really is bigger than another
is. You could talk with them about how many degrees you would expect each piece
to be, depending on how many you divide it into. If you're dividing into 6, for instance, then you would expect each piece to have a center angle of 60 degrees.
If your sister or brother is intrigued by this idea, you could experiment with
checking the angles of various shapes, and seeing if you can spot patterns or principles. For instance, try making various sizes and shapes of triangles, and measuring the angles. A regular triangle has all three angles the same, and all sides the
same length. But you can make many types of triangles with different angles and
lengths. When you've made several, try adding up the angles of each triangle.
Of course, the measurements won't be exact, but there should be a pattern
which emerges. For instance, a regular 'equilateral' triangle will have all the angles being 60 degrees. Add those together, and the total is 180. Strangely enough,
the same should be true for any triangle you make, no matter how irregular. So
long as a shape has three straight-edge sides, the total of the angles should make
180. Chances are that if you try this, you'll get totals like 178 or 184 because it's
difficult to measure exactly, so it's important to try it several times in order that
your children spot the trend. Alternatively, you could try tearing the corners of a
triangle, and then placing them like this:
to show that they form a
straight line – which is 180 degrees.
When you've experimented with triangles, you could try shapes with four
sides. A square or rectangle has right-angled corners of 90 degrees each, so the
total angles will add up to 360 degrees. What about other four-sided shapes such
as this
or this
?
Text 2
The History of Geometry
Read the text and do the test.
The first geometrical knowledge was originated from the practical needs of
people in ancient times. People measured distances, made straight spears and arrows, compared their length, etc.
Farming and constructing played a very important role in the development
of geometry. People worked out the new rules of comparing figures, calculating
153
some geometrical value and volumes and the rules necessary for the construction
of buildings. These rules appeared in Egypt and a bit later in China and India
approximately in the 12th century B.C. In other words, the age of geometry is not
less than 4 or 5 thousand years. Originally geometry was not a mathematical
science though ancient Egyptians knew some facts of geometry such as the volume of a sphere, the Pythagoras theorem and some others. Geometry as a science
got its further development in ancient Greece in the 7–5 century B.C.
Choose the best answer.
1. The first geometrical knowledge appeared in … .
a) Greece
b) Egypt
c) Japan
2. Geometry was originated from the … .
a) practical needs of people
b) theoretical knowledge
c) interdisciplinary sciences
3. Geometry dates back to the … B.C.
a) 15 century
b) 5 century
c) 12 century
4. The following people’s activities ( … ) played the most important role
in the development of geometry.
a) fishery
b) farming and construction
c) cattle breeding
5. Geometry got its further development in … .
a) Greece
b) Middle Asia
c) Arabic Countries
Text 3
The History of Engineering
Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What progress did engineering get in Asia in the 13th century?
2. What was the basis of Civil Engineering?
3. What scientists made their great contribution to the development of
electronics?
154
The first engineer known by name and achievement is Imhotep, builder of the
Step Pyramid at Saqqara, Egypt, probably in about 2550 BC. Imhotep’s successors –
Egyptian, Persian, Greek, and Roman – carried Civil Engineering to remarkable
heights on the basis of empirical methods aided by arithmetic, geometry, and a
smattering of physical science. The Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria, Solomon’s
Temple in Jerusalem, the Colosseum in Rome, the Persian and Roman road systems, the Pont du Gard aqueduct in France, and many other large structures, some
of which endure to this day, testify to their skill, imagination, and daring.
In construction medieval European engineers carried technique, in the form
of the Gothic arch and flying buttress, to a height unknown to the Romans. The
sketchbook of the 13th-century French engineer Villard de Honnecourt reveals a
wide knowledge of mathematics, geometry, natural and physical science, and
draftsmanship.
In Asia, engineering had a separate but very similar development, with
more and more sophisticated techniques of construction, hydraulics, and metallurgy helping to create advanced civilizations such as the Mongol empire, whose
large, beautiful cities impressed Marco Polo in the 13th century.
Civil Engineering emerged as a separate discipline in the 18th century,
when the first professional societies and schools of engineering were founded.
Civil engineers of the 19th century built structures of all kinds, designed watersupply and sanitation systems, laid out railroad and highway networks, and
planned cities. England and Scotland were the birthplace of Mechanical Engineering, as a derivation of the inventions of the Scottish engineer James Watt and
the textile machinists of the Industrial Revolution. The development of the British machine-tool industry gave tremendous impetus to the study of Mechanical
Engineering both in Britain and abroad.
The growth of knowledge of electricity – from Alessandro Volta’s original
electric cell of 1800 through the experiments of Michael Faraday and others, culminating in 1872 in the Gramme dynamo and electric motor (named after the
Belgian Z.T. Gramme) led to the development of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The electronics aspect became prominent through the work of such
scientists as James Clerk Maxwell of Britain and Heinrich Hertz of Germany in
the late 19th century. Major advances came with the development of the vacuum
tube by Lee De Forest of the United States in the early 20th century and the invention of the transistor in the mid – 20th century. In the late 20th century electrical and electronics engineers outnumbered all others in the world.
155
Text 4
Read the text and answer the questions.
1. How can you characterize the first year of studying in Griffith?
2. What can double degree option(s) combine?
3. What is the advantage of a professional accreditation program?
Engineering Bachelor Programs in Griffith
The Industry Affiliates Program (IAP) is a work-integrated learning program designed to integrate final-year students into the workplace. Griffith’s IAP
program has been running for over 20 years and has placed thousands of students
into industry-based projects where they gain invaluable skills and experience.
Our Bachelor of Information Technology and Bachelor of Engineering
(Honors) have foundation first years, which are designed to allow you to test out
different study areas. You get to choose your major specialization before you
start the second year of your studies. As well as your major, you can choose from
an additional range of minor specializations to create your own, unique skill set.
If you are inspired by great engineering achievements, this degree is for
you. As a part of your core first year, you will develop a strong foundation in
basic science and engineering principles, practice and management. You will
study over a range of engineering areas, to help you decide where your engineering passion lies. You will learn about current industry practices from passionate
academics who are leaders in their fields. Our degree has a strong practical focus
and from your first year provides you with the opportunity to develop work-ready
skills as our teaching focuses on ‘learning by doing’.
From your second year you will study your preferred major and focus more
on your selected area of interest. We maintain strong links with industry, ensuring
our degrees are relevant and you benefit from leading guest lecturers and participation in real engineering projects. In your final year you will take these skills
and work with our industry partners here or overseas to undertake a trimester
long project through our capstone Industry Affiliates Program.
This program offers young people such Majors as Civil Engineering; Electrical and Electronic Engineering; Electronic and Energy Engineering; Electronic
and UAV Engineering; Electronic Engineering; Environmental Engineering;
Mechanical Engineering; Software Engineering. Graduates find employment as:
chief civil engineers; construction engineers; municipal engineers; structural engineers; transport engineers; water supply distribution engineers; project manag156
ers and consulting engineers; UAV pilots; UAV designers; engineers in the aviation and general electronics industries; pilot engineers; senior administrators;
civil and mechanical engineers; computer scientists and various workers in the
business; building and construction industries; software architects; software developers; software engineers; software testers; IT project managers; systems analysts; security specialists; computational scientists; programmers; networking
and communications specialists.
Double degree option(s) combine Engineering (Honors) with: Aviation;
Business; Computer Science; Environmental Science; Industrial Design; Information Technology; Science.
In Australia, professional accreditation of entry to practice engineering programs is the responsibility of Engineers Australia and is normally carried out on
a five-year cycle. Accreditation ensures academic institutions consistently meet
national and international benchmarks. Engineering graduates of an accredited
program are assured membership with Engineers Australia at the relevant career
grade and enjoy reciprocal privileges by equivalent professional bodies overseas.
Countries such as the USA, United Kingdom, Hong Kong (SAR), New Zealand,
Canada, South Africa and others that are co-signatories to international agreements on joint recognition offer international recognition. The Washington Accord, the Sydney Accord, and the Dublin Accord recognize the substantial equivalence of accreditation systems and accredited programs across international
boundaries at the Professional Engineer, Engineering Technologist and Engineering Associate levels respectively.
Text 5
Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What skills can you develop while studying Engineering (Civil Engineering,
Electronic Engineering, Energy Engineering, Electronic and UAV Engineering,
Environmental Engineering, etc.)?
2. What knowledge should you acquire to be engaged into the energy sector?
3. What sphere of engineering would you like to be engaged into?
Bachelor of Engineering (Honors) in Griffith
Majors and Career Opportunities
Civil Engineering
Look around you – much of the physical infrastructure that makes up our
modern society is made possible by civil engineers. Civil engineers provide a
157
major contribution to society by supporting the design and development of essential services, and by managing and improving the built environment. By studying Civil Engineering, you will develop your knowledge in the planning, design
and construction of buildings and infrastructure such as: roads, bridges and highways, rail networks, irrigation, drainage and flood mitigation systems, airports,
water and wastewater treatment plants, port harbors and residential homes.
Civil engineers provide a major contribution to society by supporting the
design and development of essential services, and by managing and improving
the built environment. Demand for Civil Engineering professionals has grown
and is expected to continue to be an area of high demand. You will find employment in jobs such as chief civil engineer, construction engineer, municipal engineer, structural engineer, transport engineer, water supply distribution engineer,
project manager and consulting engineer.
Electronic Engineering
We are surrounded by technologically advanced electronic devices and gadgets that make our modern lifestyle possible. These are all developed by electronic
engineers. In this major you will gain a foundation in electronics, as well as develop
the hardware and software skills needed for the design, development and engineering of the electronic circuits used for many applications. You will learn about computer-based products and essential systems in our society. You will focus on the
development, construction and design of electronic parts and systems - ranging from
everyday items to applications for large corporations and industries.
Our graduates find opportunities in Australia and overseas undertaking the
research, design, development and manufacture of electronic systems. You may
also find work with employers who specialize in computer-based hardware and
software systems. You will be equipped for a career in areas such as communications, including satellite navigation, broadband services and telecommunications, energy production, and transport control systems development. If you specialize in microelectronics you can also look to work in microelectronics design
and fabrication. You will find employment in many multinational companies, as
well as in specialist technology companies.
Electronic and Energy Engineering
The energy sector is one of the fastest growing areas in engineering. Our
future as an advanced society depends upon our ability to produce, store and use
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energy in a sustainable way. In this major, you will acquire the knowledge of an
electronics engineer, while learning to develop high technology systems that generate, store, distribute and use power in a highly efficient way. This will make
you highly employable in the fast-growing energy industry and in any other electronic engineering roles.
The energy sector is a fast-advancing engineering discipline, with huge investments expected in the coming decades. You will be prepared for a career in
areas such as electronics design and fabrication, power transmission, renewable
power generation, solar energy systems, wind energy systems, electric vehicles,
efficient lighting and energy research.
Electronic and UAV Engineering
As Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are rapidly finding application in
many areas, the need for both certified pilots and engineers to design and maintain the vehicles grows. The Electronic and UAV Engineering major offers UAV
flight training and professional pilot license theory. The major will provide a
pathway to being a highly qualified UAV pilot while giving the graduate full
engineering qualifications.
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Graduates will be employable as UAV pilots, UAV designers, and engineers in the Aviation and General Electronics industries. This program is also a
pathway for students wishing to be a pilot engineer but with a private rather than
commercial license.
Electrical engineers design and create devices and equipment that use electrical energy and underpin modern economies, contributing to our quality of life.
Electrical engineers work with equipment ranging from heavy power generators
to tiny computer chips. In this major, you will learn about the fundamentals of
Electrical Engineering and gain knowledge and a range of practical skills. If you
are interested in working with your hands, technical equipment and making
things happen, an Electrical and Electronic Engineering career could be for you.
Electrical and Electronic engineers work with senior administrators, Civil
and Mechanical engineers, computer scientists and various workers in the business, building and construction industries. In this discipline, you'll learn about
the fundamentals of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and gain knowledge
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and technical skills in areas such as communications, power machinery, and digital signal processing. You will develop a range of practical skills and be able to
design, develop, adapt, install, test and maintain electronic components, circuits
and systems used for computer systems, entertainment, transport and other industrial applications.
Electrical devices reach into all aspects of our lives in the form of heating
and cooling, lighting and power, communications and computing, entertainment
and information systems. As a graduate you will be prepared to work in any of
these areas. Electrical and Electronic engineers work with senior administrators,
Civil and Mechanical engineers, computer scientists and various workers in the
business, building and construction industries. The essential nature of an electrical engineers' role places them in the position to influence the development and
application of new and emerging technologies. This includes the fast-growing
energy industry. You could work to incorporate locally generated renewable energy resources into our more conventional supply systems, helping to reduce
costs, save energy and alleviate global warming. Electrical and Electronic engineering is a career for people who want to make a difference.
Environmental Engineering
The wants and needs of a rapidly expanding, global population means it
has never been more important to shape our environmental future. Environmental
Engineering is your pathway to protecting the natural environment and its resources by ensuring that we minimize the adverse effect we may have on it.
In this major you will develop an understanding of complex environmental
problems and issues, and of the challenges facing environmental sustainability.
You will learn to design creative engineering solutions and manage key projects
associated with environmental protection in the area of air quality, water &
wastewater, and waste management. If you want an environmental career that
can change the world, this is a chance for you.
Environmental professionals with strong ecological social science backgrounds are in demand both in Australia and internationally. You will find opportunities in government departments such as Transport and Main Roads, Natural Resources and Mines, Department of Science, IT and the Arts (DSITIA) and
Environment and Resource Management. You will also enjoy opportunities with
consulting firms in the construction, mining, oil, smelting and manufacturing industries, as well as with local government and research organizations.
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Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines including the design, analysis, manufacture and maintenance of mechanical systems. This major is built on a strong foundation of theory and reinforced by practical experience – all underpinned by our ethos of learning by doing. You will be
involved in the development and use of new materials and technologies, as well
as design and analysis using advanced software and computer systems.
Mechanical Engineering is the most diverse of all the engineering disciplines, which means you will be able to use your skills in a variety of avenues
including design, research, development or production. As a graduate, you will
be qualified for a career in medical, automotive, aerospace, renewable energy,
marine and sports-related sectors.
Software Engineering
Software engineers design and implement the software systems our society
depends on – from biotechnology to sports and submarines. In this major, gain a
foundation in mathematics, computer systems, engineering principles and information systems. You will learn about software engineering theory and software
development as well as program construction. Our teaching focuses on learning
by doing so you will also complete project work developing software for real
clients, ensuring our graduates gain practical skills in teamwork, project management and quality management. You will also learn about international standards
and industry best practice techniques.
As a graduate, you will be prepared for a career in software development
and be equipped to meet the demands of the rapidly changing software industry.
You will find employment as a software architect, software developer, software
engineer, software tester, IT project manager, systems analyst, security specialist, computational scientist, programmer, networking and communications specialist, and in research and development.
Text 6
Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What does the Engineering Project Management program develop?
2. What different types of Electronic Engineering are mentioned in the text?
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Engineering Master Programs in Griffith
These degrees provide advanced study across a range of specializations in
engineering. They are designed to extend and deepen your knowledge and skills
gained from a related undergraduate degree.
Civil: ideal for professional civil engineers who aspire to develop their design
skills and advance their capabilities to analyze and solve structural problems and
manage projects across a wide range of real-world Civil Engineering applications.
Electronic and Computer: you will develop advanced knowledge in electronics allowing you to work in the many different disciplines of electronics, focusing on the area of electronic computing and the prolific use of microprocessors and computing hardware in modern devices.
Electronic and Energy: you will develop advanced technical expertise in
diverse areas of Electronic and Energy Engineering, allowing you to work in
many different disciplines of electronics. You will also further your understanding of the use of both classical and the latest electronic technology to allow the
generation, distribution, efficient use and storage of energy.
Electronic and Sport: electronic and sport engineers work in the exciting
cutting-edge area of high technology in sport. In this degree, you will gain the
advanced core knowledge needed in the electronics area, specializing in sport
technology.
Engineering Project Management: this program teaches engineering and project management to future engineering leaders, equipping them with the skills they
need to compete globally. The program provides engineering graduates with the art
and science of managing engineering projects. The program is ideal for professional
graduate engineers who aspire to develop their managerial skills and advance their
capabilities to initiate, plan, resource and execute real-world engineering projects.
Environmental: you will gain an in-depth understanding of environmental
engineering problems and issues, and have the opportunity to specialize in highdemand areas such as solid and hazardous waste management, water treatment,
wastewater treatment, air quality monitoring and control, and renewable energy.
Professional: designed for those who want to change careers to become an
engineer, obtain accredited qualifications to practice as an engineer in Australia
and overseas, or move into different fields of engineering.
Graduates Find Employment
Master of Civil Engineering and Master of Civil Engineering Advanced
find their places of occupation in building, construction, infrastructure, and mining
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industries; projects for public and private sector clients; analysis and design services to engineering projects.
Master of Electronic and Computer Engineering find their places of occupation in large companies involved in electronic based infrastructure and
smaller companies undertaking design and/or manufacture.
Master of Electronic and Energy Engineering find their places of occupation in energy industries both in technical fields and management, energy discipline consultation, energy efficiency, storage products and renewable energy
production equipment.
Master of Electronic and Sport Engineering find their places of occupation of senior roles in electronic engineering, sport engineering, elite sport groups
or in research bodies.
Master of Engineering Project Management and Master of Engineering
Project Management Advanced find their places of occupation in consulting;
private or public sector organizations; built environment; civil infrastructure; oil
and gas; mining; facility and asset management services such as project engineers, project managers, contracting managers and team leaders.
Master of Environmental Engineering and Master of Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control find their places of occupation in Environmental Engineering; infrastructure; consulting.
Master of Professional Engineering will provide the engineering professional practice and research skills that lead to recognition as a graduate engineer
in Australia. The qualification will be recognized internationally through the
Washington Accord of the International Engineering Alliance.
Text 7
Cover Letter
An essential part of any job application, a Cover Letter, needs to be attention grabbing and concise. Take a look at our examples for inspiration and
discover how to write a winning cover letter.
What is a Cover Letter?
A cover letter is a document sent alongside your CV when applying for
jobs. It acts as a personal introduction and helps to sell your application. A cover
letter is necessary as it gives you the chance to explain to an employer why you're
the best candidate for the job. You do this by highlighting relevant skills and
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experience; therefore, you should always write your cover letter with the position
you're applying for in mind.
Not to be confused with personal statements for your CV, cover letters
should complement your CV but not duplicate it. The general consensus among
recruiters when it comes to the length of these documents is the shorter the better.
Typically, three to five short paragraphs, cover letters should not exceed one A4
page. If sending electronically, put the text in the body of the email rather than
as an attachment, to avoid it being detected by spam filters. Applications should
always include a cover letter unless the job advert instructs you differently.
How to Write a Cover Letter
Keep your cover letter brief, while making sure it emphasizes your suitability for the job. It can be broken down into the following sections:
• First paragraph – The opening statement should set out why you're writing the letter. Begin by stating the position you're applying for, where you saw it
advertised and when you are available to start.
• Second paragraph – Cover why you're suitable for the job, what attracted you to this type of work, why you're interested in working for the company and what you can offer the organization.
• Third paragraph – Highlight relevant experience and demonstrate how
your skills match the specific requirements of the job description. Summarize any
additional strength and explain how it could benefit the company.
• Last paragraph – Use the closing paragraph to round up your letter. Reiterate your interest in the role and indicate your desire for a personal interview.
Now is the time to mention any unavailable dates. Finish by thanking the employer and say how you are looking forward to receiving a response.
Once finished read through the document and cut out any unnecessary
words and sentences. Don't fill up space by repeating what's already covered in
your CV.
How to Address a Cover Letter
Always try and address your cover letter directly to the person who will be
reading it. Bear in mind that you're more likely to receive a reply if you send it
to the right person.
Advertised positions usually include a contact name, but if not, it is worth
taking the time to find out who the letter should be addressed to. You can do this
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by searching the company's website for details of the hiring manager or alternatively you could call the organization to ask who you should address your letter
to. Don't be afraid to do this, many employers appreciate you taking the time and
initiative to do so.
If you're struggling to find a named contact you can use a general greeting
such as:
• Dear Sir/Madam
• Dear Hiring manager
• Dear Human resources director
However, general greetings should only be used once you have exhausted
methods of finding a named contact.
How you sign off your cover letter depends on how you addressed it. If you
include a named contact, sign off 'yours sincerely'. If you use a general greeting,
finish with 'yours faithfully'.
Text 8
Read the text, ask your groupmate the given questions or answer them.
Alison Delahunty, a Project engineer, RPS
I studied Civil & Environmental Engineering (Level 8) at University College
Cork (UCC) from 2008-2012. My engineering career commenced in Malachy
Walsh and Partners (MWP), primarily as a structural engineer, from 2012-2015.
My interest in geotechnics was piqued while working in MWP and I enrolled in a master’s of Soil Mechanics (Level 9) at the Imperial College of London in 2014. I enrolled on a part-time basis and completed the course in 2016.
Prior to completing it, I joined RPS where I have been a member of the geotechnics team since 2015.
Here I have had the opportunity to work on a wide range of projects. I am
currently working on the conceptual model for a contaminated land site, the
earthworks design for a local access road and the geotechnical design report for
a cable stay bridge.
At what age did you start to think about becoming an engineer?
I was unaware of engineering until the age of 17. I went to an all-girls school
where the CAO focus was on nursing and teaching. I knew neither of these was a
good fit for me so I sought advice from an external career guidance counsellor (CGC).
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After a brief chat about my interests and subject performances, the CGC immediately suggested engineering and the rest is history.
What were the major influencers of this decision?
In school I enjoyed maths, physics and geography and, outside of school,
I admired architecture and impressive structures such as dams and bridges. I researched the various avenues in engineering and decided that the Civil & Environmental course in UCC was right for me.
I filled out my CAO in 2008 at the start of the economic downturn. Choosing engineering was a risky decision at the time due to the decimation of the
construction industry in Ireland. However, I was certain it was a solid career
choice and I was comforted by the fact that a qualification in engineering travels
well and is a pathway into many other disciplines.
How has the career differed from what you expected, particularly initially?
I learnt that the title of your engineering degree does not limit you to that
one aspect of engineering. The basics of problem solving stand to you across
many fields within the industry. For example, having initially qualified as a civil
and environmental engineer in 2012, I have since been involved in utilities design, flood risk assessments, temporary works design, structural design, geotechnical design, health and safety.
What are the most interesting aspects of engineering in your opinion?
I love a challenge and that is something that engineering provides every
day. You’re presented with a problem and you use your knowledge and common
sense to produce a solution that is safe, functional and aesthetic.
What do you expect to be the most exciting aspect of engineering over the
next five years?
I am looking forward to seeing how geotechnical engineering develops in
Ireland over the coming years. The engineering industry is realizing its importance, particularly the benefits of a targeted ground investigation to inform
the design process.
I also look forward to learning more about the advantages that the collaborative design process Building Information Modelling (BIM) offers us on projects.
Is engineering worth studying? What would you say?
From my own experiences, I would say that you need a strong work ethic
and an aptitude for maths to progress through a course in engineering. The
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courses are intense but certainly achievable for anybody who meets the course
entry requirements.
I would also say that engineering is a strong career choice. Engineering, in
all its forms, helps the world to function, from transport to energy to water and
the digital economy. It offers a wealth of opportunities.
Also, it is a well-respected degree and will stand to you if you decide to
pursue a career outside of the engineering spectrum.
Text 9
Read the text, ask the given questions of your groupmate or answer
them.
Kieran Garvey, Associate, RPS
When it came to picking my subjects for the Leaving Certificate cycle,
I knew I enjoyed physics, chemistry and maths. I also enjoyed technical drawing,
so to me, a career in engineering seemed to pull aspects of all these disciplines
together.
What were the major influencers of this decision?
I finished secondary school in the late 1990s. At that time the Irish economy
was starting to ramp up and I was beginning to see more infrastructure development around Ennis, where I grew up.
Watching these projects progress and seeing how they changed the built
environment around the town really was a major influence on my decision to
choose Civil Engineering. I was also fortunate to have some extended family
working in engineering who were always a good sounding board.
How has the career differed from what you expected, particularly initially?
In the first years of my career I worked almost exclusively in landfill and
waste management infrastructure design with RPS. This was certainly not an area
I would have envisaged for myself when I started or even finished studying.
I really enjoyed it, however. So much of the early learning was ‘on the job’,
which was hugely refreshing. Like most projects in Civil Engineering, it relied
on the integration of various disciplines: geotechnical, drainage, roads, environmental management and so on – affording me good exposure to these fields.
What are the most interesting aspects of engineering according to you?
As a civil engineer within a multidisciplinary consultancy like RPS, I work
almost daily with a wide variety of specialists from other fields – environmental
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scientists, ecologists, hydrogeologists, noise specialists – delivering projects for
our clients that will leave a positive mark on the built environment.
I also worked in Australia for a number of years where project drivers and
climate were quite different. Having to adapt your skills to suit the environment
makes things both interesting and challenging.
What do you expect to be the most exciting aspect of engineering
over the next five years?
We are now seeing more of our projects being realized through the intelligent 3D model-based process of BIM. Over the next five years, these advancements in technology will offer engineers of all levels the opportunity to develop
new skillsets in order to more efficiently plan, design, visualize and construct our
projects in a way that we have not done before, which is an exciting prospect.
Is engineering worth studying? What would you say?
An engineering qualification will present you with opportunities in areas
that you may never have considered. Talk to as many qualified engineers as you
can across different disciplines to get a feel for what we do.
Don’t get hung up thinking about how the economy may be performing by
the time you qualify – these are all just cycles that no one can really predict.
So if you’re keen on engineering, go for it.
Text 10
Translate the following passage from Russian into English, express
your opinion about it. What headline would you give to this article?
Согласно индексу EPI за 2018 год Россия занимает 42-е место из
88 стран мира, где проводилась оценка уровня знания английского языка.
Статистика не самая позитивная, с чем спорить не имеет смысла. Не знаете,
как выучить иностранный язык в сжатые сроки? Начните с чтения простых
текстов и переходите к художественным произведениям. Объясняем, почему имеет смысл сделать это полезной привычкой.
Визуальное восприятие. Во время чтения мозг запоминает правильное написание слов, сочетание их между собой и расстановку пунктуационных знаков. Чем чаще вы видите слово, тем проще будет его запомнить.
Возьмите за правило переводить все незнакомые слова, которые встречаете
во время чтения. Чтобы не отвлекаться от смысла текста, возьмите в руку
карандаш и ставьте точку каждый раз, когда задумываетесь над значением
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слова. По окончании чтения вернитесь к началу отрывка и запишите значения слов прямо над ними.
Образ мыслей. Если нам привычно мыслить, используя русский язык,
то иностранцы, соответственно, в процессе мышления пользуются родным
языком. Чтение развивает полезный навык проговаривания слов на английском внутренним голосом. Это будет хорошим подспорьем, когда вам придется на практике говорить на английском языке, а значит строить предложения в своих мыслях тоже на иностранном. К слову, проблема неумения
менять образ мыслей и перестраиваться на «чужую» грамматику ставится
преподавателями английского языка как одна из часто встречающихся.
Тема для разговора. Оказавшись за границей, стеснительным людям
сложно начать разговор. Вопросы о погоде всем надоели – лучше завести
диалог, представив себя. Потом немного поговорите о городе, хобби и работе, чтобы расположить к себе собеседника. Не хуже будет упомянуть несколько популярных книг – обычно это классические романы, нон-фикшн
и детективы. Если вам повезет и человек окажется знаком с этими произведениями, разговор может увлечь вас на пару часов.
Борьба со страхом. Изучение английского всегда имеет цель. Если
вы, к примеру, работаете врачом, то отличным стимулом к освоению иностранного становится потребность в чтении зарубежных исследований на
языке оригинала. Обычно лексика в таких материалах специализированная,
требующая отдельного освоения списка слов. Чтобы не бояться огромного
объема новой информации, начните с чтения сказок. Потом перейдите к
журналам, романам и так далее. У вас все получится!
Text 11
Read the text and find answers to the questions.
1. How can you define the word technology?
2. What new technology trends can you name?
3 What will the coming technology trends result in the nearest future?
4. Why are different advances in new technologies numerous and amazing?
From smartphones to virtual reality, technology is disrupting our daily
lives. Technology is also impacting the way we work. In recent years, we have
seen machinery evolve, becoming smarter, using less fuel and producing fewer
emissions. Using telematics, today’s equipment can also communicate – tell us
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when a repair needs to be made, set limits on how deep an operator can dig, or
alert the owner if someone tries to steal it.
It is amazing how smart technology is beginning to impact the construction
industry in diverse ways. The question arises: “What does the future hold for the
construction equipment?”
The coming technology trends will impact construction equipment in the
nearest future. They are:
✓ Autonomous construction equipment. Imagine a fleet of equipment
that can either be operated remotely, or without an operator at all. That day is
coming.
✓ Smart technology. The data that equipment is producing today is just
scratching the surface of what is possible. In the future, different machine components will be able to communicate with each other further enhancing telematics
and predictive systems.
✓ Fuel savings. Machinery is getting lighter and more efficient, helping
to reduce operating costs, without sacrificing performance.
These technology trends are vital to achieve future development milestones
and we need to dig deeper into each of these trends.
Autonomous Construction Equipment
You cannot go a week without hearing something about driverless vehicles.
Someday soon, everyone in the car will be a passenger during his daily commute.
For construction and mining operations, that type of technology cannot just stop
there. We need equipment to be able to function without anyone in the cab at all.
Tire and track technology is critical in these operations because getting a flat tire
or unexpected downtime just cannot happen. Flat-free solutions like solid tires
and tracks are trends we have already known in the construction industry nowadays, and it will become even more of the standard in the future.
Construction Equipment Smart Technology
A broad-reaching term used to describe a lot of different advances, at its core
smart technology is all about machines getting smarter and communicating. Using
embedded sensors and other resources, the possibilities are endless for the construction equipment functionality. In a definite area of specialties, there are large earthmover tires helping to make adjustments to the way a machine is operated by tracking operating hours, air pressure and temperature. Using that information, operators
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and managers can make much better, quicker decisions to helping to reduce expenses and increase productivity.
Smarter tires and tracks for smaller compact equipment are being developed too. We want to make sure no matter what size of equipment you operate
you can access information that delivers value.
Fuel Saving
In addition to labor and equipment expenses, fuel costs are a significant expenditure for most operations. In many sectors of the construction industry, there
is a rise in electric and hybrid equipment. It’s a trend that will continue to impact
more segments of the industry as engineering knowledge and capabilities continue
to grow. Developing products with a lower rolling resistance is a key to achieving
lower energy consumption. Weight is also a big consideration. To achieve the required output of energy to lift, transport or dig electric and hybrid equipment need
to be lighter. However, weight reduction could not come at the expense of performance, which means everything from the tires to different components of a machine need to reduce weight. The trend for lighter, more fuel-efficient machinery
will continue to evolve into gas – and diesel-powered equipment.
Text 12
From Horses, Through Steam, to Diesel
Read the text and do the test
Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were
drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam–powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around
the new steam power source into a new machine. During the 20th century, internal–combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment.
Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but nowadays diesel engines are
dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric–powered machines such as
a forklift. The first mass–produced heavy machine was the Fortson tractor in 1917.
The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam
Log Hauler. The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I, and
later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and
mobile land machines are bucket–wheel excavators, built since the 1920s.
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“Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary
earthmoving machine: the hand shovel– moved with animal and human powered,
sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material
was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or
a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand
shovel or hoe and head basket–and masses of men–were used to move earth to
build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor–saving devices did not lend
themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing
loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as
now, were an independent power source and off–road mobility, neither of which
could be provided by the technology of that time.”
Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards and made containerization possible.
At present the importance of this machinery is great. Some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites.
Choose the best answer.
1. Today ... engines are dominant.
a) ethanol
b) diesel
c) kerosene
d) electric
2. In the early 20th heavy machines were drawn under human or animal …
a) control
b) power
c) rule
d) authority
3. The use of … became popular for tanks during World War I.
a) paths
b) footpaths
c) walkways
d) tracks
4. The first mass—produced … was the Fortson tractor.
a) container crane
b) specific equipment
c) simple tool
d) heavy machine
5. Today some transport companies have developed specific … to transport
heavy construction equipment to and from sites.
a) equipment
b) gear
c) tool
d) stuff
6. During the 20th century, internal–combustion engines became the major
power … of heavy equipment.
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a) birthplace
b) source
c) basis
d) reason
7. After World War I tracks became popular for civilian machinery like the ...
a) excavator
b) compactor
c) bulldozer
d) trencher
8. In early times, an equivalent of the hand … and masses of men were used
to move earth to build civil works.
a) tool
b) spoon
c) shovel
d) power
9. Until the early 20th century … were drawn under human or animal
power.
a) heavy machines
b) light machines
c) specific tools
d) tower cranes
10. The largest engineering … are bucket–wheel excavators, built since the
beginning of 20th century.
a) vehicles
b) machines
c) pile boring tools
d) civilian machineries
11. The inclined plane, levers, and pulleys were inefficient labor–saving ...
a) forks
b) machines
c) appliances
d) devices
12. The two elements required for … , are an independent power source
and off–road mobility.
a) manual earthmoving
b) mechanized earthmoving
c) driving equipment
d) wheel tractor scrapping
13. Container cranes used from the 20th century and onwards made … possible.
a) transportation
b) pasteurization
c) containerization
d) purification
14. Gradually mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic ...
a) technology
b) devices
c) machinery
d) strategies
15. The 20th century saw new electric–powered machines such as a ... .
a) forklift
b) paver
c) compactor
d) scraper
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Text 13
Hurricanes
Read the text and do the test.
In almost every region of the world where hurricanes form, their maximum
sustained winds are getting stronger. That is according to a new study made by the
scientists at the National Center for Environmental Information and University of
Wisconsin, the US, who analyzed nearly 40 years of hurricane satellite imagery.
A warming planet may be fueling the increase. "Through modeling and our
understanding of atmospheric physics, the study agrees with what we would expect to see in a warming climate like ours," says James Kossin, a NOAA scientist
and a primary author of the paper, which was published in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences in 2020.
The research is made on Kossin's previous work, published in 2013, which
identified trends in hurricane intensification across a 28-year data set. However,
that timespan was less conclusive and required more hurricane case studies to
demonstrate statistically significant results.
To increase confidence in the results, the researchers extended the study to
include global hurricane data from 1979 - 2017. Using analytical techniques, including the Advanced Dvorak Technique that relies on infrared temperature measurements from geostationary satellites to estimate hurricane intensity, Kossin and
his colleagues were able to create a more uniform data set to identify trends.
"The main hurdle we have for finding trends is that the data are collected
using the best technology at the time," says Kossin. "Every year the data are a bit
different than the last year, each new satellite has new tools and captures data in
different ways, so in the end we have a patchwork quilt of all the satellite data
that have been woven together."
Kossin's previous research has shown other changes in hurricane behavior
over the decades, such as where they travel and how fast they move. In 2014, he
identified poleward migrations of hurricanes, where tropical cyclones are travelling farther north and south, exposing previously less-affected coastal populations to greater risk.
In 2018, he demonstrated that hurricanes are moving more slowly across the
land due to changes in the Earth's climate. This has resulted in greater flood risks as
storms hover over cities and other areas, often for extended periods of time.
"Our results show that these storms have become stronger on global and
regional levels, which is consistent with expectations of how hurricanes respond
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to a warming world," says Kossin. "It's a good step forward and increases our
confidence that global warming has made hurricanes stronger, but our results
don't tell us precisely how much of the trends are caused by human activities and
how much may be just natural variability."
Choose the best answer.
1. Kossin demonstrated that hurricanes move more slowly across the land
due to changes in the Earth's ... .
a) geolocation
b) seasons
c) climate
d) business area
2. The results of the research show that the storms become stronger on …
levels.
a) international and provincial
b) local and national
c) global and regional
d) national and international
3. A warming planet may be the reason of the … formation increase.
a) winds
b) hurricanes
c) fueling
d) ice
4. A new study was made by the … scientists who analyzed nearly 40 years
of hurricane satellite imagery.
a) young
b) Russian
c) British
d) American
5. In 2013 Kossin identified trends in hurricane … across a long period.
a) descriptions
b) intensification
c) study
d) growth
6. Infrared temperature measurements from geostationary … allowed estimating hurricane intensity.
a) digital TV
b) satellites
c) poles
d) GPS
7. The confidence in the results demanded to … the study for longer period.
a) extend
b) broaden
c) stop
d) eliminate
8. The main hurdle in finding hurricane … is that the data are collected
using the best technology at the time.
a) trends
b) origin
c) collection
d) foundation
9. This research increases confidence that … has made hurricanes stronger.
a) global warming
b) total boiling
c) natural heating
d) local warming
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10. Every year the data are different because each new … has new tools
and gets data in different ways.
a) technology
b) equipment
c) satellite
d) technique
11. The research can’t tell precisely how much of the trends are caused by
… and how much may be just natural variability.
a) human activities
b) people’s behavior
c) technospheric results
d) artificial actions
12. Kossin's research has shown such changes in hurricane … as where
they travel and how fast they move.
a) behavior
b) model
c) structure
d) age
13. In places where … form, maximum sustained winds are getting
stronger.
a) storms
b) hurricanes
c) winds
d) breezes
14. Kossin identified poleward … of hurricanes in 2014.
a) voyages
b) migrations
c) elimination
d) growth
15. The problem written in the text is about hurricanes … .
a) development
b) increase
c) formation
d) creation
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INTERNET RECOURSES
https://www.ecpi.edu/blog/engineering-technologist-vs-engineer-whats-difference
https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/About-Us/Accreditation#AP2
https://degrees.griffith.edu.au/Program/1542/Overview/International
https://www.ijee.ie/articles/Vol13-5/ijee996.pdf
https://www.cv-library.co.uk/career-advice/cv/how-to-write-a-cv-tips/#targetText=It%20should%20tell%20them%20about,and%20a%20completed%20application%20form.
http://www.engineersjournal.ie/2018/03/06/three-stories-why-i-became-an-engineer/
https://www.womanhit.ru/psychology/personality/2019-09-05-chitaemnaanglijskom-chem-vam-pomozhet-eta-privychka/
https://www.britannica.com/technology/engineering
http//:www.mayenglishcorner.blogpot.com.es
https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-engineering
https://www.engineering.com/home
https://www.livescience.com/47499-what-is-engineering.html
https://www.livescience.com/47499-what-is-engineering.html#section-careersin-engineering-jobs-salaries
https://atecentral.net/downloads/4964/017anderson.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.21389
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jee.20118
https://www.youtube.com/engineeringexplained
https://raeng.org.uk/
http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/
https://www.e-buc.com/portades/9788483019726_L33_23.pdf
https://stepik.org/course/105974/promo
177
Keys
Unit I
Test 1 d, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d, 5 c, 6 c, 7 b, 8 b, 9 b, 10 a, 11 c, 12 b, 13 a, 14 a, 15 a,
16 b, 17 c, 18 c, 19 b.
Unit II
Ex. 9 a) 1. Shapes 2. Triangle 3. Circle 4. Square 5. Diamond 6. Rectangle 7.
Ellipse
b) 1. Triangle 2. Quadrilateral 3. Rectangle 4. Trapezoid 5. Square 6. Circle
7. Polygons
Unit IV
Section 1, Ex. 4. 1. of; 2. with; 3. from; 4. of; 5. Out of; 6. of; 7. with; 8. of;
9. out of; 10. from; 11. of; 12. Of
Unit V
Section I, Ex.11. 1. Jack; 2. Die, punch; 3. Diggers; bulldozers; 4. Turpentine;
5. Rollers; 6. Dipstick; 7. Hammer, chisel
Section II, Ex.5 1-d, 2-g, 3-l, 4-a, 5-o, 6-f, 7-b, 8-m, 9-j, 10-i, 11-n, 12-c, 13-h,
14-k, 15-e, 16-p
Unit VI
Across: 1. Undergraduate 3. Challenge 5. Proficiency 6. 7. Engineering 8. PhD
9. Enrollment 11. Research 12. Career 14. Knowledge 15. Train 16. Ability
17. Degree 18. Master 20. Skill
Down: 2. Technologist 4. Assessment 7. Experience 10. Bachelor 12. CV
19. Solve
Unit VШ
Ex. 8 1-c, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a, 5-b, 6-a, 7-b, 8-a, 9-d, 10-a, 11-b, 12-d, 13-b, 14-d, 15-a
Ex.12 Across: 2. Efficiency 3. Collaboration 4. Nanomaterial 6. Carbon dioxide
13. Google 14. Technique Down: 1. Percent 5. Emission 7. Refining industry
8. Robot 9. Skills 10. Turbine 11. Innovation 12. Exoskeleton 15. Greenhouse
Reading bank
Text 12
1-b, 2-b, 3-d, 4-d, 5-a, 6-b, 7-c, 8-c, 9-a, 10-d, 11-a, 12-b, 13-c, 14-c, 15-a
Text 13
1-c, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d, 5-b, 6-b, 7-a, 8-a, 9-a, 10-c, 11-a, 12-a, 13-b, 14-b, 15-c
178