Национальный Исследовательский Университет “МИЭТ” Кафедра иностранных языков Творческое домашнее задание Этимологический анализ текста Выполнил: Махаев Н.П. Группа Л-22 Преподаватель: Лось А.Л. Москва 2021 1 Содержание Теоретическая часть Phonetical assimilation – implies adaptation of the borrowed word to the sound, stress and pronunciation system of the recipient language (e.g.: table, plate bear no traces of their French origin, whereas regime, valise, bourgeois still sound foreign). Grammatical assimilation – consists of adaptation of the borrowed word to the grammatical rules of the recipient language that is of complete change of the former paradigm of the borrowed word. So, for instance(French -ance) a noun should adapt to a new system of declension; a verb should be conjugated according to the rules of the recipient language; an adjective should acquire new degrees of comparison and etc. (e.g.: root, low, ill are assimilated grammatically, while criterion (pl. criteria), datum (pl. data) are not; compare also Russian пальто, пианино, кофе). By semantic adaptation we mean adjustment to the system of meanings of the recipient language. Indeed, the words sari, tsar, steppe, sarafan are not assimilated semantically, as the objects, denoted by 2 these words either are not used (sari, sarafan) or they already have names (tsar, steppe). Graphical adaptation is the adjusting to the graphical system of the recipient language. The words photo, psychology, chemistry are not assimilated graphically as the underlined letters form the sounds that can be denoted by English letters f, s, k (c). There are certain structural features which enable us to identify some words as borrowings and even to determine the source language. We have already established that the initial sk usually indicates Scandinavian origin. You can also recognise words of Latin and French origin by certain suffixes, prefixes or endings. The two tables below will help you in this. Latin Affixes The suffix: –ion, -tion, -ate, -ute, -ct, -d(e), -able, ant, -ent, -or, -al, -ar The prefix: dis-. French Affixes The suffix: –ance, -ence, -ment, -age, -ess, -ous; The prefix: en-. The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary The The 3 native borrowed elemen element t Indo- Celtic (5th Europe — 6th c. an A. D.) elemen t Germa Latin 1st nic group: 1st elemen с. В. С. t 2nd group: 7th c. A. D. 3rd group: the Renaissanc e period Englis III. h Scandinavi Proper an (8th — elemen 11th c. A. t (no D.) earlier IV. French than 1. Norman 5th c. borrowings A. D.) : 11th — 13th c. A. D. 4 2. Parisian borrowings (Renaissan ce) V. Greek (Renaissan ce) VI. Italian (Renaissan ce and later) VII. Spanish (Renaissan ce and later) VIII.Germ an Indian IX. X. Russian And some other groups By the native element we mean words which were not borrowed from other languages but represent the original stock of this particular language. By a borrowing or loan-word we mean a word which came into the vocabulary of one language from another and was assimilated by the new language. Практическая часть 5 In shirt-sleeves, the way I generally worked, I sat sketching a bar of soap taped to an upper corner of my drawing board. The gold-foil wrapper was carefully peeled back so that you could still read most of the brand name printed on it; I'd spoiled the wrappers of half a dozen bars before getting that effect. This was a new idea, the product to be shown ready for what the accompanying copy called "fragrant, lathery, lovelier you" use, and I had the job of sketching it into half a dozen layouts, the bar of soap at a slightly different angle in each. It was just exactly as boring as it sounds, and I stopped to look out the window beside me, down twelve stories at Fifty-fourth Street and the little heads moving along the sidewalk. It was a sunny, sharply clear day in mid-November, and I'd have liked to be out in it, the whole afternoon ahead and nothing to do; nothing I had to do, that is. Over at the paste-up table Vince Mandel, our lettering man, thin and dark and probably feeling as caged-up today as I was, stood working with the airbrush, a cotton surgical mask over his mouth. He was spraying a flesh-colored film onto a Life magazine photo of a girl in a bathing suit. The effect, when he finished, would be to remove the suit, leaving the girl apparently naked except for the ribbon she wore slanted from shoulder to waist on which was lettered MISS BUSINESS MACHINES. 6 This kind of stunt was Vince's favorite at-work occupation ever since he'd thought of it, and the retouched picture would be added to a collection of others like it on the art-department bulletin board, at which Maureen, our nineteen-year-old paste-up girl and messenger, refused ever to look or even glance, though often urged. Frank Dapp, our art director, a round little package of energy, came trotting toward his partitionedoff office in the northeast corner of the artists' bullpen. As he passed the big metal supply cabinet just inside the room he hammered violently on its open door, yodeling at full bellow. It was an habitual release of unused energy like a locomotive jetting steam, a starting eruption of sound. But neither Vince nor I nor Karl Jonas at the board ahead of mine glanced up. Neither did anyone in the typists' pool outside, I knew, although strangers waiting in the art-department reception room just down the ball had been known to leap to their feet at the sound. It was an ordinary day, a Friday, twenty minutes till lunchtime, five hours till quitting time and the weekend, ten months till vacation, thirty-seven years till retirement. Then the phone rang. "Man here to see you, Si." It was Vera, at the switchboard. "He has no appointment." "That's okay. He's my connection; I need a fix." 7 What you need can't be fixed." She clicked off. I got up, wondering who it was; an artist in an advertising agency doesn't usually have too many visitors. The main reception room was on the floor below, and I took the long route through Accounting and Media, but no new girls had been hired. Frank Dapp called the main reception room Off Broadway. It was decorated with a genuine Oriental rug, several display cases of antique silver from the collection of the wife of one of the three partners, and with a society matron whose hair was also antique silver and who relayed visitors' requests to Vera. As I walked toward it my visitor stood looking at one of the framed ads hung on the walls. Something I don't like admitting and which I've learned to disguise is a shyness about meeting people, and now I felt the familiar slight apprehension and momentary confusion as he turned at the sound of my approaching footsteps. He was bald and short, the top of his head reaching only to my eye level, and I'm an inch short of six feet. He looked about thirty-five, I thought, walking toward him, and he was remarkably thick-chested; he'd outweigh me without being fat. He wore an olive-green gabardine suit that didn't go with his pink redhead's complexion. I hope he's not a salesman, I thought; then he smiled as I stepped into the lobby, a real smile, and I liked him 8 instantly and relaxed. No, I told myself, he's not selling anything, and I couldn't have been more wrong about that." Over (2), of (26), as (10), in (13) – предлоги; исконные слова, Proper English element The (56), a (23), an (10) – артикли; исконные слова, Proper English element And (29), or (1) – союз; исконное слово, Proper English element To (23) – частица; исконное слово, Proper English element I (40), their, our (3), your (2), my (7), you (4), he (12), she (2), It (15), his (3), me (1), him (2), this (2), that (6) – местоимение, Indo-European element Is (2), are (1), was (21), were (1) – глагол to be; Indo-European element Way – существительное, Germanic element Sat – глагол, Indo-European element Sketching (2) (sk в начале) – скандинавское заимствование; 8-11 вв. Read – глагол, Indo-European element Effect (суффикс -ct) – латинское заимствование; 14 вв. 9 Fragrant (суффикс -ant) – латинское –ly) - немецкое заимствование; 15 вв. Slightly (суффикс заимствование; 8-11 вв. Exactly (суффикс –ly) - немецкое заимствование; 8-11 вв. Sharply (суффикс –ly) немецкое - заимствование; 8-11 вв. Сlear (суффикс –ar) – латинское заимствование; 15вв. Day – существительное, Indo-European element Table – французское заимствование, период Ренессанса; 15-16 вв. Surgical (суффикс –al) латинское - заимствование; 15вв. Today – существительное, Indo-European element Magazine - французское заимствование, период Ренессанса; 15-16 вв. Photo (ph в начале) – латинское заимствование; 19 вв. Have (8) – глагол; Germanic element Apparently (суффикс –ly) заимствование; 8-11 вв. 10 - немецкое BUSINESS (суффикс –ness) - французское заимствование, период Ренессанса; 15-16 вв. Occupation (суффикс -tion) - латинское заимствование; 14 вв. Collection (3) (суффикс -tion) - латинское заимствование; 14 вв. Department (суффикс -ment) - французское заимствование, период Ренессанса, государство; 15 вв. Glance (суффикс -ance) французское - заимствование, период Ренессанса, государство; 15 вв. Package (суффикс –age) французское - заимствование, период Ренессанса, государство; 15 вв. Office - латинское заимствование; 13 вв. Metal (суффикс –al) - латинское заимствование; 15 вв Violently (суффикс –ly) - немецкое заимствование; 16 вв. Habitual (суффикс –al) - латинское -ion) - латинское заимствование; 15-16 вв. Eruption (суффикс заимствование; 15 вв. 11 Friday – существительное, Indo-European element Vacation (суффикс –tion) латинское - заимствование; 14 вв. Retirement(суффикс -ment) французское - заимствование, период Ренессанса; 15-16 вв. Phone (ph в начале) – латинское заимствование; 19 вв. See - глагол, Germanic element Appointment (суффикс -ment) - французское заимствование, период Ренессанса; 15-16 вв. Reception (3) (суффикс -tion) - латинское заимствование; 14 вв. Antique - французское заимствование, 15-16 вв (суффикс Confusion -ion) - латинское dis-) - латинское заимствование; 13 вв. Disguise (приставка заимствование; 13 вв. Shyness (суффикс -ess) французское - заимствование, 17 вв. Familiar (суффикс –ar) латинское - заимствование; 14 вв. Apprehension (суффикс -ion) заимствование; 14 вв. 12 - латинское Head - существительное, Germanic element Complexion (суффикс -ion) - латинское заимствование; 14 вв. Told – глагол, Germanic element Всего слов – 248 Исконных – 207 Заимствованных - 41 Соотношение исконных слов к заимственным 5:1. 13
