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Reviewers: Kopaeva Valentina Grigoryevna — Dr MeG sciences andPedagogicalCenteroftheSFyodorovEyeMicrosurger\ FederalStateInstitution,laureateofALChizhevskyacademiF prize; Smetankin Igor Glebovich — 'U MHG sciences, Professor Head of the Eye Diseases Department of Privolzhsk\ ResearchMedicalUniversityofHealthMinistryoftheRussiaQ Federation ƭ Ophthalmology. 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hapter 3. Examination methodology of visual organ ƬƴƩƫƩ 3 CHAPTER 3 ƵǎǛǗǍǤ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǗǙnjljǖljǐǙǎǖǑǨ Examination methods of visual organ ƷNJǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǎ ǘljǟǑǎǖǛlj ǚ ǘljǛǗǔǗnjǑǎǒ njǔljǐ ǙǎǓǗǕǎǖǍǜǎǛǚǨ ǖljǠǑǖljǛǥ ǚ ǖljNJǔǧǍǎǖǑǨ ǐlj ǘǗNjǎǍǎǖǑǎǕ ǘljǟǑǎǖǛlj ǘǗǞǗǍǓlj ǘǗǔǗǏǎǖǑǎ njǗǔǗNjǤ ǖljǘǙljNjǔǎǖǑǎ NjǐnjǔǨǍlj ǞljǙljǓǛǎǙ ǘǎǙǎǍNjǑǏǎǖǑǨ Ǒ ǍǙ ƸljǟǑǎǖǛ ǗǚǔǎǘǡǑǒ ǖǎǍljNjǖǗ ǑǕǎǎǛ Ǖǎǖǎǎ ǜNjǎǙǎǖǖǤǎ ǍNjǑǏǎǖǑǨ ǠǎǕ ǜǛǙljǛǑNjǡǑǒ ǐǙǎǖǑǎ ǖljǘǙǑǕǎǙ Nj ǕǗǔǗǍǗǕ NjǗǐǙljǚǛǎ ƸǙǑ NjǤǙljǏǎǖǖǗǒ ǚNjǎǛǗNJǗǨǐǖǑ ǘljǟǑǎǖǛǤ ǚǛljǙljǧǛǚǨ ǗǛNjǎǙǖǜǛǥǚǨ ǗǛ ǚNjǎǛlj ƸǙǑ ǖljǚǛǜǘǔǎǖǑǑ ǚǔǎǘǗǛǤ ǘǗ ǘǙǑǠǑǖǎ ǘǗǙljǏǎǖǑǨ ǚNjǎǛǗNjǗǚǘǙǑǖǑǕljǧǢǎnjǗ ljǘǘljǙljǛlj njǔljǐlj ǘljǟǑǎǖǛlj ǡǑǙǗǓǗ ǗǛǓǙǤǛǤ Nj ǘǗǑǚǓǎ ǖljǘǙljNjǔǎǖǑǨ ǚNjǎǛlj ƩnjnjǙljNjljǖǛǤ Ǒ ǚǑǕǜǔǨǖǛǤ ǖljǛljǔǓǑNjljǧǛǚǨ ǍljǏǎ ǖlj ǓǙǜǘǖǤǎ ǘǙǎǍǕǎǛǤ ǓǗǛǗǙǤǎ ǔǎnjǓǗ ǗNJǗǒǍǎǛ ǠǎǔǗNjǎǓ ǚ ǖǑǐǓǑǕ ǜǙǗNjǖǎǕ ǘǙǎǍǕǎǛǖǗnjǗǐǙǎǖǑǨ It is recommended to start the examination of a patient with eye pathology by observing the patient’s behavior (walking, head position, visual direction, character of movement, etc.). A patient who has comparison with that who had lost sight, for example, at a young age. With severe photophobia, patients try to turn away from the light. At the onset of blindness due to impairment of the photoperceptive apparatus, the patient’s eyes are wide open in search of the light direction. Aggravants and simulants even run into large objects that can be easily passed around by a person with a low level of spatial vision. ƶǎǓǗǛǗǙǤǎ NjǤǙljǏǎǖǖǤǎ ǑǐǕǎǖǎǖǑǨ ǕǗnjǜǛ NJǤǛǥ ǐljǕǎǛǖǤ ǘǙǑ ǘǗǨNjǔǎǖǑǑ ǘljǟǑǎǖǛlj Nj ǓljNJǑǖǎǛǎ NjǙljǠlj ǖljǘǙǑǕǎǙ ǗǛǚǜǛǚǛNjǑǎ njǔljǐǖǗnjǗ ǨNJǔǗǓlj NJǎǔǥǕǗ ǓǗǚǗnjǔljǐǑǎ ǓǙǗNjǗǑǐǔǑǨǖǑǎ ǗǘǜǢǎǖǑǎ ǑǔǑ NjǤNjǗǙǗǛNjǎǓljǑǍǙ example, the eyeball absence, leukoma, heterotropy (strabism), hemorrhage, blepharoptosis or the eyelid’s eversion, etc. ƸǙǑ NjǖǎǡǖǎǕ ǗǚǕǗǛǙǎǘljǟǑǎǖǛlj ǗǛǕǎǠljǧǛ ǗǚǗNJǎǖǖǗǚǛǑ ǓǗǛǗǙǤǎ ǘǙǨǕǗ ǑǔǑ ǓǗǚNjǎǖǖǗ ǚNjǨǐljǖǤ ǚ ǑǐǕǎǖǎǖǑǨǕǑ ǗǙnjljǖlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ƶljǘǙǑǕǎǙ ǙǜNJǟǤ ǖlj ǔǑǟǎ ǘǗǚǔǎ ǛǙljNjǕ ǑǔǑ ǗǘǎǙljǟǑǒ ǗǚǗNJǎǖǖǗ Nj ǗNJǔljǚǛǑ ǘǙǑǔǎǏljǢǎǒ Ǔ ǗǙNJǑǛǎ ǕǗnjǜǛ ǚNjǑǍǎǛǎǔǥǚǛNjǗNjljǛǥ Ǘ ǘǎǙǎǖǎǚǎǖǖǗǕ ǘǗNjǙǎǏǍǎǖǑǑ njǔljǐǖǗnjǗ ǨNJǔǗǓlj ƶljǔǑǠǑǎ ǖlj ǓǗǏǎ ǔNJlj Ǒ NjǑǚǗǠǖǗǒ ǗNJǔljǚǛǑ ǘǜǐǤǙǥǓǗNjǤǞ NjǤǚǤǘljǖǑǒ Nj ǚǗǠǎǛljǖǑǑ ǚ NJǔǎǝljǙǗǚǘljǐǕǗǕ ǕǗǏǎǛ ǜǓljǐǤNjljǛǥ ǖlj njǎǙǘǎǛǑǠǎǚǓǗǎ ǘǗǙljǏǎǖǑǎ njǔljǐlj ƭǔǨ ǛǗnjǗ ǠǛǗNJǤ ǜǚǛljǖǗNjǑǛǥ ǘǙljNjǑǔǥǖǤǒ ǍǑljnjǖǗǐ ǘǙǑ ǗNJǢǎǕ ǗǚǕǗǛǙǎ NjljǏǖǗ ǛljǓǏǎ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǑǛǥ ǞljǙljǓǛǎǙǖǤǎ NjǖǎǡǖǑǎ ǑǐǕǎǖǎǖǑǨ Nj ǍǙǜnjǑǞ ǗNJǔljǚǛǨǞ ǚǗǠǎǛljǧǢǑǎǚǨ ǚ ǘljǛǗǔǗnjǑǎǒ ǗǙnjljǖlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǛljǓǑǎ ǖljǘǙǑǕǎǙ ǓljǓ ljǚǑǕǕǎǛǙǑǨ ǔǑǟlj ǖǎNjǙljǔnjǑǨ ǛǙǗǒǖǑǠǖǗnjǗ ǖǎǙNjlj ǚ ǖǎǒǙǗǘljǙljǔǑǛǑǠǎǚǓǑǕ ǓǎǙljǛǑǛǗǕ ǖǎǗNJǤǠǖǤǎ ǘǙǗǘǗǙǟǑǑ Ǜǎǔlj Ǒ ǠǎǙǎǘlj NjǤǚǛǗǨǖǑǎ ǖljǘǙǑǕǎǙ ǘǙǑ ǘljǛǗǔǗnjǑǑ ǢǑǛǗNjǑǍǖǗǒ ǏǎǔǎǐǤ ǑǔǑ ǐljǘljǍǎǖǑǎ ǖljǘǙǑǕǎǙ ǚǑǖǍǙǗǕƬǗǙǖǎǙlj njǔljǐǖǤǞǨNJǔǗǓǑǍǙ On external (simple) examination of the patient, features that are directly or indirectly associated with changes in the visual organ are noted. For example, scars on the face after injuries or operations, especially in the area adjacent to the orbit, may indicate an injury to the eyeball. The presence of bullous rash in combination with blepharospasm on the skin of the forehead and the temporal region may indicate a herpetic lesion of the eye. In order to make up the correct diagnosis, during a general examination it is also important to determine characteristic external changes in other areas, combined with visual organ pathology, such as facial asymmetry (trigeminal neuralgia with neuroparalytic keratitis), unusual body and skull proportions, protrusion of the eyeballs (for example, in the thyroid gland pathology) or retraction (for example, Horner’s syndrome) of the eyeballs, etc. ƸǗǚǔǎ NjǖǎǡǖǎnjǗ ǗǚǕǗǛǙlj NjǙljǠ ǘǙǑǚǛǜǘljǎǛ Ǔ NjǤǨǚǖǎǖǑǧ ǏljǔǗNJ. ƶǎǓǗǛǗǙǤǎ ǏljǔǗNJǤ ǖljǚǛǗǔǥǓǗ ǞljǙljǓǛǎǙǖǤ ǍǔǨ ǗǛǍǎǔǥǖǤǞ ǐljNJǗǔǎNjljǖǑǒ ǠǛǗ ǘǗǐNjǗǔǨǧǛǘǙǎǍǘǗǔǗǏǑǛǥǍǑljnjǖǗǐƶljǘǙǑǕǎǙǘǗǓǙljǚǖǎǖǑǎ ǘǙǑǘǜǞǔǗǚǛǥ Ǒ ǐǜǍ Nj ǗNJǔljǚǛǑ ǓǙljǎNj NjǎǓ ǞljǙljǓǛǎǙǖǤ ǍǔǨ NJǔǎǝljǙǑǛlj ǠǜNjǚǛNjǗ ǐljǚǗǙǎǖǖǗǚǛǑ ǘǎǚǓlj Nj njǔljǐljǞ ǛǨǏǎǚǛǥ NjǎǓ ǘǗǓǙljǚǖǎǖǑǎ Ǒ NJǤǚǛǙljǨ ǜǛǗǕǔǨǎǕǗǚǛǥ njǔljǐ ǚNjǑǍǎǛǎǔǥǚǛNjǜǧǛ Ǘ ǓǗǖǣǧǖǓǛǑNjǑǛǎ ƻljǓǏǎ ǏljǔǗNJǤ ǕǗnjǜǛ ǗǙǑǎǖǛǑǙǗNjljǛǥ NjǙljǠlj After the external examination, the doctor proceeds to clarify complaints. Some complaints are so typical for individual diseases that they suggest a diagnosis. For example, redness, swelling and itching in the eyelid margins are characteristic of blepharitis; a feeling of foreign matter content and sand in the eyes, heaviness of the eyelids, redness and fatigue of the eyes indicate conjunctivitis. 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RUSSIAN-ENGLISH TEXTBOOK Chapter 3. Examination methodology of visual organ ǖǎǖǖǗǚǛǥ ǘǙǑǘǜǞǔǗǚǛǥ ǓǗǖǚǑǚǛǎǖǟǑǧ ǕǎǚǛǗǘǗǔǗǏǎǖǑǎǗǙNJǑǛljǔǥǖǗǒǠljǚǛǑǏǎǔǎǐǤ location of the orbital part of the gland are determined. ƭǔǨ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǝǜǖǓǟǑǑ ǚǔǎǐǖǗǒ ǏǎǔǎǐǤ ǘǙǗNjǗǍǨǛ ǘǙǗNJǜ ǁǑǙǕǎǙlj ƵǎǛǗǍ ǞǗǙǗǡǗ NjǤǨNjǔǨǎǛ ǚǖǑǏǎǖǑǎ ǎǎ ǝǜǖǓǟǑǑ ƫ ǚǔǜǠljǨǞ ǖljǙǜǡǎǖǑǨ ǚǔǎǐǗǗǛǍǎǔǎǖǑǨ ǘǙǑǕǎǖǨǧǛ ǟNjǎǛǖǜǧ ǚǔǎǐǖǗ-ǖǗǚǗNjǜǧ ǘǙǗNJǜ ǘǙǗNJǜ ǚ ǘǙǗǕǤNjljǖǑǎǕ Ǒ ǙǎǖǛnjǎǖǗnjǙljǝǑǧ ǚ ǙǎǖǛnjǎǖǗǓǗǖǛǙljǚǛǖǤǕǑǖljǘǗǔǖǑǛǎǔǨǕǑ To study the function of the lacrimal gland, the Schirmer’s test is performed. The method well reveals a decrease in its function. In cases of lacrimation (tearing) violation the color nasolacrimal test, are used. ƱǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǎ njǔljǐǖǗnjǗ ǨNJǔǗǓlj ǖljǠǑǖljǧǛ ǚ ǎnjǗ ǗǚǕǗǛǙlj ƸǙǑ ǦǛǗǕ ǗNJǙljǢljǧǛ NjǖǑǕljǖǑǎ ǖlj NjǎǔǑǠǑǖǜ njǔljǐlj Ʒǖlj ǓǗǔǎNJǔǎǛǚǨ Nj ǐljNjǑǚǑǕǗǚǛǑ ǗǛ ǙǎǝǙljǓǟǑǑ ƸǙǑ NjǤǚǗǓǗǒ ǚǛǎǘǎǖǑ NJǔǑǐǗǙǜǓǗǚǛǑ njǔljǐǖǗǎ ǨNJǔǗǓǗ ǗNJǤǠǖǗ ǜNjǎǔǑǠǎǖǗ ƱǖǗnjǍlj ǕǗǏǖǗ NjǑǍǎǛǥ ǜǘǔǗǢǎǖǑǎ ǗNJǔljǚǛǑ ǦǓNjljǛǗǙlj ƸǙǑ njǑǘǎǙǕǎǛǙǗǘǑǑ ǙljǐǕǎǙ njǔljǐlj ǖǎNJǗǔǥǡǗǒ ƼNjǎǔǑǠǎǖǑǎ Ǒ ǜǕǎǖǥǡǎǖǑǎ njǔljǐǖǗnjǗ ǨNJǔǗǓlj ǕǗǏǎǛ NJǤǛǥ ǗNJǜǚǔǗNjǔǎǖǗ NJǗǔǎǐǖǎǖǖǤǕ ǘǙǗǟǎǚǚǗǕ ƸǙǑ ǦǛǗǕ NjljǏǖǗ ǚǙljNjǖǑǛǥ NjǎǔǑǠǑǖǜ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǜǎǕǗnjǗ njǔljǐlj ǚ ǘljǙǖǤǕ ƸǗǔǗǏǎǖǑǎ njǔljǐǖǗnjǗ ǨNJǔǗǓlj Nj ǗǙNJǑǛǎ ǛljǓǏǎ ǘǗǍNjǎǙǏǎǖǗ ǓǗǔǎNJljǖǑǨǕ ƸǙǑǗNJǢǎǕǑǚǛǗǢǎǖǑǑǗǙnjljǖǑǐǕljnjǔljǐljǖǎǚǓǗǔǥǓǗǐljǘljǍljǧǛ ǜ ǗǠǎǖǥ ǜǘǑǛljǖǖǤǞ ǚǜNJǣǎǓǛǗNj Ǒǐǐlj ǘǗNjǤǡǎǖǑǨǛǜǙnjǗǙljǛǓljǖǎǒnjǔljǐljNjǤǚǛǜǘljǧǛNjǘǎǙǎǍ The examination of the eyeball begins with its inspection. At the same time it is necessary to pay attention to the size of the eye. It varies depending on the refraction. With a high degree of myopia, the eyeball is usually enlarged. Sometimes you can see metropia, the size of the eye is small. An increase and decrease in the eyeball can be caused by a painful process. At the same time, it is important to compare the size of the examined eye with the paired one. The position of the eyeball in orbit is exhaustion of organism the eyes in very mellow persons due to an increase in the tissue turgor the eyes protrude. ƸǙǑ ǘljǛǗǔǗnjǑǠǎǚǓǑǞ ǘǙǗǟǎǚǚljǞ Nj njǔljǐǖǑǟǎ ǛljǓǑǞ ǓljǓ ǙǎǛǙǗNJǜǔǥNJljǙǖljǨ njǎǕljǛǗǕlj ǗǙNJǑǛljǔǥǖljǨ ǦǕǝǑǐǎǕlj ǖǗNjǗǗNJǙljǐǗNjljǖǑǨ Ǒ ǍǙǜnjǑǎ njǔljǐǖǗǎ ǨNJǔǗǓǗ ǕǗǏǎǛ ǙǎǐǓǗ NjǤǚǛǗǨǛǥ Ǒǐ ǗǙNJǑǛǤ ƫǤǘǨǠǑNjljǖǑǎ njǔljǐǖǗnjǗ ǨNJǔǗǓlj ǖljǐǤNjljǎǛǚǨ ǦǓǐǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǕ ǐljǘljǍǎǖǑǎ — ǦǖǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǕ ƫ ǛǗǕ Ǒ ǍǙǜnjǗǕ ǚǔǜǠljǎ ǖǎǗNJǞǗǍǑǕǗ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǨǛǥ ǚǛǎǘǎǖǥ NjǤǚǛǗǨǖǑǨ ǑǔǑ ǐljǘljǍǎǖǑǨ njǔljǐǖǗnjǗ ǨNJǔǗǓlj ƭǔǨ ǦǛǗǒ ǟǎǔǑ ǘǗǔǥǐǜǧǛǚǨ ǘǙǑNJǗǙǗǕ ǦǓǐǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǕǎǛǙǗǕ ƵǎǛǗǍǑǓlj ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǖljǐǤNjljǎǛǚǨǦǓǐǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǕǎǛǙǑǎǒ ǙǑǚ In pathological processes in the orbit, such as retrobulbar hematoma, orbital emphysema, neoplasm and others, the eyeball can abruptly protrude from the orbit. The protrusion of the eyeball is called exophthalmos, retraction — enophthalmos. In either case, it is necessary to determine the degree of protrusion or retraction of the eyeball. For this purpose, the exophthalmometer is used. The examination method is called exophthalmometry (Fig. 3.6). ƹǑǚ 3.6. džǓǐǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǕǎǛǙǑǨ Fig. 3.6. Exophthalmometry džǓǐǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǕǎǛǙ ǘǙǎǍǚǛljNjǔǨǎǛ ǚǗNJǗǒ njǗǙǑǐǗǖǛljǔǥǖǜǧ ǘǔljǖǓǜ ǑǕǎǧǢǜǧ ǚ ǓljǏǍǗǒ ǚǛǗǙǗǖǤ ǐǎǙǓljǔǥǖǜǧ ǘǙǑǐǕǜ ǚ ǜnjǔǗǕ ǗǛǙljǏǎǖǑǨ r ƸǙǑNJǗǙ ǘǙǑǚǛljNjǔǨǧǛ ǘǔǗǛǖǗ Ǔ ǖljǙǜǏǖǤǕ ǍǜnjljǕ ǗNJǎǑǞ njǔljǐǖǑǟ ǀǎǙǎǐ ǘǎǙǎǍǖǧǧ ǚǛǗǙǗǖǜ ǘǙǑǐǕǤ NjǑǍǖǤ ǘǙǗǝǑǔǥ ǘǎǙǎǍǖǎnjǗ ǗǛǍǎǔlj njǔljǐlj Ǒ ǡǓljǔlj ǜǓljǐǤNjljǧǢljǨ ǖljǚǓǗǔǥǓǗ NjǎǙǡǑǖlj ǙǗnjǗNjǑǟǤ ǗǛǚǛǗǑǛ ǗǛ ǛǗǠǓǑ ǘǙǑǔǗǏǎǖǑǨ ƷNJǨǐljǛǎǔǥǖǗ ǜǠǑǛǤNjljǧǛ ǑǚǞǗǍǖǗǎ ǙljǚǚǛǗǨǖǑǎ ǕǎǏǍǜ ǖljǙǜǏǖǤǕǑ ǓǙljǨǕǑ njǔljǐǖǑǟ ǘǙǑ ǓǗǛǗǙǗǕ ǘǙǗǑǐNjǗǍǑǔǗǚǥ ǑǐǕǎǙǎǖǑǎ ǠǛǗ ǗǠǎǖǥ NjljǏǖǗ ǐǖljǛǥ ǘǙǑ ǘǗNjǛǗǙǖǤǞ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨǞ The exophthalmometer is a horizontal bar with of 45°. The device is attached tightly to the external arches of both orbits. Through the front side of the ber of the eye and the scale indicating how far the top of the cornea is from the point of application. 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RUSSIAN-ENGLISH TEXTBOOK Chapter 3. Examination methodology of visual organ Many methods of diagnosis using ultrasonic oscillations have been developed. In ophthalmology, the A-method of ultrasound echography has become widespread (Fig. 3.29). Such diseases of the eye and orbit as new formations, detachment of the inner membranes, hemophthalmos, lens pathology, foreign bodies and others cause special changes in the normal echogram. The advantages of the A-method include the ability to perform accurate measurements of intraocular distances, which is of great importance in the process of dynamic observation of the tumor growth, the subatrophy development of the eyeball, as well as in collecting data to calculate the required optical power of an intraocular lens. ƹljǐǙljNJǗǛljǖǗ ǕǖǗǏǎǚǛNjǗ ǕǎǛǗǍǑǓ ǘǙǗNjǎǍǎǖǑǨ ǍǑljnjǖǗǚǛǑǓǑ ǚ ǘǗǕǗǢǥǧ ǜǔǥǛǙljǐNjǜǓǗNjǤǞ ǓǗǔǎNJljǖǑǒ ƫ ǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǔǗnjǑǑ ǡǑǙǗǓǗǎ ǙljǚǘǙǗǚǛǙljǖǎǖǑǎ ǘǗǔǜǠǑǔ Ʃ-ǕǎǛǗǍ ǜǔǥǛǙljǐNjǜǓǗNjǗǒ ǦǞǗnjǙljǝǑǑ (ǙǑǚ ƻljǓǑǎ ǐljNJǗǔǎNjljǖǑǨ njǔljǐlj Ǒ njǔljǐǖǑǟǤ ǓljǓ ǖǗNjǗǗNJǙljǐǗNjljǖǑǨ ǗǛǚǔǗǒǓlj NjǖǜǛǙǎǖǖǑǞ ǗNJǗǔǗǠǎǓ njǎǕǗǝǛljǔǥǕ ǘljǛǗǔǗnjǑǨ ǞǙǜǚǛljǔǑǓlj ǑǖǗǙǗǍǖǤǎ Ǜǎǔlj Ǒ ǍǙǜnjǑǎ NjǤǐǤNjljǧǛ ǗǚǗNJǤǎ ǑǐǕǎǖǎǖǑǨ ǖǗǙǕljǔǥǖǗǒ ǦǞǗnjǙljǕǕǤ Ƴ ǍǗǚǛǗǑǖǚǛNjljǕ Ʃ-ǕǎǛǗǍlj ǗǛǖǗǚǑǛǚǨ NjǗǐǕǗǏǖǗǚǛǥ NjǤǘǗǔǖǎǖǑǨ ǛǗǠǖǗnjǗ ǑǐǕǎǙǎǖǑǨ NjǖǜǛǙǑnjǔljǐǖǤǞ ǍǑǚǛljǖǟǑǒ ǠǛǗ ǑǕǎǎǛ NJǗǔǥǡǗǎ ǐǖljǠǎǖǑǎ Nj ǘǙǗǟǎǚǚǎ ǍǑǖljǕǑǠǎǚǓǗnjǗ ǖljNJǔǧǍǎǖǑǨ ǐlj ǙǗǚǛǗǕ ǖǗNjǗǗNJǙljǐǗNjljǖǑǨ ǙljǐNjǑǛǑǎǕ ǚǜNJljǛǙǗǝǑǑ njǔljǐǖǗnjǗ ǨNJǔǗǓlj lj ǛljǓǏǎ ǘǙǑ ǚNJǗǙǎ ǍljǖǖǤǞ ǍǔǨ ǙljǚǠǎǛlj ǖǎǗNJǞǗǍǑǕǗǒǗǘǛǑǠǎǚǓǗǒǚǑǔǤǑǖǛǙljǗǓǜǔǨǙǖǗǒǔǑǖǐǤ ƹǑǚ 3.29. džǞǗnjǙljǝǑǨ njǔljǐlj ǘǗ ƩǕǎǛǗǍǜ 1 — ǦǞǗǚǑnjǖljǔ ǗǛ ǘǎǙǎǍǖǎǒ ǘǗNjǎǙǞǖǗǚǛǑ ǙǗnjǗNjǑǟǤ 2, 3 — ǦǞǗǚǑnjǖljǔǤ ǗǛ ǘǎǙǎǍǖǎǒ Ǒ ǐljǍǖǎǒ ǘǗNjǎǙǞǖǗǚǛǎǒ ǞǙǜǚǛljǔǑǓlj 4 — ǦǞǗǚǑnjǖljǔ ǗǛ ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑ Ǒ ǚǛǙǜǓǛǜǙ ǐljǍǖǎnjǗ ǘǗǔǧǚlj njǔljǐlj Fig. 3.29. Echography of the eye by the $PHWKRG 1 — echo signal from anterior corneal VXUIDFH 2, 3 — echo signals from anterior and posterior lens VXUIDFHV 4 — echo signal from retina and structures of eye posterior pole ƫǕǎǛǗǍ ǦǞǗnjǙljǝǑǑ — NJǗǔǎǎ ǚǔǗǏǖljǨ ǕǎǛǗǍǑǓlj ǘǗǐNjǗǔǨǧǢljǨ ǗǟǎǖǑǛǥ ǝǗǙǕǜ ǙljǐǕǎǙǤ Ǒ ǛǗǘǗnjǙljǝǑǧ ǘljǛǗǔǗnjǑǠǎǚǓǗnjǗ ǗǠljnjlj ƩǘǘljǙljǛǜǙljǍǔǨǘǙǗNjǎ ǍǎǖǑǨ ǜǔǥǛǙljǐNjǜǓǗNjǗǒ ƫǦǞǗnjǙljǝǑǑ ǛljǓǏǎ ǚǗǍǎǙǏǑǛ ǑǕǘǜǔǥǚǖǤǒ ǦǞǗNJǔǗǓljǛǗǙ Ǘǖlj ǚǖljNJǏǎǖlj ǜǚǛǙǗǒǚǛNjǗǕ ljNjǛǗǕljǛǑǠǎǚǓǗnjǗ ǑǔǑ ǙǜǠǖǗnjǗ ǑǐǕǎǖǎǖǑǨ ǘǗǔǗǏǎǖǑǨ ǜǔǥǛǙljǐNjǜǓǗNjǗnjǗ ǔǜǠlj Nj ǘǙǗǚǛǙljǖǚǛNjǎ ƶlj ǦǓǙljǖǎ ǘǗǔǜǠljǎǛǚǨ ǑǐǗNJǙljǏǎǖǑǎ ǙljǍǑljǔǥǖǗnjǗ ǚǙǎǐlj ǑǚǚǔǎǍǜǎǕǗnjǗ ǗǙnjljǖlj lj ǑǖǝǗǙǕljǟǑǨ ǗNJ ǗǛǙljǏljǧǢǑǞ ǚNjǗǒǚǛNjljǞ ǦǔǎǕǎǖǛǗNj ǗǙnjljǖlj ǘǎǙǎǍljǎǛǚǨ ǚ ǘǗǕǗǢǥǧ ǙljǐǔǑǠǖǗǒ ǨǙǓǗǚǛǑ ǚNjǎǠǎǖǑǨ ǦǓǙljǖlj (ǙǑǚ 30 B-method of echography is a more complex technique, which allows evaluating the shape, size and topography of the pathological focus. The equipment for the ultrasound B-echography conducting also contains a pulse echo blocker, it is equipped with a device for automatically or manually changing the position of the ultrasound beam in space. On the screen, an image of the radial section of the examined organ is obtained, and information about the mitted using different screen glow intesity (Fig. 3.30). ƹǑǚ 3.30. ƼǔǥǛǙljǐNjǜǓǗNjǗǒ ƩƫǚǓljǖ ǚ NjǗǐǕǗǏǖǗǚǛǥǧ NJǑǗǕǎǛǙǑǑ Ʃƫ Fig. 3.30. Ultrasonic AB-scan with possibility of biometric $% Ʊǐ ǍǙǜnjǑǞ ǕǎǛǗǍǗNj ǜǔǥǛǙljǐNjǜǓǗNjǗnjǗ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ Nj ǍǑljnjǖǗǚǛǑǓǎ njǔljǐǖǤǞ ǐljNJǗǔǎNjljǖǑǒ ǘǙǑǕǎǖǨǧǛ ǍǗǘǘǔǎǙǗnjǙljǝǑǧ ǘǗǐNjǗǔǨǧǢǜǧ ǗǟǎǖǑǛǥ ǚǓǗǙǗǚǛǥ ǓǙǗNjǗǛǗǓlj Nj ǓǙǜǘǖǤǞ Ǒ ǚǙǎǍǖǑǞ ǚǗǚǜǍljǞ ǑǞ ǓǙǗNjǎǖljǘǗǔǖǎǖǑǎ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǑǛǥ NjǎǔǑǠǑǖǜ ǘǜǔǥǚljǟǑǑ Among the other methods of ultrasound in the diagnosis of ocular diseases, Doppler sonography is used, which makes it possible to assess the speed of blood supply, to determine the magnitude of the pulsation. 109 ƷƽƻƩƴDžƵƷƴƷƬƱLjƹƼƺƺƳƷƩƶƬƴƱƲƺƳƱƲƼǀƮƪƶƱƳ ƬǔljNjlj3ƵǎǛǗǍǑǓljǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨǗǙnjljǖljǐǙǎǖǑǨ ƵNJǑǏǚǗǥǏǛǔNJǗǒǚǝǨǣǒǏǘǞǜNJǕǦǖǘǛǔǘǙǥ LaVHUVFanningRphthalPRVFRpeV ƫ ǖljǚǛǗǨǢǎǎ NjǙǎǕǨ ǘǙljǓǛǑǠǎǚǓǑ Njǚǎ ǘǙǑǕǎǖǨǎǕǤǎ Nj ǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǔǗnjǑǑ ǕǎǛǗǍǤ ǗNJǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǓǗǕǘǥǧǛǎǙǑǐǑǙǗNjljǖǤ. ƫ ǘǗǚǔǎǍǖǎǎ NjǙǎǕǨ ǡǑǙǗǓǗǎ ǙljǚǘǙǗǚǛǙljǖǎǖǑǎ ǘǗǔǜǠǑǔǑ ǔljǐǎǙǖǤǎ ǛǎǞǖǗǔǗnjǑǑ ƫ 1986 njǗǍǜNjǘǎǙNjǤǎ ǘǙǎǍǚǛljNjǔǎǖljǛǗǘǗnjǙljǝǑǠǎǚǓljǨ ǔljǐǎǙǖljǨ ǚǓljǖǑǙǜǧǢljǨǚǑǚǛǎǕljǍǔǨ ǘǙǑǕǎǖǎǖǑǨ Nj ǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǔǗnjǑǑ. Ʒǖlj ǚǓljǖǑǙǜǎǛǘǗNjǎǙǞǖǗǚǛǥ ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑ Ǒ ǐljǛǎǕ ǚǛǙǗǑǛ ǖljnjǔǨǍ ǖǜǧ ǛǙǎǞǕǎǙǖǜǧ ǕǗǍǎǔǥ ǎǎ ǘǗNjǎǙǞǖǗǚǛǑ (ǙǑǚ. 3.31). ƸǙǑNJǗǙ ǖǎǗNJǞǗǍǑǕ ǘǙǑ ǍǑǖljǕǑǠǎǚǓǗǕ ǖljNJǔǧǍǎǖǑǑ ǘljǟǑǎǖǛǗNj ǚnjǔljǜǓǗǕǗǒ ǍǔǨ ǗǟǎǖǓǑ ǚǛǎǘǎǖǑ ǘǙǗnjǙǎǚǚǑ ǙǗNjljǖǑǨ ǦǓǚǓljNjljǟǑǑ ǍǑǚǓlj ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ ǖǎǙNjlj lj ǛljǓǏǎ ǘǙǑ ǍǑljnjǖǗǚǛǑǓǎǍǙǜnjǑǞǐljNJǗǔǎNjljǖǑǒǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑ. Currently, almost all methods of examination used in ophthalmology are computerized. Recently, laser technology has become widespread. In 1986 the ning system for use in ophthalmology. It scans the surface of the retina and then builds a visual three-dimensional model of its surface (Fig. 3.31). The device is necessary in the dynamic observation of patients with glaucoma to assess the excavation progression degree of the optic nerve disc, as well as in the diagnosis of other retinal diseases. ƹǑǚƬǎǒǍǎǔǥNJǎǙnjǚǓǑǒ ǙǎǛǑǖljǔǥǖǤǒǛǗǕǗnjǙljǝ )LJHeidelberg’sretinaltomograph ƴljǐǎǙǖǤǎ ǗǝǛljǔǥǕǗǚǓǗǘǤ ǑǚǘǗǔǥǐǜǧǛǚǨ ǍǔǨ ǓǗǔǑǠǎǚǛNjǎǖǖǗnjǗ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǨ ǘljǙljǕǎǛǙǗNj ǍǑǚǓlj ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ ǖǎǙNjlj ǑǐǕǎǙǎǖǑǨ ǛǗǔǢǑǖǤ ǚǔǗǨ ǖǎǙNjǖǤǞ NjǗǔǗǓǗǖ ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑ ǙǑǚ 3.32) ǘǙǗNjǎǍǎǖǑǨ ǝǔǗǜǕǎǛǙǑǑ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǨ ǘljǙljǕǎǛǙǗNj ǓǙǗNjǗǛǗǓlj Nj ǚǗǚǜǍljǞ ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑ Ǒ ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ ǖǎǙNjlj NjǑǐǜljǔǑǐljǟǑǑ ǓǙǗNjǗǛǗǓlj Nj ǙǎǛǑǖljǔǥǖǤǞ Ǒ ǞǗǙǑǗǑǍljǔǥǖǤǞ ǚǗǚǜǍljǞ (ǘǙǑ ǘǙǗNjǎǍǎǖǑǑ ǝǔǧǗǙǎǚǟǎǖǛǖǗǒ Ǒ ǑǖǍǗǟǑljǖǑǖǗNjǗǒ ljǖnjǑǗnjǙljǝǑǑ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǨ ǘǗǔǨ Ǒ ǗǚǛǙǗǛǤ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ NjǤǘǗǔǖǎǖǑǨǦǔǎǓǛǙǗǝǑǐǑǗǔǗnjǑǠǎǚǓǑǞǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǒ. Laser ophthalmoscopes are used to quantify the parameters of the optic nerve disc, to measure the and indocyanine angiography), to determine the logical studies. ƹǑǚƷǘǛǑǠǎǚǓǑǒǓǗnjǎǙǎǖǛǖǤǒ ǛǗǕǗnjǙljǝ )LJOpticalcoherent tomograph LJǕǏǔǜǚǘǚǏǜǒǗǘǍǚNJǞǒǩ ElHFWURUHWiQRgraphy džǔǎǓǛǙǗǙǎǛǑǖǗnjǙljǝǑǨ — ǦǛǗ ǕǎǛǗǍ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǗǚǖǗNjljǖǖǤǒ ǖlj njǙljǝǑǠǎǚǓǗǒ ǐljǘǑǚǑ ǘǗǛǎǖǟǑljǔǗNj ǙǑǚ 3.33). ƵǎǛǗǍ ǑǚǘǗǔǥǐǜǎǛǚǨ ǓljǓ ǍǗǘǗǔǖǑǛǎǔǥǖǤǒ ǘǙǑ ǍǑljnjǖǗǚǛǑǓǎ ǙljǐǔǑǠǖǤǞ ǐljNJǗǔǎNjljǖǑǒ ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑ. ưljǘǑǚǥ ǘǗǛǎǖǟǑljǔǗNj ǗǛǙljǏljǎǛ ǝǜǖǓǟǑǗǖljǔǥǖǗǎ ǚǗǚǛǗǨǖǑǎ ǓǗǔNJǗǠǓǗNjǗnjǗ Ǒ ǘljǔǗǠǓǗNjǗnjǗ ljǘǘljǙljǛǗNj ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑ lj ǛljǓǏǎ ǚǔǗǨ ǎnjǗ ǘǑnjǕǎǖǛǖǗnjǗǦǘǑǛǎǔǑǨ. Electroretinography is a research method based on a graphical recording of potentials (Fig. 3.33). The method is used as an additional one in the diagnosis of various retinal diseases. The recording of porods apparatus of the retina, as well as the layer of its pigment epithelium. 110 OPHTHALMOLOGY. RUSSIAN-ENGLISH TEXTBOOK &KDSWHU([DPLQDWLRQPHWKRGRORJ\RIYLVXDORUJDQ ƹǑǚdžǔǎǓǛǙǗǙǎǛǑǖǗnjǙljǝ )LJ(OHFWURUHWLQRJUDSK ƸǞǜNJǕǦǖǘǎǒǗNJǖǘǖǏǜǚǒǩ 2SKWKDOPRG\QDPRPHWU\ ƷǝǛljǔǥǕǗǍǑǖljǕǗǕǎǛǙǑǨȂǦǛǗǚǘǎǟǑljǔǥǖǤǒǕǎǛǗǍ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨǓǗǛǗǙǤǒǘǗǐNjǗǔǨǎǛǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǑǛǥǍljNjǔǎǖǑǎNjǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗǒljǙǛǎǙǑǑǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑǠǛǗǑǕǎǎǛNjljǏǖǗǎǍǑljnjǖǗǚǛǑǠǎǚǓǗǎǐǖljǠǎǖǑǎǘǙǑǙljǐǔǑǠǖǤǞNjǑǍljǞǕǎǚǛǖǗǒǑǗNJǢǎǒǚǗǚǜǍǑǚǛǗǒǘljǛǗǔǗnjǑǑ ƵǎǛǗǍǗǚǖǗNjljǖǖljǘǙǑǖǟǑǘǎǑǐǕǎǙǎǖǑǨNjǎǔǑǠǑǖǤ ǓǗǕǘǙǎǚǚǑǑnjǔljǐǖǗnjǗǨNJǔǗǓljǖǎǗNJǞǗǍǑǕǗǒǍǔǨǘǗǨNjǔǎǖǑǨǘǜǔǥǚljǟǑǑNjǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗǒljǙǛǎǙǑǑǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑƸǜǔǥǚljǟǑǨǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗǒljǙǛǎǙǑǑǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑNjǗǐǖǑǓljǎǛNjǕǗǕǎǖǛNjǤǙljNjǖǑNjljǖǑǨNjǖǜǛǙǑnjǔljǐǖǗnjǗǑ ljǙǛǎǙǑljǔǥǖǗnjǗǍljNjǔǎǖǑǒ 2SKWKDOPRG\QDPRPHWU\ LV D VSHFLDO UHVHDUFK PHWKRG WKDW DOORZV GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH SUHVVXUH LQ WKHFHQWUDODUWHU\RIWKHUHWLQDZKLFKKDVLPSRUWDQWGLDJQRVWLFYDOXHLQYDULRXVW\SHVRIORFDODQG JHQHUDO YDVFXODU SDWKRORJ\ 7KH PHWKRG LV EDVHG RQ WKH SULQFLSOH RI PHDVXULQJ WKH DPRXQW RI WKH H\HEDOO FRPSUHVVLRQ QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH 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In the peripheral (or receptor) section (retinal photoreceptors), light perception and the primary analysis of visual sensations occur. The conductor division provides for the electrical impulses transmission from the retinal photoreceptors sequentially along the individual structures of the visual pathway (bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina, optic nerve, chiasm, optic tract, external geniculate bodies, optic radiation). Impulses from the retina photoreceptors, as well as from proprioceptors of the external muscles of the eyeball, muscles of the iris and the ciliary body, arrive in the central (or cortical) division, located in the region of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe of the brain. In addition, the visual analyzer has close associations with other analyzers. ƹǑǚ ưǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǤǒ ljǖljǔǑǐljǛǗǙ ǠǎǔǗNjǎǓlj )LJHuman visualanalyzer 114 OPHTHALMOLOGY. 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IXQFWLRQVWKHUHIRUHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRGLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ F H Q W UD O DQG S H U L S K H UD O YLVLRQ &HQ- ƻljǓǑǕǗNJǙljǐǗǕǍNjǗǒǚǛNjǎǖǖljǨǘǙǑǙǗǍljǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǛǙǎNJǜǎǛǍǑǝǝǎǙǎǖǟǑǙǗNjljǖǖǗnjǗǘǗǍǞǗǍljǓǗǟǎǖǓǎǐǙǑ117 ƷƽƻƩƴDžƵƷƴƷƬƱLjƹƼƺƺƳƷƩƶƬƴƱƲƺƳƱƲƼǀƮƪƶƱƳ ƬǔljNjlj4ưǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǤǒljǖljǔǑǐljǛǗǙ:ǚǛǙǗǎǖǑǎǝǜǖǓǟǑǑǕǎǛǗǍǑǓljǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǛǎǔǥǖǤǞ ǝǜǖǓǟǑǒ ǘǗǦǛǗǕǜ ǖǎǗNJǞǗǍǑǕǗ ǙljǐǔǑǠljǛǥ ǟ ǎ ǖ Ǜ Ǚ lj ǔ ǥ ǖ Ǘ ǎ Ǒ ǘ ǎ Ǚ Ǒ ǝ ǎ Ǚ Ǒ Ǡ ǎ ǚ Ǔ Ǘ ǎ ǐǙǎǖǑǎ ƿǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗǎ ǐǙǎǖǑǎ ǗǚǜǢǎǚǛNjǔǨǎǛǚǨ ǓǗǔNJǗǠǓljǕǑ) ǑǕǎǎǛ NjǤǚǗǓǜǧ ǗǚǛǙǗǛǜ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ NjǗǚǘǙǑǨǛǑǎ ǟNjǎǛlj lj ǛljǓǏǎ ǚǘǗǚǗNJǖǗǚǛǥ Ǔ ǘǎǙNjǑǠǖǗǕǜ NjǗǚǘǙǑǨǛǑǧ ǝǗǙǕǤ ǘǙǎǍǕǎǛlj ƸǎǙǑǝǎǙǑǠǎǚǓǗǎ ǐǙǎǖǑǎ ǗǚǜǢǎǚǛNjǔǨǎǛǚǨ ǘljǔǗǠǓljǕǑ ǚǔǜǏǑǛ ǍǔǨ ǗǙǑǎǖǛljǟǑǑ Nj ǘǙǗǚǛǙljǖǚǛNjǎ ǑǗNJǎǚǘǎǠǑNjljǎǛǖǗǠǖǗǎǚǜǕǎǙǎǠǖǗǎǐǙǎǖǑǎ tral vision (carried out by cones) has a high visual acuity, color perception, and also the ability to primary perception of the shape of an object. Peripheral vision (performed with rods) is used for orientation in space and provides night, mesopic vision. V i s u a l a c u i t y is the ability of the eye to perceive separately the points located at a minimum distance from each other. Ʒ ǚ Ǜ Ǚ Ǘ Ǜ lj ǐ Ǚ ǎ ǖ Ǒ Ǩ — ǦǛǗ ǚǘǗǚǗNJǖǗǚǛǥ njǔljǐlj NjǗǚǘǙǑǖǑǕljǛǥ ǙljǐǍǎǔǥǖǗ ǛǗǠǓǑ ǙljǚǘǗǔǗǏǎǖǖǤǎ ǍǙǜnj ǗǛǍǙǜnjljǖljǕǑǖǑǕljǔǥǖǗǕǙljǚǚǛǗǨǖǑǑ The relationship between the magnitude of the object under consideration and its distance from the eye characterizes the angle at which the object is visible. ƫǐljǑǕǗǚNjǨǐǥ ǕǎǏǍǜ NjǎǔǑǠǑǖǗǒ ǙljǚǚǕljǛǙǑNjljǎǕǗnjǗ ǗNJǣǎǓǛlj Ǒ ǜǍljǔǎǖǖǗǚǛǥǧ ǎnjǗ ǗǛ njǔljǐlj ǞljǙljǓǛǎǙǑǐǜǎǛǜnjǗǔǘǗǍǓǗǛǗǙǤǕNjǑǍǎǖǗNJǣǎǓǛ The angle formed by the outer points of the object and the focal point of the eye is called the visu al angle (Fig. 4.2). Visual acuity is inversely proportional to the visual angle: the smaller the visual angle is, the higher the visual acuity is. The minimum angle of view, allowing perceiving separately two points, characterizes the visual acuity of the eye being examined. ƼnjǗǔ ǗNJǙljǐǗNjljǖǖǤǒ ǓǙljǒǖǑǕǑ ǛǗǠǓljǕǑ ǙljǚǚǕljǛǙǑNjljǎǕǗnjǗ ǗNJǣǎǓǛlj Ǒ ǜǐǔǗNjǗǒ ǛǗǠǓǗǒ njǔljǐlj ǖljǐǤNjljǎǛǚǨ ǜ njǔ Ǘ Ǖ ǐ Ǚ ǎ ǖǑǨ ǙǑǚ ƷǚǛǙǗǛlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǗNJǙljǛǖǗ ǘǙǗǘǗǙǟǑǗǖljǔǥǖlj ǜnjǔǜ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ: ǠǎǕ Ǖǎǖǥǡǎ ǜnjǗǔ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǛǎǕ NjǤǡǎ ǗǚǛǙǗǛlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ƵǑǖǑǕljǔǥǖǤǒ ǜnjǗǔ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǘǗǐNjǗǔǨǧǢǑǒ ǙljǐǍǎǔǥǖǗ NjǗǚǘǙǑǖǑǕljǛǥ ǍNjǎ ǛǗǠǓǑ ǞljǙljǓǛǎǙǑǐǜǎǛ ǗǚǛǙǗǛǜ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǜǎǕǗnjǗ njǔljǐlj ƹǑǚƭǎǛljǔǑǘǙǎǍǕǎǛljǗNJǙljǐǜǧǛǖlj ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǎǙljNjǖǤǎǑǐǗNJǙljǏǎǖǑǨǎǚǔǑǗǖǑ NjǑǍǖǤǘǗǍǗǍǖǑǕǜnjǔǗǕǐǙǎǖǑǨ )LJTheobject’sdetailsformequalimages ontherHWLQDiftheyarevisiblefromoneangle ƫ 1674 njǗǍǜ ƬǜǓ ǚ ǘǗǕǗǢǥǧ ǛǎǔǎǚǓǗǘlj ǜǚǛljǖǗNjǑǔ ǠǛǗ ǕǑǖǑǕljǔǥǖǗǎ ǙljǚǚǛǗǨǖǑǎ ǕǎǏǍǜ ǐNjǎǐǍljǕǑ ǍǗǚǛǜǘǖǗǎ ǍǔǨ ǑǞ ǙljǐǍǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ NjǗǚǘǙǑǨǛǑǨ ǖǎNjǗǗǙǜǏǎǖǖǤǕ njǔljǐǗǕ ǙljNjǖǗ ǗǍǖǗǒ ǜnjǔǗNjǗǒ ǕǑǖǜǛǎ ƸǗǠǛǑ ǠǎǙǎǐ ǔǎǛ Nj njǗǍǜ Ƭ ƺǖǎǔǔǎǖ ǑǚǘǗǔǥǐǗNjljǔ ǦǛǜ NjǎǔǑǠǑǖǜ ǘǙǑ ǘǗǚǛǙǗǎǖǑǑ ǛljNJǔǑǟ ǍǔǨ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǨ ǗǚǛǙǗǛǤ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǘǙǑǖǨNj ǜnjǗǔ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ 1’ ǐlj ǝǑǐǑǗǔǗnjǑǠǎǚǓǜǧ ǖǗǙǕǜ ƸǙǑ ǦǛǗǕ ǑǐǕǎǙǨǛǥ ǗǚǛǙǗǛǜ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǜǍǗNJǖǎǎ Nj ǗǛǖǗǚǑǛǎǔǥǖǤǞ NjǎǔǑǠǑǖljǞ ǘǗǦǛǗǕǜ ǐlj ǖ ǗǙ Ǖlj ǔ ǥ ǖǜ ǧ Ǘ ǚ Ǜ Ǚ ǗǛ ǜ ǐ Ǚ ǎǖ Ǒ Ǩ ǙljNjǖǜǧ ǎǍǑǖǑǟǎ (visus = ǘǙǑǖǨǛlj ǗNJǙljǛǖljǨ NjǎǔǑǠǑǖlj ǜnjǔlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ƸǙǑ ǦǛǗǕ ǗǚǛǙǗǛlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǙljNjǖljǨ ǞljǙljǓǛǎǙǑǐǜǎǛ ǖǑǏǖǧǧ njǙljǖǑǟǜ ǖǗǙǕǤ ƫǚǛǙǎǠljǧǛǚǨ ǔǧǍǑ ǚ ǗǚǛǙǗǛǗǒ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ Ǒ NJǗǔǎǎ ǎǍǑǖǑǟ ǘǙǎǍǎǔ ǙljǐǔǑǠǑǛǎǔǥǖǗǒ ǚǘǗǚǗNJǖǗǚǛǑ njǔljǐlj ǗNJǗǚǖǗNjljǖ ǘǙǎǏǍǎ NjǚǎnjǗ ǙljǐǕǎǙljǕǑ ǝǗǛǗǙǎǟǎǘǛǗǙǗNj ƫ ǚNjǨǐǑ ǚ ǖǎǙljNjǖǗǕǎǙǖǤǕ ǙljǚǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǎǕ ǓǗǔNJǗǠǎǓ Nj ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǎ ǙljǐǔǑǠǖǤǎ ǎǎǜǠljǚǛǓǑǖǎǙljNjǖǗǐǖljǠǖǤǘǗǗǚǛǙǗǛǎǐǙǎǖǑǨƶljǑNJǗǔǎǎ NjǤǚǗǓljǨ ǗǚǛǙǗǛlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ Nj ǗNJǔljǚǛǑ ǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗǒ ǨǕǓǑ ǏǎǔǛǗnjǗ ǘǨǛǖlj ǖǗ ǜǏǎ ǖlj ǙljǚǚǛǗǨǖǑǑ r ǗǛ ǖǎǎ ǗǚǛǙǗǛlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǚǖǑǏljǎǛǚǨ ǍǗ ƸǗǦǛǗǕǜ ǘǙljNjǑǔǥǖǎǎ njǗNjǗǙǑǛǥǗNJǗǚǛǙǗǛǎǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗnjǗǐǙǎǖǑǨ In 1674, Hooke using a telescope found that the minimum distance between the stars, available for their separate perception with the naked eye, is equal to 1 angular minute. Almost 200 years later, in 1862, G. Snellen used this value in the construction of tables to determine visual acuity, taking the visual angle 1’ as the physiological norm. In this case, it is more convenient to measure visual acuity in relative values, therefore, the normal valu e of vi sual acuity, equal to one (visus = 1.0), is the inverse of the visual angle. At the same time, visual acuity of 1.0 characterizes the lower limit of the norm. There are people with visual acuity 1.5; 2.0; 3.0 and more units (the limit of the distinctive ability of the eye is ƷǚǛǙǗǛlj ǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗnjǗ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǗǛǔǑǠljǎǛǚǨ Nj ǙljǐǔǑǠǖǤǎ ǘǎǙǑǗǍǤ ǏǑǐǖǑ ǠǎǔǗNjǎǓlj ǖǑǐǓljǨ ǜ ǖǗNjǗǙǗǏǍǎǖǖǤǞ Ǔ ǡǎǚǛǑ ǕǎǚǨǟljǕ ǘǗǚǛǎǘǎǖǖǗ ǍǗǚǛǑnjljǎǛ ȁ Ǔ njǗǍǜ ǘǗNjǤǡljǎǛǚǨ ǍǗ ȁ Ǔ ȁ njǗǍljǕ ǍǗǚǛǑnjljǎǛ ǖǑǏǖǎǒ njǙljǖǑǟǤ ǖǗǙǕǤ ƮǢǎ Nj 186 njǗǍǜ Ƭ ƺǖǎǔǔǎǖ ǘǙǎǍǔǗǏǑǔ NjǤǠǎǙǠǑNjljǛǥ ǗǘǛǗǛǑǘǤ ǠǛǗNJǤ Njǎǚǥ ǐǖljǓ NJǤǔ NjǑǍǎǖ ǘǗǍ ǜnjǔǗǕ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ Ȇ lj ǎnjǗ The acuity of central vision differs in different periods of a person’s life (low in newborns, gradually reaching 0.1ȁ0.3 by 6 months, rising to 0.3ȁ0.6 by the year, reaching the lower normal limit by 5ȁ7 years). As early as 1862, G. Snelen suggested drawing optotypes so that the whole sign was visible at an angle of 5’, and its details at an angle of 1’. For Due to the uneven distribution of cones in the retina, its various parts are unequal in visual acuity. The highest visual acuity in the region of the central fovea of the macula lutea, but already at a distance of 10° from it the visual acuity decreases to 0.2. Therefore, it is more correct to speak of the acuity of the central vision. 118 OPHTHALMOLOGY. 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ƱǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǎ ǘǗǔǨ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǐljǓǔǧǠljǎǛǚǨ ǖǎ ǛǗǔǥǓǗ Nj ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǑ ǎnjǗ njǙljǖǑǟ ǖǗ Ǒ Nj NjǤǨNjǔǎǖǑǑ ǍǎǝǎǓǛǗNjǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗǒǝǜǖǓǟǑǑNjǖǜǛǙǑǦǛǑǞnjǙljǖǑǟ ƷǚǖǗNjǖǤǕǑ ǗǙǑǎǖǛǑǙljǕǑ ǘǗǔǨ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǨNjǔǨǧǛǚǨ ǛǗǠǓlj ǝǑǓǚljǟǑǑ ǚNjǨǐljǖlj ǚ ǗNJǔljǚǛǥǧ ǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗǒ ǨǕǓǑ ǏǎǔǛǗnjǗ ǘǨǛǖlj Ǒ ǚǔǎǘǗǎ ǘǨǛǖǗ ǚNjǨǐljǖǗ ǚ ǍǑǚǓǗǕ ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ ǖǎǙNjlj ǔǑǡǎǖǖǗnjǗ ǝǗǛǗǙǎǟǎǘǛǗǙǗNj . the (connected with the central fovea of the macula lutea) and the blind spot (connected with the optic nerve disc, devoid of photoreceptors). Control and instrumental (campimetry and pe- ƸǙǑǕǎǖǨǧǛ ǓǗǖǛǙǗǔǥǖǤǒ Ǒ ǑǖǚǛǙǜǕǎǖǛljǔǥǖǤǎ (ǓljǕǘǑǕǎǛǙǑǨ Ǒ ǘǎǙǑǕǎǛǙǑǨ ǕǎǛǗǍǤ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǘǗǔǨ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ. ƳǗǖǛǙǗǔǥǖǤǒ ǕǎǛǗǍ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǘǗǔǨ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǖǎ ǛǙǎNJǜǎǛ ǘǙǑǕǎǖǎǖǑǨ ǚǘǎǟǑljǔǥǖǗnjǗ ǗNJǗǙǜǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ƮnjǗ ǚǜǢǖǗǚǛǥ ǐljǓǔǧǠljǎǛǚǨ Nj ǚǙljNjǖǎǖǑǑ ǘǗǔǨ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǗNJǚǔǎǍǜǎǕǗnjǗ ǚ ǘǗǔǎǕ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ NjǙljǠlj ǙǑǚ 4.11 ǓǗǛǗǙǗǎ ǍǗǔǏǖǗ NJǤǛǥ ǖǗǙǕljǔǥǖǤǕ. ƸǗǕǎǚǛǑNj NJǗǔǥǖǗnjǗ ǚǘǑǖǗǒ Ǔ ǚNjǎǛǜ NjǙljǠ ǚljǍǑǛǚǨ ǖljǘǙǗǛǑNjǖǎnjǗǖljǙljǚǚǛǗǨǖǑǑǕưljǓǙǤNjǗǍǑǖnjǔljǐ ǗNJǚǔǎǍǜǎǕǗnjǗ NjǙljǠ ǐljǓǙǤNjljǎǛ ǚNjǗǒ njǔljǐ ǘǙǗǛǑNjǗǘǗǔǗǏǖǤǒ ǐljǓǙǤǛǗǕǜ ǜ NJǗǔǥǖǗnjǗ ƸljǟǑǎǖǛ ǝǑǓǚǑǙǜǎǛ NjǐnjǔǨǍǗǕ njǔljǐ NjǙljǠlj Ǒ ǗǛǕǎǠljǎǛ ǕǗǕǎǖǛ ǘǗǨNjǔǎǖǑǨ ǘljǔǥǟlj ǑǔǑ ǍǙǜnjǗnjǗ ǗNJǣǎǓǛlj ǓǗǛǗǙǤǒ NjǙljǠ ǘǔljNjǖǗǘǎǙǎǍNjǑnjljǎǛǚǙljǐǖǤǞǚǛǗǙǗǖǗǛǘǎǙǑǝǎǙǑǑ Ǔ ǟǎǖǛǙǜ ǖlj ǗǍǑǖljǓǗNjǗǕ ǙljǚǚǛǗǨǖǑǑ ǕǎǏǍǜ ǚǗNJǗǒ Ǒ NJǗǔǥǖǤǕ ƺǙljNjǖǑNjljǨ ǘǗǓljǐljǖǑǨ ǘljǟǑǎǖǛlj ǚǗ ǚNjǗǑǕǑ NjǙljǠ ǜǚǛljǖljNjǔǑNjljǎǛ ǑǐǕǎǖǎǖǑǨ njǙljǖǑǟ ǘǗǔǨ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǑǖljǔǑǠǑǎNjǖǎǕǍǎǝǎǓǛǗNj used. The control method of studying does not require the use of special equipment. Its 4.11), which should be normal. Having placed the patient with his back to the light, the doctor sits down against him at a distance of 1 m. Having closed one eye of the patient, the doctor closes his eye, opposite doctor’s eyes with his eyes and marks the moment the doctor smoothly moves from different sides from the periphery to the center at the same distance between themselves and the patient. Comparing the patient’s responses with his own, the doctor determines changes in the boundaries of the visual ƹǑǚƳǗǖǛǙǗǔǥǖǤǒǕǎǛǗǍ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨǘǗǔǨǐǙǎǖǑǨ )LJControlmethodofvisual studying ƳljǕǘǑǕǎǛǙǑǨ ǗǛ ǔljǛ. campus — ǘRǔH ǘǔǗǚǓǗǚǛǥ Ǒ njǙǎǠ metreo — ǑǐǕǎǙǨǛǥ ǨNjǔǨǎǛǚǨ ǚǘǗǚǗNJǗǕ ǑǐǕǎǙǎǖǑǨ ǖlj ǘǔǗǚǓǗǒ ǘǗNjǎǙǞǖǗǚǛǑ ǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǤǞ ǗǛǍǎǔǗNj ǘǗǔǨ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ Ǒ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǨ Nj ǖǎǕ ǑǕǎǧǢǑǞǚǨ ǍǎǝǎǓǛǗNj ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗǒ ǝǜǖǓǟǑǑ ǠǛǗ ǘǗǐNjǗǔǨǎǛ NJǗǔǎǎ ǛǗǠǖǗ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǑǛǥ ǝǗǙǕǜ Ǒ ǙljǐǕǎǙǤ ǚǔǎǘǗnjǗ ǘǨǛǖlj ǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǤǎ Ǒ ǘljǙljǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǤǎ ǍǎǝǎǓǛǤ ǘǗǔǨ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǖǎ ǚNjǨǐljǖǖǤǎ ǚ ǎnjǗ njǙljǖǑǟljǕǑ — ǚǓǗǛǗǕǤ ǗǛ njǙǎǠ skotos — ǛǎǕǖǗǛlj ƱǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǎ ǘǙǗNjǗǍǨǛ ǚ ǘǗǕǗǢǥǧ ǓljǕǘǑǕǎǛǙlj — ǕljǛǗNjǗnjǗ ǦǓǙljǖlj ǠǎǙǖǗnjǗ ǟNjǎǛlj ǑǕǎǧǢǎnjǗ NJǎǔǜǧ ǝǑǓǚljǟǑǗǖǖǜǧ ǛǗǠǓǜ Nj ǟǎǖǛǙǎ ƸljǟǑǎǖǛlj ǜǚljǏǑNjljǧǛ ǚǘǑǖǗǒ Ǔ ǚNjǎǛǜ ǖlj ǙljǚǚǛǗǨǖǑǑ 1 Ǖ ǗǛ ǍljǖǖǗnjǗ ǦǓǙljǖlj ǘǙǑ ǦǛǗǕ ǘljǟǑǎǖǛ ǗǘǑǙljǎǛǚǨ ǘǗǍNJǗǙǗǍǓǗǕ ǖlj ǚǘǎǟǑljǔǥǖǜǧ ǘǗǍǚǛljNjǓǜ ǜǚǛljǖǗNjǔǎǖǖǜǧ ǘǙǗǛǑNj ǛǗǠǓǑ ǝǑǓǚljǟǑǑ ƪǎǔǤǎ ǗNJǣǎǓǛǤ ǍǑljǕǎǛǙǗǕ ǗǛ 1–5 ǍǗ 10 ǕǕ ǕǎǍǔǎǖǖǗ ǘǎǙǎǕǎǢljǧǛ ǗǛ ǘǎǙǑǝǎǙǑǑ Ǔ ǟǎǖǛǙǜ Nj njǗǙǑǐǗǖǛljǔǥǖǗǕ NjǎǙǛǑǓljǔǥǖǗǕ Ǒ ǓǗǚǤǞ ǕǎǙǑǍǑljǖljǞ ǗǛǕǎǠljǨ ǗNJǔlj- Campimetry (from Latin campus from Greek metreo — measure) is a method of meathe visual function in it, which allows you to more accurately determine the shape and size of the blind spot (scotoma), the central and paracentral defects aries are scotomas (from Greek skotos — darkness). The examination is carried on using a campimeter point in the center. The patient is seated back to the light at a distance of 1 m from this screen, while the patient rests his chin on a special stand installed ameter of 1–5 to 10 mm slowly move from the periphery to the center in the horizontal, vertical and oblique meridians, noting areas in which the object 126 OPHTHALMOLOGY. 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ǘǙǑǙljǐǔǑǠǖǗǕǙljǚǘǗǔǗǏǎǖǑǑǘǙǎǍǕǎǛǗNjljǛljǓǏǎǘǙǑǘǗǚǛǗǨǖǖǗǑǐǕǎǖǨǧǢǎǕǚǨǘǗǔǗǏǎǖǑǑnjǔljǐǖǤǞǨNJǔǗǓ 6WHUHRVFRSLF YLVLRQ LV WKH PRVW FRPSOH[ SK\VLRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQRIWKHYLVXDODQDO\]HU,WDOORZV SHUIRUPLQJ WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO SHUFHSWLRQ RI WKH VXUURXQGLQJ ZRUOG FRQWLQXRXVO\ DW GLIIHUHQW SRVLWLRQVRIREMHFWVDVZHOODVDWFRQVWDQWO\FKDQJLQJ SRVLWLRQRIH\HEDOOV ưǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǤǒ ljǖljǔǑǐljǛǗǙ ǠǎǔǗNjǎǓlj ǕǗǏǎǛ NjǗǚǘǙǑǖǑǕljǛǥǗǓǙǜǏljǧǢǑǎǘǙǎǍǕǎǛǤǓljǓǗǍǖǑǕnjǔljǐǗǕȂǕǗǖǗǓǜǔǨǙǖǗǎǐǙǎǖǑǎǛljǓǑǍNjǜǕǨnjǔljǐljǕǑȲȂ NJǑǖǗǓǜǔǨǙǖǗǎǐǙǎǖǑǎƫǜǚǔǗNjǑǨǞNJǑǖǗǓǜǔǨǙǖǗnjǗ NjǗǚǘǙǑǨǛǑǨǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǤǎǗǢǜǢǎǖǑǨǓljǏǍǗnjǗnjǔljǐlj NjǓǗǙǓǗNjǗǕǗǛǍǎǔǎǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗljǖljǔǑǐljǛǗǙljǚǗǎǍǑǖǨǧǛǚǨNjǎǍǑǖǤǒǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǤǒǗNJǙljǐǘǙǑǦǛǗǕǐljǕǎǛǖǗǘǗNjǤǡljǨǗǚǛǙǗǛǜǐǙǎǖǑǨǙljǚǡǑǙǨǨǘǗǔǎǐǙǎǖǑǨ ljǛljǓǏǎǝǗǙǕǑǙǜǨǖǗNjǗǎǓljǠǎǚǛNjǗȂǗNJǣǎǕǖǗǎNjǗǚǘǙǑǨǛǑǎǕǑǙlj ǚǛǎǙǎǗǚǓǗǘǑǠǎǚǓǗǎǐǙǎǖǑǎ 7KH KXPDQ YLVXDO DQDO\]HU FDQ SHUFHLYH VXUURXQGLQJREMHFWVZLWKERWKRQHH\HȃPRQRFXODU YLVLRQDQGWZRH\HVȃELQRFXODUYLVLRQ,QELQRFXODUSHUFHSWLRQFRQGLWLRQVWKHYLVXDOVHQVDWLRQVRI HDFKH\HDUHFRPELQHGLQWRDVLQJOHYLVXDOLPDJH LQ WKH 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RUSSIAN-ENGLISH TEXTBOOK Chapter 4. Visual analyzer structure, function, examination methodology ƷǍǖljǓǗ ǚǛǎǙǎǗǚǓǗǘǑǠǎǚǓǗǎ ǐǙǎǖǑǎ ǨNjǔǨǨǚǥ NjǤǚǡǑǕ ǦǛljǘǗǕ ǦNjǗǔǧǟǑǗǖǖǗnjǗ ǙljǐNjǑǛǑǨ ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ ljǖljǔǑǐljǛǗǙlj ǝǗǙǕǑǙǜǎǛǚǨ ǘǗǚǛǎǘǎǖǖǗ Nj ǛǎǠǎǖǑǎ ǘǎǙNjǤǞ ǔǎǛ ǏǑǐǖǑ ǙǎNJǎǖǓlj ƶǗNjǗǙǗǏǍǎǖǖǤǒ ǖǎ ǑǕǎǎǛ NJǑǖǗǓǜǔǨǙǖǗnjǗ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ƻǗǔǥǓǗ Ǔ 3-4 ǕǎǚǨǟljǕ ǍǎǛǑ ǜǚǛǗǒǠǑNjǗ ǝǑǓǚǑǙǜǧǛ ǘǙǎǍǕǎǛǤ ǗNJǗǑǕǑ njǔljǐljǕǑ (NJǑǖǗǓǜǔǨǙǖǗ Ƴ 6 ǕǎǚǨǟljǕ ǏǑǐǖǑ ǝǗǙǕǑǙǜǎǛǚǨ ǗǚǖǗNjǖǗǒ ǙǎǝǔǎǓǛǗǙǖǤǒ ǕǎǞljǖǑǐǕ ǚǛǎǙǎǗǚǓǗǘǑǠǎǚǓǗnjǗ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ — ǝǜǐǑǗǖǖǤǒ ǙǎǝǔǎǓǚ (ǙǎǝǔǎǓǚ ǚǔǑǨǖǑǨ ǍNjǜǞ ǑǐǗNJǙljǏǎǖǑǒ Nj ǗǍǖǗ ƷǍǖljǓǗ ǍǔǨ ǙljǐNjǑǛǑǨ ǚǗNjǎǙǡǎǖǖǗnjǗ ǚǛǎǙǎǗǚǓǗǘǑǠǎǚǓǗnjǗ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǛǙǎNJǜǎǛǚǨ ǎǢǎ 6-10 ǔǎǛ ƫ ǘǎǙNjǤǎ njǗǍǤ ǝǗǙǕǑǙǗNjljǖǑǨ ǗǖǗ ǔǎnjǓǗ ǙljǐǙǜǡljǎǛǚǨ ǖljǘǙǑǕǎǙ ǘǗǍNjǗǐǍǎǒǚǛNjǑǎǕ NJǗǔǎǐǖǑ ǖǎǙNjǖǗnjǗ ǘǗǛǙǨǚǎǖǑǨ Ǒ ǍǙ ǐljǛǎǕ ǗǖǗ ǚǛljǖǗNjǑǛǚǨ ǜǚǛǗǒǠǑNjǤǕ However, stereoscopic vision, being the highest stage of evolutionary development of the visual analyzer, is formed gradually during the first years of the child's life. The newborn has not binocular vision. Only by 3-4 months children steadily fix objects with both eyes (binocular). By 6 months of life the main reflex mechanism of stereoscopic vision – a fusional reflex is formed (a reflex of merge of two images in one). However, it takes another 6-10 years for perfect stereoscopic vision to develop. In the first years of formation it is easily destroyed (for example, by disease, nervous shock, etc.), then it becomes stable. ƶǎǗNJǞǗǍǑǕǤǎ ǜǚǔǗNjǑǨ ǍǔǨ ǝǗǙǕǑǙǗNjljǖǑǨ ǜǚǛǗǒǠǑNjǗnjǗ ǚǛǎǙǎǗǚǓǗǘǑǠǎǚǓǗnjǗ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ: ǞǗǙǗǡljǨ ǝǜǖǓǟǑǗǖljǔǥǖljǨ ǚǘǗǚǗNJǖǗǚǛǥ ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǑ Ǒ NjǚǎǞ ǗǛǍǎǔǗNj ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ ljǖljǔǑǐljǛǗǙlj ǍǗǚǛljǛǗǠǖljǨ ǗǚǛǙǗǛlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǖǎ Ǖǎǖǎǎ c ǠǎǛǓǑǕ ǑǐǗNJǙljǏǎǖǑǎǕ ǙljǚǚǕljǛǙǑNjljǎǕǤǞ ǘǙǎǍǕǎǛǗNj ǖlj ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǎ ǙljNjǖljǨ NjǎǔǑǠǑǖlj ǦǛǑǞ ǑǐǗNJǙljǏǎǖǑǒ ǖlj ǚǎǛǠljǛǓǎ ǗNJǗǑǞ njǔljǐ ǑǐǎǒǓǗǖǑǨ lj ǛljǓǏǎ ǚNjǗNJǗǍǖǗǎ ǙljǚǘǗǔǗǏǎǖǑǎ ǗNJǗǑǞ njǔljǐ Nj ǗǍǖǗǒ ǝǙǗǖǛljǔǥǖǗǒ Ǒ njǗǙǑǐǗǖǛljǔǥǖǗǒ ǘǔǗǚǓǗǚǛǑ (ǞǗǙǗǡǗ ǚǓǗǗǙǍǑǖǑǙǗNjljǖǖljǨ ǙljNJǗǛlj NjǚǎǞ 12 njǔljǐǗǍNjǑnjljǛǎǔǥǖǤǞ ǕǤǡǟ ƶljǙǜǡǎǖǑǎ Nj ǔǧNJǗǕ Ǒǐ ǘǎǙǎǠǑǚǔǎǖǖǤǞ ǐNjǎǖǥǎNj ǕǗǏǎǛ ǚǛljǛǥ ǘǙǑǠǑǖǗǒ ǙljǚǚǛǙǗǒǚǛNjlj ǑǔǑ ǘǙǎǘǨǛǚǛNjǑǎǕ ǍǔǨ ǘǙǗǟǎǚǚljǝǗǙǕǑǙǗNjljǖǑǨǚǛǎǙǎǗǚǓǗǘǑǠǎǚǓǗnjǗǐǙǎǖǑǨ The necessary conditions for the formation of stable stereoscopic vision: a good functional ability of retina and all departments of the visu0.4) with clear image of the objects on the retina, equal value of these images on the retina of both eyes (iseikonia) and free arrangement of both eyes in the same frontal and horizontal plane (well-coordinated work of all 12 eye-motor muscles). The disorder in any of these departments may cause the disorder of the process of stereoscopic vision formation. ƵǎǛǗǍǤ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǖljǐNjljǖǖǗǒ ǝǜǖǓǟǑǑ ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ ljǖljǔǑǐljǛǗǙlj ǘǗǍǙǗNJǖǗ ǑǐǔǗǏǎǖǤ Nj njǔljNjǎ 16 The methods for investigating this visual analyzer function are detailed in Chapter 16. ƳƷƶƻƹƷƴDžƶDŽƮ ƫƷƸƹƷƺDŽ TEST QUESTIONS 1. ƶljǐǗNjǑǛǎ ǛǙǑ ǗǛǍǎǔlj ǐǙǑǛǎǔǥǖǗnjǗ ljǖljǔǑǐljǛǗǙlj 2. ƸǎǙǎǠǑǚǔǑǛǎ ǗǛǔǑǠǑǨ ǟǎǖǛǙljǔǥǖǗnjǗ Ǒ ǘǎǙǑǝǎǙǑǠǎǚǓǗnjǗ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ 3. ƳljǓǑǎ ǝǗǛǗǙǎǟǎǘǛǗǙǤ ǗǛNjǎǠljǧǛ ǐlj ǝǗǙǕǑǙǗNjljǖǑǎ ǚǜǕǎǙǎǠǖǗnjǗ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ" 4. ƭljǒǛǎ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǎ ǘǗǖǨǛǑǧ mǗǚǛǙǗǛlj ǐǙǎǖǑǨ} 5. ƷǘǑǡǑǛǎ ǕǎǛǗǍǑǓǜ ǑǚǚǔǎǍǗNjljǖǑǨ ǗǚǛǙǗǛǤ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǜ ǔǑǟ ǙljǐǖǗnjǗ NjǗǐǙljǚǛlj ǙǎljǓǟǑǨ ǐǙljǠǓǗNj ǖlj ǚNjǎǛ, ǙǎǝǔǎǓǚ ǚǕǤǓljǖǑǨ NjǎǓ ǜǚǔǗNjǖǤǒ ǘǑǢǎNjǗǒ ǙǎǝǔǎǓǚ ǙǎljǓǟǑǨ ǚǔǎǏǎǖǑǨ ǐlj ǨǙǓǑǕǑ ǘǙǎǍǕǎǛljǕǑ ǙǎljǓǟǑǨ ǜǐǖljNjljǖǑǨ ǗǘǛǗǓǑǖǎǛǑǠǎǚǓǑǒ ǖǑǚǛljnjǕ ǗǘǙǎǍǎǔǎǖǑǎ ǐǙǎǖǑǨ ǘǗ ǛljNJǔǑǟljǕ ǓǗǖǛǙǗǔǥǖǤǎ ǕǎǛǗǍǤ 6. 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Describe the method of studying visual acuity in people of ages (pupil reaction to light, eyelid closing conditioned food reaction of tracking bright objects, recognition reaction, optokinetic nystagmus, determination of vision according to tables, control PHWKRGV 6. Describe the basic constructing principle of Rabkin’s polychromatic tables. 7. Give the of the concept "visual 8. Describe the control and automatic perimetry methods. 9. Name the boundaries of the visual in normal for an object of white color. 10. Give the of “scotoma”. Give the of scotomas. 11. How do you understand the term “hemeralopiaȊ" 12. Name the most important function of the visual analyzer and the time of its formation in humans. 13. 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RUSSIAN-ENGLISH TEXTBOOK &KDSWHU&RQMXQFWLYDOSDWKRORJ\ ƸǛǜǚǥǓǔǘǗǤǨǗǔǜǒnjǒǜnjǥǑnjNJǗǗǥǓ ǍǘǗǘǔǘǔǔǘǖ ǍǘǗǘNjǕǏǗǗǘǚǏǩ $FXWHFRQMXQFWLYLWLVFDXVHGE\JRQRFRFFXV JRQREOHQQRUUKHD džǛǑǗǔǗnjǑǨǑǘljǛǗnjǎǖǎǐƫǗǐNJǜǍǑǛǎǔǥȂnjǙljǕǗǛǙǑǟljǛǎǔǥǖǤǒ ǍǑǘǔǗǓǗǓǓ ƶǎǒǚǚǎǙlj 1HLVVHULD JRQRUUKRHDH ưljNJǗǔǎNjljǖǑǎǙljǐNjǑNjljǎǛǚǨǜNjǐǙǗǚǔǤǞ ǚǛǙljǍljǧǢǑǞ njǗǖǗǙǎǎǒ ǕǗǠǎǘǗǔǗNjǤǞ ǘǜǛǎǒ Nj ǙǎǐǜǔǥǛljǛǎǐljǖǗǚljǑǖǝǎǓǟǑǑNjǓǗǖǣǧǖǓǛǑNjljǔǥǖǜǧ ǘǗǔǗǚǛǥǙǜǓljǕǑǘǙǑǖǎǚǗNJǔǧǍǎǖǑǑǘǙljNjǑǔǔǑǠǖǗǒ njǑnjǑǎǖǤƫǗǐǙljǚǛǘljǟǑǎǖǛǗNjǗNJǤǠǖǗǚǗǚǛljNjǔǨǎǛȁ njǗǍljƬǔljǐǖǤǎǘǗǙljǏǎǖǑǨNjǗǐǖǑǓljǧǛǘǙǑǕǎǙǖǗǜ ǔǑǟǚǛǙljǍljǧǢǑǞǜǙǗnjǎǖǑǛljǔǥǖǤǕǑnjǗǖǗǓǗǓǓǗNjǤǕǑǐljNJǗǔǎNjljǖǑǨǕǑƼǍǎǛǎǒǓǗǖǣǧǖǓǛǑNjǑǛǕǗǏǎǛǙljǐNjǑNjljǛǥǚǨǛljǓǏǎǘǜǛǩǕǐljǖǎǚǎǖǑǨǑǖǝǎǓǟǑǑ ǑǐNjǖǎǐljnjǙǨǐǖǩǖǖǤǕǑǙǜǓljǕǑNJǎǔǥǩǕǘǙǎǍǕǎǛljǕǑ ǜǞǗǍljǑǛǍƼǖǗNjǗǙǗǏǍǩǖǖǤǞnjǗǖǗǓǗǓǓǘǗǘljǍljǎǛNj ǓǗǖǣǧǖǓǛǑNjljǔǥǖǜǧǘǗǔǗǚǛǥNjǕǗǕǎǖǛǘǙǗǞǗǏǍǎǖǑǨ ǠǎǙǎǐǙǗǍǗNjǤǎǘǜǛǑǕljǛǎǙǑNJǗǔǎǧǢǎǒnjǗǖǗǙǎǎǒ njǗǖǗNJǔǎǖǖǗǙǎǨǖǗNjǗǙǗǏǍǩǖǖǤǞ ƫǖljǚǛǗǨǢǎǎNjǙǎǕǨ 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