Data Definition Language (DDL) DDL statements are used to define, alter, and manage the schema and structure of the database. CREATE CREATE DATABASE database_name; Creates a new database. CREATE TABLE table_name (...); Creates a new table in the database. ALTER ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype; Adds a new column to a table. ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name; Deletes a column from a table. ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype; Changes the data type of a column. DROP DROP TABLE table_name; Deletes a table and its data permanently. DROP DATABASE database_name; Deletes a database and its contents. TRUNCATE TRUNCATE TABLE table_name; Removes all records from a table without deleting the table itself. Data Manipulation Language (DML) DML statements are used for managing data within table objects. SELECT SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name; Retrieves data from one or more columns of a table. SELECT * FROM table_name; Retrieves all columns from a table. INSERT INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...) VALUES (value1, value2, ...); Inserts new data into a table. UPDATE UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition; Updates data in a table. DELETE DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition; Deletes records from a table based on a condition. Data Control Language (DCL) DCL statements include commands regarding permissions and security of database objects. GRANT GRANT privilege_type ON database_name.table_name TO 'username'@'hostname'; Allows specific user access privileges to a database table. REVOKE REVOKE privilege_type ON database_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'hostname'; Removes specific user access privileges. Transaction Control Language (TCL) TCL commands manage changes affecting the data. COMMIT COMMIT; Makes all changes made during the transaction permanent. ROLLBACK ROLLBACK; Undoes changes since the last COMMIT. SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT savepoint_name; Sets a savepoint within a transaction which you can rollback to. Additional Utility Statements COMMENT COMMENT ON TABLE table_name IS 'your_comment'; Adds a comment to a table definition. SHOW SHOW DATABASES; Lists all databases on the database server. SHOW TABLES; Lists all tables in the current database.