Welcome Aboard 2

E.K.Silina, E.A.Surinova
WELCOME
ABOARD
Учебное пособие по английскому языку
Санкт-Петербург
2022
1
УДК 802.0
ББК 81.2 Англ.-9
С36
Рецензент:
к.ф.н., доцент кафедры английской филологии Российского государственного
педагогического университета им. А.И.Герцена Ю.В.Сергаева
С36
Е. К. Силина, Е. А. Суринова
Welcome Aboard : учебное пособие по английскому языку / Силина Е. К.,
Суринова Е. А. – СПб.: Скифия - Принт, 2022. – 74 с.
ISBN 978-5-98620-613-4
DOI 10.53454/9785986206134
Пособие предназначено для студентов кораблестроительных специальностей всех
направлений (специалитет, бакалавриат, магистратура) любой формы обучения:
очной, заочной, вечерней для развития лексических навыков и речевых умений, а
также умений в области чтения и аудирования.
Пособие включает в себя базовые экзаменационные темы: учеба в университете и
рабочий день студента (Lesson 1), система высшего образования в России и
Великобритании (Lesson 2), история СПбГМТУ, биография выдающегося ученого и
известного корабля (Lesson 3), история основания, достопримечательности и
промышленность Санкт-Петербурга (Lesson 4).
Материал представлен в форме текстов разных жанров, сопровождаемых
лексическими упражнениями, а также заданиями на осмысление содержания, поиска
нужной информации, и т. п. Работа над темой завершается заданием на построение
собственного высказывания, что обеспечивает подготовку к устному ответу на
экзамене.
Особенностью пособия является включение в каждый урок аутентичных
видеоматериалов, работа над которыми проводится в несколько этапов: просмотр
видео с заданиями и работа со скриптом видеоряда, что позволяет более детально
проработать материал, расширить лексический запас и развить навыки аудирования
аутентичных тестов. Скрипты фильмов размещены в разделе Supplement
(Приложение).
Основная часть пособия не включает заданий по грамматике, однако в
Приложении содержится поурочное перечисление грамматических тем, которые по
мнению авторов наилучшим образом соотносятся с текстовым материалом, а также
ряд упражнений на их первичную проработку. Данные темы и задания к ним
предназначены служить ориентиром и оставляют за преподавателем право
самостоятельно выстраивать более детальный курс.
Каждый урок заканчивается списком активного лексического минимума, что
позволяет студентам осуществлять самоконтроль своих знаний. Лексический
минимум включает в себя базовую лексику по изучаемым темам общего английского,
а также кораблестроительной тематики. В Приложении имеются предложения на
перевод для контроля сформированности лексических навыков.
ISBN 978-5-98620-613-4
 Е.К.Силина, Е.А.Суринова
CONTENTS
LESSON 1
STUDENT’S LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
LESSON 2
HIGHER EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
LESSON 3
LIFE STORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
LESSON 4
THE CITY ON THE NEVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
SUPPLEMENT
Lesson 1
Grammar [Personal Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives, Verb
to be, articles, Present Simple (statements, negatives, general questions),
Special Questions (except for the subject)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vocabulary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
53
Lesson 2
Grammar [Verb Forms, Present Simple Passive, There is /are, Future Simple,
Clauses of Time and Condition] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vocabulary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
56
Lesson 3
Grammar [Past Simple Active, Past Simple Passive, Simple Tenses (Active
and Passive) Revision, Subjects Questions] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vocabulary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional comments on part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
60
61
Lesson 4
Grammar [Comparison of Adjectives, Present and Past Perfect, Present
Perfect versus Past Simple, Present Perfect Passive] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vocabulary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
65
SCRIPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3
LESSON 1
STUDENT’S LIFE
Part 1: My Studies
St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University – Санкт-Петербургский государственный морской технический университет
engineer – инженер (← engine – двигатель)
Faculty of Naval Architecture – факультет кораблестроения и океанотехники
naval architecture – корабельная архитектура, проектирование корпуса корабля
naval architect – инженер-конструктор, проектировщик
Faculty of Marine Engineering – факультет корабельной энергетики и автоматики
marine engineering – судовая механика, конструирование корабельных механизмов
marine engineer – инженер-механик
Faculty of Marine Electronics and Control Systems – факультет морского приборостроения
electronics engineer – инженер-электронщик
Faculty of Digital Industrial Technologies – факультет цифровых промышленных
технологий
mathematician – математик
computer programmer – программист
Faculty of Economics for Engineering – инженерно-экономический факультет
economist / manager – экономист / менеджер (управляющий)
Faculty of Sciences and Humanities – факультет естественно-научного и гуманитарного образования
1 Read the dialogue and answer the question.
 Which of the two young men is a full-time student, and which is a part-time student?
Alex and Oleg were at school together, and now they see each other at
the entrance* of St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University.
Alex: Hello, Oleg!
Oleg: Alex! What a surprise! How come you’re here? Do you
study at this University?
Alex: Well, I do, actually. I’m in my second year now.
Oleg: What faculty?
Alex: Marine Engineering. What about you? I hear, after school
you started working at the Admiralty shipyard*.
Oleg: That’s right, and I like my job very much.
Alex: So why are you here, at the university?
Oleg: The fact is I’m also a student now. I’m taking a part-time
course at the Faculty of Naval Architecture.
4
Alex: Good for you! So, you combine working and studying? That must be difficult!
Oleg: True, but I’m sure I can make a better professional career if I have a university degree.
Alex: I couldn’t agree more!* At the university you not only have theoretical courses, but
also get professional training.
Oleg: Do you have many classes?
Alex: Yes, rather. We have three or four double periods every day except* Thursday. They
start at half past eight in the morning and are over in the afternoon.
Oleg: Mmm, that’s a lot! What subjects do you do?
Alex: Chemistry, materials science and strength of materials, design principles, power
plants, computer science, ecological studies …
Oleg: And do you like them?
Alex: Yes, I think so. My best one is materials science. The others get a little difficult
sometimes, but I don’t usually have big problems.
Oleg: My favourite* subject is descriptive geometry, but English doesn’t come easy to me.
Alex: English is very useful; you can find information from the Internet for your course
papers and final year project.
Oleg: Maybe you’re right. I’m going to have hard days mastering* all the subjects here. How
do you manage?
Alex: I’m a member* of the university volley-ball team; sport helps me both to clear my
head and to keep fit.
Oleg: Do you take part in competitions*?
Alex: Yes, you can come to see our game on Sunday at 11 o’clock.
Oleg: That’s a good idea, thanks for the invitation! I am sorry, I have to go now. My classes
begin soon.
Alex: See you on Sunday, then! Bye for now.
Oleg: Good-bye.
Notes:
entrance – вход
shipyard – верфь
I couldn’t agree more! – Полностью
согласен!
except – кроме, за исключением
favourite – любимый
master – (зд.) овладевать
manage – справляться
member – член, участник
competition – соревнование
2 Match the English phrases and their Russian equivalents.
1. take / do a part-time course
2. be a full-time student
3. have theoretical courses
4. get professional training
5. do subjects
6. come easy to
7. keep fit
8. take part (in competitions)
9. double period
10. course paper
11. final year project
12. university degree
a. получать профессиональную подготовку
b. пара (сдвоенное занятие)
c. быть студентом очного (дневного) отделения
d. принимать участие (в соревнованиях)
e. легко даваться
f. учиться на вечернем или заочном отделении
g. дипломная работа
h. изучать предметы
i. иметь (в расписании) теоретические курсы
j. поддерживать хорошую физическую форму
k. диплом об окончании университета
l. курсовая работа
5
3 Read the dialogue again and answer the questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What faculty is Alex at? What is he going to be?
What faculty is Oleg at? What is he going to be?
Is Alex a first-year student?
What time do Alex’s classes begin?
Does he often have problems with his studies?
What does he think about English?
What does he do to keep fit?
4 In the dialogue, find the English equivalents of the Russian subject names.
сопромат ____________________________________
информатика _________________________________
энергетические установки ________________________
материаловедение ________________________________
начертательная геометрия ____________________________________
основы проектирования ________________________________
экология ______________________________
химия ___________________
5 Complete the text, using the information from the dialogue.
Alex and his group-mates are students at St. Petersburg (1)__________ ___________
_________________ University. They are doing a full-time course at the Faculty of
(2)______________ ___________________.
They are in their (3)_________ year and their day is very full: they have three or four
(4)___________ ___________ every day except Thursday. Their classes usually start at half
past eight and (5)________ __________ at half past three.
They do many subjects: materials science and (6)_____________ of materials,
(7)____________ principles, thermodynamics, computer (8)_____________, ecological
studies. Alex’s favourite (9)____________ is materials science. He doesn’t have English
now, but he uses English to find information from the Internet for his (10)_____________
papers.
After classes Alex plays volley-ball; he is a (11)_______________ of the university
team. He is sure that sport helps him to (12)___________ _________.
6 a) Answer the questions. Use the vocabulary from the dialogue and the following words and
expressions.
higher mathematics
physics / chemistry
theoretical mechanics
Russian history
cultural studies
thermodynamics
foreign language
English
physical education
play
play
do
go
collect
make
take
surf
football, basketball, chess, etc
the guitar, the piano, computer games
sport, gymnastics, karate, crossword puzzles
skateboarding, roller-skating, swimming, sailing,
camping, walking with friends
magnets, toy cars, etc
models of (ships, planes, tanks, etc)
photographs
the Net
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Are you a full-time student or a part-time student?
What university do you study at?
Which is your faculty?
What are you going to be?
Which days of the week do you have classes?
How many double periods a day do you usually have?
What subjects do you study?
Which subject is your favourite one?
Which subjects come easy to you? Which ones are difficult?
10. What do you do in your free time?
b) Use you answers in ex.6(a) to make a story about yourself, your studies and hobbies.
I am a full-time student at the SMTU. I am taking a course at the Faculty of …
I’m going to be …
Part 2: Daily Routine
 What time do you usually get up?
 Do you have breakfast?
 Do you live in the hall of residence or at home?
 How long does it take you to get to the university?
hall of residence –
общежитие
7 Use the list given to make phrases.
attend – посещать
miss – пропускать
complete – завершать, выполнять
depend on – зависеть от
leave for – уходить куда-то
reach – достигать, добираться
get dressed – одеваться
A
1. depend on
2. leave for
3. it takes me
4. make
5. write
6. attend
library – библиотека
event – мероприятие, событие
notes – конспект
assignment – задание
essay – творческая письменная работа,
реферат
it takes me/him/… an hour/10 minutes/
… to do/read/… – у меня/у него/…
уходит (столько-то времени) чтобы
(сделать что-то)
a. classes
b. 5 minutes to do it
c. an essay
d. college
e. the subject
f. notes
B
1. take part in
2. reach
3. miss
4. get
5. go to
6. complete
a. the library
b. classes
c. assignments
d. an event
e. dressed
f. home
7
8 Read Nora’s notes about her day and decide if the following statements are true or false.
1. She gets up early to have enough time to walk to the college.
2. She only has classes till noon.
3. She never misses classes.
4. She often takes part in college events.
5. She sometimes goes to the library after classes.
6. She has something to eat before leaving the college.
7. She always does her homework until 11p.m.
NORA’S DAY
Wake up at 6:00 a.m. and get dressed.
Finish any pending* work/assignments for the day till 6:30 a.m.
Leave for college at 7:45 a.m. Classes start at 8:30 a.m, and it takes me 45 minutes by
public transport to get to the place. Listen to the radio on the way.
Classes from 8:30 till 12:00.
Lunch at 12:00.
Classes again from 12:30 p.m. till 3:00 p.m. Whether I attend these classes or not* depends
on if there is any event/competition coming up. If so, I miss classes in order to*
practice with my group.
It’s 3:00 p.m. Practice starts/resumes* and goes on until we feel we’ve practiced enough.*
If there’s no practice, I go to the library.
Practice ends at 5:00–5:30 p.m. Go to the cafeteria to have fries, sausages and lemonade.*
Leave college.
Reach home by 6:30 p.m–7:00 p.m. Call/message people to ask what was done in the
classes I didn’t attend!
Write essays / make notes / complete assignments till 9:00 p.m.
Dinner at 9:00 p.m.
Resume studying at 10:00 p.m. If there’s nothing, watch TV/surf the Net until 11:00 p.m.
Sleep at 11:00 p.m.
After getting a solid 7-hour-sleep, wake up at 6:00 again, all set to SEIZE THE DAY!!*
Notes:
pending – недоделанный
Whether I attend these classes or not – Пойду
я на эти занятия или нет
in order to – для того, чтобы
resume – возобновлять
enough – достаточно
fries, sausages and lemonade – жареная
картошка, сосиски и лимонад
all set to seize the day – в полной готовности
провести день с максимальной пользой
===========================================================
11 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions.
1. Jane is _____ her third year. She is taking a course _____ the Faculty _____ Marine
Electronics. She is _____ the university now.
2. John has an English class _____ 2.30 _____ 4 o’clock. English comes easy _____ him.
3. I need this information _____ my course paper.
4. Edward is a member _____ the university football team. He often practices _____ his
team and takes part _____ competitions.
5. Let’s meet _____ half past five _____ Saturday.
8
9 Read the notes again and complete the table.
6:00 a.m.
__________________________________________________
________-________
_____________ pending work/assignments
________-________
getting to the college
8:30 a.m. - 12:00 a.m.
__________________________________________________
________-________
lunch
12:30 p.m. - 5:00 p.m.
first ___________,
then library
________-________
cafeteria, getting home
7:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m.
________________, _________________, _______________
________-________
dinner
10:00 p.m. -11:00 p.m.
________________________
________-________
sleep
first classes, then
_______________
_____________
all the time
_______________________
10 Complete the text about Nora’s day.
Nora (1)______________ at 6:00 a.m. and gets (2)_____________. Then she sits down to
(3)__________________________________________ for the day till 6:30 a.m. At 7:45 a.m.
she (4)________________________________ because classes start (5)_________, and it
takes her 45 minutes (6)_______________________________ to get to the place. She
(7)____________ the radio on the way.
At noon the students at her college have a break for (8)______________ and then more
classes from 12:30 p.m. till 3:00 p.m. However, if there is any (9)___________ or
(10)_______________ coming up, Nora sometimes misses those to practice with her group.
It’s 3:00 p.m. Practice starts (or resumes) and goes on until they feel they have practiced
enough. If there’s no practice, Nora (11)_______________________________. Then,
before leaving the college, she (12)___________________________ to have fries, sausages
and lemonade.
Nora reaches home by 6:30 p.m. or 7:00 p.m. and (13)________________________ her
group-mates to ask what was done in the classes she didn’t attend. Then she (14)__________
essays and (15)_______________ assignments till 9:00 p.m, when she has dinner.
At 10:00 p.m. she resumes studying or, if there’s no work, she watches TV and
(16)___________________________ until 11:00 p.m. She goes to bed at 11:00 p.m. and after
getting a solid 7-hour-sleep, wakes up at 6:00 again, all set to seize the day.
===========================================================
6. I leave _____ the university _____ eight _____ the morning. It takes me 20 minutes to
get there _____ bus. I listen _____ music _____ the way.
7. The tasks depend _____ the topic.
8. They work _____ a shipyard.
9
12 Answer the questions about students’ extra-curricular activities. Use the words and
expressions below.
1. What do you think these student organizations are: Student Union, Student Council,
Student Scientific Society? Are you a member of any of them? What do they do?
2. Would you like to take part in any activities (competitions, events)?
3. What activities do you enjoy watching?
I’m a member of …
I would like to join …
I often take part in …
organizations:
club
society
studio
events:
competition
festival
quest
quiz
scientific forum
KVN club
Korabel club
The yacht club
Gaudeamus choir
What? Where? When? quiz
Lotsmanskaya Mile race
Lotsmanskaya Spring festival
Part 3: Students at Merton College, Oxford (video)
 What are the two oldest universities in England?
 What do you know about them?
 Is there anything specific about their structure and methods of teaching?
13 Read the text and explain what the words in bold type mean.
A tutorial (tute [
] in students’ jargon) is a small class of one, or only a few students, in
which the tutor gives individual attention to the students. The tutorial system at Oxford
and Cambridge is fundamental to methods of teaching at those universities, but it is rare*
for newer universities in the UK to organise individual tuition; a class of six to eight (or
even more) students is a far more common* tutorial size.
Notes:
rare – редкий
common – обычный, распространенный; общий
14 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents.
1. problem sheet
2. research
3. topic
4. laboratory (lab)
5. cover
6. be interested in
a. тема
b. интересоваться
c. лаборатория / лабораторная работа
d. покрывать; охватывать, проходить (материал)
e. задание (индивидуальное), типовой расчет
f. научное исследование
15 Choose adjectives to make up combinations with the given nouns.
scientific
interesting
typical
experimental
difficult standard
physical fundamental
______________, ______________ research
______________, ______________ laboratory
______________, ______________ topic
______________, ______________ problem sheet
10
Watch the video and do tasks 16-25.
I. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics
16 Choose the right answer.
level – уровень
exceptionally encouraging
– исключительно
доброжелательны
1. How does Matthew use maths?
a. To find interesting formulas.
b. To study the fundamental laws of physics.
c. To give the right answers in exams.
2. What kind of assignments do the students do?
a. Essays.
b. Research projects.
c. Problem sheets.
3. How do the tutors help the students?
a. They explain the material at the fundamental level.
b. They check their academic progress before the exams.
c. They always answer the students’ questions.
II. Dr Alan Barr, Tutor in Physics
undergraduate – студент (еще не имеющий вузовского диплома)
up-to-date stuff – современный материал
17 Answer the question.
Why does he like his tutorials?
III. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics
18 Answer the question.
What area of physics does Alan Barr work in?
CERN – European Organization for
Nuclear Research
Large Hadron Collider – Большой
адронный коллайдер
19 Use the information from the exercises above to complete the text.
Matthew is a (1)_______________ at Merton (2)_______________. He is taking a
(3)_______________ in physics. He is in (4)____________ second year. He believes that
(5)_______________ is really useful for understanding the fundamental laws of
(6)_______________.
Matthew likes the College because his (7)_______________ are very encouraging. They not
only (8)______________ the standard topics to the students, but always (9)______________
their questions if the students (10)_____________ interested in something.
Alan Barr is a tutor (11)_____________ the College. He works in nuclear physics and
(12)______________ part in experiments on the Large Hadron Collider. He likes his
(13)______________ because the students ask him clever (14)________________ and he
can tell them (15)______________ up-to-date research.
both teachers and students – и преподаватели, и студенты
either teachers or students – либо преподаватели, либо студенты
neither teachers nor students – ни преподаватели, ни студенты
11
IV. Jessica Furness, Second Year, History
20 Make up the questions and answer them.
1. How many
2. What time
3. How long
4. How large
5. What
6. Who
7. How
a. do the students discuss? ____________________________
b. are her tutorials? _________________________________
c. does she spend most of her week? ____________________
d. is the group? _____________________________________
e. do they begin? ___________________________________
f. lectures a week does she have? _______________________
g. do they discuss their essays with? ____________________
V. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics
couple – пара (два предмета)
21 Complete the text.
… For a typical (1)____________ with me, I’ll usually have two or three
(2)_____________ three times a week. Being a physicist, we also have labs to do; then
probably a couple of (3)______________ and a tutorial, which is, you know, one tutor to
maybe (4)________________ of us.
22 a) Answer the question.
Who has more classes – Jessica or Matthew? Why?
b) Unscramble the text.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
a. Then she discusses them and the topics she’s been covering
b. as well as classes, labs and a tutorial, where
c. with other students during the tutorials, which
d. Jessica is doing history. She spends most of her time
e. are usually an hour or longer. She has only two
f. one tutor works with two or three students.
g. reading in the library or writing her essays.
h. lectures a week, unlike Matthew, who has many more,
VI. Dr Jonathan Prag, Tutor in Ancient History
23 Unscramble the questions and answer them.
1. give / or / he / lectures / does / tutorials ?
half a dozen – полдюжины (шесть)
do exchanges – проводить обмены
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. he / does / teach / who ?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3. exactly / teach / what / does / he? __________________________________________
__________________________________________
4. exchanges / he / do / why / does / with his colleagues? __________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12
24 Choose the correct option.
Jonathan Prag teaches / teachers both students from Merton and students from another /
other colleges. He believes that students should always / often have a teacher who is an
expert in the topic / subject. As he specializes in Roman history, if the students are
interesting / interested in Greek history, he does exchanges with his colleagues / colleges.
VII. Freya Edwards, Second Year, Medicine
25 Complete the text.
You are, probably, going to have (1)____________________________________ , and then
a few practicals, and, maybe, (2)__________________ tuts for us, at the moment, a week.
Then you are normally free from about (3)_________________, which is great. It gives you
a bit of time to do your work, and then (4)__________ __________________ or something.
26 Answer the questions.
1. Do you think your teachers are encouraging?
2. Do they give you any up-to-date material?
3. Do you think university teachers must do high level research?
4. What would you prefer – to attend classes every day or to work independently for the
coming tutorial?
5. Do you do labs?
6. Is it good for a teacher to be an expert in one subject only, or is it better to be able to give
lectures on various topics?
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LEARN
take / do a full-time course / part-time course
get professional training
make a professional career
subject
chemistry
competition
computer science
member
cultural studies
team
descriptive geometry
event
design principles
hall of residence
ecological studies
library
foreign language
English
double period
materials science
laboratory (lab)
mathematics
course paper
physics
final year project
power plants
assignment
Russian history
problem sheet
strength of materials
topic
theoretical mechanics
essay
thermodynamics
research
13
for the names of faculties
and specialisms see p.4
attend (classes)
miss (classes)
leave for college
reach home (by)
take part in
get dressed
keep fit
complete
cover
depend on
come easy to
be easy / difficult for
be interested in
it takes (me/them)
45 minutes to do
LESSON 2
HIGHER EDUCATION
Part 1: Higher Education in Russia
 Is higher education prestigious?
 Is there any difference between being an educated
person and having a university degree?
 What is higher education about?
1 Complete the sentences with words from the list.
sciences – точные науки
(английского эквивалента для отдельно
humanities – гуманитарные науки
взятого слова «наука» не существует)
higher education – высшее образование
higher school – высшая школа (NB: high school – старшие классы школы)
degree (academic degree) – учёная степень
qualifications – знания, умения и навыки, подтвержденные документом о
прохождении соответствующего курса обучения
graduate from the university – оканчивать высшее учебное заведение
graduate – выпускник; человек, окончивший вуз
undergraduate – относящийся к обучению до первого диплома вуза
undergraduate student – тот, кто учится в вузе, но еще не имеет диплома
undergraduate stage – ступень образования до получения первого вузовского диплома
postgraduate – постдипломный
postgraduate student – студент магистратуры / аспирантуры
1. Every year many young people __________________ from the SMTU and go into
shipbuilding industry.
2. We need graduates with _________________ in maths or science.
3. Basic professional education is given at the __________________ stage.
4. Physics and chemistry are ________________.
5. History and literature are ________________.
6. The 10th and 11th grades are called _______________ school.
7. The State Marine Technical university is a popular ________________ school.
8. ‘What kind of education has Edward got?’ ‘As far
as I remember, he is a _________________ of Bristol
University.’
9. Margaret wants to study for a _______________ in
economics at the University of London.
10.John has already completed his undergraduate
studies, but he still goes to university – he is a
____________________ student now.
14
2 Use the lists given to match the verbs and nouns and make phrases.
accept – принимать
follow – следовать за
provide (with) – обеспечивать
last – длиться
lead (to) – вести
create – создавать
include – включать в себя (объект)
involve – вовлекать, включать в себя
(деятельность)
defend – защищать (в т.ч. диплом)
take (the State examination) – сдавать
(государственный экзамен)
complete – завершать, выполнять (v)
complete – завершенный (adj)
completion – завершение (n)
success – успех (n)
successful – успешный,
преуспевающий (adj)
necessary – необходимый
several – несколько
aim – цель
1. accept
2. provide
3. lead to
4. take
5. complete
6. defend
7. follow
8. include
9. last
10. involve
11. create
12. change
a. an exam in English
b. the instructions
c. a course in mechanics
d. necessary information
e. risks
f. several days
g. new products
h. the idea
i. the aim
j. a principle
k. practical help
l. great success
3 Read the text on the next page and complete the table.
Classical Russian system
______________ system
Doctor of Sciences/Humanities Degree ( ≈ Professor)
as long as you need – thesis
postgraduate
cycle
undergraduate
cycle
Note:
____________________________ ( ≈ Ph.D.)
3 years – thesis*
Master’s Degree
2 years – research project
Specialist’s Degree
___ years – final year project
thesis (мн.ч. theses) – диссертация
15
________________
___ years – final year project
THE RUSSIAN SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Higher education, which is also called tertiary (third level) education, is the level that follows
the completion of a secondary school. It is usually provided by colleges and universities.
Students get accepted on the basis of their State exam results and an interview. On graduating
from the university, they get certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
The classical Russian system of higher education is made up of several stages. During the
first one students get complete professional education. The course usually lasts five years
and leads to a Specialist’s Degree. The studies include theoretical courses in sciences,
humanities and social-economic disciplines, as well as professional training. In the end, final
year projects are written and defended, and sometimes students also take the State
examination.
The Specialist’s Degree stage is followed by two postgraduate stages. They are studies for
Candidate of Sciences/Humanities Degree (which involves practical research), and Doctor
of Sciences/Humanities Degree (which involves theoretical research). The first of them is
equivalent to Ph.D. – Doctor of Philosophy – in the USA and Western Europe; the second is
equivalent to Professor.
In 2003, Russia joined the Bologna process, whose aim is to create a European Higher
Education Area*. Within this system, students can move freely between countries and use
the qualifications they get in one country to continue their studies in another. The first cycle
is called undergraduate, it lasts three or four years and leads to Bachelor’s Degree in
Sciences, Arts* or Engineering (B.Sc., B.A., or B.Eng.). Successful completion of a first
cycle course is necessary for access* to the second cycle – postgraduate – which leads to
Master’s degree, and further* on to doctorate degrees.
However*, the Bologna system didn’t prove good in Russia for several reasons. The fouryear courses were often not enough for effective professional training and did not fit the
national economy. What is more, despite Russia signing the Bologna Declaration*, the
qualifications of Russian graduates were never officially accepted in European countries. As
a result, at present Russia is reorganising the system of higher education on the basis of its
classical variant.
Notes:
European Higher Education Area – Европейское
пространство высшего образования
Bachelor of Arts – бакалавр гуманитарных наук
access – доступ
further – дальнейший
however – однако
despite Russia signing the Bologna
Declaration – несмотря на подписание Россией Болонской декларации
4 Answer the questions.
1. What institutions is higher education provided by?
2. What do students get after they complete a university course?
3. What do Specialist’s Degree studies include?
4. When are final year projects written?
5. How many stages is the classical Russian system made up of? What are they?
6. What is good for students in the Bologna system?
7. What is the first degree in the Bologna system?
8. What degrees does the postgraduate cycle include?
9. Why is Russia reforming its system of higher education now?
16
5 Complete the text by writing down the missing letters.
After school you go to u_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. You g_ _ a_ _ _ _ _ _ _ on the basis of your
State exam results and an interview. You either study for 4 years to get a B_ _ _ _ _ _ _’s
Degree or for 5 years to get a S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s Degree. The studies include theoretical
courses and professional t_ _ _ _ _ _ _. On completing your studies, you defend your final
year project and t_ _ _ the State examination.
If you want to get postgraduate education, you can study for a M_ _ _ _ _’s Degree. You do
research and d_ _ _ _ _ your research project. After that, or directly after a Specialist’s
Degree course, you can s_ _ _ _ for a Candidate’s Degree. It takes 3 years of individual
r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ to write and defend a thesis and to prove its practical use.
6 Describe the system of higher education in Russia using the expressions given.
get accepted
study for a ___ Degree
do (theoretical / practical) reseach
it takes ___ years
the course includes
leads to (a degree)
write and defend
Part 2: Higher Education in Britain (video)
7 a) Complete the text choosing the English equivalents for the Russian words in brackets.
apply for (a job)
apply to (an organization)
advanced
advances
awarded
data
require
requirements
work experience
application
numbers
means
Michael is very interested in computers. He is often ____________ (присуждаются) prizes
when he takes part in school competitions. He is going to ____________ (подать
документы на) the position of an assistant with an IT firm. There are some ____________
(требования): it is necessary to fill in an ____________ (заявление) form and have an
interview. The job doesn’t ____________ (требует) any ____________ (развитых)
technical skills, and if Michael gets it, he will learn how to work with ____________
(числами) and many other types of ____________ (данных). This ____________
(означает) he will get good ____________ (практику). After a year or two, he is going to
____________ (подать документы в) a university where he can find out about the latest
____________ (достижениях) in programming techniques and get a degree in computer
science.
b) Starting with the idea of the Russian word аппликация, translate the phrases with another
meaning of the verb apply.
apply your knowledge to practical situations _______________________
application of the principle / technique ___________________________
apply paint to the paper _________________________
applied mathematics / mechanics ________________________________
17
Watch the video and do tasks 7-12.
I. Introduction
outline the basics – обрисовать основные черты
8 Read the introduction and answer the question.
 Why did Valerie and Diane decide to make this video?
D: Hello everyone, and welcome to our Channel.
V: I’m Valerie, here is Diane, and this is Mind the Grad.
V: We know coming to a new country can be very exciting but also super confusing.
D: When we both came to the country, we had no idea where to go, what to do and who to
ask for help.
V: That’s why we prepared this video to outline the basics of British education.
II. Pre-University Education
9 Answer the questions.
stand for – обозначать,
расшифровываться
drop – (зд.) исключить,
отказаться
route – путь, маршрут
1. What document is necessary to apply to a university
in Britain?
2. How long does it take to get it?
3. What is the name of another route to university?
10 Watch the part again and complete the text.
To apply to a (1)_______________ in Britain, students take the so called GCSE A-level
examinations. GCSE A-level stands for the (2)_______________ ______________ of
(3)______________ ______________ Advanced level. The preparation course lasts for
(4)____________ years. Students choose (5)_________ ______________, then, after a year,
they drop one of them, so they complete the course with three (6)____________ and one
AS-level, and this is a typical (7)______________ to go to a university. However, there is a
different route called (8)______________ Baccalaureate, where students do (9)__________
subjects for two years, (10)____________ at high level, and (11)____________ at standard
level. The (12)____________ level subjects must be what the students are going to
(13)______________ on in their future studies. This is necessary to get
(14)______________ by universities in Europe.
11 Describe what you did to enter the university. Explain which of the three systems seems best
to you.
III. Undergraduate Education
12 Answer the question.
What is the difference between BA and BSc?
get enrolled in – записаться на
(курс обучения)
law – закон, юриспруденция
be based on – основываться на
________________________________________________
18
option – вариант (на выбор)
criterion (мн.ч. criteria) –
критерий
IV. Postgraduate Education
13 Answer the questions.
1 What are other kinds of Master’s Degree besides MA and MSc? __________________
2 How does MBA differ from others? ________________________________________
V. Continuing Education…
14 Answer the question.
What degree is the next? _____________________________________________
15 Unscramble
the text.
____
____
____
____
____
____
a. Doctor of Philosophy, you’ll be able to put the word
b. you can apply for a Ph.D. course. When you
c. Mrs. Parker, you’ll be Dr. Parker.
d. complete it, and you are awarded the degree of
e. If after all this studying you still want to do more,
f. Doctor in front of your name, so you won’t be
VI. Conclusion
16 a) Complete the table of educational levels.
Name
A-levels at school or IB
____________________ Degree
____________________ Degree
________________________________
Time
2 years
__ years
__ years
__ years
b) Use the table to give a short description of the British educational system.
17 Answer the questions.
1. Can you see any common elements in the three systems of higher education: the British
one, the classical Russian one and the Bologna one?
2. What may be the reasons for that?
Part 3: Academic Life
18 a) Read the text, and match the words and their definitions (next page). Provide Russian
equivalents for them.
In Russia, the academic year begins on September 1. There are two terms: the autumn one
and the spring one. During each term students do courses in many subjects; they have
lectures, seminars, and other types of classes, which are organised into a time-table. At the
end of the term there is an examination period. The students who make poor progress may
be expelled*. The students who make good progress get necessary passes and take exams.
Some students revise for the exams and pass them, but some others don’t prepare well
enough and fail, in this case they have to resit them. The examination period is followed by
a holiday, when those who live in the hall of residence leave for their home towns.
Note:
expel – исключать
19
1. term _____________
2. academic year
_________________
3. examination period
_________________
4. pass _____________
5. class ____________
6. lecture ___________
7. seminar __________
8. time-table
_________________
a. a list of the times of classes
b. a period of time from September to January or
from February to June
c. a long talk given to a (large) group of people on
a particular subject
d. the last weeks of the term when the students’
knowledge is checked
e. a period of time (usually one and a half hours)
during which students are taught
f. the autumn and the spring terms together
g. a class where a small group of students discusses
a particular topic
h. a successful result in a course of study
b) Provide Russian equivalents for these expressions.
do courses _____________________________________
make good progress ______________________________
make poor progress ______________________________
take / pass / fail / resit / revise for exams _______________________________________
_______________________________________
19 Make up sentences according to the model.
Harry has just started a course in maths at London university.
If he attends all the classes, he will understand the material.
1. understand the material → know how to do his problem sheets
2. do his problem sheets correctly → make good progress
3. make good progress → pass all his exams
4. pass all his exams → get a degree
5. get a degree → find an interesting job
London is exciting. Harry goes out a lot and misses classes.
‘Dear Harry,
If you miss your classes, you won’t understand the material.’
6. not understand the material →
not know how to do your problem sheets
7. not know how to do your problem sheets →
leave doing them until the examination period
8. leave doing your problem sheets until the examination period →
not make good progress
9. make poor progress → fail your exams
10. fail your exams → be expelled
11. be expelled → not get a degree
20
20 a) Match the words and their definitions. Provide Russian equivalents for them.
1. course paper
_________________
2. final year project
_________________
3. test
_________________
4. essay
_________________
5. problem sheet
_________________
6. monitor
_________________
7. lecturer
_________________
8. library card
_________________
9. student card
_________________
10. record book
_________________
a. the final work that a student writes to demonstrate that
he/she can be awarded the first university degree
b. a student who has been chosen to do organizational
work for the group
c. a written work on a subject, which a student prepares
during the whole term
d. a small book where the results of a student’s exams are
written down
e. a teacher who gives lectures
f. a small piece of plastic or paper which gives you a
right to get books from the library
g. a list of practical tasks in mathematics or sciences for a
student to do
h. a small piece of plastic or paper which shows you
study at a university
i. a set of questions/exercises to check students’
knowledge
j. a short piece of writing by a student as part of a course
of study
b) Answer the questions.
1. Do you use your student card to get into the university? Where else is it useful?
2. What do you need a library card for? Do you always have it with you? Why?
3. Do you have a record book? What information does it show?
4. Who is your favourite lecturer?
5. Who is the monitor in your group?
6. Do you have any problem sheets to do? What subjects are they in?
7. Are you nervous when you take tests? When did you write the last one?
8. Do you have any course papers to write this term?
9. Are you good at writing essays? What was your last essay about?
10. Do you think it is difficult to write a final year project?
21 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions.
1. We are doing a course _____ computer science. It leads _____ a Master’s Degree.
2. These students always revise _____ their exams.
3. We need graduates _____ qualifications _____ naval architecture.
4. When my friends graduate _____ the university, they will go _____ shipbuilding industry.
5. I am planning to study _____ a degree _____ history _____ St. Petersburg university.
6. We live _____ the hall of residence.
7. _____ Russia, the academic year begins _____ September 1. _____ the end _____ each
term there is an examination period. It is followed _____ a holiday.
8. Mary wants to apply _____ this job. If her application is accepted, she will learn how to
work _____ different types _____ data.
9. When we apply _____ a university, we are accepted _____ the basis _____ our exam results.
21
Part 4: Universities in Britain
department – подразделение, кафедра в вузе
offer – предлагать
found – основывать
foundation – основание
22 Read the text and complete it with the phrases given.
1. through the Internet and television programmes
2. which are schools of sciences and applied technology
3. each with its own structure and activities
4. when bricks* were the standard building material
5. and its world-famous college, the London School of Economics
NB:
to find (found, found)
to found (founded,
founded)
TYPES OF UNIVERSITIES
Great Britain has over 90 universities, which can be classified into several categories.
The most famous are the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, both
founded in the Middle Ages*. England’s oldest institution of higher education, the Oxford
University, is a federation of 35 colleges, (A)____. The University of Cambridge is a system
of faculties, departments and 31 independent colleges.
Another type of university is the so-called red-brick type — higher schools built in the
19th century (B)____. The large number of universities that were organized in the last half
of the 20th century are often called plate-glass* universities. London has its own great
schools, the large University of London (C)____.
Students can also choose polytechnics, (D)____. An education act in 1992 changed
their status to universities.
Higher education can also be obtained through the Open University which was founded
in 1969 and offers extension courses*. Now they are taught (E)____. The Open University
also sponsors local study centres and summer schools. The Open University is popular with
people who cannot take a traditional university course.
Notes:
brick – кирпич
the Middle Ages – Средние века
plate-glass – оконное стекло
extension course – спецкурс / курс повышения
квалификации
23 Make up a list of different types of British universities. What other kinds of educational
institutions are mentioned in the text?
24 a) Match the types of universities to their basic characteristics.
1. Oxbridge (Oxford + Cambridge)
2. red-brick universities
3. plate-glass universities
4. polytechnics
5. Open university
a. information technology, the Internet
b. automation, more intellectual work for people
c. the elite / individual education, religious,
manuscripts
d. interdisciplinary nature of research
e. Industrial Revolution, standardized courses
b) Use the phrases from part (a) to complete the paragraph on the education philosophy.
Throughout the whole history of human civilization, educational systems reflect the level of
technological development. In the Middle Ages, there are no printed books, education is
(1)________________ and ________________, it is only for (2)_____________. In the
22
19th century, industries grow and there is a need for (3)______________________________.
After WWII, production processes become more automated, people can focus on
(4)_________________________. At the end of the 20th century, with more (5)__________
___________________________________, graduates need wider educational background.
Now, advanced (6)___________________________ provides people with more educational
chances and offers students a great choice of online courses for their personal aims.
c) Answer the questions.
1. What makes Oxbridge special (structure, methods of teaching, traditions)?
2. Why do you think there was a need for more universities in the 19th century?
3. What technological advances led to the growth of plate-glass universities?
4. Korabelka got the status of a technical university (SMTU) in 1992. Can you comment on
this fact?
5. What communication technologies made the Open University possible?
6. How do you see the next stage in education systems?
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LEARN
higher education
higher school / high school
sciences / humanities
monitor
lecturer
degree (academic degree)
Bachelor’s Degree in Sciences / Arts / Engineering
Bachelor of Sciences / Arts / Engineering
Master’s Degree
class
Specialist’s Degree
lecture
Candidate’s Degree
seminar
Doctor’s Degree
time-table
Ph.D. – Doctor of Philosophy
qualifications
library card
department
student card
graduate (v, n)
undergraduate
postgraduate
complete (v, adj) – completion
apply to / for – application
require – requirement
found – foundation
term
academic year
pass (n)
examination
examination period
record book
test
course paper
thesis
the State examination
work experience
aim (n)
number
data
success
successful
necessary
several
23
accept – get accepted
study for a degree
do courses
make good / poor progress
take / pass / fail / resit /
revise for exams
follow
provide
last (v)
lead to
include
involve
defend
create
advance (v, n)
award
mean
offer
Oxbridge
red-brick universities
plate-glass universities
polytechnics
Open university
LESSON 3
LIFE STORIES
Part 1: The SMTU History – Faculties
 What do you know of the SMTU history? How old it is?
 When was your faculty organised?
 Do you know any famous names in shipbuilding?
1 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words in the box.
hull – корпус (корабля)
machinery – машинное
оборудование, механизмы
area – территория, площадь;
область, сфера деятельности
field – поле, сфера деятельности
train – обучать, готовить (по специальности)
maintenance – техническое обслуживание
repair – ремонтировать, ремонт
design – проектировать, проект
1. The __________ of this boat is made of composite materials.
2. There are many __________ of natural beauty in Siberia.
3. Scientists at CERN work in the __________ of nuclear physics.
4. Leonardo da Vinci __________ a flying machine.
5. The school __________ its students for diplomatic careers.
6. Many businesses need to invest in new, cleaner __________ now.
7. The car isn’t really new and it requires regular __________.
8. An examination of the engine showed it was in need of __________.
2 a) Complete the word formation table.
Verbs
construct – строить, выстраивать
add – ________________
recognize – узнавать, признавать
equip – оборудовать, давать (необходимые
знания)
_____________ – развивать, разрабатывать
Nouns
_______________ – строительство
addition – добавление, сложение
recognition – ______________
_______________ – оборудование
development – развитие, разработка
b) Choose the correct verbs to complete the combinations. Translate them into Russian.
______________ an effective strategy
______________ water
a theory
something to the list
a hotel / pool
two and two together
_______________ an effective strategy
______________ familiar objects
your talent / skills
the authority
a method
the truth
________________ the car with electric windows
our managers for their position
graduates for careers in shipbuilding industry
24
c) Choose the correct nouns to complete the combinations. Translate them into Russian.
economic
electronic
international
important
high-cost
facial
intellectual _____________
mobile _______________
public ____________
3%
________________ costs
useful
time
special _______________
standards
3 Read the text and say which period in the university history it describes.
THE SMTU HISTORY (1)
St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University is the only higher school in Russia
which trains specialists in all areas of shipbuilding and marine technology.
Its history dates
back to 1899, when
the Russian Emperor
Nicolas II gave an
order to organize a
shipbuilding department at St. Petersburg
Polytechnic Institute.
The preparation work
took a long time, and
it was not until 1902
that the department
first
offered
its
courses to students,
who were interested
in designing ship hulls and ship machinery. The department’s popularity was great, and
several hundred young people applied to it, but only 27 got accepted.
In 1918, the department became a faculty. As the industry started recovering* after the
Civil War and the need for engineers grew, the faculty developed quickly, and in 1930 it got
the status of an independent higher school, which moved to 3 Lotsmanskaya Street under
the name of Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute (popularly known as Korabelka).
Note:
recover – восстанавливаться
4 Correct the false statements.
Model: Nicolas II ordered to organize a shipbuilding department at St. Petersburg University.
→ No, he didn’t order to organize a shipbuilding department at St. Petersburg
University. He ordered to organize it at the Polytechnic Institute.
1. The Shipbuilding department at the Polytechnic Institute started functioning in 1899.
2. The department trained students in ship repair.
3. All the applicants got accepted.
4. The department grew into a faculty before WWI.
5. The faculty became an institute because the country needed ships for the Civil War.
6. The Shipbuilding Institute began working independently in 1918.
25
5 Read the text and find the names of the faculties it speaks about.
THE SMTU HISTORY (2)
Within the Institute, the main fields of ‘designing ship hulls’ and
‘designing ship machinery’ gave birth to the first two faculties – the
faculty of Naval Architecture and the faculty of Marine Engineering.
The third one – the faculty of Marine Electronics and Control Systems
– opened its doors in 1945 to those who wanted to specialize in
developing naval equipment for navigation and control. These
became the three principal engineering faculties that still train
students in all areas of ship design, construction, maintenance and
repair. The faculty of Economics for Engineering began working even
before the Great Patriotic War to prepare graduates for the financial
analysis of shipbuilding projects.
As time went on, the institute developed and the number of departments grew. In 1978,
the ones that taught foundation courses united under the name of the faculty of Sciences and
Humanities, which later added the departments of Law and Sociology.
In 1992, the institute was one of the first in Russia to get the status of a technical
university, where students could get education not only in shipbuilding, but also in
mathematics, economics, environment protection and other disciplines. Adapting itself to
the changing requirements of the times, the university continued to grow. In 2020, the faculty
of Digital Industrial Technologies accepted its first students to train them in software
engineering for shipbuilding, demonstrating that the SMTU is always ready to recognize
demands* within industry and successfully provide it with true professionals.
Note:
software – программное обеспечениен
demands – запросы
6 Unscramble the questions and answer them.
1. How many / in 1930 / there / faculties / were ?
_______________________________________________________________
2. When / its first students / accept / did / the faculty of Marine Electronics ?
_______________________________________________________________
3. What / the faculty / students for / prepare / did ?
_______________________________________________________________
4. What / students in / train / did / the faculty of Economics ?
_______________________________________________________________
5. How / the faculty of Sciences and Humanities / did / come into being ?
_______________________________________________________________
6. When / become / a university / did / the Institute ?
_______________________________________________________________
7. What faculty / to start working / was the last ?
_______________________________________________________________
26
7 a) Read the texts again and complete the prompts.
1902
1918
____
1939
____
1978
____
____
– department at the ___________________ ______________ {ship ____________
and ___________ machinery}
– faculty
– independent institute: faculty of ____________ Architecture {ship hulls};
faculty of _____________ Engineering {ship _________________}
– faculty of __________________ {________________ ________________ of
shipbuilding projects}
– faculty of Marine ________________ and Control Systems {naval equipment for
________________ and _______________}
– faculty of Sciences and _________________ {foundation _______________}
– university
– faculty of ____________ Industrial Technologies {software _______________}
b) Use the prompts and the expressions given to speak about the principal milestones of the
SMTU history.
open its doors
unite under the name of
accept its first students
get the status of
begin working
give birth to
first offer its courses to students
train students in / specialists for
prepare graduates for
provide the industry with true professionals
Part 2: SMTU History – research activities
8 Complete the sentences with words from the box.
Academic Council
academician
model ships
carry out
support
solve
solutions
outstanding
long-standing
test tank
shapes
1. The school enjoys a ___________________ (многолетний) popularity.
2. Physical models are used to __________________ (проводить) experiments in the
____________________ (опытовый бассейн).
3. The _________________________ (Ученый совет) continues to ______________
(поддерживать) the project.
4. The latest technology exhibitions offer _____________ (решения) to help you run a
better business.
5. A square and a triangle are basic geometrical _______________ (формы).
6. The boy learned how to make __________________ (модели кораблей) out of wood
and paper.
7. The new car model was awarded the first prize, but it wasn’t a guarantee of
________________ (выдающийся) sales success.
8. We need to _____________ (решить) the maintenance problems as soon as possible.
9. A member of the Academy of Sciences is an _________________ (академик).
27
9 Read the text and match the organizations and facilities to the dates they started functioning.
1935
1940
1957
1961
1974
test tank
leading institution*
computer centre
student ship design centre Ocean
wind tunnel laboratory*
Academic Council
Notes: leading institution – ведущая организация
wind tunnel laboratory – аэродинамическая
труба
AT THE FOREFRONT OF SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY
The institute always was at the leading-edge of technological innovation. As early as 1935,
only five years after it became an independent school, an Academic Council was organized
there to coordinate the scientific life; research projects, theses and other scientific papers
began to be discussed at the highest level of professional expertise, and degrees to be
awarded. The most famous figure among the Council members was academician
A.N.Krylov, who was a recognized authority on many aspects of ship design.
Another five years later, in 1940, the institute opened its own test tank to carry out
experiments with model ships. This work was very important for optimizing the shapes of
ship hulls as well as other fundamental characteristics. The tests in the tank were done not
only by professors, but also by students. Taking an active part in the research, they developed
their professional skills, and in 1957 were already experienced enough to organize the
student ship design centre Ocean.
In 1961, a computer centre (one of the first in those days) started functioning; the
experiments at the test tank were now supported by complex calculations. What is more, a
wind tunnel laboratory was added to the tank the same year, thus providing the scientists
with more equipment to find optimal solutions.
In 1974, the Institute was officially recognized as the leading institution for developing
marine technology in Russia. It was made one of the most important shipbuilding research
centres by the work of such outstanding scientists as P.F.Papkovich, Yu.A.Shimansky,
V.L.Pozdyunin, N.E.Putov, V.V.Semyonov-Tan-Shansky and others. Now the long-standing
scientific and engineering traditions help the Marine Technical university to keep its
popularity as one of the best higher schools in Russia which trains engineers for all areas of
shipbuilding industry.
10 Read the text again and answer the questions.
1. Why did the institute need its own Academic Council?
2. Why was the opening of the test tank very important?
3. What does the opening of the Ocean design centre illustrate?
4. How did the computer centre help with optimizing ships’ fundamental characteristics?
5. What other equipment helped to make the test tank more efficient?
6. What was the result of these scientific activities?
28
Part 3: A Famous Scientist
11 Use the sentences and the picture to match the
English words and their Russian equivalents.
1. Do not swim beyond the buoys.
2. A piece of wood doesn’t sink in water. It has
enough buoyancy.
3. Metal objects sink in water because they don’t
have enough buoyancy.
4. Most people thought the Titanic was unsinkable.
5. First, we must solve the problem of providing a
stable base for our structure.
6. If you want to buy a stable boat for the whole family, contact the company.
7. The ship had the stability required for sailing over high waves.
8. We saw a wind-surfer’s sail far away on the sea.
9. The research centre is equipped with state-of-the-art laboratories.
1. roll
2. rolling
3. pitch
4. pitching
5. buoy
6. buoyancy
7. sink (sank, sunk)
8. unsinkable
9. stable
10. stability
11. sail (v)
12. sail (n)
13. state-of-the-art
a. буй (поплавок)
b. устойчивость / остойчивость (о корабле)
c. качаться (с борта на борт)
d. идти под парусом, идти (о любом судне)
e. килевая качка
f. по последнему слову техники, самый передовой
g. устойчивый
h. бортовая качка
i. парус
j. тонуть, погружаться в воду
k. непотопляемый
l. качаться (с носа на корму)
m. плавучесть
12 Read the text and answer the questions.
 What theory is academician Krylov famous for?
 Did he work in any fields of engineering besides shipbuilding?
LIFE IN SCIENCE
In 1898, for the first time in the history of the Royal Institution
of Naval Architects in Britain, its Gold Medal was awarded to a
foreigner. That foreigner was a Russian scientist who had given a
talk about his new theory of ship’s oscillations on waves*. At that
time, when constructing a ship, the builders knew little about its
future characteristics—how stable would it be in a storm? how fast
could it sail? The new theory answered these questions, and did it
so well, that even now, over a hundred years later, it is still used
by naval architects all over the world. The Russian scientist’s
name was Alexey Nikolayevich Krylov.
29
He was born in a village by the Volga in 1863. During a family visit to Sevastopol,
Alexey became very interested in ships and the sea, and in 1878 he went to the Naval College
in St. Petersburg. In addition to the College courses he took lessons from the famous
mathematician A.M.Lyapunov, the author of stability theory for the solutions of differential
equations*.
On graduating Krylov was sent to work at the Main Hydrographic Administration.*
There he began to study magnetic compass deviation*, a topic he returned to more than once
in later years. Krylov’s research was supervised* by I.P. de Collong, who was an outstanding
scientist and the founder of the compass deviation theory. Their work together made Russian
ship compasses the best in the world.
After that, Krylov joined the department of ship construction of St. Petersburg Naval
Academy. There he met another brilliant mathematician—A.N.Korkin, who was an expert
in differential equations. Krylov learned much from him, and he graduated with honours* in
1890 after only two years of study. He was then asked by Korkin to stay at the Academy as
a mathematics and ship-theory lecturer, which he did, and taught various theoretical and
engineering sciences for about fifty years.
In 1900 he was made director of the Naval Administration Tank, which had started
functioning six years earlier to carry out model ship tests. It was the first experimental basin
to test ship design in Russia and the sixth in the world. Its aim was to find engine power
requirements for specified speeds, and hull lines which required the least power. On the base
of the Tank, Krylov created a scientific institution which also included physical-chemical
laboratories for research on ship construction materials, a mechanical laboratory and an
electrical engineering laboratory. Now it is the famous state-of-the-art Krylov Research
Centre.
Krylov’s work at the Tank covered such problems as buoyancy, stability, vibration,
rolling and pitching. During this period he also actively collaborated with S.O.Makarov,
admiral and scientist, studying the ship unsinkability problem. The results of their work soon
became classic, and they are widely used nowadays all over the world.
In 1914 Krylov became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During his
career, he also held many different posts at the Maritime Ministry. He often worked as a
naval consultant, and he was never afraid to argue with top officials* to promote innovations.
The political events of 1917 did not change Krylov’s scientific and social activities. In
1919, he joined the Russian Association of Physicists, who tried to re-start publishing
scientific journals and to re-establish* contacts between physicists in Russia and abroad. On
this mission Krylov was sent to London in 1921, being one of the first scientists to travel to
Europe after the Revolution.
On returning to St. Petersburg (then
Leningrad), he became director of the
Physics-Mathematics Institute of the
USSR Academy of Sciences. There he
worked at the problems of shipbuilding,
mathematics, magnetism, artillery,
astronomy, and geodesy.
All in all, Krylov wrote about 300
books and papers. In 1904, he
constructed the first mechanical
integrator in Russia to solve differential
30
equations. In 1931, he found a new method (named after him) of solving the equation
determining the frequency of vibrations* in mechanical systems. In one of his
autobiographical papers, Krylov describes his activity as ‘shipbuilding, that is application of
mathematics to maritime problems*’.
Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov died in Leningrad on October 26, 1945. He is buried in the
Volkovo cemetery. He was awarded the State (Stalin) Prize, three Orders of Lenin*, and the
title Hero of Socialist Labour*. His name is probably one of the most widely known and
recognized in Russia among outstanding personalities of the twentieth century. From among
his students he created a large school of shipbuilders who were both engineers and scientists.
Notes: theory of ship’s oscillations on waves – теория качки корабля
differential equation – дифференциальное уравнение
the Main Hydrographic Administration – Главное гидрографическое управление
magnetic compass deviation – девиация (уклонение) компаса
supervise – руководить, осуществлять наставничество
graduate with honours – окончить с отличием
argue with top officials – спорить с высокопоставленными чиновниками
re-establish – восстановить
frequency of vibrations – частота колебаний
maritime problems – вопросы морского дела
Order of Lenin – орден Ленина
the title Hero of Socialist Labour – звание героя социалистического труда
13 Complete the sentences according to the text.
1. The British naval architects gave Krylov a gold medal because ______.
a. he had given a talk about a new theory of ship design
b. his theory answered the questions about the ship’s future characteristics
c. shipbuilders knew very little about ship oscillations on waves
2. Young Krylov began to study shipbuilding _______.
a. by the Volga
b. in Sevastopol
c. in St. Petersburg
3. He did research into the problem of compass deviation _______.
a. when he worked at the Main Hydrographic Administration
b. when he studied at the Naval Academy
c. at different periods of his life
4. Krylov ________.
a. studied under two famous mathematicians at the Academy
b. became an expert in mathematics
c. got a job teaching mathematics at the Naval Administration Tank
5. He changed the work of the Naval Administration Tank by _______.
a. opening a new laboratory
b. organizing a shipbuilding research centre
c. beginning to study rolling and pitching
6. The unsinkability theory ________.
a. was created by both Krylov and Makarov
b. included the problems of rolling and pitching
c. never became popular
31
7. The Association of Physicists sent Krylov abroad ________.
a. to meet foreign scientists
b. to publish foreign scientific journals
c. to let him escape from the Revolution
8. Krylov designed his mechanical integrator _________.
a. to construct the theory of ship’s oscillations on waves
b. to support the experiments in the Naval Administration Tank with theoretical
calculations
c. to find frequency of vibrations in mechanical systems
9. For Krylov, shipbuilding was _____________.
a. research on ship construction materials
b. differential equations
c. using mathematics to solve maritime problems
14 a) Read the text again and make up a list of
a scientists’ names;
b educational institutions;
c professional posts and positions;
d scientific interests (areas, fields);
e inventions and discoveries.
b) Use your list to make up sentences about
academician Krylov’s life and activities.
He met / worked with / studied under …
He studied at …
He worked as … at …
He developed such scientific areas as …
He is known as the inventor of …
He is famous for …
A.F.Ioffe, P.L.Kapitsa and A.N.Krylov
(1921)
Part 4: A Legendary Ship (video)
15 Read the text and find the English equivalents for the Russian phrases.
A Narrow Escape
On the high seas of the South Pacific, the Mirabella was sailing to her port for a refit. Her
equipment was outdated and she had to be overhauled; she had her bow gun in good order,
though. Suddenly, she was attacked by pirates. She had no chance to escape, and the captain
decided to fight.
The pirates fired a shot, which damaged the Mirabella’s hull. Then she received a second
hit, and she was nearly defeated, but fired back and this lucky shot destroyed the pirate ship
completely. Only a few pirates survived and were picked up by the Mirabella’s crew, brought
to the port and put in prison.
32
переоборудование __________________
устаревший ____________________
должна была пройти капитальный ремонт _______________________
носовое орудие ________________________ избежать/уклониться ____________
выстрелили ________________________
повредил ______________________
получила второй удар (попадание) ________________________
почти побеждена ____________________________________
уничтожил ________________________
выжили ________________________
экипаж ________________________
sailor = seaman – моряк, матрос
NB: marine – морской (относящийся к морю и живущим в нем существам, а
также кораблям)
maritime – морской (относящийся к деятельности человека, связанной с
морем); приморский, прибрежный
naval – военно-морской
marine life
maritime law
naval base
marine ecosystem
maritime port
naval officer
marine science
maritime museum
naval power
marine engine
maritime climate
naval victory
Navy – военный флот страны: the Russian Navy, the British Navy
fleet – флот, относящийся к конкретной акватории: the Baltic fleet, the Pacific fleet
16 Read the statements and decide if they are true or false.
1. The cruiser Aurora is still in service* with the Russian Navy.
2. She fought in the battle of Tsushima.
3. The Aurora’s bow gun fired a shot signalling Russia’s entering World War I.
4. The Aurora’s crew took an active part in the defence of Leningrad.
5. Now, the Aurora stands by the Winter Palace.
Note:
in service – на службе (serve – служить)
17 a) Read the script and answer the questions.
1. How old is the Aurora now?
2. Was she special when she was built?
3. How many sister ships did she originally have?
At the beginning of autumn 2014, cruiser Aurora went for another refit—her tenth in more
than a hundred years of the ship’s history. There wasn’t anything special about her, Aurora
was an ordinary cruiser of that time. Today, few remember the names of the other two ships
of this class, while the story of Aurora is truly amazing. Her life was a chain of grandiose
events and lucky circumstances that allowed her to survive and be preserved as she is now.
b) Watch the video and practice reading the script in part (a).
33
18 a) Complete the table with names and dates of historic events.
Events
1
2
RussianJapanese war,
Tsushima battle
–
Dates
Locations
1909
Missions
the Pacific ocean,
Korea strait*
provide enforcement*;
defend transport ships;
accompany battleships
St. Petersburg,
the Baltic fleet
serve as a training ship
3
1914 - 1918
the Baltic Sea,
the Gulf of Finland
lay and patrol minefields;*
support destroyers*
4
October 25,
1917
fairway* of the
Neva
the Baltic Sea,
the Gulf of Finland
fire a shot (signal for
storming the Winter
Palace)
seamen – take the guns to
fight on the ground
the Baltic fleet
serve as a training ship
a) Oranienbaum
fight German aircraft; run
aground*
seamen – take the guns to
fight on the ground
5
Civil War
6
–
7
the Great
Patriotic War
1921 - 1941
b) Duderhof hills
8
Notes:
–
1945 – the
present
Petrogradskaya
embankment,
Nakhimov Naval
school
enforcement – подкрепление (force – сила)
Korea Strait – Корейский пролив
patrol minefields – патрулировать минные поля
serve as a museum
destroyer – эсминец
fairway – фарватер
run aground – посадить на мель
b) Match the pictures to the events and use the information in the table to describe them.
1 ____,
2 ____,
3 ____,
4 ____,
7a ____, _____,
7b ____
8 ____
19 Watch the video and answer the questions.
1
a. What was the outcome of the battle of Tsushima
for the Russian squadron*?
b. How many hits did the Aurora receive during
the battle?
c. How did she escape?
squadron – эскадра
barely stayed afloat – едва
держался на плаву
withstand (withstood, withstood) –
выдерживать
shake off pursuit – оторваться от
преследователей
2
a. What status did she get after the Russian-Japanese
war?
b. Who did she fight against in the Gulf of Finland?
c. What condition* was she in during WWI?
condition – состояние
entire battle core – все боевое ядро
obsolete – устаревший (outdated)
the Diana – the Aurora’s sister ship
– (третьей была “Паллада”)
34
a
b
d
c
e
f
g
h
35
3
a. Why did the Aurora become a symbol of the
remove – снимать, убирать
scrap – разрезать на части / сдать в
October Revolution?
металлолом
b. Why were the guns removed* from the cruiser
in the summer of 1918?
c. What saved the Aurora from scrapping* after the Civil War?
4
a. Why did part of the crew leave the Aurora in 1941?
b. How did the Aurora herself fight against the Germans?
c. Why was the Aurora made a museum?
troops – войска
cannon – пушка (= gun)
5
a. What facts prove that the Aurora is Fortune’s favourite?
20 Read the text and complete it with the phrases given (there is one extra phrase).
1. and one of the most famous symbols of St. Petersburg
2. so her task then was to patrol minefields in the Gulf of Finland and support destroyers
3. while again some of her guns and crew defended Leningrad on land
4. because too many other ships were damaged or destroyed
5. but she still survives and is over a hundred years old now
6. which was utterly defeated in the Battle of Tsushima less than two years later
7. so a decision was made to repair the ship and turn her into a museum
FORTUNE’S FAVOURITE
While the cruiser Aurora is best known for giving a signal to the start of the October
Revolution, she can also be called the luckiest ship of the Russian Navy. Her life story is
amazing, as there have been so many times when she could be destroyed, (A)_____.
An ordinary cruiser of the Russian Empire, she was commissioned* in 1903 and joined
the Second Pacific Squadron, (B)_____. During the battle the Aurora was seriously
damaged, but she managed to break through the enemy ranks* and return home together
with only ten other surviving ships.
By the start of WWI the cruiser was already outdated, (C)_____. The Aurora also took
part in the Russian Civil war, as her guns were removed from her and taken by her sailors to
fight on the ground.
Soon after that the cruiser narrowly escaped scrapping because there was no money for
her maintenance. Yet she was saved and became a training ship.
The Aurora spent most of the Great Patriotic war in the port of Oranienbaum, (D)_____,
adding another heroic chapter to her history. The cruiser herself fought German aviation;
seriously damaged by enemy air bombs, she was run aground, but continued to fulfill her
duty* with her flag flying high.
Even before the end of the war, the Aurora was already legendary, (E)_____. Now, the
cruiser Aurora is a monument to the military glory* of the Russian Navy (F)_____. She
stands by the Nakhimov Naval school at Petrogradskaya embankment with St. Andrew Naval
Banner over her, proving that she’s still in service.
Notes:
commission – принимать в состав флота
enemy ranks – вражеский строй
36
fulfill your duty – исполнять свой долг
glory – слава
21 Listen to the recording and complete the text.
Commissioned in 1903, cruiser Aurora could have been (1)__________________________
________________ Tsushima, could have got (2)__________________________________
_____________ during WWI, or could have been (3)______________________________
_________________ and the Civil War. In World War II, she could have got destroyed by
German (4)_____________________________________. But the cruiser is (5)__________
___________________. Doesn’t this prove that she’s not only the most legendary, but also
(6)_________________________ in the history of the Russian Navy?
And now, having celebrated her 113th birthday, Aurora has (7)_______________
_____________________ at the Petrograd Embankment as (8)_______________________
__________________ and the history of the Russian Navy.
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LEARN
area
field
machinery
maintenance
hull
shape
model ship
test tank
carry out
support (v, n)
repair (v, n)
design (v, n)
train (v)
roll
rolling
pitch
pitching
buoyancy
sink (sank, sunk)
unsinkable
stable
stability
sail (v, n)
sailor = seaman
Navy
fleet
marine
maritime
construct – construction
add – addition
recognize – recognition
solve – solution
develop – development
equip – equipment
state-of-the-art
outstanding
long-standing
Academic Council
academician
refit
outdated
be overhauled
gun
escape (v, n)
fire a shot
damage (v, n)
receive
hit (n)
defeat (v, n)
destroy
survive
crew
enemy
37
LESSON 4
THE CITY ON THE NEVA
Part 1: Peter’s Great Creation
1 Combine each verb with two of the nouns given to make phrases.
the aim
problems
the programme
a research centre
the victory
the standard
the motivation
passengers
the change
the shopping bag
achieve – достигать, добиваться
_________________ /__________________
cause – причина; вызывать, быть причиной _________________ /__________________
carry – нести, везти
_________________ /__________________
establish – учреждать
_________________ /__________________
contribute (to) – вносить вклад (в),
_________________ /__________________
способствовать
2 Match the English words with their
Russian equivalents. There is one extra
Russian word.
1. access
2. enterprise
3. shipyard
4. various
5. opposite
6. across
a. верфь
b. доступ
c. через
d. различный
e. успех
f. предприятие
g. напротив
3 a) Use the examples to match the linking words with their Russian equivalents.
A
1. The new machines will work much faster, thus making the costs lower.
2. Important competitions need preparation. Therefore we should arrive at the stadium an
hour early.
3. Everything went according to plan.
thus
таким образом
therefore
в соответствии с
according to
следовательно, поэтому
B
1. Although this is technically against the rules, it is still common practice.
2. The experts will study the collection; it will not, however, be accessible to the public.
3. Many of his readers liked his style of writing, though without sharing his political
views.
4. This fact is strange yet true.
although / though
однако
however
тем не менее, однако
yet
хотя
C
1. I’m going to London, and my sisters are coming as well.
2. Along with physics and chemistry, biology is one of natural sciences.
38
3. As well as academic achievements, David was known for taking part in sports
competitions.
4. In addition to giving an introduction to computer science, the course also provides
practical tasks.
5. The hotel is not very expensive,
along with
также как и
moreover, it is perfectly located for
in addition to
вместе с, наряду с
visiting most of the historic sights.
moreover
кроме того, более того
as well
тоже, также
as well as
в дополнение к
b) Study the linking words and translate the sentences.
while – в то время, как (союз времени / союз противопоставления)
as – по мере того, как
так как / поскольку
в качестве
1. He works as assistant manager.
2. As we are both tired, let’s have a break now.
3. While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
4. They got married while they were still at the university.
5. As I was studying the material, the task was becoming clearer.
Peter I = Peter the Great
St. Petersburg
Venice of the North
the Peter and Paul Fortress
the Admiralty
the Summer Garden
the Academy of Sciences
Menshikov Palace
the Twelve Colleges
the Kunstkamera
the Baltic Sea
the Neva
Zayachiy Island
Sweden the Swedes
the Northern War
Swedish
Domenico Trezzini
39
4 Read the text and say which period in the city history it describes.
GATEWAY TO EUROPE
On May 27, 1703, on Zayachiy Island in the Neva delta, Peter the Great laid down* the
foundation stone of the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was designed by the tsar himself and built
to defend the land from the Swedes in the Northern War.
Access to the Baltic Sea was vital* for Russia’s economic and political growth as using
waterways was the cheapest method of both travelling and carrying goods for trade*.
Therefore, in 1700 Peter the Great started the Northern War to get back the lands at the sea
shore* that used to belong* to Novgorod, but were at the time under Swedish control. On
achieving this aim, he founded a fortress at the mouth of the Neva and named it
St. Petersburg. This also became the name of the city which immediately* began to grow
around the fortress. The same year the first foreign ship called at* its port thus bringing it
international recognition.
At first, the fortress walls were
constructed of wood and earth but soon
they were rebuilt in stone. Several years
later, a cathedral was built there in
honour* of Saints Peter and Paul, thus
causing the fortress to change its name.
The cathedral was designed by the
Italian architect Domenico Trezzini,
who decorated it with a 122m high
gilded spire*. It was the tallest structure
in the city at the time and has become
one of its most famous landmarks.
Starting the Northern War, Peter the
Great knew that Sweden had the strongest fleet on the Baltic Sea, and that he must either
build ships to fight against it, or lose the war. Therefore, in 1704, only a year after the Peter
and Paul Fortress was founded, another important event took place: the Admiralty shipyard
was laid down to make ships for the Russian Navy. The enterprise not only contributed to
Russia’s victory, but also actually started the oldest industry in St. Petersburg.
In 1712, even before the war was over, the city was made capital of Russia. People of various
trades and professions not only from this country, but also from abroad started coming to the
place and contributing to St. Petersburg’s vast and fast development*. Just two years later
the Kunstkamera, Russia’s first public museum, was opened; it was based on Peter the
Great’s personal collection. In 1724 the tsar also established the Academy of Sciences and
St. Petersburg University, where many outstanding scientists from Europe were invited* to
work and teach. It was a new epoch in Russia’s history, the epoch of Peter the Great with
reorganization and reform in all fundamental spheres—those of the state administration, the
army and the fleet, education, culture and even everyday life.
In the beginning, the tsar lived near the Peter and Paul Fortress in a small wooden house,
which has survived and is now a museum. Some time later, Domenico Trezzini built the
Summer Palace for Peter’s family opposite his first residence across the Neva, and soon the
area around it was developed into what is known as the Summer Garden. There also used to
40
be a winter palace—not the one that you can see now, though, but which along with such
other great buildings of the time as Menshikov Palace and the Twelve Colleges contributed
to the image of the most European city in Russia, whose centre is nowadays recognized by
UNESCO as a World Heritage site*.
Notes:
lay (laid, laid) down – закладывать
vital – жизненно важный
trade – торговля; ремесло
goods for trade – товары на продажу
tradesman – ремесленник
sea shore – берег моря
used to belong – когда-то принадлежали
immediately – немедленно, сразу
call at – заходить (в порт)
honour – честь
gilded spire – позолоченный шпиль
vast and fast development – всестороннее
бурное развитие
invite – приглашать
World Heritage site – объект мирового
наследия
5 Read the text again and decide if the statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. The Peter and Paul Fortress was designed by Domenico Trezzini.
2. The lands in the mouth of the Neva had belonged to Novgorod, but later were taken by
the Swedes.
3. At first, the fortress was named in honour of Saint Peter.
4. Russia needed access to the Baltic Sea to win the Northern War.
5. The fortress name was changed because of the cathedral.
6. At the beginning of the war, Peter the Great had the strongest fleet on the Baltic Sea.
7. The Admiralty yard was founded to build ships for trading with other countries as Russia
had won access to the Baltic sea.
8. St. Petersburg was founded as a new capital of Russia.
9. In the Kunstkamera people could see things collected by Peter the Great.
10. The Academy of Sciences was necessary for the Russian scientists to discuss their
achievements.
11. Peter the Great supported fundamental Russian traditions in most spheres.
12. The Peter and Paul Fortress was the first residence of Peter the Great.
13. The city centre has the status of a World Heritage site because it is the most European
city in Russia.
6 a) Choose a correct ending for each sentence in the text.
Cause
Effect
At the end of the 17th century Russia had no
access to seas, except the White sea in the
north, (1)_____
Therefore, Peter the Great started a war
against Sweden (2)_____
In 1703, after he had achieved this aim, (3)____
To win the final victory, however, Russia
needed warships that could defeat the Swedish
navy, (4)_____
By the end of the Northern War, a new city
had grown around the yard and the fortress,
(5)_____
a. he founded a fortress to control the area.
b. the city which later was named a
gateway to Europe and Venice of the
North.
c. to get back the territory around the
mouth of the Neva and thus win access
to the Baltic Sea.
d. which made trade difficult and had
negative effects on economic
development.
e. so the Admiralty yard was established
to build those.
41
b) Use the facts from the table and the linking words given and make up your own sentences
illustrating the cause and effect relations.
as
since
because
so
therefore
thus
that’s why
7 a) Complete the text with the words given.
provided
special
included
innovation
outstanding
university
the Kunstkamera
foreign
developed
The epoch of Peter the Great was one of reform and (1)_________________ in many aspects
of life. By the tsar’s order the first gymnasium, (2)_________________ and Academy of
Sciences were established, which (3)_______________ the basis for the system of education
and scientific research. Moreover, the first museum in Russia, (4)_________________, was
organised and opened to the public.
The reforms also (5)_________________ changes in the state administration, where twelve
ministries (colleges) were introduced and a (6)________________ building was constructed
for them in the city centre. It is worth mentioning* that from its early years the city
(7)__________________ according to a plan, breaking from the tradition of other Russian
cities at the time. Both Russian and (8)________________ architects, the first of whom was
Domenico Trezzini, created (9)_________________ ensembles which made the city famous
all over the world.
Note:
it is worth mentioning – стоит упомянуть, заслуживает упоминания
b) List the innovations introduced with the foundation of the city.
Part 2: A Famous Museum (video)
 Do you like visiting museums?
 What museums have you been to?
 What did you see there?
8 Complete the word formation table.
Verbs
attract – притягивать, привлекать
______________ – связывать
permit – ________________
Nouns
_____________ – достопримечательность
connection – связь
permission – разрешение
9 Think of one word to complete all the combinations.
1.
o _ _ g _ _ _ _ document
writer
plan
idea
man
подлинный документ
самобытный писатель
первоначальный план
свежая мысль
необычный человек
42
2.
s__
a date
the sails
an example
the tone
the alarm
назначать дату
ставить паруса
показать пример
задавать тон
поставить будильник
10 Answer the questions.
1. Have you been to the Hermitage
museum?
2. What did you see there? What did
you find interesting?
Elizabeth
Catherine II
Nicolas I
Imperial Family
the Empress
Bartolomeo Rastrelli
the Winter Palace
the State Hermitage
the General Staff
Building
the Palace Square
11 Read the text and answer the questions.
1
2
3
4
Why is the Hermitage a must-see for visitors to St. Petersburg?
What does the museum house*?
How many hermitages are there?
Why was each of the buildings in the complex constructed?
THE HERMITAGE
For many people, the State Hermitage is usually what first comes to mind when they
think of St. Petersburg. It is the city’s most popular visitor attraction and one of the world’s
largest and most prestigious museums. There are over 3 million items on display*, and if
you spend just one minute to view each of them, it will take eleven years to see the whole
collection. As a result, most visitors prefer guided tours* to make sure they don’t miss any
of its highlights*, which include paintings, sculptures and artifacts from different epochs and
countries. What is more, the place is of great interest as a former* tsars’ residence with
various everyday objects such as furniture, clothes and personal belongings.
Some visitors mistakenly believe the Hermitage to be the same as the Winter Palace,
but in fact the museum complex includes five buildings, of which the Winter Palace is the
oldest, dating from 1762. It was designed by the Italian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli in the
baroque style to be a home for Peter the Great’s daughter Elizabeth. However, she died very
soon after, and the first real owner* of the palace was Catherine II, who added three more
buildings to it – the Large (Old) Hermitage, the Small Hermitage, and the Hermitage Theatre.
They were constructed for giving parties and housing* the art collections bought by the
Empress. The New Hermitage is the only* building which was added much later and became
the first one specifically designed as an art gallery. All the parts of the complex are
interconnected by passages* in the form of arches, covered bridges and a hanging garden.
The General Staff Building in the Palace Square has lately become part of the museum as
well.
Notes:
house – помещать в себе, служить помещением для
items on display – экспонаты; предметы, выставленные для
обозрения
guided tours – экскурсии с гидом
highlights – (зд.) наиболее значимые произведения
43
former – бывший
owner – владелец, хозяин
the only – единственный
passage – переход
12 a) Watch the first part of the video and match the places and the description details (there is
one extra detail you don’t need to use).
1. the museum buildings
2. the Jordan Staircase*
3. the Throne Room*
4. the Small Throne Room
5. the 1812 War Gallery
6. the Pavillion Hall
7. the living apartments of the
Imperial family
a. grand processions
b. Renaissance motifs with a Mauresque style*
c. the Malachite Room, the Golden Drawing
Room, the Crimson Boudoir*
d. the Winter Palace, the Hermitages
e. balls and celebrations
f. 332 portraits of generals
g. the memory of Peter the Great
h. neoclassical style
Notes:
the Jordan Staircase – Иорданская лестница
Throne Room – тронный зал
Mauresque style – мавританский стиль
the Malachite Room – малахитовый зал
the Golden Drawing Room – золотая гостиная
the Crimson Boudoir – малиновый будуар
b) Watch the second part of the video and complete the
phrases with nationalities.
Flemish – фламандский
Dutch – голландский
1. works of _______________ art — masterpieces* by Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael, Titian
2. the 17th century _______________ artist Rembrandt
3. _______________ artist Peter Paul Rubens
4. _______________ art from the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD*
5. _______________ sculpture of the 18th and early 19th centuries
6. _______________ painters: Impressionists Monet, Renoir
Post-Impressionists Degas, Van Gogh, Gauguin
early works by Matisse and Pablo Picasso
Notes:
masterpiece – шедевр
BC (before Christ) – до нашей эры
AD (Anno Domini) – нашей эры
13 Read the factfile and say
a. which of the following facts you knew before;
b. which one/ones you find the most surprising.
DID YOU KNOW THAT … ?
1
Although now the name of one of the largest museums in the world, the word ‘hermitage’
originally means ‘a lonely place* to live away from other people’. However, in the
eighteenth century it was often given to buildings designed for private parties thus becoming
the name for smaller palaces.
2
The first art collection of 225 paintings was bought for the Winter Palace in 1764. It had
originally been formed for the Prussian king Frederick II who was Russia’s opponent in the
Seven Years’ War. When he failed to buy the collection, Catherine II took the chance to ‘win
another victory’ over him.
44
3
For a long time, the Hermitage collections could only be seen by the tsars’ families and their
guests. A.S.Pushkin was able to* see them once through the help of G.R.Derzhavin, who got
him a special permission to visit the palace.
4
In 1838-39 the Winter Palace was completely rebuilt following a terrible fire that broke out
on December 17, 1837. The fire burned for three days and left nothing but the outer walls*.
The restoration work was supervised by the architect V.P.Stasov. He preserved Rastrelli’s
exterior, but the interior was decorated according to the changed fashion.
5
In 1844 Nicolas I issued an order* which set a height limit for all the houses in the city –
they might not be more than 11 sazhens (23.47 metres) tall. Although the Winter Palace was
not mentioned anywhere in the document, the height chosen is exactly the distance from its
roof to the ground.
6
In 1852, the New Hermitage was opened to the public as a museum, but common people*
were not permitted to visit it. After the Great October Revolution the whole of the Hermitage
complex became a museum opened for all people.
7
The Winter Palace was the official residence of the Imperial Family until 1917, yet from
1905 on, they did not live there and only returned for State ceremonies.
8
During WWI, some of the Palace rooms were turned into a hospital, which worked until the
October of 1917. It was provided with state-of-the art equipment and had the best doctors.
The hospital was often visited by the tsar’s family and foreign delegations.
9
In 1917 the Winter Palace was the seat of the Provisional Government which ruled Russia
between the two revolutions.
10
The Winter Palace, now green and white, was originally light yellow. The building has been
repainted many times in light brown, red, dark yellow. During the Siege* of Leningrad the
whole of the Hermitage, including the roof, was painted grey so as to make it less noticeable*
for the German aviation.
11
About sixty cats live at the Hermitage walking the rooms at night and guarding* the
collections from mice and rats*. They are called ‘hermikies’ and each of them has a passport
and a medical certificate, some are named after famous artists or their paintings.
12
The Hermitage museum has become an important restoration and research centre organizing
numerous international projects. It gives lectures and courses in different aspects of classical
and modern art thus playing a great educational role for the public.
Notes:
lonely place – уединенное место
was able to – смог
outer walls – внешние стены
preserve – сохранять
issue an order – издать указ
common people – обычные люди
siege – блокада, осада
noticeable – заметный
guard – охранять
mice and rats – мыши и крысы
45
14 a) Sort out the six paragraphs which describe the Hermitage museum, and the other six
describing the Winter Palace as a historical building.
b) Use the key phrases to speak about the Winter
Palace.
1762 – Rastrelli – baroque style
Catherine II – the Large (Old) Hermitage, the
Small Hermitage, the Hermitage Theatre
1837 – fire – restoration – V.P.Stasov
1844 – height limit
1852 – the New Hermitage
1905-1917 – State ceremonies
WWI – hospital
1917 – Provisional Government
colours
c) Use the key phrases to speak about
the Hermitage museum.
visitor attraction
items on display
tsars’ residence
the word hermitage
the first art collection
A.S.Pushkin
opened to the public
‘hermikies’
educational role
Part 3: The City of Shipbuilders
15 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words given.
plant – завод, предприятие
power plant – силовая установка
design bureau – проектно-конструкторское бюро
manufacture – производить, изготавливать (нечто материальное)
produce – производить (что-то как материальное, так и нематериальное)
product – продукция, товар
replace – заменять
launch – запускать (ракету), спускать (корабль на воду)
1. His report didn’t _______________ the effect he had planned.
2. My brother is a naval architect. He works for a _______________.
3. The company _______________ desks, chairs, and other furniture.
4. The _______________ of this company is office furniture.
5. The ice-breaker will be _______________ in two months’ time.
6. There are many _______________ and factories in the city.
7. The ship’s _______________ needed regular maintenance.
8. You need to _______________ the battery in your telephone.
16 Read the text and match the titles to the paragraphs (there is one extra title).
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
The shipyards today
The birth of shipbuilding industry
Steam and metal: the growth of shipbuilding industry
The city’s main industries
The period of wood and sail
Advances in ship research
Vivat traditions!
46
THE CITY’S OLDEST INDUSTRY
1
frigate – фрегат
St. Petersburg is one of the largest
warship – военный корабль
industrial centres in Russia, with many
merchant vessel – торговое судно
factories and plants of very high
surface ship – надводный корабль
economic efficiency and innovative
submarine – подводная лодка
activity. A large number of various
submersible – подводный аппарат
products are made here, for example,
icebreaker – ледокол
power-engineering* plants manufacture
ice-class vessel – судно ледового класса
equipment
for
power
stations*,
floating nuclear power plant – плавучая
mechanical engineering* enterprises
атомная электростанция
produce railway carriages*, cars and
buses, diesel engines, and even technical systems for spaceships. Moreover, the city is
famous for its electronics and instrument-making industries*, whose products are exported
to many countries.
2
However, the oldest and probably most important of the city’s industrial spheres is
shipbuilding, covering all the aspects of research, design, construction and repair. Its history
goes back to 1704, only one year after the founding of the city, when the Admiralty yard was
established to build ships for the Northern War.
3
The fifty-four-gun frigate Poltava, launched in 1712, became the first large warship of the
Baltic Fleet. During the war, 22 other ships and over 200 galleys* were built. When the war
was over, the yard started to produce merchant vessels as well, but constructing warships
never stopped. By the mid-nineteenth century over 250 large ones had been launched.
4
That period was a time of great advances in technology – the Industrial Revolution. The
steam engine* was replacing the sail, and wood as a building material was giving way to*
metal. These changes along with a need for more and more ships for the country’s growing
economy led to the founding of both the Baltic Yard, which was not only to* build ships’
hulls but also produce engines and other machinery, and Kronstadt Marine Plant for ship
repairs. As shipbuilding technology developed, two other enterprises – the Northern Yard
and the Middle Neva Yard – were organized at the beginning of the 20th century. The
following years also saw the establishment of many design bureaus, which, together with
the famous Krylov Reseach Centre, have
gradually formed the broad research and
design base the city has now.
5
As time went on and new challenges had to
be met*, the shipyards changed their main
activity areas. Today, the focus of the
Admiralty Yard is submarines and
submersibles, although small surface ships
are built there too; the Baltic Yard
produces icebreakers and ice-class vessels
47
for the Arctic (both diesel-electric and nuclear-powered), as well as floating nuclear power
plants; the Northern Yard mostly works on building and modernising surface ships for the
Navy; and the Middle Neva Yard is best-known for innovative technology of using
composite materials for ships’ hulls.
6
In addition to these large old enterprises, St. Petersburg also has many smaller ones that have
been established in recent years*. At one of them, a replica of Peter the Great’s Poltava was
built by enthusiasts and launched on the city’s birthday in 2018, celebrating the glory* and
long-standing traditions of Russian shipbuilding.
steam engine – паровая машина
give way to – уступить
was not only to – должен был не только
new challenges had to be met – нужно было
соответствовать новым требованиям/
запросам
in recent years – за последние годы
celebrating the glory – отдавая дань славе
Notes:
power-engineering – энергетика
power station – электростанция
mechanical engineering – машиностроение
railway carriage – железнодорожный вагон
electronics and instrument-making industries
– приборостроение
galley – галера
17 Read the text again and
a. give examples of the city’s industries and their products;
b. prove that shipbuilding industry is the oldest in the city;
c. explain why a replica of the Poltava was constructed in 2018;
d. explain why the Baltic Yard and Kronstadt Marine Plant were established;
e. describe the city’s present research, design and construction base;
f. illustrate the differences between the main shipyards’ working spheres.
18 Use the information from the text to speak about each of the five principal shipyards of the
city.
Part 4: Russia’s Imperial City (video)
19 a) Read the paragraph and find the adjectives used with the nouns given. Translate the
combinations.
________________ palaces, ________________ cathedrals, ________________ gardens,
________________architecture, ________________ canals, ________________ streets,
________________ambition, ________________ cities, ________________ royalty
spread – расстилаться
St. Petersburg lies around 400 miles to the north-west of Moscow.
wealth – богатство
Nestled on the Neva River, it spreads* out from its banks and
glitter – сверкать
across a series of islands that lie within the river delta. With a
rival – соперничать
wealth* of extravagant palaces, breathtaking cathedrals and
succeed – преуспеть
magnificent gardens, St. Petersburg is truly Russia’s Imperial
city. Its grandiose architecture and picturesque canals were born from the glittering*
ambition of Peter the Great early in the 18th century, and progressively guilded by
generations of Russian royalty. Over the centuries, this dynasty sought to create a city to
rival* the greatest cities of Europe, and as you step onto the cobblestone streets here, you’ll
discover they succeeded*.
48
b) Watch the video and practice reading the script in part (a).
20 Watch the next part of the video and put the sights in the order they are shown.
ban – запрещать
climb – взбираться,
подниматься
bury – хоронить
pump – насос, помпа
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
the Admiralty building
St Isaac’s Cathedral
the Church of the Saviour on the Spilled Blood
the Palace Square
the Summer Palace and Gardens
the Catherine Palace
the Peter and Paul Fortress
Peterhoff Palace and Gardens complex
Kazan Cathedral
Nevsky Prospekt
21 Watch the video again and answer the questions.
1. Where is St. Petersburg located?
2. Where do people usually start their tours around the city?
3. Why did many people come to live in the city during Peter
the Great’s time?
4. What can you do if you visit St Isaac’s Cathedral?
5. Where did tradesmen work to create Russia’s first
warships?
6. Who is buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress?
7. What is special about the Peterhoff fountains?
8. How much gold was used for the roof of the Catherine
Palace?
9. What was held in the Summer Gardens in the 18th century?
legacy – наследие
reflect – отражать
stroll – прогуливаться
avenue – проспект
pour – лить, хлынуть
gem – драгоценный
камень
dome – купол
gateway – ворота
regal estate – царское
имение
hydrofoil – судно на
подводных крыльях
draw-bridge –
подъемный мост
scale – масштаб
testament –
свидетельство
22 Choose one of St. Petersburg’s attractions to give a talk about. Try to include the information
on
its location
construction time
designer / architect /
sculptor
specific details
historical events / facts
49
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LEARN
the Baltic Sea
the Neva
Zayachiy Island
Sweden – Swedish
the Northern War
plant
power plant
design bureau
achieve
cause
carry
contribute (to)
establish
set
manufacture
replace
launch
the Peter and Paul Fortress
the Admiralty
the Kunstkamera
the Winter Palace
the State Hermitage
the General Staff Building
the Palace Square
the Academy of Sciences
Menshikov Palace
the Twelve Colleges
the Summer Garden
attract – attraction
permit – permission
connect – connection
produce – product
Peter I = Peter the Great
Elizabeth
Catherine II
Nicolas I
original
therefore
thus
according to
however
yet
although/though
along with
moreover
in addition to
as well
as well as
while
as
Domenico Trezzini
Bartolomeo Rastrelli
the Provisional Government
the Siege of Leningrad
50
SUPPLEMENT
Lesson 1
GRAMMAR
Personal Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives, Verb to be
1 Translate the sentences into English.
1. Меня зовут Миша. Это моя сестра Маша.
Ей 12 лет. Ее глаза зеленые.
2. Это мой друг. Его зовут Петя. У него есть
собака, ее зовут Шарик. Она маленькая.
3. Петя и я – студенты. Наши родители –
инженеры, их профессии очень
интересные.
4. Ты студент? Как тебя зовут?
I am a student. This is my book.
You are a student. This is your book.
He is a student. This is his book.
She is a student. This is her book.
It is a book. Its colour is blue.
We are students. These are our books.
You are students. These are your books.
They are students. These are their books.
2 Make up general and special questions according to the model.
My friends are at home.
Mary is a good student.
Are your friends at home?
Where are your friends?
Is Mary a good student?
What kind of student is Mary?
1. The courses are two years long.
_________________________________________
How long _________________________________
2. The lecture on algebra is at 10 o’clock. _____________________________________
When ____________________________________
3. Jane is in the library. ____________________________________________________
Where ____________________________________
4. Mark and Robert are part-time students. ______________________________________
What kind of _______________________________
5. My teacher is American. __________________________________________________
What nationality _______________________________
Articles
a pencil – __ pencils
an essay – __ essays
the pencil – the pencils
the essay – the essays
Russia
the Russian Federation
3 Complete the text with the correct articles.
Alice comes from ____ small town near ____ London, but she is ____ student at Durham
university, in ____ North of ____ England. She is taking ____ course in ____ economics.
Alice has ____ two lectures and ____ seminar three times ____ week. At her seminars she
can discuss ____ many economic problems with ____ other students. She also reads
51
____ professional books in ____ university library and writes ____ essays about ____
different economic theories. On ____ Wednesdays, she meets her tutor. She asks him ____
questions and he helps her with ____ essays.
Alice is ____ active member of ____ student union at ____ university, and she often takes
part in ____ events and ____ competitions. She lives a full and busy life.
The Present Simple
I am
you are
he is
she is
it is
we are
you are
they are
я показываю
ты показываешь
он показывает
она показывает
оно показывает
мы показываем
вы показываете
они показывают
I show_
you show_
he shows
she shows
it shows
we show_
you show_
they show_
4 Give the same forms for the verbs play, live.
5 Make up general and special questions according to the model.
John goes to the library after classes.
Does John go to the library after classes?
Where does John go after classes?
When does John go to the library?
We write course papers every year.
Do you write course papers every year?
What do you write every year?
How often do you write course papers ?
1. They have three classes on Fridays. ________________________________________
How many _____________________________________________
2. Charles lives in the hall of residence. _______________________________________
Where ________________________________________________
3. Nora sometimes misses classes to practice with her group.
______________________________________________________________________
Why ______________________________________________
4. Our friends always take part in the university events.
______________________________________________________________________
What _____________________________________________ in?
5. The number of essays depends on the subject.
______________________________________________________________________
What _____________________________________________ on?
6. We write tests and essays every month.
______________________________________________________________________
52
How often __________________________________________
7. It takes us 40 minutes to get to the university in the morning.
_____________________________________________________________________
How long ___________________________________________
Object Pronouns
Subject pronoun
I
we
you
he
she
it
they
Object pronoun
me – меня, мне, мной
us – нам, нас, нами
you – тебя, тебе, тобой
him – его, ему, им
her – ее, ей, ею
it – его, её (неодуш.)
them – их, им, ими
Possessive adjective
my
our
your
his
her
its
their
6 Translate the words in brackets.
1. Can you give ______ (им) that key? They need ______ (его) now.
2. The task is difficult, I can’t do ______ (его). ______ (Оно) is too long and hard.
3. Where is Mr Smith? ______ (Его) car is here, but I can’t find ______ (его).
4. Where is Ann? ______ (Её) coat is here, but I can’t find ______ (её).
5. ______ (Их) new teacher would like to meet ______ (их).
6. When is the lecture? We want to attend ______ (её).
7. He always helps ______ (нам) with ______ (нашей) work.
8. The library is closed. ______ (Её) working hours are from 9 to 5.
VOCABULARY TRANSLATION
Part 1
1. Том на третьем курсе.
2. Я первокурсник.
3. Маша проходит курс обучения на факультете морского приборостроения.
4. Мои друзья — студенты очного обучения.
5. Ник учится на вечернем отделении.
6. Эти предметы даются мне легко.
7. Наши студенты занимаются спортом чтобы поддерживать себя в форме.
8. Мы изучаем начертательную геометрию и основы проектирования, а также иностранные языки.
9. Мне нравится информатика.
10. Факультет кораблестроения и океанотехники и факультет корабельной энергетики
— старейшие в нашем университете.
11. Мы пишем курсовые работы.
12. Я часто принимаю участие в соревнованиях.
13. Он получает профессиональную подготовку.
53
Part 2
1. Я всегда посещаю лекции.
2. Нора часто пропускает занятия.
3. У меня уходит 10 минут, чтобы одеться.
4. Алексу требуется 30 минут, чтобы доехать
до университета.
5. Мы принимаем участие в интересных
мероприятиях.
6. Как часто вы ходите в библиотеку?
7. Джейн не пишет рефератов.
8. Я ухожу из дома в 8 часов.
9. Том уходит в колледж в половине восьмого.
10. Я встаю в разное время. Это зависит от
моих занятий в университете.
Part 3
1. Мэтью студент второго курса.
2. Он проходит курс обучения по
физике.
3. Ему нравится колледж. Если он
чем-то интересуется, он всегда
может спросить об этом у своих
тьюторов.
4. Они выполняют типовые расчеты и лабораторные работы.
5. Это исследование очень важно.
6. Студенты обычно проходят эту
тему в октябре.
Lesson 2
GRAMMAR
Verb Forms
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Infinitive:
Past Simple:
Past Participle
Present Participle
Gerund
– draw
– чертить
– drew
– чертил
– drawn – начерченный
– drawing – чертящий
– drawing – черчение
1 Match the verb forms and their Russian equivalents (one translation is extra).
1. read
2. read
3. read
4. reading
5. reading
a. читал, прочитал
b. прочитавший
c. читающий, читая
d. читаемый,
прочитанный
e. чтение
f. читать
1. design
2. designed
3. designed
4. designing
5. designing
a. проектировать
b. проектирующий,
проектируя
c. спроектировав
d. проектируемый,
спроектированный
e. проектирование
f. проектировал,
спроектировал
1. write
2. wrote
3. written
4. writing
5. writing
1. speak
2. spoke
3. spoken
4. speaking
5. speaking
a. письмо, написание
b. напишу
c. написанный
d. писать, написать
e. пишущий
f. писал, написал
a. говорящий
b. говорить
c. говорение
d. сказанный
e. поговорит
f. говорил
2 Give all the forms of the verbs leave and take, and translate them into Russian.
54
The Present Simple Passive
The test is written by three students.
Is the test written by all the students?
The test isn’t written by all the students.
Such events are organized regularly.
Are such events organized every month?
Such events aren’t organized every month.
3 Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice.
1. Our students complete many courses. _______________________________________
2. We don’t begin the work today. ____________________________________________
3. Do they create successful products? ________________________________________
4. This document provides necessary information.
______________________________________________________________________
5. Practice follows theory. ___________________________________________________
6. He doesn’t drink tea. _____________________________________________________
7. Does she attend classes every day? _________________________________________
8. Do you accept candidates on the basis of an interview?
______________________________________________________________________
There is /are
4 Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. There are many higher schools in St.Petersburg. Some of them are very famous.
2. There is a problem sheet that you must do.
3. There are two stages in the educational system – the undergraduate stage and the
postgraduate stage.
4. Is there a very good library at the university?
5. It is a course in humanities. There aren’t any sciences in it.
5 Complete the sentences by ‘There is’, ‘There are’, ‘It is’, ‘They are’.
1. ________ a special requirement to start this course. ________ very important.
2. The application form for you is on the desk. ________ three parts to complete.
3. ________ some advances in the field of data security. ________ quite interesting.
4. ‘What is the number of students on this course?’ ‘________ usually small – from 10 to
12.’
5. ________ many summer jobs to apply for. You can choose what you like.
The Future Simple
6 Study the functions of the Future Simple.
1. I believe that computers will play a greater role in education.
2. I will call you tomorrow morning, I promise.
3. ‘Which question would you like to start with – the first or the second?’ ‘I will start with
the second one.’
4. This Sunday will be October 21.
55
7 Make up sentences according to the model.
A: I think John will go to the concert on
Sunday.
B: Will Mary go to the concert on
Sunday?
A: No, she won’t go there.
1. attend the lecture on design principles
2. take part in the competition
3. complete the course in December
4. defend this project next year
5. do research on this topic
Clauses of Time and Condition
8 Use the verbs in brackets in the Present of Future Simple.
1. I ______________(come) to see you when I ____________(have) some free time.
2. You _______________(not master) all the subjects if you ______________ (not do)
your homework.
3. After they _________________(be awarded) a degree, they ______________ (make)
good professional careers.
4. As soon as you _________________(defend) your final year project, you
_____________(get) a job with this company.
5. He ______________(get) good work experience if he ______________ (be accepted)
for this position.
6. When the necessary information _________________(be provided), we ____________
____________(complete) the project.
VOCABULARY TRANSLATION
Part 1
1. Мы изучаем и точные науки, и гуманитарные дисциплины.
2. Когда вы оканчиваете вуз, вы получаете ученую степень.
3. Он может воспользоваться своими документами об образовании, чтобы получить эту
работу.
4. Студенты магистратуры и аспирантуры обычно где-то работают.
5. Этот курс длится три года и ведет к получению степени бакалавра наук.
6. Программа включает теоретические курсы и профессиональную подготовку.
7. Кандидатов принимают на этот курс по итогам собеседования.
8. После завершения всех курсов вы должны защищать диплом и сдавать государственный экзамен.
9. Университет обеспечивает своих студентов учебниками.
10. Практика следует за теорией.
11. Успех этого исследования зависит от его хорошей подготовки.
Part 2
1. Вам требуется опыт работы, если вы хотите подать заявление на эту должность.
2. Успех этого эксперимента может привести к большим технологическим прорывам.
3. Вам присуждается степень магистра после шести лет обучения.
4. Каковы требования к кандидатам?
5. Что означает это слово?
6. Мы работаем с числами и другими видами данных.
7. После школы вы подаете документы в вуз.
56
Part 3
1. В нашей группе двадцать пять человек, двенадцать из них живут в общежитии.
2. У нас есть студенческие и читательские билеты, но пока нет зачетных книжек – мы
получим их позже.
3. В учебном году два семестра. Мы проходим курсы обучения по различным дисциплинам.
4. По некоторым предметам мы пишем курсовые работы. Они помогают нам подготовиться к написанию диплома.
5. Контрольные работы по английскому языку пишутся каждый месяц. По математике
мы выполняем типовые расчеты. Иногда преподаватели задают нам писать рефераты.
6. Во время сессии все сдают экзамены. Студенты, которые успевают по программе,
обычно выдерживают экзамены. Те, кто не успевает (плохо учится), часто проваливаются на экзаменах.
Part 4
1. Эти системы основаны на логических операциях.
2. Его результаты обеспечивают основание для новых исследований.
3. Она часто предлагает нам свою помощь.
Lesson 3
GRAMMAR
The Past Simple
1 Make up statements, questions and negatives according to the models.
The shipbuilding department was large.
Was the shipbuilding department large? – No, it wasn’t large.
The students were interested in engineering.
Were the students interested in English? – No, they weren’t interested in it.
The Polytechnic Institute organized a shipbuilding department in 1902.
Did the Polytechnic Institute organize a shipbuilding department in 1899?
No, it didn’t organize it in 1899.
The need for engineers grew after the Civil War.
Did the need for engineers grow before the Civil War?
No, it didn’t grow before the Civil War.
1. The engineers _______________(construct) a new model.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. The subjects _______________ (be) very interesting.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Each professor _______________ (teach) several students.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
57
4. The students’ interest _______________ (be) great.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. The course _______________ (begin) two years ago.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
The Past Simple Passive
2 Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice.
We chose this design. – This design was chosen by us.
He took the documents. – The documents were taken by him.
1. They offered two solutions to the problem.
______________________________________________________________________
2. We repaired the machinery. _______________________________________________
3. The institute did serious research. __________________________________________
4. The company built hulls. _________________________________________________
5. I wrote a letter to the office. _______________________________________________
Simple Tenses Active and Passive
Present
Past
Future /
Modals
Active
we draw diagrams
he draws diagrams
I drew diagrams
she will draw diagrams
they can draw diagrams
you must draw diagrams
Passive
diagrams are drawn
diagrams were drawn
diagrams will be drawn
diagrams can be drawn
diagrams must be drawn
3 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets in the correct forms.
1. Experiments in the test tank _________________(help) to optimize ship’s stability and
buoyancy.
2. These parameters ____________________________________(usually / optimize) after
many experiments with model ships.
3. This course ____________________(add) to the programme only last year.
4. We must _________________(equip) the laboratory with these instruments.
5. I ________________________(often / give) new tasks by the teacher.
6. The new theory ____________________(support) by experimental data.
7. The development of this technology _____________________(lead) to changes in many
scientific areas in the future.
8. The faculty of Naval Architecture _____________(train) students in designing ship hulls.
9. At the college, the students ______________________(train) in the maintenance of ship
machinery.
58
10. I believe the need for a careful analysis of this problem ________________________
(recognize) very soon.
11. They _____________________(organize) the construction of new ships 10 years ago.
12. Students should ______________________(train) to come up with new solutions.
13. Both problems ______________________(solve) around the year 2000.
Subject Questions
The technician repairs the machinery.
Who repairs the machinery?
Experiments were carried out in the test tank.
What was carried out in the test tank?
4 Make up subject questions for the sentences given.
1. The professors train students in engineering.
_______________________________________________________________
2. The scientists of our research centre constructed a new theory.
_______________________________________________________________
3. The engineers will find the best hull shape.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Two new subjects are added to the programme.
_______________________________________________________________
5 Make up questions for the underlined words according to the model.
John and Mary work_ at home.
Do_ John and Mary work at home?
Where do John and Mary work?
Who works at home?
(General question)
(Non-subject question)
(Subject question)
1. The company designs sports equipment.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. Our engineers develop new materials in the laboratory.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Buoyancy and unsinkability are important characteristics of a ship.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
59
4. The research covered the problems of stability.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. My assistant will join the group tomorrow.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. The scientists were awarded the prize because they had made a discovery.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
VOCABULARY TRANSLATION
Part 1
1. Колледж готовит студентов в сфере технического обслуживания и ремонта корабельных корпусов.
2. Студенты факультета корабельной энергетики учатся проектировать и сооружать
корабельные механизмы.
3. Контракт включал в себя разработку оборудования.
4. Его работа завоевала международное признание.
5. Эти ученые разработали и выстроили теорию электромагнитного поля.
6. Они признали важность данного курса и добавили часов к программе.
Part 2
1. Академик Крылов был членом Ученого совета Ленинградского кораблестроительного
института.
2. Опытовый бассейн используется для того, чтобы проводить эксперименты с моделями
кораблей.
3. В своей работе он решил давнюю проблему нахождения лучшей формы корпуса.
4. Вся группа поддержала его идею.
5. Это решение было предложено выдающимися учеными.
Part 3
1. Плавучесть, остойчивость и непотопляемость суть основные характеристики
корабля.
2. Исследование охватывало вопросы бортовой и килевой качки.
3. Устойчивые контакты с партнерами помогли нам создать исследовательский центр по
последнему слову техники.
4. Изготовление парусов было трудной работой.
5. Судно шло на большой скорости.
6. Этот материал не тонет в воде.
60
Part 4
1. Я считаю, что судно нуждается в переоборудовании, и надеюсь, что оно пройдет капитальный ремонт.
2. Мы получили более тысячи писем.
3. Во время войны здание получило прямое (direct) попадание и было разрушено.
4. Он попытался удрать, выпрыгнув в окно.
5. Самолет был серьезно поврежден, но весь экипаж выжил.
6. Команда не смогла избежать поражения в этом матче.
7. Пушка делает выстрел в полдень каждый день.
8. Мы не применяем этих устаревших методов.
9. Наш враг пока что не побежден.
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON LIFE IN SCIENCE
Дифференциальные уравнения
Уравнение x6 – 1 = 0 — алгебраическое, его решением является число. Уравнение
x'(t) = x(t) — дифференциальное, его решением является функция, конкретно x(t) = et, ее
подстановка в данное уравнение обращает его в тождество. В общем виде в
дифференциальное уравнение может входить функция и любые ее производные.
К дифференциальным уравнениям сводится большинство задач механики, где
необходимо рассчитать траекторию движения объекта. Например, уравнение идеального
маятника (без трения, поэтому будет качаться вечно) это x"(t) + x(t) = 0, его решения —
sin(t) и cos(t). К сожалению, идеальных систем в природе не бывает, а учет в уравнении
таких факторов, как силы сопротивления среды и другие посторонние воздействия, делает
его сложным и чаще всего не имеющим аналитического (то есть теоретически
получаемого) решения. Вопрос же устойчивости системы, то есть, например того, что
выведенный из равновесия маятник в конце концов остановится, а не станет раскачиваться
все сильнее, чрезвычайно важен в различных областях инженерного дела. Теория
устойчивости А.М.Ляпунова во многих случаях позволяет по виду уравнения, не решая
его, сказать, будет объект возвращаться в положение равновесия или нет. Нетрудно видеть,
что качающийся на волне корабль тоже является колебательной системой, поэтому ясно,
что хорошее знание А.Н.Крыловым дифференциальных уравнений и методов
А.М.Ляпунова оказало значительное влияние на разработку им теории качки корабля.
Однако, сколь бы ни были важны эти теоретические методы, они не позволяют
рассчитать необходимые параметры гидродинамики, прочности и т. п., поэтому уравнения
все равно приходится решать: изготовление реальной модели и запуск ее бассейн для
испытания каждого нового варианта являются слишком дорогим удовольствием. Так как
решать уравнения можно только численно, в наше время это делает электронная
вычислительная техника. Сейчас Крыловский государственный научный центр имеет свой
суперкомпьютер, а когда-то его работу в меру своих возможностей выполнял созданный
Крыловым механический интегратор — специализированное вычислительное устройство
для решения дифференциальных уравнений.
На коротком временном интервале обычно можно отбросить нелинейную часть
уравнения и ограничиться только линейной (то есть все элементы входят в первой
степени). Линейная система хороша тем, что всегда решается аналитически и позволяет
дать хотя бы какую-то начальную оценку ситуации. Определяющими в данном случае
являются так называемые собственные числа матрицы, на которой основана система,
поэтому была разработана целая серия методов их нахождения, и метод Крылова (1931
год) один из них.
61
Персоналии
Александр Михайлович Ляпунов был двоюродным братом матери Крылова. Дочь
Крылова Анна стала женой Петра Леонидовича Капицы, знаменитого ученого,
работавшего в области физики низких температур, впоследствии нобелевского лауреата
(за открытие сверхтекучести жидкого гелия). Их сыновья — Андрей Петрович Капица,
географ, открывший подледные озера в Антарктиде, и Сергей Петрович Капица, физик и
популяризатор науки, в течение многих лет ведущий пользовавшейся огромным успехом
телепрограммы «Очевидное — невероятное», куда он приглашал ученых, рассказывавших
о последних достижениях в своей области.
Lesson 4
GRAMMAR
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive
new
easy
prestigious
good
bad
Comparative
newer
easier
more prestigious
better
worse
Superlative
the newest
the easiest
the most prestigious
the best
the worst
1 Make up all the forms of the following adjectives.
1. large
2. strong
3. important
4. big
5. few
6. terrible
7. busy
8. many
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
2 Complete the sentences by putting the words in one of the three comparison forms.
1. St. Isaac’s Cathedral is one of _______________________(popular) tourist attractions in
St.Petersburg.
2. There are many __________________(famous) paintings in the Hermitage collection.
3. John is very _______________(fit). He is _______________(fit) than Tom and can run
the distance much ________________(quick).
4. Along Nevsky avenue lies ____________________(short) route from Palace Square to
Moscow Railway Station.
5. The second term is usually ________________(hard) than the first one.
6. Art books are never ________________(cheap) to produce, and they are even _________
___________________(expensive) if they have colour illustrations.
7. I don’t like the place, it’s __________________(noisy) of all we’ve seen.
8. This was _____________________(difficult) topic at the exam.
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9. According to the original design, this building was much _______________(tall) than its
final version.
10. We can discuss this problem _________________(late).
11. This is __________________(light) room in the house.
The Present and Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
[result of the action]
ever/never
already/just/yet
since/for
lately/recently
this month/year/…
[before another action in the past]
by last Sunday
before
by the time
He has seen this film twice.
Have you done your homework yet?
She hasn’t spoken to the teacher about
her project.
I have never been to Brazil.
He had seen this film twice, so he
didn’t want to watch it again.
Had you done your homework by
7 o’clock yesterday?
She hadn’t spoken to the teacher
about her project before she began
working on it.
3 a) For each of the phrases given make up a statement, a question and a negative in the Present
Perfect.
1. I / write the essay
_______________________________________
_________________________________ ___________________________________
2. John / draw the diagram
_______________________________________
_________________________________ ___________________________________
3. Mary / take the photos
_______________________________________
_________________________________ ___________________________________
4. They / be friends since childhood ____________________________________
_________________________________ ___________________________________
5. We / begin the course
_______________________________________
_________________________________ ___________________________________
b) For each of the phrases given make up a statement, a question and a negative in the Past Perfect.
1. I / write the essay / by the end of the week
__________________________________________________ by the end of the week.
__________________________________________________ by the end of the week?
__________________________________________________ by the end of the week.
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2. Tom / draw the diagram / before the lecture began
_________________________________________________ before the lecture began.
_________________________________________________ before the lecture began?
_________________________________________________ before the lecture began.
3. Mary / take the photos / by the start of the conference
_____________________________________________ by the start of the conference.
_____________________________________________ by the start of the conference?
_____________________________________________ by the start of the conference.
4. They / be friends for many years / when Robert left the city
_________________________________________________ when Robert left the city.
_________________________________________________ when Robert left the city?
_________________________________________________ when Robert left the city.
5. We / begin the course / before the programme was changed
_________________________________________ before the programme was changed.
_________________________________________ before the programme was changed?
_________________________________________ before the programme was changed.
The Present Perfect versus the Past Simple
4 Choose the correct verb form.
1. Ann lived / has lived in St. Petersburg for five years, while she was at university. Mary
lives in St. Petersburg. She lived / has lived there all her life.
2. I didn’t see / haven’t seen him this week. I didn’t see / haven’t seen him at the conference
yesterday.
3. Dostoevsky wrote / has written the novel Crime and Punishment. My friend wrote / has
written two essays this term.
4. They didn’t choose / haven’t chosen topics for their course papers yet. We didn’t choose
/ haven’t chosen topics for our reports last Monday.
5. Our teachers had / have had a meeting at two o’clock. I had / have had this information
since last Monday.
6. Mr Brown spoke / has already spoken to me. He spoke / has already spoken to me an
hour ago.
7. I passed / have passed all my exams – I am free now. I passed / have passed the last
of my exams on January 23.
5 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or the Past
Simple.
1. Peter the Great ______________(found) the fortress of St. Petersburg.
2. The Northern War ______________(begin) in 1700. It ______________(last) until 1721.
3. Trezzini ________________(design) the Peter and Paul Cathedral which __________
____________(become) one of the most famous tourist attractions now.
4. Tourists _________________(visit) the Peter and Paul Fortress since 1924.
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5. The Admiralty shipyard ________________(build) ships for the Northern War. The yard
____________________(build) ships for over 300 years now.
6. Peter the Great __________________(invite) foreign scientists to teach at St. Petersburg
University. The university _________________(train) specialists in many different areas
since its foundation.
7. The Winter Palace __________________(change) its colour several times.
8. A.S.Pushkin once _________________(see) the Hermitage collections.
9. Cats ___________________(live) in the Hermitage since Elizabeth’s time.
10. The Hermitage __________________(be) a restoration and research centre for many
years.
The Present Perfect Passive
6 Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice.
Millions of people have visited the Kunstkamera.
The Kunstkamera has been visited by millions of people.
1. The yard has built over a hundred ships.
_______________________________________________________________
2. We have achieved good results.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Mary has taken the exam in English.
_______________________________________________________________
4. This defect has caused many problems.
_______________________________________________________________
5. They have provided the equipment for the experiment.
_______________________________________________________________
6. The museum has attracted many tourists.
_______________________________________________________________
7. I have never permitted him to do that.
_______________________________________________________________
VOCABULARY TRANSLATION
Part 1
1. Наши студенты добились хороших результатов в проектировании судов.
2. Северная война была вызвана необходимостью получить выход к Балтийскому морю.
3. Эти корабли строились для перевозки людей и товаров.
4. Выход к морю способствовал быстрому росту торговли.
5. Московский университет был учреждён позже, чем университет в Санкт-Петербурге.
6. В нашем городе есть верфи и различные предприятия.
7. Летний дворец для семьи Петра I был построен напротив Петропавловской крепости
через реку Неву.
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Part 2
1. Реформы Петра I привлекли в Россию множество иностранных специалистов.
2. Собор является главной туристической достопримечательностью этого города.
3. Все эти компьютеры соединены друг с другом.
4. Студентам не разрешено входить в эту лабораторию. Вам нужно получить особое
разрешение.
5. Дата защиты дипломных работ уже назначена.
6. Я обычно ставлю будильник на 7 часов.
7. Исходный проект был изменен несколько раз.
Part 3
1. Кировский завод производит различные изделия.
2. Существуют судовые энергетические установки разных видов.
3. «Алмаз», «Рубин» и «Малахит» – известные проектно-конструкторские бюро в
Петербурге.
4. Продукция этого предприятия экспортируется во многие страны мира.
5. Промышленность развивается, и новые материалы и технологии приходят на смену
старым.
6. Обычно спуск судна на воду — важное мероприятие, на которое приглашаются
партнеры предприятия.
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SCRIPTS
Lesson 1
I. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics
At the fundamental level I wanted to be able to use maths to find out something interesting, and
really physics, it was the right thing to go into for me. Specifically, you should do physics at
Merton because the tutors here are exceptionally encouraging, not just for the set academic: you
need to do these problem sheets, you’ve got these exams. If you are interested in something, you
know, you can ask them about it.
II. Dr Alan Barr, Tutor in Physics
I learn so much from the clever questions that people ask me in my own tutorials, and I love to
be able to tell the undergraduates something about not just the physics of a hundred years ago
but the really up-to-date stuff that’s happening now as well.
III. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics
The tutors here are involved in* some pretty high level research, for instance, Alan Barr. He is
working at CERN on the Large Hadron Collider on the ATLAS experiment*.
Notes: be involved in – участвовать в
ATLAS experiment – одна из программ исследований в ЦЕРНе
IV. Jessica Furness, Second Year, History
I normally have two lectures a week, which are very civilized and are at 12 o’clock, and so are
9 o’clocks’ for me... And I have one tutorial a week which is normally for about an hour but can
wind on up to two hours with a team partner or maybe in a small group of three or four. And
they’ll be discussing their essay or essay they have done with the tutor and then the other topics
they’ve been covering that week. So most of my week is spent preparing for the essay, reading
in the library, or writing the essay.
V. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics
… For a typical week with me, I’ll usually have two or three lectures three times a week. And
being a physicist, we also have labs to do; then probably a couple of classes and a tutorial, which
is, you know, one tutor to maybe two or three of us.
VI. Dr Jonathan Prag, Tutor in Ancient History
I teach undergraduates on a weekly basis in tutorials, perhaps, half a dozen tutorials during a
week, both students from Merton, but also students from other colleges. Since I teach principally
Roman history, so if students are taking Greek history, then I do exchanges with colleagues and
other colleges, so that students get somebody who actually teaches them the subject they are
particularly interested in, and who is an expert in that subject.
VII. Freya Edwards, Second Year, Medicine
We have a lot of contact time as medics. So, you are, probably, going to have two or three lectures
a day, and then a few practicals, and, maybe, three or four tutes for us at the moment a week.
Then you are normally free from about two o’clock in the afternoon, which is great. It gives you
a bit of time to do your work, and then you just go shopping or something.
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Lesson 2
I. Introduction
D: Hello everyone and welcome to our Channel.
V: I’m Valerie here is Diane and this is Mind the Grad.
V: We know coming to a new country can be very exciting but also super confusing.
D: When we both came to the country, we had no idea where to go, what to do and who to ask
for help.
V: That’s why we prepared this video to outline the basics of British education.
II. Pre-University Education
V: A typical path is to go to study A-levels, which stands for… I have no idea. You don’t know,
Diana?
D: Yes, it stands for General Certificate of Secondary Education Advanced level.
V: Thank you, Diana.
D: I have a lot of words.
V: So, what does it usually include?
D: Well, you study A-levels for two years, you get to choose four subjects, then you get to drop
one subject after one year, so you’ll be ending up with three A-levels and one AS-level, and
this is a typical requirement to go to a UK University.
V: So that was Diana’s route. I did a different thing. I did an IB, which stands for International
Baccalaureate. It’s a simpler name but actually a more complex system. You do six subjects
during the course of two years and you choose three at high level and three at standard level
and your high level is kind of … you need to focus on what you are going to study at
university. It’s very widely accepted throughout Europe.
III. Undergraduate Education
V: And the day has come, and you decide to apply to a UK university.
D: Once you get enrolled in a course at a UK University, you’re an undergraduate student.
V: Congratulations.
D: Congratulations.
V: The name of your course can have a different abbreviation next to it depending on what you
are going to study.
D: Yes, for example Valerie and I, we both studied BA for our Bachelor’s Degree, which stands
for a Bachelor of Arts.
V: What it actually means is that this course is based on studying humanities, social sciences or
liberal arts.
D: Bachelor of Science (BSc) is completely different because it’s more based on numbers and
analysis of data.
V: For example, a course in mathematics is going to be BSc and a course in literature is going to
be BA. But there are some special subjects that have different abbreviations, for example….
D: For example law abbreviates LLB.
V: … and medicine is like BMBS.
IV. Postgraduate Education
V: And here you are. You’ve graduated from undergraduate study and you want to continue
education because you love it so much.
D: So what comes next up to Bachelor’s is a Master’s Degree. And if you’d like to study a
Master’s Degree, there are also three main different routes that you can go.
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V: First – MA, which stands for Masters of Arts.
D: Second – MSc, which stands for Masters of Science.
V: And the third one – MRes, which stands for Masters of Research. Actually, there is another
option – MBA.
D: I believe it stands for Masters of Business Administration.
V: Correct, but there is a special criterion which applies to it.
D: You have to do at least three years of work experience.
V. Continuing Education…
V: And after all this studying you still want to do more. Then you apply for a PhD.
D: Once you finish your PhD, you’ll be able to put Doctor in front of your name.
V: Yes, so you won’t be a Mrs. Parker, you’ll be Dr. Parker.
D: Sounds wonderful, worth the effort.
V: Definitely. So, PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy and you’ll be awarded a beautiful Doctor
before your name.
(Music)
V: So this was a very brief picture of British educational system. Now I want to give you a bit of
a timeline so you have a good picture in your head. A-levels or IB, so it’ll be two years of
your life, then if you’re lucky, you go to university. Three years – Bachelor’s Degree.
D: After that, there’s one year of Master’s Degree – very short, but lots of information to take in;
and after that – doctorate degree which is usually three years, can be longer, can be even
longer.
V: Maybe all your life – you’ll be doing PhD after PhD.
(Music)
Any questions – please let us know below. Also subscribe, like, share our videos. We really
appreciate your support.
D: Or don’t do any of those things and study, get into university and have LIFE!
V: Okay, okay. So, thank you so much for being with us. It was Mind the Grad. Bye…
Lesson 3
The Aurora
At the beginning of autumn 2014, cruiser Aurora went for another refit—her tenth in more than
a hundred years of the ship’s history. There wasn’t anything special about her, Aurora was an
ordinary cruiser of that time. Today, few remember the names of the other two ships of this class,
while the story of Aurora is truly amazing. Her life was a chain of grandiose events and lucky
circumstances that allowed her to survive and be preserved as she is now.
1
Shortly after the commissioning trials* in 1903, Aurora headed to the Pacific Ocean
accompanied by other ships in order to provide enforcement for the First Pacific Squadron of the
Russian Empire. On May 27, 1905, the Russian squadron [the Second Pacific squadron] was met
by a Japanese fleet under the command of Admiral Togo at the Korea Strait. At 13:49, the Battle
of Tsushima commenced*. The events progressed in a worst-case scenario. The Russian
squadron was utterly defeated: four brand new battleships were sunk, another one—Oryol—was
heavily damaged and barely stayed afloat.
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Cruiser Aurora engaged in the battle 45 minutes after it started. In the company of other cruisers,
she defended transport ships that were part of the squadron against the Japanese superior forces.
Then she accompanied the line of Russian battleships. The Japanese pelted Aurora with fire.
During the battle, the number of hits received by the cruiser amounted to almost twenty. Aurora
withstood the day despite the damage received, and once it was dark, the cruiser managed to
break through the tight encirclement of the enemy destroyers and shake off their pursuit.
Named after the goddess of the dawn* and starry sky, the cruiser was fortunate from the very
beginning: to be among the ten surviving ships and return home after the Battle of Tsushima—
doesn’t that prove that Aurora was born under a lucky star?
Notes: commissioning trials – ходовые испытания, приемка
commence – начинать (офиц.)
goddess of the dawn – богиня утренней зари
2
Almost the entire battle core of the Russian fleet was destroyed, and even ships that were
considered obsolete like Aurora and Diana, which had survived the Russian-Japanese War, could
still be useful to the fleet. In 1909, cruiser Aurora became a training ship and entered the First
World War with that status.
Aurora was part of the Second Cruiser Squadron of the Baltic Fleet. Its main mission was to not
let the Imperial German Navy reach St. Petersburg. So, laying the minefield in the Gulf of Finland
was a priority task. The cruiser’s job was to patrol these minefields and support destroyers. That’s
all. So, Aurora fulfilled those tasks from the very beginning. But it should be noted that the ship
was already outdated by 1914, 1915, 1916. It was in constant need of repairs. The steam engine
had to be completely replaced. In this condition, Aurora met the February Revolution in Russia,
and she was almost in the same condition during the October Revolution.
3
During the revolutionary events of 1917, the sailors of the Baltic Fleet, Aurora in particular,
played an almost decisive role in the Bolsheviks’ victory. Aurora was anchored* near a factory
wall, where there were plenty of workers. So it was natural for the crew to get involved in the
revolutionary movement. And when the revolution began on February 23, 1917, the Aurora
sailors supported it. On October 25, the cruiser stood in the fairway of the Neva River near
Nikolayevsky Bridge. At 21:45, her bow gun fired a shot, which began the October Revolution.
In the summer of 1918, guns were removed from Aurora and sent to the frontline of the Russian
Civil War.
However, despite her merits* for the revolution, Aurora had every chance to get scrapped. The
young Soviet republic had no funds to promptly rebuild its fleet. Of the two cruisers of this type,
Aurora and Diana, the former had an important advantage: she had been overhauled. As a result,
Diana was scrapped, and Aurora returned to service as a training ship.
Notes:
anchor – стоять на якоре
despite her merits – несмотря на свои заслуги
4
In September 1941, German troops were breaking through to Leningrad (renamed
St. Petersburg). Every cannon and every soldier were integral. And again, Aurora’s guns were
removed from the ship and placed in the suburbs of the city. Together with the guns, seamen left
the cruiser to fight on the ground. Aurora’s main battery fought at Duderhof Hills; the crew
showed themselves to be heroes, and almost all of them fell defending the city.
The cruiser herself was fighting German aircraft in the port of Oranienbaum. Seriously damaged
by enemy air bombs and artillery shells, Aurora was run aground, but still continued to defend
the sky of Leningrad from German aviation. Though Aurora was sitting on the ground, she
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remained in the ranks throughout the entire war. And her flying flag was a symbol of this. The
flag showed that Aurora was in the ranks, Aurora was fighting—she was fulfilling her duty.
As Aurora was beginning her fifth decade in service, she was already considered a legendary
ship in the Soviet Navy. For this reason, even before World War II was over, a decision was taken
to preserve the ship as a monument of military history and the Revolution. The ship was brought
afloat, handed over to the Nakhimov Naval School, and anchored in front of the historic Peter
the Great Palace*, which hosts the school.
Note:
Неточность в тексте: здание Нахимовского училища было построено в 1910-1912
годах для Городского училищного дома имени Петра Великого. Военно-морское
училище размещается в нем с 1944 года.
5
Commissioned in 1903, cruiser Aurora could have been destroyed in the Battle of Tsushima,
could have got sunk by a German submarine during World War I, or could have been scrapped
after the Russian Revolution and the Civil War. In World War II, she could have got destroyed
by German aircraft or artillery. But the cruiser is still in service. Doesn’t this prove that she’s not
only the most legendary, but also the luckiest ship in the history of the Russian Navy?
And now, having celebrated her 113th birthday, Aurora has returned to her place at the Petrograd
Embankment as a symbol of St. Petersburg and the history of the Russian Navy.
Lesson 4
The State Hermitage Museum
Russia’s state Hermitage is one of the world’s greatest art museums with the collection
numbering around 3 million works of art. The superb architectural ensemble of the museum
buildings is situated in the very centre of St. Petersburg and includes the Winter Palace, the former
official residence of the Russian emperors, as well as the buildings of the Small, Large and New
Hermitages and the Hermitage Theatre.
The Jordan staircase opens the way to the suite of state rooms in the imperial residence. Grand
processions would ascend* it on their way to the large Throne Room. That hall created in the
austere neoclassical style is striking for the grandeur of its architectural concept. At the far end,
the throne of the Russian emperors stands on a raised dais*. The Small Throne Room has a
commemorative* function being devoted to the memory of Peter the Great, the founder of
St. Petersburg.
The 1812 War Gallery was conceived* by Emperor Alexander I to celebrate Russia's victory over
Napoleon. Hanging on its walls are 332 portraits of generals who fought heroically in what
became known as the Patriotic War. One of the most striking rooms in the museum is the Pavilion
Hall where the interior decoration combines Renaissance motifs with a Mauresque style.
A significant* place in the museum display in the Winter Palace is occupied by the living
apartments of the Imperial family, notably the Malachite Room, Golden Drawing Room and
Crimson Boudoir. These authentic interiors have survived down to the present day.
The beginnings of the Hermitage’s famous art collection were laid in 1764, when Empress
Catherine II acquired* 225 Western European paintings. That year is considered the date of the
museum’s foundation. One of the largest sections in the gallery consists of works of Italian art.
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The Hermitage is justly proud of its masterpieces by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian and
other great names. It is also home to one of the world’s finest collections of works by the brilliant
17th century Dutch artist Rembrandt that includes some of the master’s most significant creations.
The collection of the great Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens embraces* all the periods of his
career.
The Hermitage can boast a fine collection of works of Roman art spanning the period from 1st
century BC to 4th century AD, and Italian sculpture of the 18th and early 19th centuries.
The modern gallery opens with a constellation* of brilliant French painters. Art lovers from
around the world come to the Hermitage to view its masterpieces by the Impressionists – Monet,
Renoir, and post-impressionists Degas, Van Gogh and Gauguin, and early works by Matisse and
the father of cubism Pablo Picasso.
The State Hermitage has become one of the symbols of St. Petersburg, and today it is simply
impossible to imagine cultural life in Russia without this world-famous Museum.
significant – значительный
acquire – приобретать
embrace – обнимать, охватывать
constellation – созвездие
Notes:
ascend – подниматься
dais – помост, возвышение
conceive – задумывать
The Tourist Attraction
St. Petersburg lies around 400 miles to the north-west of Moscow. Nestled on the Neva River, it
spreads out from its banks and across a series of islands that lie within the river delta. With a
wealth of extravagant palaces, breathtaking cathedrals and magnificent gardens, St. Petersburg is
truly Russia’s Imperial city. Its grandiose architecture and picturesque canals were born from the
glittering ambition of Peter the Great early in the 18th century, and progressively guilded by
generations of Russian royalty. Over the centuries, this dynasty sought to create a city to rival
the greatest cities of Europe, and as you step onto the cobblestone streets here, you’ll discover
they succeeded.
Most visitors start their adventures right in the heart of historic St. Petersburg. Palace Square is
dominated by the Alexander Column and is home to the Winter Palace. This monumental palace
is the legacy of Catherine the Great and was designed to reflect the might and power of Imperial
Russia.
Experience some of the country’s most extravagant architecture by strolling along Nevsky
Prospect, the city’s main avenue. During St. Petersburg’s construction, Peter the Great banned
the use of stone elsewhere in Russia so wealth and talent poured into the city.
Visit the Church of the Saviour on the Spilled Blood, with its extraordinary mosaics, and Kazan
Cathedral, another architectural gem. Further along the river is St. Isaac’s Cathedral, whose gold
plated dome has been glittering under Russia’s sun for more than 100 years. Climb to the top for
superb views over the city.
St. Petersburg was also important strategically as it gave Russia a year-round gateway to the
Baltic Sea. Admire the golden spire of the Admiralty building where more than 10,000 tradesmen
toiled around the clock to create Russia’s first warships. Just across the river is the Peter and Paul
Fortress, St. Petersburg’s official citadel. The cathedral here is the oldest church in the city and
the final resting place of many Russian Emperors and Empresses.
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The days of Imperial Russia may be over but the echoes of treachery and intrigue still resonate
in regal estates all over the city. Take a hydrofoil to the sumptuous Peterhoff Palace and Gardens
complex, which was created to rival the Palace of Versailles in France. Stand before the
shimmering waters of the Great Cascade, a triumph of engineering with more than 60 fountains
running entirely without pumps. To the south-east of the city is the Catherine Palace, its roof
guilded with more than 100 kilograms of gold.
Back in the heart of the city, visit the Summer Palace and Gardens. Imagine the extravagant balls
that were once held here and see where Tsar Peter planned the graceful canal system that spreads
throughout the city’s many islands. These elegant waterways, crossed by over 300 bridges, are
the perfect compliment to the city’s soaring spires.
As the sun sets, take a canal cruise to discover the romance of St. Petersburg at night. Pass through
a network of draw-bridges on a journey that shows the true scale of Peter the Great’s vision.
Romantic, opulent and spectacular, St. Petersburg is a glittering testament to Russia’s royal
history and a celebration of the power of one man’s dream.
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Учебное издание
Силина Екатерина Кузьминична
Суринова Елена Аркадьевна
WELCOME ABOARD
Учебное пособие по английскому языку
Верстка: Е.К.Силина
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Формат 70x100/16. Объем 6,0 усл. печ. л. Заказ № 14641.
Дополнительный тираж 500 экз.
Типография «Скифия-принт»
197198. С.-Петербург, ул. Б. Пушкарская, д. 10, лит.З. пом. 32-Н