HOMONYMY Classifications of Homonyms. WHAT ARE HOMONYMS? • Homonyms are words that have the same pronunciation or spelling but different meanings. They can be classified into different categories based on their relationship and the specific linguistic aspects involved. • Here are some common classifications of homonyms: 1.Homophones: These are words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and may or may not have the same spelling. Examples include "flower" (a plant) and "flour" (powdered grain). 2.Homographs: These are words that have the same spelling but different meanings and may or may not have the same pronunciation. Examples include "lead" (to guide) and "lead" (a metallic element). 3.Homographic homophones: These are words that are both homographs and homophones, having the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings. Examples include "tear" (to rip) and "tear" (a drop of liquid from the eye). 4.Heteronyms: These are words that have the same spelling but different meanings and pronunciations. Examples include "wind" (movement of air) and "wind" (to twist). 5.Polysemous homonyms: These are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different related meanings. The meanings are usually related through metaphorical or extended usage. An example is "bright" (intelligent) and "bright" (shining). 6.Partial homonyms: These are words that have similar forms but not identical, and their meanings are related but not completely the same. Examples include "accept" and "except," or "principle" and "principal." • These classifications help to understand the different types of homonyms and how their meanings can vary based on pronunciation, spelling, or context. It's important to consider the specific linguistic features involved when studying and analyzing homonyms. PRACTICAL TASKS 1.Explain to your pupils why most of English native words are polysemantic? Supply your explanation with examples. English, like many other languages, has a large number of polysemous words. This means that most English words have multiple meanings or can be used in different contexts. There are a few reasons why this is the case: Historical Development: English has evolved over centuries, drawing influences from various languages like Latin, French, German, and others. As different words merged and borrowed meanings from different sources, their semantic range expanded. For example: The word "bank" originally referred to the edge of a river but later acquired the additional meaning of a financial institution. Semantic Evolution: Words naturally change and evolve over time, acquiring new meanings and shedding old ones. This process is driven by language users' needs to express new concepts or ideas. For example: The word "mouse" initially referred only to a small rodent but later gained the meaning of a computer input device due to its physical resemblance. Contextual Use: Many words in English derive their meanings from the context in which they are used. The same word can have different meanings depending on the sentence or situation. For example: The word "run" can mean physical movement ("I went for a run"), operation of a machine ("The engine is running"), or managing a business ("She runs her own company"). Figurative Language: English relies heavily on figurative expressions and metaphors. This contributes to the polysemy of words as meanings are extended metaphorically. For example: The word "bright" can refer to intelligence ("He is a bright student") or the intensity of light ("The sun is shining bright"). It's important for pupils to understand the polysemy of English words because it enhances their language comprehension skills. They need to recognize and interpret words in various contexts and understand how meanings can change. Developing this awareness will enable them to communicate effectively and grasp the richness of the English language. It's important for pupils to understand the polysemy of English words because it enhances their language comprehension skills. They need to recognize and interpret words in various contexts and understand how meanings can change. Developing this awareness will enable them to communicate effectively and grasp the richness of the English language. 2.Here is the classification of the homonyms you provided according to the Traditional, Smirnitsky's, and Arnold's classifications: Traditional Classification: soul-sole (homophones) - Words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. eye-I (homophones) here-hear (homophones) o'er-oar-or (homophones) bee-be (homophones) deer-dear (homophones) heart-hart (homophones) laid-lade (homophones) seas-seize (homophones) bare-bear (homophones) haled-hailed (homophones) sale-sail (homophones) pray-prey (homophones) bread-bred (homophones) Smirnitsky's Classification: soul-sole (homonyms) - Words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spellings. eye-I (homonyms) here-hear (homonyms) o'er-oar-or (homonyms) bee-be (homonyms) deer-dear (homonyms) heart-hart (homonyms) laid-lade (homonyms) seas-seize (homonyms) bare-bear (homonyms) haled-hailed (homonyms) sale-sail (homonyms) pray-prey (homonyms) bread-bred (homonyms) Arnold's Classification: soul-sole (homophones) - Words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spellings. eye-I (homophones) here-hear (homophones) o'er-oar-or (homophones) bee-be (homophones) deer-dear (homophones) heart-hart (homophones) laid-lade (homophones) seas-seize (homophones) bare-bear (homophones) haled-hailed (homophones) sale-sail (homophones) pray-prey (homophones) bread-bred (homophones) 3.Find homonyms to the following words. State their types: not, tears, mind, there, by, spot, race, know, rose, close, hear, cells, scene. Here are the homonyms and their types for the given words: not: knot (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym hear: tears: hear (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym tears (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym here (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym tiers (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym cells: mind: cells (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym mind (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym sells (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym mined (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym scene: there: there (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym scene (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym their (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym seen (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym by: by (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym spot: buy (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym spot (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym spott (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym race: race (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym rays (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym know: know (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym no (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym rose: rose (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym rows (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym close: close (homograph) - Type: Homographic homonym clothes (homophone) - Type: Homophonic homonym