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Sonjoy Sarkar et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 5(9): 715-718.
e- ISSN 0976 - 3651
Print ISSN 2229 - 7480
International Journal of Biological
&
Pharmaceutical Research
Journal homepage: www.ijbpr.com
IJBPR
MORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE
ADRENAL GLAND IN MALE AND FEMALE CHICKEN
(Gallus domesticus)
Sonjoy Sarkar1, Md. Nazrul Islam1, Gitaindro Nath Adhikary1, Bashudeb Paul1 and
Nayan Bhowmik2*
1
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.
Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh.
2
ABSTRACT
It was aimed to study the size and shape differences between right and left glands, the cortico-medullary ratio, cell size
and nuclear diameters of the cortical and medullary tissues of the adrenal glands in Bangladeshi native chicken. Twenty
chickens of 13 months old were collected from Sylhet sadar and Jaintiapur upazila of Sylhet district. After slaughter both right
and left adrenal glands were collected aseptically from birds of either sexes and all of the gross morphology was measured. For
the histological examinations, the tissue pieces from adrenal glands were collected and immersed in bouin’s fluid. After
fixation, tissue samples were dehydrated, cleared, and embedded in paraffin. Haematoxylin and eosin staining method was used
to examine tissue sections. The shape and weight of the gland were different from male to female birds. The adrenal
parenchyma was composed of two main tissue types, the cortex and medulla; these were mixed throughout the organ. The
columnar cortical cells with centrally placed nucleus were arranged in round or oval groups. The medullary tissue was
composed of polygonal cells with round nucleus. The cortico-medullary ratio in male was 65.57% cortex and 34.43% medulla
(1.9:1) and in female 58.84% cortex and 41.16% medulla (1.43:1). Medullary tissue of adrenal glands was more in female
whereas the cortical tissue was more in male and this suggests that the adrenal medulla hormones production was more in
female chicken and similarly, cortical hormone secretion was more in male birds.
Key Words: Adrenal gland, Cortex, Medulla, Cortico-medullary ratio, Chicken.
INTRODUCTION
The survival of animals and poultry mainly
depends on the proper functioning of all the body systems.
One of the most important and sophisticated systems for
the survival of the livestock is endocrine. Adrenal gland is
one of the most important glands of the endocrine system.
These paired glands maintain the homeostasis and play the
key roles in response the stress (Humayun et al., 2012,
Randall et al., 2002, Freeman, 1985). The function of the
Corresponding Author
Nayan Bhowmik
Email: nbhowmik.gab@sau.ac.bd
adrenal gland is different according to their cortical and
medullary cells. A variety of hormones are produced from
this gland which are very important to maintain the
everyday life. Most of the mineralocorticoids and
glucocorticoids are produced from adrenal cortex and
medulla secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine
(Humayun et al., 2012). To show the necessity of these
hormones in avian species Peng et al., (2005) have done an
experiment. The researcher showed that complete removal
of the adrenal gland leads to death of that bird. The right
and left adrenal glands are small and yellowish in color in
birds (Carsia and Harvey, 2000). They are flattened organ
with an irregular outline and shape can vary oblong to oval
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Sonjoy Sarkar et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 5(9): 715-718.
to pyramidal. Different factors are responsible for the
weight, length, width and thickness of the adrenal glands.
Unlike to the mammals, in chicken the cortico-medullary
tissues are intermingled to each other (Ghosh et al., 2001).
Basically several studies on the avian adrenal gland have
already done in the world with emphasis on the basic
information (Humayun, 2012, Elbajory, 2012, Basha et al.,
2004 and Tang et al., 2009) but in Bangladesh there is a
limited work noticed related to the adrenal gland of birds.
Therefore, this experiment was done to study the size and
shape differences between right and left glands, the
cortico-medullary ratio, cell size and nuclear diameters of
the cortical and medullary tissues of the adrenal glands of
Bangladeshi native chicken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty chickens (10 for each sex) of 13 months
old were collected from Sylhet Sadar and Jaintiapur
upazila of Sylhet district. The materials for the study were
collected from both male and female chicken. After
sacrifices the birds the glands were collected immediately
with aseptic measures by using a scalpel. The shape, color
and other morphometric data were measured and recorded.
The absolute weights were measured by a digital balance.
For the histological examinations, the tissue pieces from
adrenal glands were collected and immersed in bouin’s
fluid. After fixation, tissue samples were dehydrated,
cleared, and embedded in paraffin. Haematoxylin and
eosin staining protocol was used to examine tissue
sections. The permanent slides were prepared according to
the procedure of Drury et al., (1976). Images were
captured by photomicroscope to a computer. Thickness of
capsule, cortico-medullary ratio, height of the cells and
diameter of the nuclei of 50 randomly selected cortical and
medullary tissues were measured by stage and ocular
micrometer from three different regions (subcapsular layer,
peripheral and central zone). Finally the data were
analysed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences) program and Student’s paired t-test were done to
find out the differences in weight, thickness of capsule,
height of the cells and diameter of the nuclei of cortical
and medullary tissues between right and left adrenal
glands. Differences were considered significant if P<0.05.
RESULTS
Gross anatomy of the adrenal glands of chicken
The flattened shaped adrenal glands in chicken
were located against the cranial poles of the kidney just
caudal to the lung. The shape of the adrenal gland of
chicken can vary to oblong to oval to pyramidal (Fig 1 &
2). The ventral surface of the glands lies against the
testicles in the adult male bird. But in the adult female
birds, the ovary fully covered the ventral surface of the left
adrenal glands. The weight of the right adrenal glands of
the male and female chicken were 0.070.005g and
0.090.005g and the left glands were 0.090.004g and
0.110.011g, respectively (Table 1).
Histology of the adrenal glands
Capsule and trabeculae
The capsule of the adrenal gland of chicken was
thin and formed by dense connective tissue (Fig 3 & 4).
Thin trabeculae originated from the capsule penetrate the
parenchyma of the gland (Fig 5). Fibroblastic cell, blood
vessel and nerve vessels were also found in the capsule of
the chicken (Fig 4). The average thickness of the capsule
of the male and female were 20.941.143µm and
24.830.969µm, respectively (Table 2).
Cortex of adrenal gland
The cortical and the medullary cell were
intermingled (Fig 3, 5 & 6). But the cortical cells were
larger in proportion than in medullary counterpart in both
sex of chicken. The cortical cells were arranged in round or
oval groups. The cells were mostly columnar with nuclei in
the center. The average cortico-medullary ratios in male
and female chicken were 65.57%:34.43% and
58.84%:41.16%, respectively (Table 1). Sinusoidal
capillaries were also found in between the corticomedullary cells. The cortical cell height and diameter of
nucleus in male, and female were 8.960.159µm and
4.260.166µm, and 10.570.628µm and 3.690.087µm,
respectively (Table 2).
Medulla of adrenal gland
The medullary tissue was composed of polygonal
cells. They are larger than the cortical cells and possess a
large, round nucleus (Fig 6). Ganglionic cell was also
found among the medullary cells. The average height of
medullary cell and diameter of nucleus in male, and female
were 8.720.231µm and 4.390.359µm, and 8.670.218
µm and 3.840.326µm, respectively (Table 2). The
medullary cells were smaller in proportion than the cortical
cells.
Table 1. Mean ( SD) weight and Cortico-medullary ratio of the adrenal glands in male and female chicken (n=20)
Av. Weight of the adrenal
Av. Weight
Cortico-medullary ratio
No. of
Age
glands (g)±SD
Name of Species
of the birds
Birds
(Months)
(g)
Right
Left
% of cortex % of medulla
Male
10
13
1680
65.57
34.43
0.070.005* 0.090.004
Female
10
13
1550
58.84
41.16
0.090.005* 0.110.011
Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (Paired t-test, * P<0.05)
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Sonjoy Sarkar et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 5(9): 715-718.
Table 2. MeanSD of different parameters in Male and Female (n=20)
Cortex
Thickness
Diameter of
of capsule
Height of cell
Name of Species
nucleus MeanSD
MeanSD (µm)
MeanSD (µm)
(µm)
Male
20.941.143*
8.960.159
4.260.166*
Female
24.830.969
10.570.628
3.690.087
Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference (Paired t-test, * P<0.05).
Medulla
Height of cell
MeanSD (µm)
8.720.231*
8.670.218
Diameter
of nucleus
MeanSD (µm)
4.390.359*
3.840.326
Figure 1. Adrenal gland of chicken (A) superior to the
kidney, ventral view
Figure 2. Adrenal gland of chicken
Figure 3. Adrenal gland of adult chicken showing
Capsule (C), Sinusoid (SS), Cortex (CT) and Medulla
(M). H & E stains X 33
Figure 4. Adrenal gland of adult chicken showing
Capsule (C), Fibroblast cell (FC), Cortex (CT) and Blood
vessel (BV). H & E stains X 825
Figure 5. Adrenal gland of adult chicken showing Cortex
(CT), Blood vessel (BV), Trabeculae (TB) and Medulla
(M). H & E stains X 82.5
Figure 6. Adrenal gland of Adult Chicken Showing
Polygonal cell (PC), Medullary Cell (MC), Medullary
Nucleus (MN), Sinusoid (SS), Blood Cell (BC), Columnar
Cell (CL), Cortical Cell (CC) and Cortical Nucleus (CN).
H & E stains X 825
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Sonjoy Sarkar et al. / International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 5(9): 715-718.
DISCUSSION
In this study, we examined the general
morphology and histology of the deshi chicken’s (Gallus
domesticus) adrenal gland. The anatomical location of the
adrenal glands was similar to the description of Humayun
et al., (2012) and Bacha and Bacha (2000). The recorded
shape and color were supported by Humayun et al (2012)
and Aire (1980). The weight of the right glands was lighter
than the left one in both sexes and there was a significant
variation present among right and left glands (P<0.05). The
reported statistical data of Humayun et al., (2012), Tang et
al., (2009), Hodges, (1974) and Wells and Wight, (1971)
were similar to this finding. Histologically the adrenal
gland was encapsulated by the thin connective tissue
capsule with blood vessels and the cortex and medulla
were intermingled with each other and distributed in
subcapsular, peripheral and central region (Humayun et al.,
2012, Holmes and Cronshaw, 1980 and Hodges, 1974).
The mean thickness of the capsule was thinner in male than
that of female and among them a significant difference was
present (P<0.05). The cortical cells were arranged in round
or oval groups but Aire (1980) suggested that the chicken’s
adrenal cortical cells were arranged in column. Significant
variation didn’t found in cortical cell height but differences
recorded in nuclear diameter of cortical cells. The mean
diameter of the cortical cell nucleus was smaller than the
results of Tang et al., (2009) and Hodges, (1974).
Significant differences found in medullary cell height and
nuclear diameter in male and female. The diameter of
medullary cell nucleus was also smaller than the findings
of Tang et al., (2009) and Hodges, (1974). The corticomedullary ratio of female was supported by Humayun et
al., (2012) but not supported by Carsia et al., (1985) and
Aire, (1980) but in male, it was not supported by Humayun
et al., (2012), Carsia et al., (1985) and Aire, (1980).
CONCLUSION
The histoarchitectural features of adrenal glands
of chicken vary with their sex. Medullary portion was more
in female whereas the cortical portion was more in male.
This suggests that the adrenal glands medullary hormones
production was more in female chicken and similarly
cortical hormone secretion was more in male birds.
However, future investigation related to the ultrastructure
and immunohistochemistry will reveal the specific
structural function of the gland.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Department of
Anatomy and Histology, Sylhet Agricultural University,
Bangladesh for providing all essential facilities to carry out
the study.
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