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Кредитно-денежная система в Гуанчжоу (вторая половина XVIII- начало XIXв.

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roBoD}l'r6I]e fiprxoar.r'rcq,
rM,zis",l R A Chincse
guide.Canlon.1834.
comnercial
: ,/r//dar .t ,l A Chinese
ot a collection
ofdelailsandregulalions
respecting
comnrercial
suidc@nsistnrg
loreientdde wilh China.Canton,I8s6.
I y i{3,/Dro,. iI'! uxHhr.n rctr qxyHcn aoqq^rH )rbrBrE6iyaurronb bn bm. (KrBrrpBIc @t3'
u paHilxnnepto! tpnse{t ,qtHaolt
B pa kaxruprcBnnKqrat co crpanaMt3anaaa
r $anMorencrsuc
Ilrr)//llrllAai rHbu3b.Nsl. flckrtr.2008.c.82.
'wdkenantu h'the F^ll or tnperialChina.NewYorL 1977.P 124.
I ld, Dlte P PonofcantonandthePcarlRiverdelt416901845:l'h. D.diss.Califomia,
2002tCbkeN4
xrat la{Ean, JttH tunNla, q.u towr. \tHAyA !!fr Bafiu3qBu3tMaot '!' (Toprc
rooprr tnponqnumlI'yaHAys).
lyaFxoy, 1994.
Merchants
iDSino-westefr
t ade,16841798.tuch"Creo,g ,{ e HongMerchelsofCanton.Chincsc
'aheongw D.HansMeftllnlsofcanton.Chincse
Tade, 16841798.RichMerch&tsin Sino-westem
'B !nocrprHHhrx
I'uanknequa
L
ucrc{Hrkax
"McrryeMLrn
'G11219,t775to8lt0.P-42 (rpusqroc
apxnBoB
AHmttckot Ocr-lltucrct rcvnasM,
o6onrasenne
naxolrrrsxc,Hrxp.HeHn,Rlpnrarcxoi 6u6ntoekel.
'i MoB?t B. TIe Ctroniclesof theEdt IndiaTEdingConpany:vol. I 5. Oxlod, 1926-Vol.5. P 90.
Bfyanrcy B l78l I ?84.r Bia Bott trEBpofle.
fonnaHAcoe
rcpa6nr!e npn6Nuturr
I at t2tt12, | 8 | 0/01/26- P-2.
'1Cheon<
Mcrchanls
in sino-westenTrade,
16841798.Rich"
ll. E.HongM.tchftisofC.n1on.Chinesc
mond,I997.P 280.
r Mo,reH t.'l-lle Chronicles
ofthc I6t IndialisdingConpa.y:Vol-1-5.Oxford,1926.Vol.2.P.46.
! vanDlkeP Ponof Cafitn andthePea.lRive.delta,
P 3861690-1845:
lh. D. d;s. Califomia,2002.
Lr/an D/! P ?onofc@lon aodthePerl Riv$ d€lta,16901845:lh. D. diss-Califomi42002.P 398
tt GrcenberyM. Biti,sh i^tle andthc-oporinsof Chin4 1800-1842.Canbridgc.I 952.
| 153.
rr,i/r',t rl R.A Chinese
P 67.
conDercialguide.Cd.ton,1834.
r{ChinssRepository
fromMa} l 8i2 toApril 1833.CantoDJan l SS3.P 184
' c / t 2 1 6 8t.7 8 0 / 0 4 / 0P1,l.1 9 .
i0B trBocrpannrx
qctuqHnkax
Howqua
on Dtcrtnaerro! nMeH€M
t,itrgrr.t li Had.fd thcChinese
Cusloms.
Bolfasl.1950.P 28.
I C,/i'c,,.r.'fhc insolvency
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I 760-1843.Sineapore.
of theChinesoHongMerchanls.
)rI Iouqualeilerbook.
I 840 1843.( Lettesto JohnM. Folbs.)
t94
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Ph. D. diss.Califomia,2002.
e 402.
rsll xHocrpaHH6rx
scrocrr{Kax
r!eH}eM6rn
CoDsccqua.
1r', t,-Sr, A documcnlary
rclations.
164,11820.conrpiled,ranslated
and
chrcnicleoi Sino-\\'cstcm
annoratcd.
Tuctun.1966.Ir.391-.192,
:iCr.or.g,i/rlloDgMerchartsofCanton.ChineseMerchanlsinSiro-Westemliado.l684-1798.Rich-
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