Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Семинар “Организация биологического Meeting Name, Dates, Venue мониторинга Черного моря с борта судна и на стационарных прибрежных станциях, 22-25 февраля 2016, Одесса, Украина Обзор результатов круиза в рамках проекта MISIS и MSFD/WFD национальных мониторинговых программ по интеркалибрации в странах-членах Евросоюза Снежана Мончева ИО-БАН, Болгария Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue The concept: 1)Based on unified assessment system which allow comparison between EU Seas 2)Respecting the peculiarities of each individual sea 3) in compliance to RSC 1. Preserve commercial marine living resources. 2. Conservation of Black Sea Biodiversity and Habitats. 3. Reduce eutrophication. 4. Ensure Good Water Quality for Human Health, BSSAP2009- OBJECTIVES Recreational Use and Aquatic BiotaReduce pollutants originating from land based sources, including atmospheric emissions. Reduce pollutants originating from shipping activities and offshore installations Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue D1 D3 D8 D4 D2 29 criteria 56 indicators D6 D7 D5 D9 D10 D11 After A.Borja, Conference MARES2020, Varna 2013 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue D P S I R Expert opinion Reference state Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue After A.Borja, Varna 2013 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Ecological Quality Ratio EQR Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Target Value/GES целевое значение EQR -Соотношение экологическое качество отношение наблюдаемого значения биологического параметра k референтнoм величине Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Marine Regions - MSFD Black Sea 4 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue BG RO WFD Water bodies Transitional and coastal -1nm Typology: tidal range and salinity, mean substratum composition, current velocity /wave exposure, depth https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/85912f96-4dca-432e-84d6a4dded785da5/Guidance%20No%205%20%20characterisation%20of%20coastal%20waters%20%20COAST%20(WG%202.4).pdf MSFD Water column habitats Reduced salinity water Variable salinity (estuarine) water Marine water: coastal Marine water: shelf Marine water: oceanic Benthic habitats Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Benthic habitats 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Littoral rock and biogenic reef Littoral sediment Shallow sublittoral rock and biogenic reef Shallow sublittoral coarse sediment Shallow sublittoral sand Shallow sublittoral mud Shallow sublittoral mixed sediment Shelf sublittoral rock and biogenic reef Shelf sublittoral coarse sediment Shelf sublittoral sand Shelf sublittoral mud Shelf sublittoral mixed sediment Upper bathyal rock and biogenic reef Upper bathyal sediment Lower bathyal rock and biogenic reef Lower bathyal sediment Abyssal rock and biogenic reef Abyssal sediments Currently, in the Black Sea there are two classification systems of habitats in different development stages: NATURA 2000 and EUNIS. NATURA 2000 is the most used, but following European tendency to classify all habitats after EUNIS, in this study and EUNIS system was applied to align to EC requirements. Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue WATER HABITATS Concept: definition of specific ecohydrodynamic regions based on similarities of the seasonal cycle E. Peneva, V. Slabakova, S.Moncheva- IA Report, 2013 Data: SeaWiFS Level 3 daily images of Chlorophyll a (CHL) from January 1998 to November 2010 were obtained from the Ocean Color Web (http://oceancolor.dsfc.nasa.gov); еженедельные координатные данные уровня моря аномалииWeekly gridded data of sea level anomaly (SLA) were obtained from AVISO database (http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com) Methods: Monthly mean data of CHL A and SLA were generated from daily and weekly products in order to identify the seasonal cycle of the Black Sea ecosystem. методом эмпирической ортогональной функции EOF empirical orthogonal function EOF method (Stephenson et al., 2000) was applied to identify correlation between different points within the region of interest. Average by area was applied for CHL A data in order to assess its temporal variability in Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Application of the approach for delineation of pelagic habitats for the purpose of MSFD implementation in the Bulgarian Black Sea waters 2nd step: Assessment of CHL A variation by regions 1st step: EOF analysis (identification of pelagic habitats) 4th step: Calculation of the habitat areas 3rd step: Pelagic habitats mapping The coastal and shelf habitats are subdevided into northern and southern based on the degree of anthropogenic impacts mainly by the danube Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue The first EOF of the Chl A data is responsible for significant part of variability, 47% (Fig. 1-A) and discriminates very well the coastal (0-30 m), shelf (30-200 m) and open sea (> 200 m) areas, the first EOF of the SLA data is responsible for 33% of the variance and distinguishes between the deep open sea basin and the coastal zone (Fig 1-B), which basically expresses the seasonal intensification of the Rim current. The second EOF of CHL A (Fig2-A) shows in principle the regions in the Western basin which are most influenced by the Danube river water. The second SLA EOF (Fig. 2- B) identifies the regions which are well known as the quasi-stationary eddies in the Black Sea (Batumi eddy, Sevastopol eddy, Kerch area). This is a clear sign that the higher EOF modes are related to the mesoscale variability. Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue A) B) The identified habitats are well in conformity with the regions deliniated based on the degree of anthropogenic impact, surface currents, ecosystem productivity ): marine waters productivity and bathymetry reported in previous studies (A- Kopelevich et al, 2002 and B- Finenko et al, 2010) as well as the MSFD suggested approach for marine waters (3): marine waters coastal (4); ): marine waters oceanic (6) выявленные места обитания в соответствии с регионами очерченных в зависимости от степени антропогенного воздействия , поверхностных течений , продуктивности экосистемы , опубликованные в предыдущих исследованиях Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea BENTHIC HABITATS (BGDates, EEZ) Venue Meeting Name, Methodology includes several levels of downscaling:Geomorphological zones : continental shelf, continental slope and abysal plane Todorova et al, BG IAReport 2013 The continental shelf is subdivided into: coastal, central and peripheral based on hydrodynamics related to the depth of the water column, morphology of the bottomscape and intensity of the abrasion and accumulating processes. The coastal shallow zone (depth 20m) is subdivided into 5 main zones based on 2 main features: morphohydrographic and morphometric 1-coastal; 2- inner depression; 3-swells (Kaliakra and Emine); 4: indented shelf plain, 5- peripheral shelf; 6- outer depression; underwater swells at the shelf edge; shelf-continental slope; 9continental slope-abysal І. c. Sivriburun – c. Kaliakra ІІ.c. Kaliakra - c. Galata ІІІ. c. Galata – c. Emine ІV. c.Emine – c.Sozopol V. c. Sozopol – Rezovo river Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Central shelf (20 – 90/95 m) with 4 subregions: inner depression; acumulative swells; weakly indented plain, and indented plain and 3 regions for the IA: North, Central and Southern Peripheral zone (90-110/120m) Map of regions of assessments (BG) Map of sediment types Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Borja et al., 2013. GES of marine ecosystems:What is it and how do we know when we have attained it? Mar. Poll.Bul., Хорошее состояние окружающей среды достигается когда физикохимические (включая загрязняющие вещества, мусор и шум) и гидрофизические условия поддерживаются на таком уровне, что все структурные компоненты экосистемы сохраняются, что позволяет нормальное функционирование экосистемы для обеспечения сопротивления и упругости (устойчивость к стрессу и восстановление после стресса) к вредному воздействию деятельности человека, сохраняя и обеспечивая экосистемные услуги, которые предоставляют социальные выгоды на устойчивой основе (натиск, связанный с использованием, комулятивно не мешает сохранению естественного биоразнообразия, продуктивности и динамики экологических процессов и восстановление протекает быстро когда использование перекращается) Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue MSFD compliance – MISIS Project example Sampling polygons and sampling stations Parameters Methodology of data acquisition and processing - intercomparisson Indicators for GEnS assessment Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea MISIS Joint Cruise - 22 -30 July 2013 Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Sampling polygons and sampling stations RV Akademik Map of sampling stations Habitat Coastal Shelf RO M1 M2, M3, M4,M5 BG M12 M9, M10, M11 TR M18 M17, M16, M15 Open M6,M7 M8,M13 M14 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Five benthic habitats have been found in the study area based on samples analysis: • Moderately exposed lower infralittoral sand with Chamelea gallina and Lucinella divaricata, • Upper circalittoral mud with Abra, Spisula, Pitar, Cardiidae, Nephtys, etc, • Mytilus galloprovincialis beds on mud and sandy mud, • Circalittoral shelly silt with Modiolula phaseolina (include Terebellides, Amphiura, Pachyceriantus and large tunicates (Ascidiella, Ciona)). • Lower circalittoral mud with Terebellides stroemi Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Parameters Meeting Name, Dates, Venue TO MEASURE WHAT Parameters proposed to be measured during M=mandatory According to BSIMAP O=optional Water Priority parameters Hidrology Physical Temperature Salinity Secchi disc Chemical pH O2, µM O2, % TSS BOD5 TOC H2S PO4 P total NH4 NO2 NO3 N total SiSiO4 Hypoxia M Sediment O M O Biota M O Parameter proposed for intercalibration Pollution Trace metals Fe Mn Zn Co As Hg Cu Cd Pb Ni Cr * * * * * * * * * * * Pesticides * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * DDT DDD DDE Lindane HCB Heptaclor Aldrin Dieldrin Endrin * * * * * * * * * * * * * PCBs * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * PCB28 PCB52 PCB101 PCB118 PCB153 PCB138 PCB180 TPHs Crysene Naphtalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo[a]anthracene Crysene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo (g,h,i)perylene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * in in in in in in in in in in sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment * * * * * * * * in in in in in in in in sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment sediment * Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea PARAMETERS BG Example Meeting Name, Dates, Venue 9 1 3 10 15 5 9 125 5 8 9 11 9 17 11 7 7 7 PHYS CHEM HM-W HM-B HM-S Sed PCBs-W PCBs-S OCP-W PCBs-S OCP-S TPHs-W OCP-B TPHs-S BIOTA PAH-W ML PAH-S PAH-B 125 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Methodology data acquisition and processing - /intercomparisson Meeting Name,ofDates, Venue intercalibration Parameters - sampling equipment and methodology Equipment Consumables Responsible partner Parameters Table Methods inventory for ………..phytoplankton lab analysis and taxonomic identification Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Participant Sample fixation Sample concentration Volume of subCounting chamber Type of microscope subsample Segwick Rafter Nicon inverted+ Utermol immage analysis 1 ml IO-BAS Decantation Utermol Column5 Column6 0.1 ml NIMRD ….. Decantation Utermol Utermol Inverted Column7 Column8 No cells counted per Magnification sample 20X; 40X 400 cells Column9 Column10 Column11 Biomass calculation Reference Comment Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea INTERCOMPARISSON OF THE RESULTS Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Statistical evaluation based on the z-score according to “The International Harmonized Protocol for the Proficiency Testing of Analytical Chemistry Laboratories (IUPAC Technical Report) (IUPAC, 2006), ISO 13528 (2005) phytoplankton proficiency test in the Baltic (Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 5, 2010). BODC Parameter Usage Vocabulary (SEADATA Net Project) – for the data base http://seadatanet.maris2.nl/v_bodc_vocab_v2/browse_export .asp?l=p01&all=yes&description=1&x=54&y=10 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Indicators for GEnS assessment Meeting Name, Dates, Venue D1. Biodiversity Phytoplankton size structure, potentially toxic species, autho/heterothrophs; Sannon 95 biodiversity index, HPLC pigment analysis N [cells/l] B [mg/m^3] Сhl1 [mg/m^3] M01 670365 666.237 2.6 0.05 0.05 1.04 69.11 0.64 M12 1242574 342.592 1.2 0.07 0.04 4.02 77.04 0.66 M18 444974 293 0.8 0.07 0.02 0 34.07 0.77 Station Menh Sheld MEC [%] DE [%] IBI Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Mesozooplankton Biomass,mg/m3 (summer) Coastal- 550-280 Shelf – 300-130 Open sea – 150-50 GES Copepoda - > 42% from the total biomass отлично добро умерен о лошо мн.лошо Н’ >3.5 3.5-2.5 2.5-1.5 1.5-1 <1 EQR 1-0.8 0.8-0.6 0.6-0.2 0.2-0.1 мг.м-3 отлично добро умерено лошо мн.лошо EQR <50 1-0.9 50-250 0.9-0.8 250-500 0.8-0.2 500-2500 0.2-0.1 >2500 0 N. scintil lans г.м-3 M. leidyi EQR 0 отлично добро умерено лошо мн.лошо 0 1-0.9 1-4 0.9-0.7 4-20 0.7-0.2 20-50 0.2-0.1 >50 0 GES - <30% of the total biomass GES- < 4g/m3 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Macrozoobenthos Водни тела с тинест дънен субстрат Meeting Name, Dates, Venue отлич Екологич но състояние Ср. стойност Гранични стойности EQR добро умерено лошо мн. лошо 3.6 2.9 2.2 1.5 0.7 H' ≥ 3.3 ≥ 0.92 3.3 > H' ≥ 2.5 0.69 2.5 > H' ≥ 1.8 0.50 1.8 > H' ≥ 1.1 0.31 но H' < 1.1 < 0.31 Водни тела с пясъчен и смесен дънен субстрат Екологич но състояние Ср. стойност Гранични стойности EQR отлич но добро умерено лошо мн. лошо 4.5 3.6 2.7 1.8 0.9 4 > H' ≥ 3.1 0.69 3.1 > H' ≥ 2.2 0.49 2.2 > H' ≥ 1.3 0.29 H' ≥ 4 ≥ 0.89 H' < 1.3 < 0.29 Метри отли мн. добро умерено лошо ка чно лошо AMBI 0.0 < AMBI 1.2 < AMBI 3.3 < AMBI 4.3 < AMBI 5.5 < AMBI EQR ≤ 1.2 ≤ 3.3 ≤ 4.3 ≤ 5.5 ≤ 7.0 ≥ 0.83 0.53 0.39 0.21 < 0.21 Метр отличн добро умерено лошо ика о M-AMBI 0.85 > M0.55 > M0.39 > MMAMBI ≥ 0.85 AMBI ≥ 0.55 AMBI ≥ 0.39 AMBI ≥ 0.20 ≥ 0.85 0.55 0.39 0.20 EQR мн. лошо 0.20 > M-AMBI < 0.20 GES in 56%, remaining 44% not Meiobenthos RO BG TR Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea D2. Non-indigenous species Meeting Name, Dates, Venue < 10% Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Descriptor 5: Determination Meeting Name, Dates, Venueof Good Environmental Status (GES) & Establishment of Environmental Targets (Articles 8, 9 & 10 MSFD) Human-induced eutrophication is minimised, especially adverse effects thereof, such as losses in biodiversity, ecosystem degradation, harmful algal blooms and oxygen deficiency in bottom waters. 5.1. Nutrients levels — Nutrients concentration in the water column (5.1.1) — Nutrient ratios (silica, nitrogen and phosphorus), where appropriate (5.1.2) 5.2. Direct effects of nutrient enrichment — Chlorophyll concentration in the water column (5.2.1) — Water transparency related to increase in suspended algae, where relevant (5.2.2) — Abundance of opportunistic macroalgae (5.2.3) — Species shift in floristic composition such as diatom to flagellate ratio, benthic to pelagic shifts, as well as bloom events of nuisance/toxic algal blooms (e.g. cyanobacteria) caused by human activities (5.2.4) 5.3. Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment — Abundance of perennial seaweeds and seagrasses (e.g. fucoids, eelgrass and Neptune grass) adversely impacted by decrease in water transparency (5.3.1) — Dissolved oxygen, i.e. changes due to increased organic matter decomposition and size of the area concerned (5.3.2). Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea 5.1. Nutrients Meeting Name,levels Dates, Venue — Nutrients concentration in the water column (5.1.1) Parameters: N-NO3, N-NH3, P-PO4, Si Data:2000- 2005 – 2006-2011 (aggregated by periods) Baseline values: the present state Targets: Reduction of nutrients in the coastal zone Reduction of N in the shelf region Spring Concentrations, Summer μМ/l coast shelf open sea coast shelf open sea Р-PO4 N-NO3 N- NH4 0.30 2.5 1.5 0.2 1.5 1 0.2 1 1 0.25 1.5 1.5 0.2 1 1 0.1 0.8 0.8 — Nutrient ratios (silica, nitrogen and phosphorus), where appropriate (5.1.2) Parameters: N/P, Si/N, Si/P Data: 2007-2011 (spring-summer) Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea 5.2. Direct effects of nutrient Meeting Name, Dates, Venueenrichment — Chlorophyll concentration in the water column (5.2.1) Data:1990- 2011 (spring-summer), field and satellite data for the shelf (1998-2010) Baseline values: the concept applied for the WFD, the lower quartile of long-term data (1990-2011); for the open sea literature data were used Threshold: deviation from the reference (EQR = 0.63), in compliance to WFD good/moderate class boundary Base-line thresholds values, mg/m3 Season Spring Summer 1.2 - 1.7 0.6 -0.8 0.8 - 1.0 0.5-0.7 0.2-0.25 0.15-0.2 Coastal Shelf Open sea Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates,related Venue to increase in suspended algae, where relevant (5.2.2) — Water transparency Data:1990- 2011 (spring-summer), field and satellite data for the shelf (1998-2010) Baseline values:90 percentile of long-term data (1991-2011) for the coastal-shelf and historical published reference data (Vladimirov et al., 1997) Thresholds: accepted deviation from the base-line (EQR-0.63) Threshold /baseline values Season Spring Summer 4.5 - 7 5.5-7 7-9 8 -10 14-18 18-20 Coastal Shelf Open sea Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea BEAST tool Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Temperature and salinity were measured as support parameters. Causes of eutrophication – nutrients in the water column Phosphate, Nitrogen inorganic forms – nitrate, nitrite and ammonium, Silicate (µM)(N=223) Based on the satisfactory results of the intercalibration exercise performed in July 2013, the datasets are comparable and valid to be used in a common assessment (Report on the MISIS cruise Intercalibration Exercise: Chemistry, 2014). BEAST (Black Sea Eutrophication ASsessment Tool) is a similar tool with HEAT (Helcom Eutrophication Assessment Tool) developed by HELCOM (HELCOM, 2014) and BSC (Baltic2Black project) – surface data (N=47) Direct effects Chlorophyll a (µg/L) (N=122) Indirect effects Bottom Dissolved Oxygen, Transparency, m (N=37) µM and % (N=190) Integrated assessment – based on reference values BEAST tool Lazar L., Boicenco L., Moncheva S., Shtereva G., Beken C., Vasiliu D. 2015, 33 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Habitat PO4 Meeting (*bottomName, Dates, Venue TNOx µM µM depth ) BG Coastal (>30m*) Shelf (31-200m) Open (>200m) RO TR BG 0.25 0.15 1.5 0.20 0.20 0.15 1.0 RO Chl a µg/L TR 4.0 BG 0.8 0.5 0.8 TR BG 3.9 RO 7.0 7.5 10 9.0 18.0 9.0 1.0 0.6 2.0 0.10 0.20 RO SDD m Bottom DO % TR 5.0 BG RO TR 80 2.0 0.2 Histogram of BEAST 28 26 55% GES non-GES Score BEAST 1 High 2 Good 3 Moderate 4 Poor 5 Bad 24 22 GES 20 No of obs 18 16 14 12 21% 10 Non-GES 15% 8 6 4 2 0 H G M BEAST 4% 4% P B 34 Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea D8. Contaminants Meeting Name, Dates, Venue In water - Thresholds set by Directive 2013/39EU In sediments – different available environmental standards - a need to develope Black Sea standards D9. Contaminants in biota Mytilus galloprovincialis Rapana venosa Scapharca inequalis Cd Свинец Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue MARINE LITTER Quantification 6 stations – 3 coastal and 3 shelf selected at areas under high pressure (marine traffic) and fishing and the samples sorted and analyzed based on the Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) Mariscope Beam trawl Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea Meeting Name, Dates, Venue Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention