ЕГЭ: требования к письменным высказываниям с элементами рассуждениям Махмурян Каринэ Степановна, Зав.каф. ИЯ МИОО, д.п.н,,профессор makhmurian@bk.ru Проверяемые умения в задании С2 • • • • • • • • Сформулировать проблему; Высказать свое и чужое мнение и привести аргументы и контраргументы, доказательства, примеры; Сделать вывод; Продуктивность речи; Последовательно и логически правильно строить высказывание Использовать соответствующие средства логической связи Правильно оформить стилистически в соответствии с поставленной задачей Употреблять языковые средства оформления письменного высказывания точно и правильно Типы сочинений в ЕГЭ: • Сочинение «выражение своего мнения» (60 min). Общие Стратегии ПВ рассуждений: • строить высказывание в соответствии с предложенным планом; • начинать введение следует с общего представления темы и предложения, отображающего ее проблемный характер; • во введение перефразировать тему/проблему, данную в задании, не повторяя ее дословно; • при планировании письменного высказывания сначала продумать ключевые фразы каждого абзаца; • делить текст на абзацы, которые отражают логическую и содержательную структуру текста; Общие стратегии для ПВ-рассуждений • каждый абзац должен быть написан соответствующим образом (рекомендуется в первом предложении абзаца выразить его основную мысль и далее ее развивать, подкреплять примерами и аргументами и т.д.); • введение и заключение должны быть приблизительно одинаковы по объему; • в основной части должно быть три абзаца; Общие Стратегии ПВ рассуждений • общий объем основной части не должен быть меньше общего объема введения и заключения; • особое внимание уделять средствам логической связи текста, как внутри предложений, так и между предложениями. Что представляет сложность? Формулировка проблемы • Some people think that shopping is fun. • Some people enjoy shopping while others are sure it is a big problem. • Many people think that being famous is wonderful. • Many people believe that a celebrity status can be attractive. Others disagree with this point of view. Что представляет сложность? Аргументирование • In my view, mobile phones are very useful for people. – • Firstly, they can easily be contacted no matter where they are and so they always know the news. Аргументирование • In my opinion, it is better to travel with friends than alone. • Firstly, you don’t feel lonely in a foreign country. Secondly, travelling is cheaper when you are with friends. Аргументирование • I think, motorcycles are very convenient. • To start with, you don’t need to rely on public transport, and you can park them easily. Примеры контраргументов • However, many people believe that using mobile phones can be dangerous. – They think that talking on a mobile phone while driving reduces concentration and so greatly increases the chances of causing an accident. • I don’t agree with this argument. It’s prohibited to use mobile phones while driving. Thus, you will avoid getting into trouble. Примеры контраргументов • However, some people believe that it is better to travel alone. They think so because you are less flexible when travelling with your friend. • I disagree with this opinion. If you have a true friend, you will always find the way to reach an agreement. Примеры контраргументов • However, some people think that motorcycles are very convenient.-To start with, you don’t need to rely on public transport. • But they are not as speedy as public transport, so it will take a lot of time to get to your place of destination. Как выделять абзацы? • Пропуском строчки; • Незаконченностью заполнения предыдущей строчки; • Возможна красная строка Сочинение «выражение своего мнения»: план • Use the following plan: P1. make an introduction (state the problem) P.2. express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion P.3. express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion P.4. explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion P.5. make a conclusion restating your position . Пример задания Comment on the following statement. • It’s reported that billions of dollars are spent on space exploration projects every year. Some people believe that this money should be used to solve problems on Earth. • What is your opinion? What problems should humanity solve first of all? • Write 200 – 250 words. Пример задания: Comment on the following statement. • Some people think that extreme sports help to build character. • What is your opinion? Do you agree with the statement? • Write 200 – 250 words. Use the following plan: - make an introduction (state the problem) - express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion - express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion - explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion - make a conclusion restating your position Introduction (p.1) We make general remarks about the subject: • Nowadays many people believe that...but some people disagree with this point of view. • In today’s world it is important…, many people believe… but to my mind Скажите, правильно ли учащийся написал введение. Почему? А. • It’s reported that billions of dollars are spent on space exploration projects every year. Some people belive that this money should be used to solve problems on Earth. And I think so. В. • Problems of space exploration and problems of Earth are very important, I think. But which problem is more important for humanity? Скажите, правильно ли учащийся написал вступление. Почему? • Some people think that extreme sports help to build character. • Some people believe that extreme sports are really useful for forming one’s character. Others disagree with this point of view Main Part (P.2) • P.2. we present our viewpoints and justify them with reasons/examples. • We list points with Firstly, to begin with, furthermore, moreover, also, etc. 1 абзац основной части (2 абзац) • - express your personal opinion and give 23 reasons for your opinion • In my opinion, extreme sports really help to form character. First of all, they develop will power, make people strong and energetic. Secondly, extreme sports give one a wonderful opportunity to release stress and to escape everyday monotony. Thirdly, people who do such sports are always open for new opportunities. So, they can cope with many problems. Скажите, высказал ли свое мнение учащийся и подкрепил его 2 развернутыми аргументами? • In my opinion, we must spend that money in this two ways. In one hand, we must know what happaning in space, and we should be ready to protect our planet in space. I think aliens can flying somewhere in space and we must be ready. In other hand, we must solve our Earth problems like terror, transport problems and etc. This problems are very important for our live. All our money must spend in good way and make our live better. Main Part: P3 • P.3. - express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion • Start with: However, though, etc. Main Part: P3 • - express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion • However, some people think that extreme sports cannot anyhow help to build one’s character and believe that taking up this kind of lifestyle is crazy as it often involves a high level of danger and people can be injured. 3 абзац основной части (4абзац): explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion I disagree with this opinion. It is dangerous only when people are not trained enough or ready enough to take it. When they have a good trainer who is to supervise their training, and they are careful, it won’t be dangerous. Скажите, привел ли учащийся мнение других людей и правильно ли дал аргументы в третьем абзаце основной части? • However, there are some arguments for spending a lot of money on space exploration projects. It is opinion that the deeper we explore space the sooner we will get answers on different questions. Researchers will be always looking for a different forms of life. Human being was always interested in founding UFO. Скажите, привел ли учащийся дал контраргументы в третьем абзаце основной части? • I disagree that extreme sports always may cause traumas and change you on the inside. I think that if you do everything correct, you won't be damaged. The risk is very low because of today's accident prevention. Conclusion (P5): • We state our opinion again briefly in different words. • We use: in conclusion, all in all, to sum up, etc. All things considered, I believe… In conclusion. it is important to remind/add/point out that…the issue is far from solving/resolving yet but I think… заключение • make a conclusion restating your position • All things considered, I can say that extreme sports help build character, because they help people solve difficult life problems easily while people without this experience are likely to have big troubles in dangerous situations. Скажите, правильно ли учащийся написал заключение. • To sum up, such spending money on space exploration is not only waste of time, but a part of every human’s life too. • In conchesion, I would like to say that all money which have all gaverments must be spend for people. По каким критериям оценивается С2? • Решение коммуникативной задачи (3балла); • Организация текста (3 балла); • Лексика (3 балла); • Грамматика (3 балла); • Орфография и пунктуация (2 балла) Особенности оценивания заданий С2 • При получении экзаменуемым 0 баллов по критерию «содержание» все задание оценивается в 0 баллов. • Допустимое отклонение от заданного объема в задании С2 составляет 10%. Нарушения в объеме: • Если в задании С2 менее 180 слов, то задание проверке не подлежит и оценивается в 0 баллов. • При превышении объема более чем на 10%, т.е. если в задании С2 более 275, проверке подлежит только та часть работы, которая соответствует требуемому объему, т.е.проверяется 250 слов. Завершение • Спасибо за внимание! • Есть ли вопросы?