Робертс Д.М. Иллюстрированная история мира
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Робертс Д.М. Иллюстрированная история мира: В 10 т. Т.2. Восточная Азия и классическая Греция /Пер. с англ. Л. Кюзаджян. - М.: БММ АО, 1999. - 192 с.: ил. СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ИСТОКИ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ В ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ .................................................... 6 Древняя Индия ...................................................................................................................... 8 Разнообразие Индии ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Географическая изолированность .................................................................................................................... 10 Влияние с Севера ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Хараппская цивилизация ................................................................................................................................... 12 Культура Хараппы ............................................................................................................................................. 13 Распространение Хараппской цивилизации .................................................................................................... 13 Конец Хараппской цивилизации ...................................................................................................................... 14 Вторжение ариев ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Культура ариев ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Религия ариев ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 «Ригведа» ............................................................................................................................................................ 16 Кастовая система ................................................................................................................................................ 16 Политические системы ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Долина Ганга ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Раздел между Севером и Югом ........................................................................................................................ 20 Топографическая дифференциация .................................................................................................................. 21 Религии Индии ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Шива .................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Вишну ................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Брахманы ............................................................................................................................................................ 24 «Упанишады» ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 Джайнизм ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 Будда ................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Индуистская философия.................................................................................................................................... 27 Наследие буддизма ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Преемственность ранней индийской цивилизации ......................................................................................... 29 Древний Китай..................................................................................................................... 30 Топография ......................................................................................................................................................... 31 Значение Желтой реки ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Влияние сельского хозяйства............................................................................................................................ 34 Раннее обществ .................................................................................................................................................. 36 Династия Шан .................................................................................................................................................... 37 Династия Чжоу ................................................................................................................................................... 38 Период «Воюющих царств» .............................................................................................................................. 40 Землевладельцы крестьяне ............................................................................................................................... 40 Знать .................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Клан и семья ....................................................................................................................................................... 42 Религия ................................................................................................................................................................ 43 Религия и формы политической организации ................................................................................................. 43 Роль монарха ...................................................................................................................................................... 44 Использование оракулов ................................................................................................................................... 44 Важность письменности .................................................................................................................................... 44 Первое железное литье ...................................................................................................................................... 45 Урбанизация ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 Растущая независимость аристократии ........................................................................................................... 47 Период «ста школ» ............................................................................................................................................ 48 Конфуций ............................................................................................................................................................ 48 Заповеди Конфуция ........................................................................................................................................... 50 Тринадцать классических произведений ......................................................................................................... 51 Китайская мысль ................................................................................................................................................ 51 Даосизм ............................................................................................................................................................... 52 Учение Мэн-цзы ................................................................................................................................................. 52 Значение конфуцианства ................................................................................................................................... 54 Искусство и архитектура ................................................................................................................................... 54 Другие миры древности ..................................................................................................... 56 Африка ................................................................................................................................................................ 57 Изменения климата ............................................................................................................................................ 57 Африканские племена ....................................................................................................................................... 58 Распространение земледелия ............................................................................................................................ 60 Кушиты ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 Америка .............................................................................................................................................................. 62 Земледелие в Америке ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Ольмеки .............................................................................................................................................................. 63 Европа ................................................................................................................................................................. 64 Различия внутри Европы ................................................................................................................................... 65 Раннее земледелие в Европе ............................................................................................................................. 66 Население Европы ............................................................................................................................................. 66 Мегалитические монументы ............................................................................................................................. 67 Воздвижение монументов ................................................................................................................................. 68 Недостатки европейских культур ..................................................................................................................... 70 Конец Древнего мира.......................................................................................................... 72 Наследие античности ......................................................................................................................................... 74 Упадок Египта .................................................................................................................................................... 74 Персия ................................................................................................................................................................. 75 Кир ....................................................................................................................................................................... 76 Имперское управление ...................................................................................................................................... 77 Дарий ................................................................................................................................................................... 78 Персеполь ........................................................................................................................................................... 79 Культура персидской империи ......................................................................................................................... 81 Взаимодействие цивилизаций на Ближнем Востоке ...................................................................................... 81 Корни одного мира .............................................................................................................. 84 Средиземноморский контекст........................................................................................................................... 84 Культура классического мира ........................................................................................................................... 86 Классические языки ........................................................................................................................................... 87 Что означает «классический»? .......................................................................................................................... 87 Наследие классического мира ........................................................................................................................... 88 Греки ...................................................................................................................................... 90 Грекоговорящие народы .................................................................................................................................... 90 Эгейское окружение .......................................................................................................................................... 91 Распространение греческой цивилизации ....................................................................................................... 93 Языковая идентичность ..................................................................................................................................... 93 Религия ................................................................................................................................................................ 94 «Илиада» и «Одиссея» ....................................................................................................................................... 95 Оккультизм ......................................................................................................................................................... 96 Общество и политика ........................................................................................................................................ 96 Свобода и рабство .............................................................................................................................................. 98 Контакты с Ближним Востоком ........................................................................................................................ 99 Греческое искусство ........................................................................................................................................ 100 Торговая экспансия .......................................................................................................................................... 100 Гоплиты ............................................................................................................................................................ 101 Города-государства .......................................................................................................................................... 102 Гражданство ..................................................................................................................................................... 104 Тираны .............................................................................................................................................................. 104 Афины ............................................................................................................................................................... 105 Спарта ............................................................................................................................................................... 107 Достижения греков .......................................................................................................................................... 109 Колонизация ..................................................................................................................................................... 111 Враги греков ..................................................................................................................................................... 112 Греция и Персия ............................................................................................................................................... 112 Персидская война ............................................................................................................................................. 114 Пелопоннесская лига ....................................................................................................................................... 116 Победа греков ................................................................................................................................................... 116 Греческая цивилизация ................................................................................................... 118 Делийская лига .................................................................................................................................................. ПЯ Коалиция против Афин ................................................................................................................................... 119 Пелопоннесская война ..................................................................................................................................... 120 Поражение Афин .............................................................................................................................................. 122 Конец Пелопоннесской войны ........................................................................................................................ 123 Греческая цивилизация в V веке..................................................................................................................... 124 Экономическая основа..................................................................................................................................... 125 Греки ................................................................................................................................................................. 126 Гречанки ........................................................................................................................................................... 127 Сексуальность .................................................................................................................................................. 128 Греческое общество ......................................................................................................................................... 128 Первенство Афин ............................................................................................................................................. 130 Преимущества географического положения ................................................................................................. 130 Афинский флот ................................................................................................................................................ 130 Афинская демократия ...................................................................................................................................... 132 Политики........................................................................................................................................................... 132 Внешняя политика ........................................................................................................................................... 133 Достижения афинской демократии ................................................................................................................ 134 Концепция «достоинства» ............................................................................................................................... 135 Философская пытливость ................................................................................................................................ 136 Народные суеверия .......................................................................................................................................... 136 Греческая мысль ............................................................................................................................................... 137 Греческая наука ................................................................................................................................................ 139 Милетская школа ............................................................................................................................................. 139 Наследие ионийской традиции ....................................................................................................................... 141 Математика ....................................................................................................................................................... 141 Астрономия ...................................................................................................................................................... 142 Платон ............................................................................................................................................................... 143 «Государство» .................................................................................................................................................. 144 Аристотель ........................................................................................................................................................ 145 Золотая середина .............................................................................................................................................. 145 Греческие историки ......................................................................................................................................... 146 Геродот.............................................................................................................................................................. 146 Фукидид ............................................................................................................................................................ 147 Поэзия и драма ................................................................................................................................................. 148 Трагедия ............................................................................................................................................................ 149 Комедия............................................................................................................................................................. 150 Изобразительное искусство ............................................................................................................................ 151 Монументальная архитектура ......................................................................................................................... 151 Скульптура ....................................................................................................................................................... 152 Культурное наследие ....................................................................................................................................... 153 Эллинистический мир........................................................................................................................................ 156 Упадок Персии ................................................................................................................................................... 156 Филипп Македонский ........................................................................................................................................ 156 Коринфская лига ................................................................................................................................................ 159 Александр Великий............................................................................................................................................ 159 Завоевания .......................................................................................................................................................... 160 Достижения Александра.................................................................................................................................... 161 Наследие Александра ........................................................................................................................................ 164 Эллинистические государства .......................................................................................................................... 164 Эллинистические города ................................................................................................................................... 167 Эллинистическая академическая жизнь........................................................................................................... 169 Эллинистическая наука ..................................................................................................................................... 170 Изменения в политических структурах ........................................................................................................... 170 Эллинистическая религия ................................................................................................................................. 173 Киники и стоики................................................................................................................................................. 173 Успех стоицизма ................................................................................................................................................ 174 Парфия ................................................................................................................................................................ 175 Происхождение парфян ..................................................................................................................................... 176 Парфянское царство ........................................................................................................................................... 176 Греческий запад ................................................................................................................................................. 177 Сила эллинизма .................................................................................................................................................. 178 Хронологическая таблица ................................................................................................................................. 180 Содержание........................................................................................................................................................ 182 Тома серии .......................................................................................................................................................... 184 Указатель ........................................................................................................................................................... 186
