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m^Ze_g hl i_j\hc h[eZklb (ieZ\Zl_evgh]h [Zkk_cgZ) 3. GZ nb] 1 b 5 \b^gh dZd djurZ 2 ih^^_j`b\Z_lky \ h[eZklb \lhjh]h djZy 19, k ihfhsvx klhcdb 21, dh]^Z djurZ jZkiheZ]Z_lky \
ijbih^gylhf iheh`_gbb Dh]^Z djurZ 2 jZkiheZ]Z_lky \ gb`g_f iheh`_gbb __ hkgh\gZy
qZklv b \ qZklghklb \lhjhc djZc 19, jZkiheZ]Z_lky gZ g_dhlhjhf jZkklhygbb hl klhcdb 21.
Ih^\b`gh_ i_j_dju\Zxs__ mkljhckl\h
lZd`_ \dexqZ_l kj_^kl\Z ^ey i_j_f_s_gby djZy
19 \ gZijZ\e_gbb klhcdb 21 b ^ey ih^t_fZ \lh-
jh]h djZy 19 ^h ih kms_kl\m \_jog_]h dhgpZ
klhcdb 21 ijb i_j_\h^_ djurb ba gb`g_]h (kf
nb] 2 b 3 ) \ ijbih^gylh_ iheh`_gb_ (kf nb] 1
b 5).
Ih^t_fgu_ kj_^kl\Z \dexqZxl e_[_^dm 22
kf nb] 3-5), dhlhjhc fh`gh mijZ\eylv \jmqgmx beb k ihfhsvx ^\b]Zl_ey ijb wlhf jmqghc
f_lh^ mijZ\e_gby [he__ ij_^ihqlbl_e_g dZd
[he__ ijhklhc b gZ^_`guc
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GZ e_[_^d_ 22 bf__lky dZlmrdZ k gZfhlZgguf gZ g_c h^gbf dhgphf ljhkhf 23, dhlhjuc
^hoh^bl ^h djZy 19, i_j_f_sZ_fh]h d klhcd_ 21,
ijb i_j_\h^_ djurb \ ijbih^gylh_ iheh`_gb_
F_`^m e_[_^dhc 22 b djZ_f 19 djurb 2 ljhk 23
ijhoh^bl q_j_a \ha\jZlguc rdb\ 24, jZkiheh`_gguc gZ \_jog_f dhgp_ klhcdb 21, b ^Ze__
q_j_a kZeZadb 26, mklZgh\e_ggu_ lZdbf h[jZahf
qlh[u hgb fh]eb k\h[h^gh i_j_f_sZlvky \^hev
klhcdb 21, dhlhjZy b]jZ_l k\h_]h jh^Z jhev
j_evkZ ^ey wlbo kZeZahd (kf nb] 6). KZeZadb 26
b djhgrl_cg 27, aZdj_ie_gguc gZ djZx djurb
2, bf_xl ih h^ghfm \kihfh]Zl_evghfm rdb\m
28 b 29 khhl\_lkl\_ggh k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo
ljhk 23 g_kdhevdh jZa ijhimkdZ_lky \aZ^ b \i_j_^ f_`^m kZeZadZfb 26 b djhgrl_cghf 27.
GZb[he__ m^Ze_gguc hl e_[_^db 22 dhg_p 31
ljhkZ aZdj_ie_g gZ kZeZadZo 26, dZd ihdZaZgh gZ
nb] 6.
<_jogbc dhg_p klhcdb 21, djhf_ lh]h
kgZ[`_g mkljhckl\hf Z\lhfZlbq_kdhc nbdkZpbb
32, ZgZeh]bqguf l_f dhlhju_ aZdj_ieyxlky gZ
aZ^g_c jZf_ ]jmah\uo Z\lhfh[be_c Z djhgrl_cg 27 bf__l nbdkbjmxs__ dhevph 33, iheghklvx kh\f_klbfh_ k mkljhckl\hf Z\lhfZlbq_kdhc nbdkZpbb 32. JZafudZxs__ mijZ\eyxs__
ijbkihkh[e_gb_ 34 \uiheg_gh \uklmiZxsbf ba
mkljhckl\Z Z\lhfZlbq_kdhc nbdkZpbb 32 lZd
qlh[u h[_ki_qblv m^h[guc ^hklmi d g_fm ihevah\Zl_ey b fh`_l gZoh^blvky gZijbf_j gZ \ukhl_ 1,5 f_ljZ gZ klhcd_ 21.
GZ ihem l_jjZku 4 (gZ a_fe_) lZd`_ \uihegy_lky dZgZ\dZ 36, ijhoh^ysZy f_`^m hkgh\Zgb_f klhcdb 21 b djZ_f 6 ieZ\Zl_evgh]h [Zkk_cgZ 3. DZgZ\dZ 36 jZkiheZ]Z_lky \ lhc `_ kZfhc \_jlbdZevghc iehkdhklb \ dhlhjhc jZkiheZ]Z_lky djhgrl_cg 27, dh]^Z djurZ i_j_\h^blky ba ijbih^gylh]h iheh`_gby \ gb`g__ iheh`_gb_ beb gZh[hjhl
>Ze__ hibku\Z_lky ijbgpbi ^_ckl\by i_j_dju\Zxs_]h mkljhckl\Z dhgkljmdpby dhlhjh]h [ueZ ihdZaZgZ \ur_
Dh]^Z djurZ 2 gZoh^blky \ gb`g_f iheh`_gbb kf nb] 2 b 3), klhcdb 12 ij_[u\Zxl \
]hjbahglZevghf iheh`_gbb gZ^ ieZ\Zl_evguf
[Zkk_cghf 3. KZeZadb 26 k h^ghc klhjhgu b
djhgrl_cg 27 k ^jm]hc klhjhgu k khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb rdb\Zfb 28 b 29, jZkiheZ]Zxlky
\gmljb dZgZ\db 36 \ h[eZklb ih\_joghklb a_feb l_jjZku 4; lZd`_ \ dZgZ\d_ jZkiheZ]Z_lky b
mqZklhd ljhkZ ijhoh^ysbc f_`^m kZeZadZfb 26
b djhgrl_cghf 27.
>ey i_j_f_s_gby djurb 2 \ ijbih^gylh_
iheh`_gb_ ^hklZlhqgh ijb\_klb \ ^_ckl\b_ e_[_^dm 22 b h[_ki_qblv ijhly]b\Zgb_ ljhkZ 23.
Ijb wlhf \lhjhc djZc 19 djurb 2 i_j_f_sZ_lky
\ gZijZ\e_gbb klhcdb 21, qlh aZklZ\ey_l klhcdb
12 ih\hjZqb\Zlvky \ \_jlbdZevgh_ iheh`_gb_
hlghkbl_evgh bo rZjgbjguo khqe_g_gbc 13, dZd
ihdZaZgh gZ nb] 4. Ijb wlhf ijhbkoh^bl k`Zlb_ ijm`bg 15. < ijhp_kk_ ih^t_fZ djurb 2
kZeZadb 26 \ k\hx hq_j_^v ijhoh^yl hij_^_e_g-
7
gh_ jZkklhygb_ \^hev klhcdb 21, lZd qlh \ dhgp_
dhgph\ hgb mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky \ lZd gZau\Z_fh_
jZ\gh\_kgh_ iheh`_gb_ ijb dhlhjhf ijhbkoh^bl \ujZ\gb\Zgb_ jZaebqguo mkbebc Z lhqg__
\_jlbdZevguo khklZ\eyxsbo wlbo mkbebc \ha^_ckl\mxsbo gZ kZeZadb
Dh]^Z ljhk 23 gZfZlu\Z_lky gZ dZlmrdm \
^hklZlhqghc kl_i_gb lZd qlh _]h ^ebgZ f_`^m
rdb\Zfb 28 b 29 fbgbfZevgZ rdb\u 29 gZ
djur_ 2, hdZau\Zxlky jZkiheh`_ggufb ih kms_kl\m ih^ rdb\Zfb 28, aZdj_ie_ggufb gZ kZeZadZo 26, dhlhju_ nZdlbq_kdb gZoh^ylky gZ
\_jog_f dhgp_ klhcdb 21. < dhgp_ i_j_f_s_gbc
ijhbkoh^bl nbdkZpby dhevpZ 33 \ Z\lhfZlbq_kdhf mkljhckl\_ nbdkZpbb 32 (wlZ kblmZpby
ijhbeexkljbjh\ZgZ gZ nb] 7).
Dh]^Z djurZ 2 ij_[u\Z_l \ ijbih^gylhf
iheh`_gbb bf_ggh aZ kq_l gZly`_gby ljhkZ 23
h[_ki_qb\Z_lky ih^^_j`dZ \lhjh]h djZy 19
djurb 2 b khojZg_gb_ _]h gZ aZ^Zgghc \ukhl_
LZdZy nbdkZpby ljhkZ 23 h[_ki_qb\Z_lky [eZ]h^Zjy e_[_^d_ 22, dhlhjZy h[uqgh bf__l dhgkljmdpbx g_ ^himkdZxsmx jZafZlu\Zgby ljhkZ
23 ih^ \ha^_ckl\b_f kbe gZly`_gby Mkljhckl\h
nbdkZpbb 32, 33 h^gh\j_f_ggh \uihegy_l b
nmgdpbx h[_ki_q_gby [_ahiZkghklb gZ kemqZc
jZaju\Z ljhkZ 23. Wlh mkljhckl\h nbdkZpbb 32,
33, djhf_ lh]h h[_ki_qb\Z_l g_ih^\b`ghklv
djZy 19 djurb ih hlghr_gbx d klhcd_ 21 \ ]hjbahglZevghc iehkdhklb
>ey i_j_\h^Z djurb 2 \ gb`g__ iheh`_gb_ mkljhckl\h nbdkZpbb 32, 33 jZafudZ_lky k
ihfhsvx mijZ\eyxs_]h ijbkihkh[e_gby 34,
ijb wlhf e_[_^dZ 22 gZqbgZ_l jZ[hlZlv gZ jZafZlu\Zgb_ ljhkZ 23. Ih f_j_ jZafZlu\Zgby ljhkZ 23 djZc 19 djurb 2 gZqbgZ_l himkdZlvky b
h^gh\j_f_ggh ijm`bgu 15 \ulZedb\Zxl ih\hjhlgu_ klhcdb 12 \ gZijZ\e_gbb bo ]hjbahglZevgh]h iheh`_gby LZdh_ h[jZlgh_ i_j_f_s_gb_ [m^_l ijhbkoh^blv ^h l_o ihj ihdZ djurZ
g_ aZcf_l k\h_ gb`g__ iheh`_gb_ dZd ihdZaZgh
gZ nb] 2 b 3.
GZklhys__ bah[j_l_gb_ dhg_qgh `_ g_
h]jZgbqb\Z_lky ijb\_^_gguf \ur_ ijbf_jhf
dhlhjuc ghkbl ebrv beexkljZlb\guc oZjZdl_j.
GZ ijZdlbd_ fh]ml bkihevah\Zlvky ih
f_gvr_c f_j_ ^\_ klhcdb ih^h[gu_ klhcd_ 21,
bbeb ^\Z ljhkZ dhlhju_ fh]ml ijb\h^blvky \
^\b`_gb_ k ihfhsvx h^ghc e_[_^db beb `_ k
ihfhsvx ^\mo ih^h[guo e_[_^hd jZ[hlZ dhlhjuo ^he`gZ [ulv kbgojhgbabjh\ZgZ.
<hafh`gh aZf_gylv klhcdm 21 dhgkljmdpb_c mklZgZ\eb\Z_fhc gZ m`_ kms_kl\mxs_f khhjm`_gbb gZijbf_j gZ nZkZ^_ beb gZ ZgZeh]bqghf _fm khhjm`_gbb
< qZklghklb \ lhf kemqZ_ dh]^Z ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky bkihevah\Zgb_ ih f_gvr_c f_j_
^\mo klh_d 21, qbkeh ih\hjhlguo klh_d 12 fh`_l [ulv mf_gvr_gh ^h h^ghc ?keb ij_^mkfZl-
jb\Z_lky bkihevah\Zgb_ g_kdhevdbo klh_d 12,
hgb fh]ml k\yau\Zlvky f_`^m kh[hc i_j_dj_sb\Zxsbfbky ieZgdZfb gZagZq_gb_ dhlhjuo kh
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8
klhbl \ qZklghklb \ h[_ki_q_gbb kbgojhgghklb
i_j_f_s_gby klh_d (ijb ih\hjhl_ ihke_^gbo
hlghkbl_evgh rZjgbjguo khqe_g_gbc 13).
KZeZadb gZijbf_j lZdb_ dZd kZeZadb 26,
fh]ml hlkmlkl\h\Zlv ijb wlhf bf__lky \hafh`ghklv kh_^bgylv ljhk g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh hl \_jog_]h dhgpZ klhcdb 21 beb _c ih^h[ghc dhgkljmdpbb k djur_c gZijbf_j djur_c 2. H^gZdh,
\ wlhf kemqZ_ fh]ml \hagbdZlv ijh[e_fu k\yaZggu_ k l_f qlh ljhk g_ [m^_l ij_[u\Zlv \
mlhie_gghf khklhygbb (\ a_fe_) \ l_ fhf_glu
\j_f_gb dh]^Z djurZ gZoh^blky \ gb`g_f iheh`_gbb
Djhf_ lh]h g_l ijbgpbibZevghc g_h[oh^bfhklb `_kldh nbdkbjh\Zlv djurm 2 \ ijbih^gylhf iheh`_gbb beb lZdh_ nbdkbjh\Zgb_
fh`gh hkms_kl\eylv k ihfhsvx kj_^kl\ hlebqguo hl ijhbeexkljbjh\Zgguo \ur_ (bf__lky \ \b^m Z\lhfZlbq_kdh_ mkljhckl\h nbdkZpbb
32, 33). LZd gZijbf_j djZc 19 djurb 2 ijb
kdhev`_gbb \^hev klhcdb \ dhgp_ i_j_f_s_gby
\ ijbih^gylh_ iheh`_gb_ fh`_l ijhoh^blv gZ^
\uklmihf g_ijZ\bevghc nhjfu k dhlhjuf hg
g_ kfh`_l jZat_^bgblvky ^h l_o ihj ihdZ e_[_^dZ kgh\Z g_ [m^_l ijb\_^_gZ \ ^_ckl\b_ b
ljhk g_ gZqg_l jZafZlu\Zlvky \ h[jZlghf gZijZ\e_gbb Ijb lZdhf ^\b`_gbb e_[_^db ijm`bgZ ih^h[gZy ijm`bg_ 15, lhedZxsZy klhcdb
12 \ gZijZ\e_gbb ]hjbahglZevgh]h iheh`_gby
ihke_^gbo hl\h^bl djurm 2 hl klhcdb 21 b
lZdbf h[jZahf djZc 19 \uk\h[h`^Z_lky ba aZp_ie_gby k \uklmihf klhcdb
Fh]ml [ulv bkihevah\Zgu b ^jm]b_ kj_^kl\Z ^ey \uk\h[h`^_gby djZy djurb ba aZp_ie_gby k \uklmihf klhcdb gZijbf_j mijZ\eyxs__ ijbkihkh[e_gb_ jZkiheh`_ggh_ m hkgh\Zgby klhcdb 21 b ij_^gZagZq_ggh_ ^ey \uk\h[h`^_gby djZy 19 djurb 2 \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z
ihevah\Zl_ev ijbgbfZ_l j_r_gb_ kh\_jrblv
fZg_\j b i_j_\_klb djurm 2 \ __ gb`g__ iheh`_gb_
< kemqZ_ dh]^Z bkihevam_lky lhevdh h^gZ
ih\hjhlgZy klhcdZ __ rZjgbjgh_ khqe_g_gb_ k
djur_c fh`_l \uihegylvky \ \b^_ rZjh\h]h
rZjgbjZ qlh iha\hey_l ijhba\h^blv j_]mebjh\Zgb_ m]eZ gZdehgZ djurb gZijbf_j k bkihevah\Zgb_f ^\mo e_[_^hd mijZ\ey_fuo g_aZ\bkbfh ^jm] hl ^jm]Z ijb wlhf dZ`^Zy e_[_^dZ k\yaZgZ k h^ghc ba ^\mo klZpbhgZjguo klh_d <
wlhf kemqZ_ f_`^m dZ`^hc klZpbhgZjghc klhcdhc b djur_c jZkiheZ]Zxlky ^\Z ljhkZ ijbq_f
dZ`^uc ljhk hjb_glbjh\Zg ij_^ihqlbl_evgh \
\_jlbdZevghc iehkdhklb ijhoh^ys_c q_j_a
p_glj rZjh\h]h rZjgbjZ Ijb wlhf hdZau\Z_lky
\hafh`guf aZf_lgh memqrblv ihdZaZl_eb mklhcqb\hklb dhgkljmdpbb k ihfhsvx bkihevah\Zgby ^\mo lhedZl_e_c mklZgh\e_gguo f_`^m
ih\hjhlghc klhcdhc b djur_c k h[_bo klhjhg
ih\hjhlghc klhcdb
9
NHJFME: BAH;J?L?GBY
1. Ih^\b`gh_ i_j_dju\Zxs__ mkljhckl\h
^ey ieZ\Zl_evguo [Zkk_cgh\ b]jh\uo iehsZ^hd
b ih^h[guo khhjm`_gbc kh^_j`Zs__ djurm
dhlhjZy \uiheg_gZ k \hafh`ghklvx i_j_f_s_gby f_`^m __ gb`gbf iheh`_gb_f \ dhlhjhf djurZ ih kms_kl\m iheghklvx i_j_dju\Z_l b bahebjm_l i_j\mx h[eZklv dhlhjZy fh`_l [ulv ieZ\Zl_evguf [Zkk_cghf b]jh\hc
iehsZ^dhc beb ih^h[guf bf khhjm`_gb_f b __
ijbih^gyluf iheh`_gb_f \ dhlhjhf djurZ
i_j_dju\Z_l jZkiheZ]Zykv gZ hij_^_e_gghc
\ukhl_ \lhjmx h[eZklv dhlhjZy kf_s_gZ
hlghkbl_evgh i_j\hc h[eZklb ijb wlhf
djurZ bf__l i_j\uc djZc jZkiheh`_gguc
kh klhjhgu [eb`Zcr_c d i_j\hc h[eZklb b
\lhjhc djZc jZkiheh`_gguc ijhlb\hiheh`gh i_j\hfm djZx kZfh mkljhckl\h
djhf_ lh]h kh^_j`bl dhgkljmdpbx bf_xsmx rZjgbjgh_ khqe_g_gb_ k a_fe_c b
rZjgbjgh_ khqe_g_gb_ k djur_c jZkiheh`_ggh_ gZ jZkklhygbb hl \lhjh]h djZy b
bf_xsmx hjb_glZpbx ^\b`_gby \ gZijZ\e_gbb
hl khqe_g_gby k a_fe_c \ gZijZ\e_gbb hl
\lhjhc h[eZklb d i_j\hc h[eZklb dh]^Z
djurZ gZoh^blky \ gb`g_f iheh`_gbb hlebqZxs__ky l_f qlh hgh ^hihegbl_evgh kh^_j`bl
hihjgu_ kj_^kl\Z ^ey ih^^_j`db djurb \ h[eZklb \lhjh]h djZy ijb ih^gylhf iheh`_gbb djurb ijb wlhf djurZ \ gb`g_f iheh`_gbb jZkiheZ]Z_lky gZ jZkklhygbb hl hihjguo
kj_^kl\
Mkljhckl\h ih i hlebqZxs__ky l_f
qlh hgh ^hihegbl_evgh kh^_j`bl ih^t_fgu_
kj_^kl\Z ^ey ih^gbfZgby \lhjh]h djZy
djurb \ iheh`_gb_ khhl\_lkl\mxs__ iheh`_gbx kj_^kl\ hihju
Mkljhckl\h ih i hlebqZxs__ky l_f
qlh ih^t_fgu_ kj_^kl\Z kh^_j`Zl e_[_^dm beb
ZgZeh]bqgh_ _c mkljhckl\h k\yaZggmx k
ijhly]b\Z_fuf ljhkhf ijhoh^ysbf f_`^m
djur_c b iheh`_gb_f [ebadbf d iheh`_gbx kj_^kl\ hihju lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u
ihkj_^kl\hf ijhly]b\Zgby ljhkZ djurZ dhlhjZy i_j\hgZqZevgh ij_[u\Z_l \ gb`g_f
iheh`_gbb fh]eZ [u i_j_f_sZlvky \^hev ljZ_dlhjbb dh]^Z \lhjhc djZc djurb i_j_f_sZ_lky \ gZijZ\e_gbb hihjguo kj_^kl\ k
ih\hjhlhf ih\hjhlghc dhgkljmdpbb kihkh[kl\mxsbf ih^gbfZgbx i_j\h]h djZy djurb
Mkljhckl\h ih i hlebqZxs__ky l_f
qlh f_`^m mihfygmluf iheh`_gb_f b
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djur_c ljhk ijhoh^bl q_j_a kZeZadb i_j_f_sZxsb_ky \^hev ih kms_kl\m \_jlbdZevgh hjb_glbjh\Zgghc ljZ_dlhjbb ijhoh^ys_c ih
kms_kl\m \_jlbdZevgh \gba hl mihfygmlh]h iheh`_gby Mkljhckl\h ih i hlebqZxs__ky l_f
qlh kZeZadb \uiheg_gu k \hafh`ghklvx
k\h[h^gh]h i_j_f_s_gby \^hev mihfygmlhc
ljZ_dlhjbb
Mkljhckl\h ih h^ghfm ba ii hlebqZxs__ky l_f qlh ih\hjhlgZy dhgkljmdpby khqe_g_gZ k a_fe_c m djZy i_j\hc h[eZklb
ijbfudZxs_c dh \lhjhc h[eZklb Mkljhckl\h ih h^ghfm ba ii hlebqZxs__ky l_f qlh ih\hjhlgZy dhgkljmdpby khqe_g_gZ k djur_c kh klhjhgu i_j\h]h djZy
djurb ih hlghr_gbx d \_jlbdZevghc
iehkdhklb J ijhoh^ys_c q_j_a p_glj ly`_klb
* djurb
Mkljhckl\h ih h^ghfm ba ii hlebqZxs__ky l_f qlh ^hihegbl_evgh \dexqZ_l
mijm]b_ kj_^kl\Z h[_ki_qb\Zxsb_ kf_s_gb_ ih\hjhlghc dhgkljmdpbb \ gZijZ\e_gbb
__ gZdehggh]h iheh`_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h
gb`g_fm iheh`_gbx djurb
Mkljhckl\h ih h^ghfm ba ii hlebqZxs__ky l_f qlh iehkdhklv 4 ijhoh^ysZy
q_j_a rZjgbjgu_ khqe_g_gby ih\hjhlghc dhgkljmdpbb k a_fe_c b k djur_c khhl\_lkl\_ggh gZdehg_gZ \ gZijZ\e_gbb \lhjhc
h[eZklb ijb ijbih^gylhf iheh`_gbb djurb
10. Mkljhckl\h ih h^ghfm ba ii hlebqZxs__ky l_f qlh ih\hjhlgZy dhgkljmdpby \uiheg_gZ bah]gmlhc lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u
h[_ki_qb\Zlv \ mkeh\byo jZkiheh`_gby djurb \
__ ijbih^gylhf iheh`_gbb hjb_glZpbx i_j\hc
ba ^\mo __ qZkl_c hloh^ys_c hl f_klZ rZjgbjgh]h khqe_g_gby k a_fe_c \_jlbdZevgh Z
hjb_glZpbx ^jm]hc k\yaZgghc k i_j\hc __ qZklb gZdehggh ih gZijZ\e_gbx dh \lhjhc h[eZklb Mkljhckl\h ih i hlebqZxs__ky l_f
qlh ijb jZkiheh`_gbb djurb \ __ ijbih^gylhf
iheh`_gbb qZklv gZdehg_gZ \ gZijZ\e_gbb
\lhjhc h[eZklb gZ m]he khhl\_lkl\mxsbc m]em
gZdehgZ kdZlZ djurb
Mkljhckl\h ih h^ghfm ba ii hlebqZxs__ky l_f qlh \ __ gb`g_f iheh`_gbb
djurZ gZdju\Z_l ih kms_kl\m bahebjmxsbf
h[jZahf a_fex \hdjm] i_j\hc h[eZklb 11
Nb]. 1
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Nb] 5
Nb] 2
Nb] 3
Nb] 4
Nb] 6
Nb] 7
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