Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba

II
1
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba (ns2)
r,&0
r,&2+()*=6)
-
Be
1,12
0,45
0, +2
Mg
1,60
0,72
0, +2
Ca
1,97
1,00
0, +2
Sr
2,15
1,18
0, +2
Ba
2,22
1,35
0, +2
2
-
5
6
7
(
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
.%)
:
;
• Be – 48
; 3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2
(B
: 7
,
.)
• Mg – 8
; 2KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
(
), MgCO3.CaCO3 (
)
;F ), CaF2
• Ca – 5
; CaCO3 (
(H I
), CaSO4.2H2O (
)
B
;F
4
:
• Sr – 15
• Ba – 14
• BaCO3(
• Ra –
;
; SrCO3 (
; BaSO4(B
F
),
)
)
;
K
K
5
L
6
• Be – 1798 ., H . M
,
B
(1828 –
)
• Mg – 1808 ,
. N6 ,
7 .
• Ca - 1808 ,
. N6 ,
. calx – 7
• Sr - 1808 ,
. N6 ,
F
• Ba - 1808 ,
. N6 , . «B
»
5
• Ra – 1898 .,
)I ,
.«
-
;
»
6
T
Be – 6
7
Ba[BeF4]
BeF2 + Mg = MgF2 + Be
Mg – 6
Sr, Ba – 6
BaO
7
MgCl2
7
MCl2
7
L
;
;
B
(
7
Ca, Sr, Ba – W
K
K
-7
).
;
.
8
-
K
W
M + 2H2O = M(OH)2 + H2
(Be –
; Mg –
I
M
;B
, Ca, Sr, Ba
)
M + 2HCl = MCl2 + H2
:
M + X2 = MX2 (Y –
)
M + S = MS
2M + O2 = 2MO
BaO + ½ O2 = BaO2
500 - (
B
)
9
M(OH)2
Be(OH)2 –
L[,
H
5
,
I
Be(OH)2\ + 2NaOH = Na2[Be(OH)4]
B
Be(OH)2 \ + 2HNO3 = Be(NO3)2 + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2 –
Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 –
(W
)–
;
10
Be + H2 =
F
MCl2 + 2LiH = 2LiCl + MH2 (M = Be, Mg)
Mg + H2 = MgH2 (
)
_
(C2H5)2Mg = MgH2 + 2C2H4 (
BeH2
(
MgH2 –
M
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba
;
7
7)
[)
;
.
11
M + H2 = MH2 (
MH2 + 2H2O = M(OH)2 + 2H2
MH2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) –
- ;
.
Mg:
;
)
R-MgX.
12
M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba –
F
MC2
M + 2C = MC2 (
`)
MO + 3C = MC2 + CO (
`)
MC2 + 2H2O = M(OH)2 + H-CaC-H
CaC2 –
B
5
N
K
:
2BeO + 3C = 2CO + Be2C (
`)
Be2C B , bc`d[eN.
13
-
N
M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba B
3M + N2 = M3N2 (
7 I M3N2
`)
M3N2 + 6H2O = 3M(OH)2 + 2NH3
Be3N2 –
,
7
B
K
K
14
)
M –
B
L-
;K
7
)* = 4
_
;,
B
[Be(OH)4]2-, [BeF4]2-
4Be(OH)2 + 6CH3COOH = [Be4O(CH3COO)6] +7H2O
15
(
CO2 + H2O =
II)
+ O2
16
T B
Zn, Cd, Hg
r,&0,Å r,&2+()*=6),
Å
Zn
Cd
Hg
1,33
1,54
1,57
0,74
0,95
1,02
-
1,66
1,46
1,44
0,+2
0,+2
0,+1,+2
Zn: [Ar]3d104s2
Cd:[Kr]4d105s2
Hg: [Xe]4f145d106s2
17
L
6
• Zn –
XII
!" (
$ !)
.'.;
(
. Zinn (
)
• Cd – 1817 ,.,
..
/ ;
,
0. «
• Hg –
6
$
2» - 5
;
2 $
1500 ,.
.'.;
/ – 7 ( /8 2 9
5$
;
. Hydrargirum –
7 2
2
18
T
Zn
Cd
M
: ZnS - H
(F
B
), Cd
5
ZnS + 3/2O2 = ZnO +SO2 ( B5 )
Zn
T
(1300oC), Cd
: ZnO + C = CO + Zn
I
:
ZnO + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2O
)
: Zn2+ +2e- = Zn0
Cd –
Zn
K.
19
T
Hg
M
: HgS (
;),
;
HgS (
;) + O2 = Hg +SO2
HgO = Hg + 1/2O2 (>500oC)
20
-
Zn
Cd
Hg
K
` ,
420
321
-39
W
, - c (b2+/M), M D, /
`
906
770
357
-0,76
-0,40
+0,85
Zn, Cd –
3
7,13
8,65
13,55
,
,
,
,
I
.
21
:
K F
: O2, S,
M + H2SO4
7B.
= MSO4 + H2 (M = Zn, Cd)
Zn + 2NaOH +2H2O = Na2[Zn(OH)4] + H2
-d + NaOH =
)
4Zn +10HNO3
4Cd + 10HNO3
3Hg + 8HNO3
F
:
7B.=
4Zn(NO3)2 +NH4NO3 + 3H2O
7B.
7B.
= 4Cd(NO3)2 +N2O + 5H2O
= 3Hg(NO3)2 +2NO + 4H2O
22
-K
Zn
:
:
[/
(5
Cd
: MX2 (X = Cl, Br, NO3, 1/2SO4)
: M(CN)2 (B
)
), ZnS (B
: 7
ZnCl2 = Zn2+ + 2Cl- (
CdBr2 = CdBr+ + Br- (m1 = 0,5)
CdBr+ = Cd2+ + Br- (m2 = 0,05)
CdBr2 + Br- = [CdBr3][CdBr3]- + Br- = [CdBr4]2- d
), CdS
:
F
F
)
23
L
/
c
• ZnO/Zn(OH)2 –
H
- :
Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2[Zn(OH)4] F
- :
• CdO/Cd(OH)2 –
) Zn,
F
F. W
;
`
• HgO/
!! –
;
24
d
;
MxHgy
7
x
_
B
;5
y
.
M = Na, Ag, Au, Al, Cu, Cd, Zn
Fe –
B
7
;
Y
;
I K
K
I
25
2+
Hg
Hg + 1/2O2 = HgO
Hg2+ + 2OH- = H2O + HgO 5
-Lqe:
:
6
Hg(NO3)2
HgF2
HgSO4
Hg(ClO4)2
, :
B
6 HgCl2 (
HgBr2
Hg(CN)2
(300 -)
, [/
) HgI2
Hg(SCN)2 B
HgS
.
26
-
2+
Hg
7
; K6
:
Hg2+ + NO3- +H2O = (HgOH)NO3\ + H+
B
B
HgF2 + H2O = HgO\ + 2HF
7
7
B K6
:
HgCl2 = HgCl+ + Cl- ( ~ 0,01)
7
,
Hg(CN)2 –
6 .
.
27
-
2+
Hg2
(
.
. 1+)
Hg ( 7B.) + HNO3 7B. = Hg2(NO3)2 + NO +H2O
Hg2+ + Hg = Hg22+ K = 170
:
[
: Hg2(NO3)2, Hg2F2
: Hg2X2 (X = Cl,Br,J)
7
K
:
Hg2(NO3)2 + H2O = Hg2(OH)NO3 + HNO3 (
Hg2F2 + H2O = HgO + Hg + 2HF (
)
)
28
Hg2+ + Hg = Hg22+ K = 170
Hg22+ = Hg2+ + Hg
K = 6w10-3
Hg22+ + 2CN- = Hg + Hg(CN)2 (
- )
)
Hg22+ + 2OH = Hg + HgO\ + H2O (
Hg2O – [c -tuc-`Mtv`
Hg2(OH)2
29
Ox-red
F
1) Hg + HNO3 7B. = Hg(NO3)2 + NO +H2O
Hg ( 7B.) + HNO3 7B. = Hg2(NO3)2 + NO +H2O
2) L
:
Hg2(NO3)2+4HNO3
F=
2Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+ 2H2O
3) M
:
.) = Hg2Cl2\ + SnCl4
2HgCl2 + SnCl2(
HgCl2 + SnCl2( 7B.) = Hg\ + SnCl4
30
-
Hg(NO3)2
Hg2(NO3)2
:
Hg2+
Hg22+
Cl-
HgCl2 (B/F - )
Hg2Cl2\B
.
HgI2\
Hg2I2\5
.
I- (
I- ( 7B
.)
)
S2CN-(
CN-( 7B
.)
.
[HgI4]2- B/F -
[HgI4]2- + Hg\
HgS \
HgS\ + Hg\
Hg(CN)2 p-p,
6
) [Hg(CN)4]2-, -
Hg(CN)2 + Hg\
[Hg(CN)4]2- +Hg\
31