Raptor Conservation ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

Raptor Conservation
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
25
RaptorConservation
ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ
ResultsoftheUralOwlandTawnyOwlAttractingintoNestboxes
intheSamaraDistrict,Russia
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЯ НЕЯСЫТЕЙ В ИСКУССТВЕННЫЕ
ГНЁЗДА В САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ
KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia)
LevashkinA.P.(StatePedagogicalUniversity,RussianBirdConservationUnion,
N.NovgorodBranch,Russia)
PazhenkovA.S.,KorzhevD.A.(Volga-UralECONETAssistanceCenter,Samara,Russia)
Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия)
Левашкин А.П. (Нижегородский педагогический университет, Нижегородское
отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Н. Новгород, Россия)
Паженков А.С., Коржев Д.А. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической
сети, Самара, Россия)
Êîíòàêò:
Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí
Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ
èññëåäîâàíèé
603000 Ðîññèÿ
Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä
óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17
òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47
ikar_research@mail.ru
Àëåêñåé Ëåâàøêèí
Íèæåãîðîäñêîå
îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ
603009 Ðîññèÿ
Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä
óë. Áîí÷-Áðóåâè÷à, 1–56
òåë.: +7 831 464 30 96
ìîá.: +7 952 781 71 98
aple_avesbp@mail.ru
Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ
Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ
«Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé
ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè»
Ðîññèÿ 443045
Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001
f_lynx@mail.ru
Àáñòðàêò
 ñòàòüå îáîáùåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòîé (Strix uralensis) è ñåðîé (S. aluco)
íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Â 2007–2008 ãã. áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêà íà ÷åòûð¸õ ïëîùàäêàõ.  2009 ã. ðàçëè÷íûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ çàíèìàëîñü 56,76% ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ,
èç êîòîðûõ àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî çàíèìàëà äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (41,89%). Èç çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòûìè
íåÿñûòÿìè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (n=31) óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ê ìîìåíòó îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðîâåðêè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 67,74% ÿùèêîâ. Ðàçìåð êëàäêè ñîñòàâèë 1–4 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) 2,4±1,26 ÿéöà. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà
ñîñòàâèë 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó óñòàíîâëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè
ÿùèêàìè íà ðàçíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 0,1 äî 3,07 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=62) 1,11±0,62 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ÿùèêàìè, çàíÿòûìè äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè â 2009 ã., âàðüèðóåò îò 0,55 äî 3,19 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,5±0,65 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè
íà ïëîùàäêàõ â 2008 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 0,53–4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,42±0,89 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè
ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â 2009 ã., ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî
óñòàíîâêå ÿùèêîâ, ñîñòàâèëà 0,55–3,44 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 1,44±0,67 êì. Ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé
ïî ðàçâåøèâàíèþ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé ðàçíûå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó îòðåàãèðîâàëè íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå: (n=34) 41,18% ïàð ñìåíèëè ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà èñêóññòâåííûå, 20,59% – ðàçìíîæàëèñü íà
ó÷àñòêàõ ñ óñòàíîâëåííûìè ÿùèêàìè â ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ (ïðè ýòîì 8,82% ïàð ïîñåùàëè óñòàíîâëåííûå
ÿùèêè, ëèáî çàíèìàëè èõ äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, à 11,76% ïàð èãíîðèðîâàëè ÿùèêè).
Ñåðóþ íåÿñûòü óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü ëèøü íà îäíîé ïëîùàäêå – åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè
áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà îêàçàëñÿ çàíÿòûì ýòèìè ñîâàìè íà âòîðîé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè, îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå îòìå÷åíî.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñîâû, ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, Strix uralensis, Strix aluco, áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå
ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ.
Abstract
The article summarizes results of actions on attraction of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) and the Tawny Owl (S. aluco)
into nestboxes in the Samara District in 2007–2009. A total of 74 nestboxes in 4 study plots were installed in
2007–2008. Different species of birds and animals occupied 56.76% of nestboxes in 2009, the most of the m was
occupied by the Ural Owl (41.89%). Successful breeding at the end of nestbox inspection was registered in 67.74%
of boxes (n=31) occupied by the Ural Owl. The average clutch size was 2.4±1.26 eggs (n=10; range 1–4 eggs). The
average brood size was 2.71±1.44 chicks (n=14; range 1–6 chicks). The distance between the installed nestboxes
in different plots varied from 0.1 to 3.07 km (n=62), 1.11±0.62 km at average. The distance between the boxes occupied by the Ural Owl in 2009 ranged from 0.55 to 3.19 km (n=23), 1.5±0.65 km at average. The average distance
between the nearest neighbors for the Ural Owl in the plots in 2008 was 1.42±0.89 km (n=23; range 0.53–4.67 km).
After carrying out of actions on attraction of the Ural Owl into nestboxes in 2009 this distance became 1.44±0.67 km
(n=28; range 0.55–3.44 km). After actions on the nestbox installing on breeding territories of the Ural Owl different
pairs have differently reacted: (n=34) 41.18% of pairs have leaved the natural nests for boxes, 20.59% have not used
boxes for the breeding preferring their own nests (thus 8.82% of pairs visited the installed boxes or occupied them
before the beginning of a laying, and 11.76% of pairs ignored boxes).
Tawny Owl was noted only on one plot. The single nestbox for the Tawny Owl with big size has occupied by owls
for 2-nd year after installation, however successful breeding is not noted.
Keywords: Owls, Tawny Owl, Ural Owl, Strix uralensis, Strix aluco, nestboxes, breeding biology.
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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16
Contact:
Igor Karyakin
Center of Field Studies
Korolenko str., 17a–17
Nizhniy Novgorod
603000 Russia
tel.: +7 831 433 38 47
ikar_research@mail.ru
Alexey Levashkin
The N.Novgorod
Branch of the Russian
Bird
Conservation Union
Bonch-Bruevich str.,
1–56
N.Novgorod
603009 Russia
tel.: +7 831 464 30 96
mob.: +7 952 781 71 98
aple_avesbp@mail.ru
Aleksey Pazhenkov
The Volga-Ural ECONET
Assistance Centre
P.O. Box 8001
Samara Russia 443045
f_lynx@mail.ru
Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü
(Strix uralensis).
Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà.
Ural Owl (Strix
uralensis).
Photo by A. Levashkin.
Ââåäåíèå
 2005 ã. Öåíòðîì ñîäåéñòâèÿ «ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» (ÖÑ «ÂÓÝÑ»,
ã. Ñàìàðà) è Ýêîöåíòðîì «Äðîíò» (ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä) ïî çàäàíèþ Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (äîãîâîð ¹1/109
îò 30.11.2005 ã.) ðàçðàáîòàíà Ïðîãðàììà «Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ
ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà
2005–2010 ãã.», â êîòîðîé ïðåäóñìîòðåíû
îáøèðíûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ. Â
2007 ã. ðàáîòà ïî äàííîé ïðîãðàììå íà÷àëà ðåàëèçîâûâàòüñÿ (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé êîíòðàêò ¹32 îò 10.07.2007 ã. ìåæäó Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû
îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè è
Ôîíäîì ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ðåàáèëèòàöèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè).  ðàìêàõ ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîãðàììû áûë âûáðàí ðÿä êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ, äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè,
êîòîðûõ ðåàëèçîâàíû îïðåäåë¸ííûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè
ïðîâåäåíà öåëåâàÿ ðàáîòà ïî óâåëè÷åíèþ
âèäîñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà
(Ïàæåíêîâ, Êàðÿêèí, 2007).  êà÷åñòâå
êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ áûëè âûáðàíû ñåðàÿ (Strix
aluco) è äëèííîõâîñòàÿ (Strix uralensis)
íåÿñûòè. Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, íåñìîòðÿ íà ñâîþ îáû÷íîñòü è áëàãîïîëó÷íûé
ñòàòóñ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, èñïûòûâàåò
îïðåäåë¸ííûé ëèìèò ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ
äåðåâüåâ, òàê êàê íà áîëüøåé òåððèòîðèè
îáëàñòè ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ â äóïëàõ.
Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò îïûò ìíîãèõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî
ïðèâëå÷åíèþ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå
Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
Introduction
In 2005 the Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Center (Samara) and the Ecological
Center “Dront” (N. Novgorod) under the
order of the Ministry of Environment and
Natural Resources of the Samara district developed the Program “Recovering of Raptors Number in the Territory of the Samara
District for 2005–2010”. Within the Program
several key species for increase the potential nest sites (Pazhenkov, Karyakin, 2007)
has been chosen. The Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) and the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) have
recognized as such key species.
Methods
Goals
1. Develop a technique of attraction of the
Ural Owl and the Tawny Owl into nestboxes
in the territory of the Samara district.
2. Define optimum distribution of nestboxes in forest-steppe and steppe zones of
the Samara district.
3. Find out how such actions increase the
number of species in a zone of their realization.
Nestbox Designs
For the Ural Owl nestboxes of two different sizes (fig. 1) were made:
1. Small nestbox (all sizes in sm): height
– 70, entrance (hereinafter height and width
of entrance) – 35õ30, bottom – 30õ30.
2. Large nestbox: height – 70, entrance –
30õ40, bottom – 40õ40.
For the Tawny Owl nestboxes of two different size were made:
3. Small nestbox: height – 35, entrance –
10õ30, bottom – 30õ25.
4. Large nestbox: height – 40, entrance –
15õ25, a bottom – 25õ25.
In total of 74 nestboxes were installed in
plots : 56 – for the Ural Owl (small boxes 13, large boxes – 43) and 18 – for the Tawny
Owl (small boxes – 8, large boxes – 10).
Boxes were installed on trees near to the
edge of forest in the middle or bottom part
of a tree at height 4–11 m.
Plots
For goal achievements in Stavropol, Krasnoyarsk, Kinel, Samara and Krasnoarmeysk
regions 4 plots were chosen in 4 typical
complexes of forest-steppe and the north of
a steppe zone of the Samara district (fig. 2).
The first 3 plots were chosen for attraction
of the Ural Owl, 4th – for attraction of the
Tawny Owl.
Before the nestbox installing we carried
out registrations of owls on autumn displaymating vocalizations in plots in September,
Raptor Conservation
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
ãí¸çäà, ñîâû îõîòíî çàíèìàþò àíàëîãè
äóïåë – ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ðàçëè÷íûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò èì îñâàèâàòü òå
òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ðàíåå ïî êàêèì-ëèáî ïðè÷èíàì îíè íå ãíåçäèëèñü (Ëåâàøêèí, 2006;
2008; Àíäðååíêîâ è äð., 2008). Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü èãðàåò «ñàíèòàðíóþ» ðîëü
â åñòåñòâåííûõ î÷àãàõ ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé
ëèõîðàäêè, óíè÷òîæàÿ ìàññîâûå âèäû ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, ÷òî äåëàåò êðàéíå
àêòóàëüíîé ðàáîòó ïî å¸ ïðèâëå÷åíèþ â
ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ. Ýòî â îñíîâíîì è ÿâèëîñü
ïðè÷èíîé å¸ âûáîðà äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü – êëàññè÷åñêèé
äóïëîãí¸çäíèê, è â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ èñïûòûâàåò ÿâñòâåííóþ òåíäåíöèþ ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè íå òîëüêî â Ñàìàðñêîé
îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008), íî è
âî âñ¸ì Ïîâîëæüå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008),
ïîýòîìó óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè å¸ ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè – ïðèîðèòåòíàÿ ïðèðîäîîõðàííàÿ çàäà÷à. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî
â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè
ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ëåæàò ïðÿìûå êîíêóðåíòíûå îòíîøåíèÿ ñ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, â òîì ÷èñëå è êîíêóðåíöèÿ çà äóïëà.
Èìåííî ïîýòîìó çàäà÷à ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ìîæåò ðåøàòüñÿ ñîçäàíèåì
ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, êîòîðûé íå áóäåò èñïîëüçîâàí äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ â ñèëó
êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé èëè áèîòîïè÷åñêîé íåïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòè.
Ìåòîäèêà
Öåëè è çàäà÷è
1. Îòðàáîòàòü ìåòîäèêó ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ
äëèííîõâîñòîé è ñåðîé íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé
îáëàñòè.
2. Îïðåäåëèòü îïòèìàëüíûå ñõåìû ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâèé â ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñòåïíîé çîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè.
3. Âûÿñíèòü, íàñêîëüêî ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ
óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â çîíå èõ
ðåàëèçàöèè.
Êîíñòðóêöèè
Äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè áûëè èçãîòîâëåíû ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè äâóõ
ðàçìåðíûõ êëàññîâ (ðèñ. 1):
1. ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà (çäåñü è äàëåå â
ñì): âûñîòà – 70, ëåòîê (çäåñü è äàëåå âûñîòà è øèðèíà ëåòêà) – 35õ30, äíî – 30õ30.
2. ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 70,
ëåòîê – 30õ40, äíî – 40õ40.
Äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè áûëè
èçãîòîâëåíû ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè äâóõ ðàçìåðíûõ êëàññîâ:
3. ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 35,
ëåòîê – 10õ30, äíî – 30õ25.
27
2008. Thus we revealed distribution of
breeding pairs occupied natural nests. After
that we developed the scheme of installation of nestboxes to cover all habitats suitable for owls uniformly. We included in the
scheme as real breeding territories of owls
where successful breeding was registered in
2008, as potential habitats where owls had
not been revealed.
Plot 1. – A large forest with linden dominating and artificial forest fragments at
the age of to 50 years, the area 5.88 êì2,
stretched by a strip from 200 up to 1500 m
on the side of the Suskan gulf of the Kuybyshevskiy water reservoir. The forest is surrounded by agriculture lands and isolated
from large forests on 20–30 km. A high degree of human disturbance is noted. Monitoring that territory since 1999 we did not
noted Ural Owls before the beginning of
nestbox installing.
We installed 4 nestboxes for the Ural Owl
of the big size in 2008. The average distance
between nestboxes was 1.76±0.29 km (n=3;
range 1.51–2.07 km). All nested boxes were
installed near the forest border on distance
of 40–120 m from a field, mainly on oaks
(table 1, fig. 3).
Plot 2. – A large forest consisting of 4
large clusters with a total area of 149.36 êì2
alternates with pastures and fields. Pine in
the age of 80 years dominates, it is rather
cross-country with deep ravines. The level
of human disturbance is low. Following data
of records in 2008 the density of the Ural
Owl was 0.47 pairs/1 km2 of forest. In total of 19 breeding territories (9 broods, 3
vocalizing pairs and 7 males uttered mating calls) were recorded in 4 forest clusters
of the plot. The average distance between
nearest neighbors was 1.45±1.03 km (n=15;
range 0.53–4.67 km).
We installed 7 nestboxes of small size for
the Ural Owl in 2007. The average distance
between nestboxes was 0.68±0.20 km (n=6;
range 0.45–1.03 km). All nested boxes
were installed on the border of a forest on
the distance of 110–340 m from a pasture,
on oaks and pines.
In 2008 we installed 26 nestboxes of big
size for the Ural Owl. The average distance between nestboxes was 1.51±0.66 km (n=23;
range 0.94–3.07 km). 18 nested boxes were
installed on the border of forest on the distance of 20–280 m from fields and pastures
and 8 boxes – inside forest on near the
small open plots, mainly on pines and
oaks (table 1, fig. 3).
Plot 3. – Very fragmented forest with the
28
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16
Ðèñ. 1. Êîíñòðóêöèè
ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ
ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè
(Strix uralensis) – 1, 2
è ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (Strix
aluco) – 3, 4.
Fig. 1. Different
nestboxes for the Ural
Owl (Strix uralensis) –
1, 2 and the Tawny Owl
(Strix aluco) – 3, 4.
4. ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 40,
ëåòîê – 15õ25, äíî – 25õ25.
Âñåãî íà ïëîùàäêàõ óñòàíîâëåíî 74
ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà: 56 – äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòè (ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 13,
ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 43) è 18 – äëÿ
ñåðîé (ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 8, ÿùèêè
áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 10).
ßùèêè óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿ íåäàëåêî îò îïóøêè è êðåïèëèñü íà óðîâíå
íèæíåé èëè ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû íà âûñîòå îò 4 äî 11 ì ñ ïîìîùüþ êðåï¸æíûõ
ëåíò è ãâîçäåé.
Ïëîùàäêè
Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ïîñòàâëåííûõ öåëåé â
Ñòàâðîïîëüñêîì, Êðàñíîÿðñêîì, Êèíåëüñêîì, Ñàìàðñêîì è Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîì
ðàéîíàõ âûáðàíû 4 ïëîùàäêè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå 4-ì òèïè÷íûì êîìïëåêñàì ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñåâåðà ñòåïíîé çîíû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè: øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ
íà ïîáåðåæüå Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà (ïë.
1), õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â
îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Ìóñîðêà, Òàøëà, Íîâ. Áóÿí (ïë. 2), øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Àëàêàåâêà, Áóçàåâêà
(ïë. 3) è áàéðà÷íûå ëåñà è ëåñîïîëîñû
â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ
Äóáîâûé Óìåò, Êàëèíêà (ïë. 4) (ðèñ. 2).
Ïåðâûå 3 ïëîùàäêè áûëè âûáðàíû äëÿ
Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
linden domination consisting of three clusters with a total area of 39.93 êì2, is locates
on watersheds of small rivers on the right
side of the Kinel river. The forest is surrounded mainly by fields. The level of human disturbance is low. According to counts
of 2008 the density of the Ural Owl was
0.49 pairs/1 km2 of forest. In total 10 breeding territories (3 broods, 4 vocalizing pairs
and 3 males uttered mating calls) were noted in 3 forest clusters of the plot. The average distance between nearest neighbors was
1.38±0.61 km (n=8; range 0.9–2.52 km).
We installed 19 nestboxes (13 of big size,
6 of small size) for the Ural Owl in 2008.
The distance between nestboxes varied
from 0.55 to 1.85 km, averaging (n=16)
1.13±0.28 km. All nested boxes were installed on the border of forests on the distance of 10–80 m from fields and pastures,
on oaks and maples (table 1, fig. 3).
Plot 4. – Three forests located in ravines,
connected with 500 m artificial forest-lines,
has a total area of 12.08 êì2, and is surrounded by fields. It is the watershed of
Chapaevka and Volga rivers. The level of
human disturbance is low. Ural Owls earlier was not registered. We supposed the
Tawny Owl breeding in the those forests
because the species was registered in similar habitats in adjoining territories.
In 2007 18 nested boxes for the Tawny
Owl (10 of big size, 8 of small size) were
installed. The average distance between
nested boxes was 0.47±0.26 km, (n=14;
range 1–0.92 km). All nested boxes were
installed on the border of small ravine forests and forest-lines on the distance of 30–
90 m from fields and pastures, mainly on
maples (tab. 1, fig. 3).
Inspection of the installed nestboxes was
carried out on 9–10 May, 2008 and on 30
April – 1 May, on 6–10 May, 2009. Nested
boxes in the plot 3 were checked up twice
during a season of 2009 with a difference
in 10 days.
Results
Summarizing results of nestbox occupancy in study plots in 2009 different animals
and birds occupied 56.76% of nestboxes
(n=74), and a key species of the project –
the Ural Owl dominated (41.89%) (table 2).
Ural Owl (Strix uralensis)
Actions for the Ural Owl attracting in to
nestboxes were very successful. Follow results were obtained in 2009. A pair was recorded successfully breeding in a nestbox
in the plot 1 where the species was noted
Raptor Conservation
Ðèñ. 2. Ïëîùàäêè.
Fig. 2. Study plots.
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, 4-ÿ
– äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè.
Ïåðåä óñòàíîâêîé ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà
ïëîùàäêàõ â ñåíòÿáðå 2008 ã. ïî îñåííåìó òîêîâàíèþ áûë ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò ñîâ, âûÿâëåíà ñõåìà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Ñîñòàâëåíà
ñõåìà óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ òàêèì
îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ðàâíîìåðíî ïîêðûòü
ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå äëÿ íåÿñûòåé áèîòîïû.
 èòîãå â ñõåìó óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ ïîïàëè êàê ðåàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñîâ, íà
êîòîðûõ â ñåçîí 2008 ã. áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå, òàê è ïîòåíöèàëüíûå, íà êîòîðûõ ñîâû âûÿâëåíû
íå áûëè.
Ïë. 1. Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ íà ïîáåðåæüå Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà – âòîðè÷íûé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì
ëèïû, ðàññå÷¸ííûé ïîñàäêàìè êàê ëèñòâåííûõ, òàê è õâîéíûõ ïîðîä â âîçðàñòå
äî 50 ëåò, ïëîùàäüþ 5,88 êì2, ïðîòÿíóâøèéñÿ ïîëîñîé øèðèíîé îò 200 äî 1500 ì
ïî áåðåãó Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà. Âíåøíÿÿ
îïóøêà îêðóæåíà ïîëÿìè. Ëåñ èçîëèðîâàí
îò êðóïíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ âîäîõðàíèëèùåì è ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûìè óãîäüÿìè
(ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, ïàõîòîé) íà 20–30 êì.
Âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü ðåêðåàöèè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà
áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðåãóëÿðíûå ó÷¸òû ñîâ ñ
1999 ã., ïðèñóòñòâèå çäåñü äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòè, äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî ñîçäàíèþ
ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, íå âûÿâëåíî.
 2008 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòè. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè
ÿùèêàìè 1,51–2,07 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=3)
1,76±0,29 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 40–120 ì îò ïîëÿ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà äóáàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3).
29
earlier. The nestbox occupancy in the plot
2 was (n=33) 51.52%: clutches (including a
dead) were found in 5 nests, broods – in
7 nests and 5 boxes contained some signs
of occupation, including 3 nests with built
cup, lined with down, but successful breeding was not registered. The nestbox occupancy in the plot 3 was (n=19) 57.89%:
during the second check we found clutches
(including a dead) in 3 nests, broods in 6
nests and signs of occupation in 2 boxes,
including one nest with built cup, lined with
down, but successful breeding was not registered. Two pairs were recorded successfully breeding in nestboxes installing for
the Tawny Owl (large boxes) in the plot 4
where the species was noted earlier. Occupancy was (n=18) 11.11%.
At the end of check the successful breeding was recorded in 67.74% of nestboxes
occupied by Ural Owls (n=31). We discover
2 dead clutches with 1 egg per each and
in 3 nests with nestlings with 1 dead egg
per each. Sizes of 2 eggs: 53.9õ42.9 mm,
47.8õ40.7 mm. The average clutch size was
2.4±1.26 eggs (n=10; range 1–4 eggs). The
average brood size was 2.71±1.44 nestlings
(n=14; range 1–6 nestlings) (tab. 2, fig. 4).
Any correlations in distribution of clutch and
brood sizes in plots or habitats were not
revealed (fig. 5). Only a great differences
in terms of owl breeding in the same territories were noted. Some birds only began
hatching a fresh clutches in last dates of
April while other birds were with nestlings
of different ages or with (two broods in the
plot 2) fledglings. Thus, terms of breeding
of Ural Owls on adjoining sites seemed to
differ more than month.
The distance between the installed nestboxes in different plots varied from 0.1 to
3.07 km, averaging (n=62) 1.11±0.62 km.
The distance between the boxes occupied
by Ural Owls in 2009 ranged from 0.55 to
3.19 km, averaging (n=23) 1.5±0.65 km.
The average distance between nearest
neighbors in plots 2 and 3 in 2008 was
1.42±0.89 km (n=23; range 0.53–4.67 km)
and in 2009, after carrying out of actions on
the nestbox installing 1.44±0.67 km (n=28;
range 0.55–3.44 km).
The realized actions almost have not
change the distribution of the Ural Owl. The
new noted pairs (n=34; 29.41%) blended in
with “the scheme of box installation”, having occupied habitats potentially suitable
for their nesting where they were not been
registered during counts. Possibly they were
missed. Nevertheless, we can actually note
30
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16
Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
Ðèñ. 3. Ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé äî (À) è ïîñëå (Ñ) ïðîâåäåíèÿ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé,
à òàêæå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (B).
Ïë. 2. Õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ
Ìóñîðêà, Òàøëà, Íîâ. Áóÿí – ëåñíîé
ìàññèâ, ñîñòîÿùèé èç ÷åòûð¸õ êðóïíûõ
êëàñòåðîâ, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 149,36 êì2,
ïåðåìåæàþùèõñÿ ïàñòáèùàìè è ïîëÿìè.
 äðåâîñòîå âûñîêà äîëÿ ñîñíû â âîçðàñòå
ñòàðøå 80 ëåò, ìåñòíîñòü óìåðåííî ïåðåñå÷¸ííàÿ, ñ ãëóáîêèìè îâðàãàìè. Ðåêðåàöèÿ íåâûñîêàÿ. Ïëîòíîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòè ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2008 ã. ñîñòà-
8.82% of new pairs occurring.
After carrying out of actions on the nestbox installing in breeding territories of owls
different pairs have differently reacted to it:
(n=34) 41.18% of pairs have leaved the natural nests for nestboxes, 20.59% – bred in
their own nests (thus 8.82% of pairs visited
the installed boxes or occupied them before the beginning of a laying, and 11.76%
of pairs ignored boxes) (table 3). It seems
that nestboxes are more attractive for Ural
Raptor Conservation
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
31
Fig. 3. Map of distribution of the Ural Owl breeding pairs before (À) and after (Ñ) attracting into nestboxes, and nestbox locations (B).
âèëà 0,47 ïàð/1 êì2 ëåñà.  îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè íà ïëîùàäêå â ÷åòûð¸õ ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðàõ ó÷òåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé
(9 âûâîäêîâ, 3 âîêàëèçèðóþùèå ïàðû è 7
òîêóþùèõ ñàìöîâ). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,53–
4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=15) 1,45±1,03 êì.
 2007 ã. äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè
óñòàíîâëåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ ìàëîãî
ðàçìåðà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè
ÿùèêàìè 0,45–1,03 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=6)
Owls and they willingly leave natural open
or slightly open nests for boxes in forests of
the Samara district.
Tawny Owl (Strix aluco)
This species was registered only in the
plot 4. The single nestbox for the Tawny owl
of large size was occupied by these owls for
2nd year after installation, however successful breeding was noted. That box is installed
on the border of ravine small forest with
the area of 0.27 km and perimeter 1.98 km
32
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16
Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïàðàìåòðîâ óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ.
Table 1. Parameters of the nestbox installing.
Ïë. 1
Plot 1
Ïë. 2
Plot 2
Ñîñíà / Pine
1
15
Äóá / Oak
3
13
Êë¸í / Maple
Ëèïà / Linden
1
Îñèíà / Aspen
2
Áåð¸çà /Birch
2
Âñå äåðåâüÿ
Total trees
Ïë. 4
Plot 4
Âñåãî
Total
1
17
10
2
28
9
10
19
3
4
Ïë. 3
Plot 3
2
2
4
4
33
19
18
74
Âûñîòà (ì)
Height (m)
(n) M±SD (Lim)
(n=4)
9.25±1.71
(7–11)
(n=33)
7.00±1.22
(4–10)
(n=19)
5.32±1.16
(4–7)
(n=18)
5.61±1.24
(4–7)
(n=74)
6.35±1.59
(4–11)
Äèñòàíöèÿ (êì)
Distance (km)
(n) M±SD (Lim)
(n=3)
1.76±0.29
(1.51–2.07)
(n=29)
1.34±0.68
(0.45–3.07)
(n=16)
1.13±0.28
(0.55–1.85)
(n=14)
0.47±0.26
(0.1–0.92)
(n=62)
1.11±0.62
(0.1–3.07)
0,68±0,20 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 110–340 ì îò ïàñòáèùà, íà äóáàõ è ñîñíàõ.
 2008 ã. äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè
óñòàíîâëåíî 26 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè ñîñòàâèëà 0,94–3,07 êì, â
ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,51±0,66 êì. Ïî âíåøíåé
îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè
20–280 ì îò ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù óñòàíîâëåíî
18 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ è 8 ÿùèêîâ óñòàíîâëåíî âíóòðè ìàññèâà ëåñà íà îïóøêàõ íåÄëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü
â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå.
Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà.
Ural Owl in a nestbox.
Photo by A. Pazhenkov.
far from wide forest-lines inhabited by the
Ural Owl and isolated from them with crops
grain on 4 km. Considering this fact we can
assume the further success of activities on
the Tawny Owl attracting in small ravine
forests isolated from large forests and wide
forest-lines that are probably inhabited by
the Ural Owl.
Discussion
We consider that the number of Ural Owls
successfully breeding in natural nests in stable breeding groups probably always below
than with breeding in nestboxes under precisely verified scheme of uniform distribution of nestboxes. It is connected with deficiency of the potential nest sites. Thus birds
nest too close to each other competing for
food or do not find suitable sites for nesting or breed unsuccessfully with deaths of
clutches and broods. In any case there are
non breeding individuals or pairs in every
population which define rates of number
growth of a breeding group at realization of
actions on attracting birds.
The developed scheme of nestboxes installing on every kilometer of a forest border seems to be effective. Already we have
been able to conclude, that at peaks of rodent numbers, being the main preys of owls
in the Samara district, so dense scheme of
nestbox distribution would promote only to
increase in numbers of breeding owls.
Such great difference in terms of breeding of Ural Owls in the same territories
can be caused by the different reasons. A
hypothesis that late (in May) clutches are
laid by new pairs of Ural Owl which find
and occupy nestboxes after normal terms
for the species has not proved. The great
difference in breeding terms on 2 next
sites of owls (fresh clutch and brood of
fledglings) was observed in a plot 2 in the
nest boxes installed in 2007 and occupied
by owls in 2008–2009. The same difference was noted for owls occupied natural
nests and on sites where owls occupied
nestboxes, having moved from natural
nests though during autumn vocalization
they had an opportunity to occupy nestboxes and lay eggs in early terms. Thus,
the reason of difference in terms of breeding is another. There are some assumptions of it explaining. The first assumption – a high death rate of adult birds. The
second – owing to the large difference in
terms of breeding adjoining pairs avoid
tough rivalry for food however we have
not enough proofs of it and it demands
Raptor Conservation
33
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
Òàáë. 2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ â 2009 ã.
Table 2. Occupancy of nestboxes in 2009.
Ïë. 1
Plot 1
Ïë. 2
Plot 2
Ïë. 3
Plot 3
Ïë. 4
Plot 4
Âñåãî
Total
Âñåãî ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ / Total number of nestboxes
4
33
19
18
74
Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis)
1
17
11
2
31
5
3
7
6
5
2
7
(n=4)
2.5±1.73
(1–4)
(n=6)
2.33±1.03
(1–4)
(n=10)
2.4±1.26
(1–4)
(n=5)
3.2±1.92
(1–6)
(n=6)
2.5±1.05
(1–4)
(n=2)
(n=14)
1.5±0.71 2.71±1.44
(1–2)
(1–6)
Êëàäêè / Clutches
Âûâîäêè / Broods
1
Ïîñåùàåòñÿ, íî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íå
çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî
Occupied, but successful breeding was not recorded
Êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â êëàäêàõ
Clutch size
(n) M±SD (Lim)
Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ
Brood size
(n) M±SD (Lim)
4
8
15
2
1.91
(n=23)
1.5±0.65
(0.55–3.19)
Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco)
1
1
Çàíÿòî, íî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî
Occupied, but successful breeding was not recorded
1
1
Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó çàíÿòûìè ÿùèêàìè (êì)
Distance between the occupied nestboxes (km)
(n) M±SD (Lim)
(n=13)
(n=9)
1.52±0.75 1.43±0.78
(0.63–3.19) (0.55–3.14)
Êëèíòóõ (Columba oenas)
5
Êóíèöà ëåñíàÿ (Martes martes)
2
3
Ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê ïóñòóåò / Empty nestbox
1
13
áîëüøèõ îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ (âûðóáîê,
çàëåæåé è ñåíîêîñîâ), ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî
íà ñîñíàõ è äóáàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3).
Ïë. 3. Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Àëàêàåâêà, Áóçàåâêà – ñèëüíî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûé,
âòîðè÷íûé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ëèïû, ñîñòîÿùèé èç òð¸õ êëàñòåðîâ
îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 39,93 êì2, çàíèìàþùèé
âîäîðàçäåë íåáîëüøèõ ðå÷åê íà ïðàâîáå-
5
5
8
10
32
the further studying.
Unfortunately we have not been able to
prove positive impact of nestbox installing on numbers of eggs in clutches and
nestlings in brood because of the large differences noted for different pairs breeding
in natural nests and in nestboxes. Before
our activities on the nestbox installing in
the Samara district the average size of
the Ural Owl broods in natural nests was
2,85±0,69 nestlings (n=8; range 2–4 nestlings). In 2009 broods of owls in nestboxes consisted of 1–6 nestlings, averaging
(n=14) 2.71±1.44 nestlings, and in natural nests – 1–4 nestlings, averaging (n=5)
2.2±1.3 nestlings. Data indicates broods
in nestboxes were larger than in natural
nests in 2009, but, most likely, it simply
artifact of observation. A brood with 6
fledglings is the first documented fact for
territory of Russia and it is more interesting that such large brood was recorded in
a nestbox (the pair of owls occupies box
during two years).
Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü îêîëî ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà.
Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà.
Ural Owl near a nestbox. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.
34
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16
Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
Äëèííîõâîñòûå íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ.
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà,
À. Ëåâàøêèíà è
À. Ïàæåíêîâà.
Ural Owls in nestboxes.
Photos by I. Karyakin,
A. Levashkin and
A. Pazhenkov.
ðåæíîé òåððàñå ð. Êèíåëü. Âíåøíÿÿ îïóøêà îêðóæåíà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïîëÿìè.
Ðåêðåàöèÿ íåâûñîêàÿ. Ïëîòíîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2008 ã.,
ñîñòàâèëà 0,49 ïàð/1 êì2 ëåñà. Â îáùåé
ñëîæíîñòè íà ïëîùàäêå â òð¸õ ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðàõ ó÷òåíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé (3
âûâîäêà, 4 âîêàëèçèðóþùèå ïàðû è 3 òîêóþùèõ ñàìöà). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè
ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,9–2,52 êì,
â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 1,38±0,61 êì.
 2008 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (áîëüøîãî
ðàçìåðà – 13, ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 6). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè – 0,55–
1,85 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=16) 1,13±0,28 êì. Âñå
ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé
îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè
10–80 ì îò ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù, íà äóáàõ è
êë¸íàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3).
Ïë. 4. Áàéðà÷íûå ëåñà è ëåñîïîëîñû
â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ
Äóáîâûé Óìåò, Êàëèíêà – òðè áàéðà÷íûõ
êîëêà, ñîåäèí¸ííûõ ïÿòèñîòìåòðîâûìè
ëåíòàìè ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 12,08 êì2, îêðóæ¸ííûå ïîëÿìè, íà
âîäîðàçäåëå ð. ×àïàåâêà è ð. Âîëãà. Ðåêðåàöèÿ íèçêàÿ. Ïðèñóòñòâèå çäåñü äëèííîõâî-
ñòîé íåÿñûòè äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî ñîçäàíèþ
ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà íå âûÿâëåíî. Ïðèñóòñòâèå ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü
íà îñíîâàíèè âñòðå÷ ïòèö íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ
òåððèòîðèÿõ â àíàëîãè÷íûõ áèîòîïàõ.
 2007 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 18 ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêîâ äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (áîëüøîãî
ðàçìåðà – 10, ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 8). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè ñîñòàâèëà 0,1–0,92 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=14)
0,47±0,26 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñêîâ è ëåñîïîëîñ íà ðàññòîÿíèè 30–90 ì îò
ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà
êë¸íàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3).
Ïðîâåðêà óñòàíîâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü 9–10 ìàÿ 2008 ã.,
30 àïðåëÿ – 1 ìàÿ è 6–10 ìàÿ 2009 ã. Íà
ïëîùàäêå 3 ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ïðîâåðåíû
äâàæäû â ñåçîí 2009 ã. ñ ðàçíèöåé â 10
äíåé. Ó÷¸ò ñîâ ïî âûâîäêàì ïðîâåä¸í 31
èþëÿ – 3 àâãóñòà 2009 ã.
Ðåçóëüòàòû
 öåëîì ïî êîìïëåêñó ïëîùàäîê â 2009 ã.
ðàçëè÷íûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ çàíèìàëîñü
(n=74) 56,76% ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî çàíèìàëà
Raptor Conservation
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (41,89%) – öåëåâîé
âèä ðåàëèçàöèè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé (òàáë. 2).
Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis)
Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè îêàçàëèñü êðàéíå óñïåøíûìè. Ïåðâûå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, óñòàíîâëåííûå â 2007 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå 2 áëèç
ñ. Ìóñîðêà, îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè ñîâàìè
óæå â 2008 ã. Ïðîâåðêà â ìàå 2008 ã. ïîêàçàëà óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ñîâ â òð¸õ
ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ â 1,32 è 2,38 êì äðóã îò
äðóãà. Ñîñåäíèå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè áûëè çàíÿòû ëåñíûìè êóíèöàìè (Martes martes).
 2009 ã. íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå â ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêàõ ðàçìíîæàëèñü òàêæå 3 ïàðû íåÿñûòåé, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äâóìÿ áëèæàéøèìè ïàðàìè ñîêðàòèëîñü äî 0,63 êì ïî ïðè÷èíå ñìåíû
ãíåçäà îäíîé ïàðîé, êîòîðàÿ çàãíåçäèëàñü
â ÿùèêå, çàíèìàâøåìñÿ ëåñíîé êóíèöåé.
 2009 ã. êàðòèíà çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêîâ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè îêàçàëàñü ñëåäóþùåé. Íà ïëîùàäêå 1, ãäå âèä
ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ, ïîÿâèëàñü ïàðà
íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê
è âûâåëè ïòåíöîâ. Íà ïëîùàäêå 2 çàíÿòîñòü
ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íåÿñûòÿìè ñîñòàâèëà
(n=33) 51,52%: â 5 ãí¸çäàõ îáíàðóæåíû
êëàäêè (âêëþ÷àÿ îäíó ïîãèáøóþ), â 7 ãí¸çäàõ
– âûâîäêè è â 5 ÿùèêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ñëåäû
ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå â 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ
– ñôîðìèðîâàííûå ëîòêè è ïóõ, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî.
Íà ïëîùàäêå 3 çàíÿòîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ
íåÿñûòÿìè ñîñòàâèëà (n=19) 57,89%: â õîäå
âòîðîé ïðîâåðêè â 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ îáíàðóæåíû êëàäêè (âêëþ÷àÿ îäíó ïîãèáøóþ), â 6
ãí¸çäàõ – âûâîäêè è â 2-õ ÿùèêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå
â îäíîì ãíåçäå – ñôîðìèðîâàííûé ëîòîê è
ïóõ, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî. Íà ïëîùàäêå 4, ãäå âèä ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ, ïîÿâèëèñü 2 ïàðû
äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå çàíÿëè
ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, ñäåëàííûå äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (ÿùèêè
áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà), è âûâåëè ïòåíöîâ. Çàíÿòîñòü ñîñòàâèëà (n=18) 11,11%.
Èç çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè
ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (n=31) óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ê ìîìåíòó îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðîâåðêè
çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 67,74% ÿùèêîâ. Äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëî 2 êëàäêè ïî 1 ÿéöó â êàæäîé. Ïðè÷èíîé ãèáåëè îäíîé êëàäêè ñòàë
íèçîâîé ïîæàð âîêðóã ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà
– âî âðåìÿ òóøåíèÿ ïîæàðà ñîòðóäíèêàìè
ëåñíè÷åñòâà ñàìêà âûëåòåëà èç ãíåçäîâîãî
ÿùèêà è ïðåêðàòèëà íàñèæèâàíèå êëàäêè.
35
Êëàäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ.
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Clutches of the Ural Owl in nestboxes.
Photos by I. Karyakin.
Âòîðàÿ ïîãèáøàÿ êëàäêà îáíàðóæåíà â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå, êîòîðûé àêòèâíî îáîðîíÿëñÿ
âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè, íî îíè íå íàñèæèâàëè
ÿéöî óæå êàê ìèíèìóì íåñêîëüêî äíåé äî
ìîìåíòà ïðîâåðêè.  3-õ ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïî 1 ïîãèáøåìó ÿéöó
(â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ÿéöà îêàçàëèñü áîëòóíàìè, â
îäíîì íàõîäèëñÿ ïîãèáøèé ýìáðèîí). Ðàçìåð 2-õ ÿèö: 53,9õ42,9 ìì, 47,8õ40,7 ìì.
Ðàçìåð êëàäêè ñîñòàâèë 1–4 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) 2,4±1,26 ÿéöà. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà ñîñòàâèë 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì
(n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöà (òàáë. 2, ðèñ. 4).
Êàêèõ-ëèáî ÷¸òêèõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïî
ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ ðàçìåðà êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ
36
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16
Ðèñ. 4. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê
è âûâîäêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè.
Fig. 4. Clutch and brood
sizes of the Ural Owl.
Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ,
çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòüþ, ðàíæèðîâàííûõ ïî ðàçìåðàì
êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ.
Fig. 5. Distribution of
nestboxes occupied by
the Ural Owl ranged on
clutch and brood sizes.
íà ïëîùàäêàõ, ëèáî â áèîòîïàõ, íå âûÿâëåíî (ðèñ. 5). Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå
áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ
ñîâ íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè. Íåêîòîðûå íåÿñûòè òîëüêî íà÷àëè íàñèæèâàòü
ñâåæèå êëàäêè â ïîñëåäíèõ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ,
â òî âðåìÿ êàê ó äðóãèõ óæå âûëóïèëèñü
è/èëè îäåëèñü â ìåçîïòèëü ïòåíöû, à ó íåêîòîðûõ (äâà âûâîäêà íà ïëîùàäêå 2) – ïîêèíóëè ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì,
íà ñîñåäñòâóþùèõ ó÷àñòêàõ äëèííîõâîñòûõ
íåÿñûòåé íàáëþäàëàñü ðàçíèöà â ôåíîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áîëåå ìåñÿöà.
Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó óñòàíîâëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè íà ðàçíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 0,1 äî 3,07 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì
(n=62) 1,11±0,62 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ÿùèêàìè, çàíÿòûìè äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè
â 2009 ã., âàðüèðóåò îò 0,55 äî 3,19 êì, ñî-
Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
ñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,5±0,65 êì.
Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ
ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â 2008 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 0,53–4,67 êì,
â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,42±0,89 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ
ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â
2009 ã., ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî
óñòàíîâêå ÿùèêîâ, ñîñòàâèëà 0,55–3,44 êì,
â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 1,44±0,67 êì.
Ïðîâåä¸ííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èñêàçèëè êàðòèíó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ
äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Ïîÿâèâøèåñÿ
íîâûå ïàðû (n=34; 29,41% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå ó÷¸òà) âïèñàëèñü â «ñõåìó
óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ», çàíÿâ òåððèòîðèè, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ èõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ,
ãäå îíè íå áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â õîäå
ó÷¸òîâ. Ïîñëåäíåå íå èñêëþ÷àåò òîãî, ÷òî
ýòè ïàðû áûëè ïîïðîñòó ïðîïóùåíû. Òåì
íå ìåíåå, ìîæíî îïðåäåë¸ííî ãîâîðèòü
î ïîÿâëåíèè íîâûõ ïàð (êàê ìèíèìóì,
8,82% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå ó÷¸òà)
íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå íàáëþäàëîñü óïëîòíåíèå ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè – íîâûå ïàðû
ïîÿâèëèñü íà êðèòè÷åñêè ìàëîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò ðàíåå âûÿâëåííûõ ïàð.
Ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ðàçâåøèâàíèþ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé ðàçíûå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó
îòðåàãèðîâàëè íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå: (n=34)
41,18% ïàð îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå
ó÷¸òà ñìåíèëè ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà
íà èñêóññòâåííûå, 20,59% – ðàçìíîæàëèñü
íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ óñòàíîâëåííûìè ÿùèêàìè â
ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ (ïðè ýòîì 8,82%
ïàð ïîñåùàëè óñòàíîâëåííûå ÿùèêè ëèáî
çàíèìàëè èõ äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, à 11,76%
ïàð èãíîðèðîâàëè ÿùèêè) (òàáë. 3). Ïðèõîäèòñÿ êîíñòàòèðîâàòü, ÷òî ãíåçäîâûå
ÿùèêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ áîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûìè äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, è â ëåñàõ
Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îíà îõîòíî ìåíÿåò íà
íèõ ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå îòêðûòûå èëè ïîëóîòêðûòûå ãí¸çäà.  òî æå âðåìÿ â ó÷àñòêàõ ñòàðîãî ëåñà ñ çàêðûòûìè äóïëàìè âèä
ïðîäîëæàåò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ â ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ, õîòÿ îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ïàð âñ¸
æå ïîñåùàåò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè.
Âî âðåìÿ 2-é ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ
ïîâåäåí÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ðàçíûõ ïàð äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê èññëåäîâàòåëÿì áûëà ðàçëè÷íîé. Íà ðàííåé ñòàäèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (íà êëàäêàõ è ïóõîâè÷êàõ)
ñàìêè îñòàâàëèñü ñèäåòü â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå
â ìîìåíò îñìîòðà òîëüêî â 30,77% ñëó÷àåâ
(n=13), ïðè÷¸ì â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ – ïðè ïòåíöàõ,
à â 2-õ – íà êëàäêàõ.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ
(69,23 %) íàáëþäàëñÿ âûëåò ñàìîê èç ãí¸çä,
Raptor Conservation
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
37
Âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ.
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è
À. Ëåâàøêèíà.
Broods of the Ural Owl
in nestboxes.
Photos by I. Karyakin
and A. Levashkin.
â òîì ÷èñëå ïðè ïîäõîäå íàáëþäàòåëåé ê
ãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó – 44,4% (n=9), âî âðåìÿ
çàëåçàíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî – 33,3% è â
ìîìåíò îñìîòðà ãíåçäà (êàê ïðàâèëî, åù¸
äî çàãëÿäûâàíèÿ â ëåòîê, â ìîìåíò êàñàíèÿ
ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà) – 22,2%.
 áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (78,95%; n=19)
ñàìêè àòàêîâàëè íàáëþäàòåëÿ. Ëèøü â
15,79% ñëó÷àåâ ñàìêè ïîñëå ñë¸òà ñ ãíåçäà
ïðèñàæèâàëèñü íà ñîñåäíèå äåðåâüÿ è íå
ïðåäïðèíèìàëè ïîïûòîê àòàêîâàòü, õîòÿ è
ïðîÿâëÿëè áåñïîêîéñòâî. Â îäíîì èç ýòèõ
ñëó÷àåâ âûëåòåâøàÿ ñàìêà çàòàèëàñü ñðåäè
âåòîê â íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêàõ ìåòðîâ îò ãíåç-
Òàáë. 3. Äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè åñòåñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ (Strix uralensis) íà ïëîùàäêàõ â 2009 ã.
Table 3. Occupancy of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) of natural nests and nestboxes in plots in 2009.
Ïë. 2
Plot 2
Ïë. 3
Plot 3
Âñåãî
Total
Ñîâû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü èç åñòåñòâåííîãî ãíåçäà â ÿùèê íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå
Owl have leaved natural nest for a nestbox in the earlier known territory
9
5
14 (41.18%)
Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê, íî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ â åñòåñòâåííîì äóïëå íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì
ó÷àñòêå
Owls have occupied nestbox but bred in the natural hollow in the earlier known territory
2
1
3 (8.82%)
Ñîâû èãíîðèðóþò ÿùèê è ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ â åñòåñòâåííîì äóïëå íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì
ó÷àñòêå
Owls have ignored nestbox and bred in the natural hollow in the earlier known territory
2
2
4 (11.76%)
Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå, íî ðàçìíîæåíèå íå
óñòàíîâëåíî
Owls have occupied nestbox in the earlier known territory, but breeding has not recorded
1
Ñîâû çàíÿëè ÿùèê íà ó÷àñòêå, ãäå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü
Owls have occupied nestbox in the territory where not recorded earlier
4
4
8 (23.53%)
Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê íà ó÷àñòêå, ãäå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü, íî ðàçìíîæåíèå
íå óñòàíîâëåíî
Owls have occupied nestbox in the territory where not recorded earlier, but breeding
has not recorded
1
1
2 (5.88%)
Ñîâû ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ íà ó÷àñòêå, íà êîòîðîì ÿùèê íå óñòàíîâëåí
Owls have bred in the territory where nesboxes were not installed
1
1
2 (5.88%)
20
14
34 (100%)
Ñîáûòèÿ / Events
Âñåãî / Total
1 (2.94%)
38
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16
Ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè
ðàçíûõ ðàçìåðíûõ
êëàññîâ, çàíÿòûå äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè.
Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Different size nestboxes
occupied by Ural Owls.
Photos by I. Karyakin.
äà è ìîë÷à íàáëþäàëà çà èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè. Â
ãíåçäå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà îêðîâàâëåííàÿ ïàëêà, çàáðîøåííàÿ ëþäüìè. Âåðîÿòíî, ïòèöà
áûëà ñèëüíî íàïóãàíà, ïîýòîìó è íå ïðåäïðèíèìàëà àòàê.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå (5,26%) ñàìêà
èìèòèðîâàëà àòàêó, óõîäÿ îò íàáëþäàòåëÿ
â íåñêîëüêèõ ìåòðàõ. Â õîäå íåñêîëüêèõ
àòàê ïòèöà òàê è íå ïðèáëèçèëàñü íà äèñòàíöèþ, ïîçâîëÿþùóþ óäàðèòü ÷åëîâåêà
êîãòÿìè. Èç ñàìîê, íå ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â àòàêàõ, äâå íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè, â òîì ÷èñëå
îäíà ïòèöà íàñèæèâàëà ñâåæóþ êëàäêó èç 1
ÿéöà, è îäíà – ãðåëà 1 ïóõîâèêà.
Áëèç ãí¸çä ñ êðóïíûìè ïòåíöàìè âñå
100% ñàìîê íàõîäèëèñü ïîáëèçîñòè îò
ãíåçäà íà ïðèñàäå ëèáî ñèäåëè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ãíåçäå èëè íà í¸ì è íàïàäàëè
íà èññëåäîâàòåëåé. Àòàêè íàáëþäàëèñü â
Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
îñíîâíîì ïðè ïîäú¸ìå íà ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî, íî â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ (20%, n=15) è ïðè
ïðèáëèæåíèè èññëåäîâàòåëåé ê ãíåçäîâîìó
äåðåâó. Âî âðåìÿ ïîäú¸ìà íà ãíåçäî íåÿñûòè ïèêèðîâàëè, óäàðÿÿ êîãòÿìè â ãîëîâó è
ñïèíó, îñòàâëÿÿ âåñüìà áîëåçíåííûå ðàíû,
áåç ïðîáëåì ïðîáèâàÿ êîãòÿìè íåñêîëüêî
ñëî¸â îäåæäû è ÏÂÕ-çàùèòó òîëùèíîé äî
1 ñì. Ïðè äîñòèæåíèè íàáëþäàòåëåì ÿùèêà íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû ïðåêðàùàëè íàë¸òû,
äðóãèå æå èõ ïðîäîëæàëè. Íà îäíîì èç
ó÷àñòêîâ (6,67% îò àòàêóþùèõ ïòèö; n=15)
â ìîìåíò ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðíàÿ àãðåññèÿ, êîãäà ïîî÷åðåäíî àòàêîâàëè è ñàìêà, è ñàìåö. Òàêîå
ïîâåäåíèå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ÿñòðåáèíûõ ñîâ
(Surnia ulula), à ó äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé
ðàíåå íà òåððèòîðèè Ïðèâîëæñêîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îêðóãà îíî îòìå÷åíî íå áûëî.
Õîòÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà àòàêó è ñàìêè, è ñàìöà. Ïîäîáíûé ñëó÷àé áûë
îïèñàí ó ãíåçäà äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â
Ñóìñêîé îáëàñòè (Ìàëûøîê, Êíûø, 2001).
Îáû÷íî ïðè ïðîâåðêå ãí¸çä ñàìöû èçäàâàëè òîêîâûå ñèãíàëû, íàõîäÿñü íåïîäàëåêó,
òåì ñàìûì âûäàâàÿ ñâîå ïðèñóòñòâèå, íî
íàáëþäàëîñü ýòî íå íà âñåõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ñàìêè ïðè áåñïîêîéñòâå «ëàÿëè» ëèáî èçäàâàëè õðèïëûå çâóêè, íàïîìèíàþùèå òîêîâûå
ñèãíàëû ñàìöà.
Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco)
Êàê è ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü â íà÷àëå ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñåðîé
íåÿñûòè, ýòîò âèä óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü ëèøü
íà ïëîùàäêå 4.  öåëîì ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ïðîâàëüíîñòü ìåðîïðèÿòèé äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè, è â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ïðîâàëà
ëåæèò èìåííî êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ. Åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé
ÿùèê áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè
îêàçàëñÿ çàíÿòûì ýòèìè ñîâàìè íà âòîðîé
ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè, îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî
ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå îòìå÷åíî. Äàííûé ÿùèê
óñòàíîâëåí íà îïóøêå áàéðà÷íîãî êîëêà
ïëîùàäüþ 0,27 êì2 è ïåðèìåòðîì 1,98 êì,
óäàë¸ííîãî îò ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, íàñåë¸ííûõ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, íà
4 êì è èçîëèðîâàííîãî îò íèõ ïîñåâàìè
çåðíîâûõ. Îðèåíòèðóÿñü íà ýòîò ôàêò,
ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü äàëüíåéøóþ óñïåøíîñòü ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè èìåííî
â íåáîëüøèå áàéðà÷íûå êîëêè ïî áàëêàì,
óäàë¸ííûå îò êðóïíûõ êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ è
ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, ãäå âåðîÿòíî îáèòàíèå äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè.
Îáñóæäåíèå
Îäèí èç ãëàâíûõ âîïðîñîâ, âîçíèêàþùèé ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî
Raptor Conservation
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â
èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, – íàñêîëüêî äàííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ óâåëè÷èâàþò èõ ãíåçäîâóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü? Îïðåäåë¸ííî, èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü
ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ñîâ, â îñîáåííîñòè â
ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ñ ÿâíûì
ëèìèòîì ïîëíîöåííîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà.
Íî, ó÷èòûâàÿ òðóäíîñòü ïîëíîãî âûÿâëåíèÿ
ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ
íåÿñûòåé, äîâîëüíî ñëîæíî îïðåäåëèòü,
íàñêîëüêî óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàð.
 ðåçóëüòàòå äàííîãî ïðîåêòà çàíÿòîñòü
ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 íà
ñëåäóþùèé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè ñîñòàâèëà
(n=52) 53,85% (ñ ó÷¸òîì ÿùèêîâ, àáîíèðóåìûõ ïàðàìè, ðàçìíîæàþùèìèñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ). Äâóêðàòíûìè ó÷¸òàìè
2008 è 2009 ãã. íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 äîñòîâåðíî äîêàçàíî, ÷òî íà 52,94% ó÷àñòêîâ
(n=34) ñîâû ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè äî óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ. Íà ýòèõ ïëîùàäêàõ íà 29,41%
ó÷àñòêîâ (n=34) ñîâû çàíÿëè ÿùèêè, ãäå èõ
ïðèñóòñòâèå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü.
Òåì íå ìåíåå, îäíîçíà÷íî îá óâåëè÷åíèè
÷èñëåííîñòè ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü ëèøü â ñëó÷àå 8,82% ïàð îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà
â çîíå ó÷¸òà, ò.ê. òîëüêî äëÿ ýòèõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñ
óâåðåííîñòüþ ìîæíî óêàçûâàòü áûëîå îòñóòñòâèå íà íèõ ñîâ ïî ïðè÷èíå ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ çäåñü íàøèõ ìíîãîäíåâíûõ ñòîÿíîê,
íà êîòîðûõ â ïåðèîä óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêîâ (â 2008 ã.) ðåãèñòðèðîâàëàñü âîêàëèçàöèÿ ñîâ â ðàäèóñå 1,5–2 êì, è áûëè
òùàòåëüíî îñìîòðåíû ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå
áèîòîïû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè
ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà ñ ïîìîùüþ ÿùèêîâ âíó-
Ïòåíöû äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêàõ.
Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà è
È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Chicks of the Ural Owl
in nestboxes.
Photos by A. Levashkin
and I. Karyakin.
39
òðè ñôîðìèðîâàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ïîêàçàòåëü óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè
äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü
îïòèìàëüíûì îêîëî 10%.
 ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ (òàêèõ, êàê ïëîùàäêè 1 è 4) ïîêàçàòåëü óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîæåò áûòü î÷åíü
âûñîêèì ïðè ïðàâèëüíîì ïëàíèðîâàíèè
ñõåìû ðàçâåøèâàíèÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, îäíàêî çàñåëåíèå ñîâàìè ÿùèêîâ
áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü ïî ìåðå ïîÿâëåíèÿ íà
ýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñâîáîäíûõ ïòèö. Ïðè
ýòîì îñíîâíûìè ôàêòîðàìè, îïðåäåëÿþùèìè çàñåëåíèå, áóäóò òàêèå, êàê íàëè÷èå
ïîáëèçîñòè óñòîé÷èâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà
è ñòåïåíü äèñïåðñèè ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé â
ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå áèîòîïû. Äàííûå ôàêòîðû äîâîëüíî ñëîæíî ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü, ïîýòîìó ôàêòè÷åñêèé ðåçóëüòàò áóäåò âñåãäà
ïðèíîñèòü îïðåäåë¸ííûå ñþðïðèçû (îò
ïðîâàëà äî îøåëîìëÿþùåãî óñïåõà).
Ðåàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â
óñòîé÷èâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ ñ äîìèíèðóþùèì ãíåçäîâàíèåì â åñòåñòâåííûõ
ãí¸çäàõ, âèäèìî, âñåãäà íèæå, ÷åì ìîæåò
áûòü ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ ïî ÷¸òêî âûâåðåííîé ñõåìå ðàâíîìåðíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ
ãí¸çä. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî èç-çà ëèìèòà
ïîäõîäÿùèõ ìåñò äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íåêîòîðûå ïàðû ëèáî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ ñëèøêîì
áëèçêî äðóã ê äðóãó, âñòóïàÿ â êîíêóðåíöèþ çà ïèùó, ëèáî íå íàõîäÿò ïîäõîäÿùèõ
óñëîâèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è íå ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ, ëèáî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ áåçóñïåøíî ñ ïîòåðåé êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ.  ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, â
ïîïóëÿöèè èìåþòñÿ êàê ñâîáîäíûå îñîáè,
òàê è íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ ïàðû, êîòîðûå
è îïðåäåëÿþò ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè
ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ïðè ðåàëèçàöèè
áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé.
Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ðåçóëüòàò ïðîåêòà, íà
ïëîùàäêàõ â îïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ñîâ
ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ ãíåçäîâîé ôîíä
ïîñëå ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé íåçíà÷èòåëüíî ïðåâûñèë ñðåäíèå âîçìîæíîñòè åãî
çàñåëåíèÿ ñîâàìè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî ðàçíûå
ïàðû äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ñïîñîáíû
ñîñåäñòâîâàòü äðóã ñ äðóãîì íà ðàññòîÿíèè
500–800 ì, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ñõåìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâèé ÷åðåç 1 êì ïî âíåøíåé
îïóøêå ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ îïðàâäàííîé.
Ïîêà íå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòíî, êàê ìîæåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ ñòðóêòóðà ïëîòíîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ñ ðàâíîìåðíûì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì
ïàð ïðè ïàäåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ
âèäîâ äîáû÷è. Íî óæå ñåé÷àñ ÿñíî, ÷òî
40
Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16
Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ
Âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêàõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ
äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè
(Strix aluco) íà ïëîùàäêå 4. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà
è À. Ëåâàøêèíà.
Broods of the Ural Owl
in nestboxes for the
Tawny Owl (Strix aluco)
in the plot 4. Photos by
I. Karyakin and
A. Levashkin.
ïðè âñïûøêàõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìûøåâèäíûõ
ãðûçóíîâ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì ïèòàíèÿ ñîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè,
ñòîëü ïëîòíàÿ ñõåìà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ áóäåò òîëüêî ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü óâåëè÷åíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íåÿñûòåé. Çàêëþ÷åíèå ýòî áàçèðóåòñÿ
Åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà
äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Natural nests of the Ural
Owl.
Photos by I. Karyakin.
íà ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé ñïåöèàëèçàöèè ðàçíûõ
ïàð ïðè îñâîåíèè ðàçíîãî êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ áèîòîïîâ è ñèëüíîé
ðàçíèöå â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäåé (ñì. íèæå).
Áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ
äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà îäíîé è òîé æå
òåððèòîðèè ìîæåò áûòü âûçâàíà ðàçíûìè
ïðè÷èíàìè. Âûäâèíóòàÿ åù¸ â 2008 ã. ãèïîòåçà î òîì, ÷òî ïîçäíèå (ìàéñêèå) êëàäêè
ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íîâûõ
ïàð ó äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå íàõîäÿò è çàíèìàþò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ïîçæå
íîðìàëüíûõ äëÿ âèäà ñðîêîâ (íå îñåíüþ,
à âåñíîé), íå îïðàâäàëà ñåáÿ.  ÷àñòíîñòè,
áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ íà äâóõ ñîñåäíèõ
ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé (ñâåæàÿ êëàäêà è âûâîäîê, ãîòîâûé ïîêèíóòü ãíåçäî) íàáëþäàëàñü
íà ïëîùàäêå 2 â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ â 2007 ã. è çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ñîâàìè â
2008–2009 ãã. Òàêàÿ æå ðàçíèöà îòìå÷åíà
è â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, è íà ó÷àñòêàõ,
ãäå ñîâû çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè íà ñâîèõ
ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, ïåðåìåñòèâøèñü
èç åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çä, õîòÿ óæå â ïåðèîä
îñåííåãî òîêîâàíèÿ îíè èìåëè âîçìîæíîñòü îñâîèòü ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè è êëàñòüñÿ â
ðàííèå ñðîêè. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïðè÷èíà ðàçíèöû ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòè êðîåòñÿ â äðóãîì è íèêàê íå ñâÿçàíà ñ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèìè ìåðîïðèÿòèÿìè. Åñòü
íåñêîëüêî ïðåäïîëîæåíèé âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ
ñòîëü áîëüøîé ðàçíèöû â ôåíîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âèäà. Ïåðâîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå –
âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ ñìåðòíîñòè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Â
ðåçóëüòàòå íåêîòîðûå ïàðû ôîðìèðóþòñÿ
ëèøü âåñíîé è ïðèñòóïàþò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ
ïîçäíî. Åñòü âñå îáúåêòèâíûå ïðåäïîñûëêè
ê âûñîêîé ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè.  ÷àñòíîñòè, âûÿâëåíà ãèáåëü íà
ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, äîñòèãàþùàÿ 5,41% îò
îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008).
Îäíàêî, ïîêà íå óäàëîñü ïîëó÷èòü ÷¸òêîé
êîððåëÿöèè ïîçäíåãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïàð
íè ñ èõ ãíåçäîâàíèåì â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, íè ñ íàëè÷èåì ìîëîäûõ
Raptor Conservation
Âûâîäîê äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè èç 6 ïòåíöîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.
Brood of the Ural Owl
with 6 chicks.
Photo by I. Karyakin.
Raptors Conservation 2009, 16
ïàðòí¸ðîâ â ïàðàõ.
Âòîðîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå – áëàãîäàðÿ
áîëüøîé ðàçíèöå â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ
ñîñåäñòâóþùèå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó îêàçûâàþò ïðåññ íà êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ, òåì ñàìûì èçáåãàÿ îáîñòðåíèÿ êîíêóðåíòíûõ
îòíîøåíèé â ñôåðå äîáû÷è ïðîïèòàíèÿ.
Êàê è â ïðåäûäóùåì ñëó÷àå, äîêàçàòåëüñòâ
ýòîìó ïðåäïîëîæåíèþ íå ïîëó÷åíî è îíî
òðåáóåò äàëüíåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ.
Èç-çà áîëüøîé ðàçíèöû â êîëè÷åñòâå ÿèö
â êëàäêàõ è ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ ó ðàçíûõ
ïàð, êàê â åñòåñòâåííûõ, òàê è â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, íå óäàëîñü îòâåòèòü íà âîïðîñ,
íàñêîëüêî ïîëîæèòåëüíî âëèÿþò ãíåçäîâûå
ÿùèêè íà óâåëè÷åíèå êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ.
Äàæå â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ â ïðåäåëàõ îäíîãî êëàñòåðà ëåñà êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ â øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ,
÷òî ñâÿçàíî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ êîíêðåòíîé
êîðìîâîé ñèòóàöèåé íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå
ñîâ è èõ ñïîñîáíîñòüþ ê îñâîåíèþ äîñòóïíîãî êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà. Ëó÷øàÿ çàùèù¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, â îòëè÷èå îò ïîëóîòêðûòûõ äóïåë, îïðåäåë¸ííî óâåëè÷èâàåò
øàíñû íà âûæèâàíèå áîëüøåãî êîëè÷åñòâà
ïòåíöîâ, íî ôàêòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ ïî ýòîìó
âîïðîñó ïîêà íå ïîëó÷åíî èç-çà ìàëîãî
ñðîêà íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ñîâàìè, ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ.
Äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî óñòðîéñòâó ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, îáíàðóæåííûå â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, ñîñòîÿëè èç 2–4 ïòåíöîâ,
â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 2,85±0,69 ïòåíöîâ. Â ñåçîí
2009 ã. âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â
ÿùèêàõ ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì
(n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöîâ, à â åñòåñòâåííûõ
ãí¸çäàõ – èç 1–4
ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì
(n=5) 2,2±1,3 ïòåíöîâ. Ñðåäíèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïî 2009 ã.
óñëîâíî óêàçûâàþò
íà áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â
âûâîäêàõ, âûðîñøèõ â ãíåçäîâûõ
ÿùèêàõ, íî, ñêîðåå
âñåãî, ýòî ïðîñòî
àðòåôàêò íàáëþäåíèé. Â òî æå âðåìÿ
ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü
âíèìàíèå íà ôàêò
âñòðå÷è âûâîäêà èç
6 ïòåíöîâ, ãîòîâûõ
ïîêèíóòü ãíåçäîâîé
ÿùèê. Äëÿ òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè ýòî
41
ïåðâîå äîêóìåíòàëüíîå ñâèäåòåëüñòâî òàêîãî áîëüøîãî âûâîäêà è ñèìâîëè÷íî, ÷òî
îí îáíàðóæåí èìåííî â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå
(ïàðà íåÿñûòåé çàíèìàåò ÿùèê âòîðîé ãîä).
Çàêëþ÷åíèå
Ðåàëèçàöèÿ íà÷àëüíîãî ýòàïà ïðîãðàììû
«Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö
íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà 2005–
2010 ãã.» ïîêàçàëà âûñîêóþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü
ïðåäëîæåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óëó÷øåíèþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé
íåÿñûòè è ïîçâîëèëà ñêîððåêòèðîâàòü ìåòîäè÷åñêóþ ñòîðîíó ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè.  äàëüíåéøåì
ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðîäîëæåíèå ðàáîò â äàííîì
íàïðàâëåíèè, óâåëè÷åíèå îáú¸ìà ðàáîò ïî
ñåðîé íåÿñûòè è óãëóáëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèé
ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè îáîèõ âèäîâ.
Ëèòåðàòóðà
Àíäðååíêîâ Î.Â., Àíäðååíêîâà Í.Ã., Æèìóë¸â È.Ô. Ïðèâëå÷åíèå äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé
íà ãíåçäîâàíèå â îêðåñòíîñòè Íîâîñèáèðñêîãî
Àêàäåìãîðîäêà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è
èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 39–42.
Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ãëûáèíà Ì.À.,
Ïèòåðîâà Å.Í. Îöåíêà óðîâíÿ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ
ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê â
Êèíåëüñêîì ðàéîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ÃÈÑìåòîäàìè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà.
2008. ¹14. Ñ. 50–58.
Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Õèùíûå ïòèöû
Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñàìàðà, 2008. 66 ñ.
Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Êðàòêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ñîâðåìåííîì ñòàòóñå ñåðîé
íåÿñûòè â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ðåäêèå
âèäû æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè: Ñáîðíèê ðàáî÷èõ ìàòåðèàëîâ Êîìèññèè ïî
Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Âûï. 1.
Í.Íîâãîðîä, 2008. Ñ. 102–104.
Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ
â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2006 ãîäó, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è
èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹6. Ñ. 21–23.
Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé,
ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ íà òåððèòîðèè Áîãîðîäñêîãî ðàéîíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé
îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ
îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 43–44.
Ìàëûøîê Â.Ì., Êíûø Í.Ï. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè
äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ãðàíèöå Áðÿíñêîé
è Ñóìñêîé îáëàñòåé. – Áåðêóò. 2001. ¹10.
Âûï. 2. Ñ. 243–245.
Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ
ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007.
¹10. Ñ. 14–16.