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M *&% *9%$0, 8+8 9%1& 2+ K(&8*6, 0L)8) 8+9'(22;% & ,*%'+$) :%&0'8+$) 2+ 8+B:;1 9%1& F+C96B+-)…» [8]. 49(')* $2)$(C( @9%:(&'+*-%2)0 B)-=0 '+8)$ *(' «(886@+2'+$» ) @(*%-) &*()< -.:%1 &2+7+-+ 2+ $)')2C, + @('($ ) 2+ @(C9($; '9) &)-; – )&-+$&8)% >62:+$%2'+-)&'; (R(:B+ O8/+9 A69+:B(2F(:+), '+8 2+F;*+%$+0 :%$(89+')7%&8+0 $(-(:%B= (H(:$(2 X&6>) ) @9%&'6@2;1 $)9 (Z86/ D+-)$(*). N'( (2) (9C+2)F(*+-) :6?+2/)2&8)1 $0'%B, 8('(9;1 2+7+-&0 & $)')2C+ 2+ @-(L+:) QF(:) (D*(/(:;). @9+*-0- $0'%B($ 49%:&%:+'%-= #%9<(*2(C( D(*%'+ I%&@6/-)8) A+:B)8)&'+2 4+--+%*. J. T(/(&+:;8(*6 @9%:6&$('9)'%-=2( 2+@9+*)-) 8 '($6 *9%$%2) 2+ @(*;?%2)% * K(&8*6, * (/L%&'*( «32+2)%». (# :+-=2%1?%$ (2+ &'+2%' «:%$(89+'8(1» ) @(-67)' '%@-(% $%&'( * XPVD"Q. A+8(% F+*%9?%2)% 8+9=%9; @(F*(-0%' (:2(F2+72( )&'(-8(*;*+'= %% $)&&). @( 9+F;C9;*+2). )&-+$&8(1 8+9'; * 9%&@6/-)8%, * 2+&'(0L%% *9%$0 *%926-+&= * A+:B)8)&'+2, 2% /%:&'*6%', :+%' )2'%9*=. ( &*(%$ /%F6@9%72($ &-6B%2)) '+:B)8&8($6 2+9(:6.) !6?+2/)2&8)% @(C9($; @9(<(:)-) 12, 13, 14 >%*9+-0 1990 C(:+. Q2) 2(&)-) ('89(*%22( +2')96&&8)1 <+9+8'%9. «A+:B)8)&'+2 :-0 '+:B)8(*!», «I6&&8)%, 6/)9+1'%&= * &*(. I(&&).!» – 5'( /;-) C-+*2;% -(F62C) @(C9($L)8(*. 4(-'(9; ';&07) 96&&8)< $6B7)2 ) B%2L)2 * !6?+2/% 2+,)(2+--)&-+$)&'; /68*+-=2( 9+&'%9F+-) – 2+ 6-),+<, @-(L+:0< ) * )< &(/&'*%22;< 8*+9')9+<. 4%9%@+-( ) %*9(@%)F)9(*+22;$ '+:B)8+$. A+8(C( )F6*%9&'*+ A+:B)8)&'+2 %L% 2% F2+- (&$.: #. D'+9)8(* «!(-C+0 :(9(C+ * I(&&).», !.Q. I(C(F)2 «#9+C 2+9(:+»). # 2+C2%'+2)) +2')96&&8(1 )&'%9)) *( *&%< 9%&@6/-)8+< /;*?%C( DDDI ) A+:B)8)&'+2+ * '($ 7)&-% 2%$+-( @('96:)-)&= @9%:&'+*)'%-) «'*(97%&8(1 )2'%--)C%2,))». # A+:B)8)&'+2% 2+ 5'(1 2)*% (&(/%22( ('-)7)-+&= @(5'%&&+ J6-96<&(9 D+>)%*+. # 20 -%' (2+ *&'6@)-+ * "4DD, *(FC-+*)-+ &%8'(9 @%7+') '+:B)8&8(C( 8($&($(-+, * 24 C(:+ @(-67)-+ 7-%2&8)1 /)-%' D(.F+ @)&+'%-%1 A+:32 B)8)&'+2+ ) %L% 7%9%F 10 -%' &'+-+ &%89%'+9%$ @9+*-%2)0. #( *9%$0 @%9%&'9(18) D+>)%*+ )F 6/%B:%22(1 8($$62)&'8) (/9+')-+&= * @-+$%226. 2+,)(2+-)&'86 ) @9+*(*%926. $6&6-=$+286. P+ $)')2C+< )&-+$&8(-:%$(89+')7%&8(1 (@@(F),)) @(5'%&&+ @9()F2(&)-+ +2')96&&8)% 9%7), &(896?+-+&= ( «@(96C+22(1 &%*%92;$) *+9*+9+$) @9%89+&2(1 '%$2(C-+F(1 I(:)2%», 2+F;*+-+ #%-)86. Q'%7%&'*%226. *(126 «9(&&)1&8(1 $0&(96/8(1, 86:+ F+C2+-) '+:B)8(*», @9%:9%8+-+, 7'( «7+& 9+&@-+'; 2+&'6@)-, ) @6&'= 89(*= &$(%' 96&&86. C90F=». MF '+8)< *(' «'*(97%&8)<» -.:%1 – @(5'(*, @)&+'%-%1, >)-(&(>(* – /;-( &>(9$)9(*+2( (/L%&'*( «I+&'(<%F» («#(F9(B:%2)%»), *(FC-+*-0%$(% A(<)9($ O/:6:B+//(9($. 49+*:+, * 1990 C(:6 5') C(*(962; %L% 2% :(C+:;*+-)&=, 7'( ) )$ 2%:(-C( (&'+-(&= &-(*(/-6:)'=, – >62:+$%2'+-)F$ @9%&%7%' *&% 5') /(C%$2;% «/+F+9;», ), 8+8 @(/)';% &(/+8), @(/%C6' *7%9+?2)% «*(-=2(:6$,;» – 8'( * K(&8*6, + 8'( 2+ &%*%9 A+:B)8)&'+2+ – * R(:B%2'. J6-96<&(9 (/(&2(*+-+&= * K(&8*%, @%7+'+%'&0 * B692+-+< «&%*%92;< *+9*+9(*», 6&'9+)*+%' *%7%9+ @(5F))… P( *%92%$&0 8 2+7+'($6: * !6?+2/% @9(?-) /%&@9%,%:%2'2;% +8,)) *+2:+-)F$+. T;-( @+9+-)F(*+2( @9()F*(:&'*(, -.:) 2% <(:)-) 2+ 9+/('6 )F-F+ /(0F2) F+ B)F2= &*()< &%$%1. 4(&-% >%*9+-0 1990 C(:+ 2+7)2+%'&0 $+&&(*;1 )&<(: «96&&8(0F;72;<» )F 9%&@6/-)8). Q@@(F),)%1 /;- &(F:+2 «"($)'%' 17-)», (2 *;9+F)- 2%:(*%9)% @%9*($6 &%89%'+9. "4 A+:B)8)&'+2+ ".K+<8+$(*6. 4(&-% '(C(, 8+8 K+<8+$(* @(::%9B+- * +*C6&'% 1991 C(:+ J"G4, + «@6'7» @9(*+-)-&0, &%89%'+9= "4 A+:B)8)&'+2+ /;- (/9%7%2: (' 2%C( $C2(*%22( :)&'+2,)9(*+-)&= *&% @(-)')7%&8)% &)-; 9%&@6/-)8), @9%'%2:6.L)% 2+ *-+&'=. Q@@(F),)(22( 2+&'9(%22;% «:%$(89+';» *;:*)26-) 2+ @(&' @%9*(C( -),+ 9%&@6/-)8) 2% '+8 6B ) :+*2( )$) B% 2)F-(B%22(C( I+<$(2+ P+/)%*+. D8(9(@+-)'%-=2( &'+-) C('(*)'= *;/(9; 49%F):%2'+. D9%:) 8+2:):+'69 2+ 5'(' @(&' /;-+ ) 8+2:):+'69+ !(*-+'+ R6:(2+F+9(*+ – $(&8(*&8(C( 9%B)&&%9+, @(::%9B)*+%$(C( $59($ D+28'-4%'%9/69C+ O2+'(-)%$ D(/7+8($. !%F(9)%2')9(*+22;1 2+9(:, :( 8(2,+ 2% @(2)$+.L)1, 7'( @9()&<(:)', @(::%9B+- 8+2:):+'696 «F2+8($(C(» P+/)%*+. O 8+2:):+'69+ /;-+ 6B% & 7%9*('(7)2(1. N'( /;- 6B% &-($-%22;1 7%-(*%8, @(2)$+.L)1, 8+8 )$%22( )$ $(B2( )C9+'=. N'( /;- 7%-(*%8, «(/0F+22;1» &*()$ *(F*;?%2)%$ 2%:+*2)$ *9+C+$. B% @%9*;% @(-)')7%&8)% ?+C) P+/)%*+ @(&-% %C( )F/9+2)0 49%F):%2'($ /;-) ?+C+$) * @9(@+&'=: )$%22( (2 689%@-0- @(F),)) )&-+$&8(-2+,)(2+-)&')7%&8(C( (/L%&'*+ «I+&'(<%F» («#(F9(B:%2)%») ) '+8(1 B% @( :6<6 «:%$(89+'))»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«$)')2C($ :%$(89+')7%&8)< &)- A+:B)8)&'+2+». T;- &/9(?%2 @+$0'2)8 E%2)26. E):%9($ C+9$&8(-@+$)9&8(1 C96@@)9(*8) &'+2(*)'&0 !(*-+' R6:(2+F+9(* –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– /;*?)1 9+/('2)8 8+>%:9; $+98&)F$+--%2)2)F$+, /;*?)1 @+9'(9C O8+:%$)) 2+68, 968(*(:)'%-= 89(*+*(1 (9C+2)F+,)) «P+:B(') #+'+2» («O9$)0 2+,)(2+-=2(C( &@+&%2)0»). N'( (2 F+0*)-: «I6&&8)% – 5'( 2+?) F+-(B2)8)». N'( %C( -.:) @(: 2%@(&9%:&'*%22;$ 968(*(:&'*($ $6--; O/:6-C+>69+ R6:(1:(:(*+ *F0-) * 8+7%&'*% F+-(B2)8(* :%'%1 * 96&&8(1 ?8(-%. N'(C( '%99(9)&'+ ) 6/)1,6 *F0- @(: &*(% 89;-( 2% '(-=8( $59 D+28'-4%'%9/69C+ O. D(/7+8, 2( ) /(-%% *;&(8)% )2&'+2,)), &$('9%*?)% &8*(F= @+-=,; 2+ «?+-(&')» '+:B)8&8(C( «:%$(89+'+». 24 2(0/90 1991 C(:+ * A+:B)8)&'+2% &(&'(0-)&= *;/(9; 49%F):%2'+. !(*-+' R6:(2+F+9(* («9%B)&&%9») 2+/9+- *&%C( -)?= 30 % C(-(&(* (2% @($(C-+ ) K(&8*+), I+<$(2 P+/)%* @(-67)- 60 %. P+ @(&' 968(*(:)'%-0 #%9<(*2(C( D(*%'+ -%2)2+/+:,; @9(*%-) D+>+9+ "%2:B+%*+ –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«M&'%>(!» («Q'&'+*8+!») 8 2)$ @9)&(%:)2)-)&= )&-+$&8+0 ) «:%$(89+')7%&8+0» @+9')). " @%9*(2+7+-=2($6 -(F62C6 :(/+*)-)&= @9()9+2&8)% ) +2')-%2)2+/+:&8)% («P%' @('($8+$ 89(*+*(C( G)2C)&<+2+ * 968(*(:&'*% A+:B)8)&'+2($!») 20 +@9%-0 1992 C(:+ ('89;-+&= XIII &%&&)0 #%9<(*2(C( D(*%'+ A+:B)8)&'+2+. P+ 2%1 9%?%2( /;-( (&'+*)'= &@)8%9($ "%2:B+%*+. # 2(7= & 21 2+ 22 +@9%-0 F:+2)% @+9-+$%2'+ /;-( (896B%2( *((96B%22;$) ('90:+$) (@@(F),)). 23 +@9%-0 "%2:B+%* 6?%- * ('&'+*86, + 7-%2($ 49%F):)6$+ &'+2(*)'&0 8+F)8+-(2 9%&@6/-)8) R(:B+ O8/+9 A69+:B(2F(:+. N'( (2 2+ *&. &'9+26, (/9+L+0&= @( A# 8 /;*?%$6 @9%:&%:+'%-. (/-)&@(-8($+ JTOQ M&8+2:+9(*6 (2+8(2%,'( @+$)9,6, F+20*?%$6 $%&'( "%2:B+%*+!), &8+F+-: «P% &+:)&= * 5'( C26&2(% 8($$62)&')7%&8(% 89%&-(. Q2( F+C+B%2( '*()$) @9%:?%&'*%22)8+$). K; &:%-+%$ '%/% :96C(% 89%&-(». M 2+ $+2%9 &*()< %:)2($;?-%22)8(* @(:20- :*+ @+-=,+ **%9<: «4(/%:+!». M$%22( 5') B%&';, ) 5') &-(*+ *F(9*+-) "6-0/. # 2(7= 2+ 23 +@9%-0 1992 C(:+ * !6?+2/% @9)/;-) 86-0/,;. Q2) F+20-) @-(L+:= QF(:), 2+ 8('(9(1 * &%2'0/9% 1991 C(:+ $)')2C(*+-) )< (@@(2%2';. P+ :*6< @-(L+:0< (:2(1 ) '(1 B% 6-),; I6:+8), * @0')&'+< $%'9+< :96C (' :96C+, ?-) :*+ $)')2C+. P+8+- &'9+&'%1 2+9+&'+-. 4%9*(1 @9(-)'(1 89(*=. /;-+ 89(*= 9%:+8'(9+ @9+*)'%-=&'*%22(1 C+F%'; «D+:() K+9:6$» («J(-(& 2+9(:+») K. H%9+-)%*+. VC( 6/)-) @90$( *( :*(9% #%9<(*2(C( D(*%'+. M 2+7+-(&= … 29 +@9%-0 1992 C(:+ 2+ XIV &%&&)) #%9<(*2(C( D(*%'+ "%2:B+%* /;- *(&&'+2(*-%2. # ('*%' (@@(F),)0 F+<*+')-+ '%-%*):%2)%, /-(8)9(*+-+ *&% @(:S%F:; 8 C(9(:6. "($)'%' 2+,)(2+-=2(1 /%F(@+&2(&') ) K#! A+:B)8)&'+2+ F+0*)-)… ( 2%1'9+-)'%'%. P( 2+ &'(9(26 (@@(F),)) @%9%?%- &(*%'2)8 49%F):%2'+ @( (/(9(2%, &:+* %1 200 &'*(-(* (C2%&'9%-=2(C( (96B)0 ) 4 /9(2%'9+2&@(9'%9+. # 9%F6-='+'% '(-=8( 7'( *(&&'+2(*-%22;1 "%2:B+%* 7%9%F 2%:%-. (8+F+-&0 &2(*+ &$%L%22;$. K)')2C @-(L+:%1 H(<):(2 ) QF(:) F+8(27)-&0 '(-=8( 7%9%F 50 :2%1. G%$ 5') $)')2C) &(@9(*(B:+-)&= –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«8+>)9&'*+» (2%7%&')*(&')). "(2>-)8' @9)(/9%- 2(*;% (7%9'+2)0: '%@%9= 6B% 2% -%2)2+/+:&8+0 2($%28-+'69+ /(9(-+&= & @+$)9&8(-C+9$&8(1 '(9C(*(1 $+>)%1, + 2+9(:2;1 )&-+$ – & 2+&)-=&'*%22( *2%:90%$(1 &+6:)&'&8(1 *%9&)%1 *+<<+/)F$+. !(&'+'(72( /;-( :(2%&') 5'( 2(*(% )F$%9%2)% 8(2>-)8'+ :( )&-+$&8)< 2+9(:(*, ) (2) 2% /;-) /; &'(-= (9)%2')9(*+2; 2+ «@9+*(*%92;< *+<<+/)&'(*». P( 5'+ F+:+7+ 2% /;-+ 9%?%2+. P+9(:2;1 $6--+ R+1:+9 @9(8-08+F)8+-(2+ ), 8+8 ) @(-+C+%'&0 :6<(*2($6 -),6, @%9%:+- @(-)')7%&86. *-+&'= 2+9(:2;$ @9+*)'%-0$. P+9(:2;$ -):%9($ &'+2(*)'&0 D+2C+8 D+>+9(*. M$%22( 5'(' 7%-(*%8 – 2)8+8(1 2% @+9')%,, @9(&'(1 /6>%'7)8 ) 6B% 2%$(-(:(1 –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– 23 C(:+. D :96C(1 &'(9(2;, )$%22( 5'(' 7%-(*%8, )$%22( 5'+ -)72(&'= &;C9+-+ *;:+.L6.&0 9(-= * '+:B)8&8($ @9(')*(&'(02)). A(, 7'( A+:B)8)&'+2 (&'+-&0 &*%'&8)$ C(&6:+9&'*($, – F+&-6C+ D+2C+8+ D+>+9(*+. D%17+& @9+*)'%-=&'*( A+:B)8)&'+2+ :)&'+2,)96%'&0 (' 5'(1 -)72(&'): 8+8 2)8+8 «6C(-(*2)8». P( &*):%'%-=&'*6. 8+8 7%-(*%8, @9%/;*+*?)1 2+ F%$-% A+:B)8)&'+2+ * 5'( &8(9/2(% *9%$0: )$%22( D+2C+8 &@+& 9%&@6/-)86, )$%22( %C( (9C+2)F+'(9&8)% &@(&(/2(&') ) -)72(% $6B%&'*( @(F*(-)-) &(F:+'= :(&'(12;1 @9(')*(*%& «:%$)&-+$)&'&8($6» 9+FC6-6 2+ F%$-% A+:B)8)&'+2+. 4(C)/2%' D+2C+8 *2%F+@2(, * 2(7= & 29 2+ 30 $+9'+ 1993 C(:+, @9) 2%*;0&2%22;< :( 8(2,+ (/&'(0'%-=&'*+<. 4(C)/2%' )$%22( '(C:+, 8(C:+ (&2(*2+0 «9+/('+» @( *;'%&2%2). )&-+$)&'(* ) )< ):%(-(C)) * A+:B)8)&'+2% /6:%' &:%-+2+. #&% B)'%-) A+:B)8)&'+2+ * &8(9/) @9)20-) *%&'= ( &$%9') D+2C+8+. Q '($, 8+8(% $%&'( -)72(&'= D+2C+8+ F+2)$+-+ * &(F2+2)) -.:%1, @%9%B)*?)< 6B+&; C9+B:+2&8(1 *(12;, $(B%' &*):%'%-=&'*(*+'= 2+F*+2)% &'+'=) 8(99%&@(2:%2'+ C+F%'; «E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+» A. 4+-+')2&8(1: &'+'=0 & @9(L+-=2;$) &-(*+$), (/9+L%22;$) 8 D+2C+86 D+>+9(*)76 D+>+9(*6, 2+F;*+%'&0 «VC( :+2+$ T(C». # &*(%$ 2%89(-(C% 4+-+')2&8+0 2+@)?%': «D '(1 7%92(1 $)26';, 8(C:+ 6&-;?+-+, 7'( D+2C+8 6/)', C(9% *(?-( * $(% &%9:,%. G'( /; '+$ 2) )F$;?-0-) ( 2%$ *9+C), 7'( /; 2) C(*(9)-) (/;*+'%-), 0, 96&&8+0, ) 2% 2+67%22+0 *%9)'= * T(C+ B%2L)2+, &8+B6: Q2 /;- &*0'(1 7%-(*%8. Q2 F+L)')- 2% '(-=8( &*(1 "6-0/, 2( ) 2+&, -%2)2+/+:,%*, (2 *%926- 2+$, 96&&8(0F;72;$, *%96 * '(, 7'( *&% 36 $;, '+:B)8)&'+2,;, – /9+'=0, *&% $; – :%') 5'(1 @9%89+&2(1 F%$-)… Q2 &@+& 2+?% Q'%7%&'*( (' &'9+?2(C( $9+8(/%&)0 )&-+$&8(C( >62:+$%2'+-)F$+… D+$ @9( &%/0 (2 C(*(9)-: “I(:)2+ – :(9(B% B)F2)”» [9, 10]. P( *%92%$&0 8 1992 C(:6. 7 &%2'0/90 1992 C(:+ (@@(F),)0 F+&'+*)-+ I+<$(2+ P+/)%*+ &-(B)'= &*() @(-2($(7)0. G%9%F $%&0, #%9<(*2;1 D(*%' A+:B)8)&'+2+ &(/9+-&0 2+ &%&&). * O9/(/% @(: R(:B%2'($: C-+*(1 9%&@6/-)8) & @(:+7) D+2C+8+ D+>+9(*+ /;- )F/9+2 N$($+-) I+<$(2(* («86-0/%,»), + @9%:&%:+'%-%$ D(*%'+ $)2)&'9(* – O/:6--(:B+2(* («-%2)2+/+:%,»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–20 ';&. 6/)';<, 2%&8(-=8( ';&07 9+2%2;<, & .C+ 6%<+-( @9+8')7%&8) *&% 2+&%-%2)%. MF 9%&@6/-)8) *;%<+-( F+ C(: 90 ';&. «96&&8(0F;72;<», + %&-) &7)'+'= & 1990 C(:+, '( @9)/-)F)'%-=2( 360 ';&. G'(/; 7)'+'%-= @9%:&'+*-0- &%/% (/L6. +'$(&>%96 *(12;, * 8('(96. (8+F+-&0 @(C96B%22;$ @9(&'(1, (/;82(*%22;1, 2)8%$ ) 2)7%$ 2% F+L)L%22;1 7%-(*%8, @9)*%:6 >9+C$%2' )F F+$%'(8 :6?+2/)2,+ D. #(9(2,(*+ ( -)72;< @%9%B)*+2)0< ) 2+/-.:%2)0<: «# C(9(:% /%&@9%:%-. E.:) 2+@6C+2; B%&'(8)$) 6/)1&'*+$). #7%9+ F+ :($($, 2+ $6&(92(1 867% (8('(9;1 $%&0, 2% *;*(F0' 2+ &*+-86 ('<(:;) 2+1:%2 7%-(*%8 & (/(BB%22;$ -),($. P+?+ @0')5'+B8+ &'()' 2+ (89+)2%. 4(: (82+$) * /68*+-=2($ &$;&-% @9(<(:)' -)2)0 >9(2'+. K+9(:%9; *9;*+.'&0 * 8*+9')9;, C9+/0', 6/)*+.'. D%:=$(1 $%&0, -.:) & +*'($+'+$) <(F012)7+.' * C(9(:%… Z *):%-, 8+8 '+L)-) 2+ /9(2. :%*6?86. Q2+ 89)7+-+. P)8'( 2% @(&$%- *&'6@)'=&0. 3+ :%2= :( 5'(C( &9%:= /%-+ :20 «2+8+F+-)» (:2(C( '+8(C( F+&'6@2)8+: F+*%-) F+ 6C(- ) @(-(&26-) +*'($+'2(1 (7%9%:=.. K(1 /9+' 8+8 9+F ?%- $)$(. G%-(*%8 6@+-, F+:%9C+-&0. H)9(8(@-%7)1 :%')2+ &2(*+ 2+B+- 869(8. Q&%78+… P% &@%?+ &$%2)- $+C+F)2, @%9%:%926- F+'*(9. #&'+*)- :6-( * @9)('89;';1 <9)@0L)1 9('… #8-.7+. '%-%*)F(9. # (&'+28)2&8)< «P(*(&'0<» ( 2+& (@0'= 2)8+8(1 )2>(9$+,))… #%&%-;% -),+, /)F2%&$%2; @=.' ?+$@+2&8(%. K(&8*% 2%' :%-+ :( 2+?)< &6:%/ ) @%9%B)*+2)1» [5]. D-%:&'*)%$ 89(*+*(1 /9+'(6/)1&'*%22(1 *(12; &'+-( '(, 7'( «:%$)&-+$)&';» @('%90-) &*(1 /%F6&-(*2;1 +*'(9)'%' * 2+9(:%. P+9(:2;% $+&&; &$%-%% 2+7)2+.' @(::%9B)*+'= «P+9(:2;1 >9(2'», *(FC-+*-0%$;1 D+2C+8($. 37 10 :%8+/90 1992 C(:+ * !6?+2/% 2+7+-&0 «/6$%9+2C(*;1» '%99(9 @9(')* @+$)9,%* ) C+9$,%*. # 02*+9%->%*9+-% 1993 C(:+ /;-) +9%&'(*+2; @9+8')7%&8) *&% :%0'%-) (@@(F),)) 2+ &%*%9% 9%&@6/-)8). P+ .C% *(%22;% :%1&'*)0 @%9%$%&')-)&= * J+9$, I($)', !+9*+F. # 9+1(2% I(C62+, "69C+2-A./%, Q/)C+9$+ (96:(*+-+ /+2:+ -.'(C( C(-(*(9%F+ I%F*(2+, * A+*)-=:+9% – /+2:+ O/:6-C+>69+, * "+9+'%C)2% – /+2:; P+F)$+ ) M&$+'+. Q '($, 8+8 /9+-) J+9$, (&(/;1 9+&&8+F. E%2)2+/+:&8)1 *(%22;1 :%&+2', *;&+:)*?)&= * J+9$% (2%&(&'(0*?%1&0 &'(-),% M&-+$&8(1 I%&@6/-)8)), &(@9(')*-%2)0 2% *&'9%')-. 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P( *$%&'( !6?+2/% C+9$,; @(*%F-) $(-(:%2=8)< /(1,(* * "($&($(-+/+: – @90$( * $%7%'=, * 8('(9(1 I%F*(2 9+F$%&')- &*(1 ?'+/… O '%@%9= :(86$%2'+-=2;% &'9(8) B692+-)&'+: «K2% @(8+F;*+-) 8+&&%'6, &20'6. :6?+2/)2&8)$ '%-%(@%9+'(9($… "+$%9+ $%:-%22( @-;*%' $%B:6 90:+$) )F6*%7%22;< '%- @(@+*?)< * @-%2 /(1,(*. !*+ '96@+ @9(&'( &(BB%2;, (' (:2(C( (&'+-+&= *;&(<?+0 &$(9L%22+0 $6$)0. !96C(C( &B)C+-) B)*=%$ * '+2:;9% – &'6@2), 8(-%2), /%:9+… 2%C( 2(C @9(&'( 2%' – *;C(9%-), + *;?% @(0&+ – '%-( %L% %&'=. $2(C)< ('9%F+2; 6?), @9('826'; @96'=0$) B)*(';, *;9*+2; 2(C'). !96C)% 8+&'9)9(*+2;… E%2)2+/+:,%*, %&-) @(@+:+-)&=, 2% L+:)-), 6/)*+-) '+8, 7'(/; :96C)$ /;-( &'9+?2(» [11]. M %L% (:)2 +&@%8' *(12; – '(B% «7+&'2;1»: «# 9+FC+9 C%2(,):+, 9+F*0F+22(C( >62:+$%2'+-)&'+$), /%F *%&') @9(@+-( $2(C( -.:%1, * '($ 7)&-% :%*6?%8. M< *;*(F)-) * O>C+2)&'+2 ) (/$%2)*+-) 2+ (96B)%. D2+7+-+ F+ :%*6?86 2% &'+9?% 15 -%' :+*+-) :*+ C9+2+'($%'+ ) :*+ +*'($+'+. 4('($ ,%2+ 6@+-+ :( (:2(C( +*'($+'+. 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" @9)$%96, 8(C:+ ('90: /(<'+9,%* @(&%')- C+9$&86. $%7%'=, '( (/2+96B)-: «A+$ @( &'%2+$ /;-) 9+&@0'; @(@+*?)% * @-%2 /(1,;. #(&%$2+:,+'= 7%-(*%8 F+$67%2(. #(' '%/% ) &*0'(% $%&'(!» [12]. 49+*)'%-=&'*( A+:B)8)&'+2+ (&6:)-( M&-+$&86. @+9'). *(F9(B:%2)0 A+:B)8)&'+2+ ) %% 968(*(:)'%-%1 (>),)+-=2(: 9 02*+90 1993 C(:+ @9(')* !(*-+'+ &$(2+, O8/+9+ A69+:B(2F(:; ) H(:$(2+ X&6>+ /;-) *(F/6B:%2; 6C(-(*2;% :%-+ @( (/*)2%2). * 9+F*0F;*+2)) C9+B:+2&8(1 *(12;. 21 ).20 1993 C(:+ 8(--%C)0 #%9<(*2(C( &6:+ A+:B)8)&'+2+ F+@9%')-+ :%0'%-=2(&'= M&-+$&8(1 @+9')) *(F9(B:%2)0 A+:B)8)&'+2+, !%$@+9')) A+:B)8)&'+2+, + '+8B% (/S%:)2%2)1 «I+&'(<%F» ) «E+-) T+:+<?(2». #%&2+ 1993 C(:+ 6:+9)-+ @( A+:B)8)&'+26 &9+F6 & 2%&8(-=8)< &'(9(2: *(@%9*;<, A+:B)8)&'+2 (&'+-&0 * &'+9(1 96/-%*(1 F(2%, @9%89+')-)&= *&% *2%?2)% '(9C(*;% &*0F) 9%&@6/-)8), 9+/(7)$ ) &-6B+L)$ 2% *;:+*+-+&= F+9+/('2+0 @-+38 '+, F/%8)&'+2 @9%89+')- @(&'+*8) C+F+; *(-*'(9;<, 2+ .C% *&-%:&'*)% &)-=2%1?)< &%-%1 (8(27+'%-=2( 9+F96?)-(&= &%-=&8(% <(F01&'*(; &'()$(&'= /6<+28) <-%/+ * A+:B)8)&'+2% (* +*C6&'%) *F-%'+%' :( 165 96/-%1; /+28) F+$(9+B)*+.' *&% *8-+:;; 2+7)2+%'&0 C(-(: – *&% @(-8) * $+C+F)2+< @6&';, + 2+ /+F+9+< 2)7%C( 2%-=F0 86@)'= )F-F+ ('&6'&'*)0 :%2%B2;< &9%:&'* [13–16]. 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N'( &(C-+?%2)% /;-( >(9$+-=2;$ (8(27+2)%$ C9+B:+2&8(1 *(12; * A+:B)8)&'+2%. 27 ).20 1997 C(:+ * "9%$-% /;-( @(:@)&+2( %L% (:2( $)92(% &(C-+?%2)% @9(')*(/(9&'*6.L)< &'(9(2. # &(('*%'&'*)) & 5')$ &(C-+?%2)%$ 49%F):%2'($ A+:B)8)&'+2+ (&'+-&0 &'(9(22)8 &*%'&8(C( @9+*-%2)0 N$($+-) I+<$(2(*. #$%&'% & '%$ (@@(F),)0 @(-67)-+ $%&'+ * @+9-+$%2'%, +:$)2)&'9+')*2;% :(-B2(&'), :)9%8'(9&8)% @(&'; 2+ 9+F-)72;< 896@2;< @9%:@9)0')0<. D 1998 C(:+ 27 ).20 (/S0*-%2( C(&6:+9&'*%22;$ @9+F:2)8($ – !2%$ 2+,)(2+-=2(C( @9)$)9%2)0 * A+:B)8)&'+2%. Q:2+8( '+8 2+F;*+%$;% «$+-;% C96@@;»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– @9+*)'%-0$ ) -.:0$: 2)8(C:+, 2)8(C:+ 2% /6:='% 2+/-.:+'%-0$). V&-) F+$%')-) 3-(, 2% F+)C9;*+1'% & 2)$, 2% 9+F:6*+1'% %C( – C+&)'%, 9%?)'%-=2( ) B%&'8(. !(/9( :(-B2( /;'= & 86-+8+$)!.. !"#$% &"'()*'+), 1. T%-;< #., T69/;C+ P. "69C+2-A./% – C(9(: $%9'*;< // MF*%&')0. –1992. – 8 &%2'. – \ 200. 2. T6?8(* #.M., K)86-=&8)1 !.#. O2+'($)0 C9+B:+2&8(1 *(12; * A+:B)8)&'+2% (N'2(-&(,)+-=2;% @9(,%&&; ) @(-)')7%&8+0 /(9=/+, 1992–1995). – K.: I(&. >(2: >62:. )&&-., 1996. 3. K+'+'(* K. I%*(-.,)0 &2)F6 (1917 C.) ) 8(2'99%*(-.,)0 &*%9<6 (1991– 1993 CC.) [N-%8'9(22;1 9%&69&]. – URL: ferghana.ru. 4. 4+-+')2&8+0 A. D,%2+9)1 :-0 A+:B)8)&'+2+ // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. – 1993. – 27 ).-0. – \ 89. 5. #(9(2,(* D. MC9+ * 8-+&&)8) // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. – 1993. – 5 +*C. – \ 93. 6. A+:B)8&8)1 6F%-: +2+-)F (&'9(1 &)'6+,)), 9%8($%2:+,)) *-+&'0$ // D(*%'&8+0 I(&&)0. – 1993. – 29 ).-0. – \ 89. 7. "69/+2(*+ K. J. T(/(&+:;8(*+ – «B%-%F2+0 -%:)» '+:B)8&8(C( W" // Asia-Plus. – 2007. – 28 2(0/. 8. "(-0:+. J%2(,): 96&&8)< – T%-+0 82)C+ @+$0'). OF%9/+1:B+2 [N-%8'9(22;1 9%&69&]. – URL: http://radosvet/net/zdrava/genocide. 9. 4+-+')2&8+0 A. VC( :+- 2+$ T(C // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. – 1993. – 1 +@9. – \ 39. 10. U9%1:8)2 T. J%9() 2% 6$)9+.' // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. –1993. – 3 +@9. – \ 40. 11. 4+-+')2&8+0 A. J+9$. J(: :%*02(&'( '9%')1… // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. – 1993. – 1 ).20. – \ 65. 12. 4+-+')2&8+0 A. J+9$. J(: :%*02(&'( '9%')1… // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. – 1993. – 2 ).20. – \ 66. 13. O2 I. «G6*&'*6. &%/0 /;:-($…» // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. – 1994. – 29 $+9'+. – \ 38. 14. O2 I. T(-= ) &';: F+ 8+B:;$ @)&=$($, F*(28($ '%-%>(22;$ // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. –1994. – 14 +@9. – \ 45. 15. V&%28(* T. !(%:+.' &6<+9)… (&)C2+- /%:&'*)0) // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. – 1994. – 14 +@9. – \ 45. 16. U+1F)%* I. T(C 9%?)- @9(67)'= $(1 2+9(:? (*$%&'( ('89;'(C( @)&=$+ 968(*(:&'*6 9%&@6/-)8)) // E%2)2+/+:&8+0 @9+*:+. – 1994. – 2 +@9. – \ 40. 4(-67%2( 22.04.2011 40 N.V. Solonik Lysva branch of Perm state technical university PAGES OF THE USSR COLLAPSE: CIVIL WAR IN TAJIKISTAN The article examines the socio-political situation in Tajikistan in the 90s of XX century, a typology of different political groups, ideological trends as well as demographic, environmental and economic conditions of the population. Antagonistic contradictions and consequences of the events of that period are discussed. Keywords: political struggle, ethnic, religious relations, lessons and consequences of the USSR collapse 41