4. , - - , , . , - . , ! " ! , - , . , , , , , . # ! .$ ! , .% , , , , , — , - , , .& . ' , ! # ! — - , .# .$ — “ ” (welfare analysis). 4.1. # . " — ! - 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 118 .$ , ' ! ' , ,*21*$&0* ./ - 1 119 , — , . , ! , - , , — . , # ! , . ! , : , . $ - , " , - , ! — — , . . ., , - , - ( $ — . 4.1). , - , . . .# . 4.1.1. ! "#$% & '"( Pe ")! " .# - Pg , , , . possibility frontier), , — PPF — production B, - , - " .$ , ./ ! , - , ! , (3.18). : i - (∂u/∂ci) : pi = MUi/pi = (∂u/∂l) : W. , - - : , MUe/pe = MUg/pg, . 4.1. % . MUg — ! 4.1.2. # "#$% '& *&$ , , ")! .0 , - — , , ! , , - . $ , , . - . : Varian Hall V. Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. 3d Edition. — New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. — P. 299—300; )+"' , . ., -, +"* . ., &'-%,&* . . % .: # 2- ./ / . #. %. 1 . — -' .: ! , 1997. 1 16; Griffin J. M., teele H. B. Energy Economics and Policy. — Academic Press Colledge Division, 1986. Ch. 2. 1 PPF — - PPF, . - , ( , , , ( , ! 1 A : , MUe " " ( — ) " : ) ( , , ( ) .+ - α ( - , ). (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 120 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # MRT = –dE/dG, , dE/dG — , 121 - (4.1) " MRT — ,*21*$&0* .$ , ! , . % - , , " , , . % .# .# , - " , ! — " , ! - , , — - : . MPLg /pl = MPKg /pk = MPFg /pf, .$ : . ' , ( . 4.2, , i- . , '& *&$ ")! . - I1, I2, I3), , , A, , . - , .& - ! , : pl /MPLi = pk /MPKi = pf /MPFi = MCi, i ")! , " M & '"( . * pl/MPLi = pk /MPKi = pf /MPFi. . "#$% ' MPLe /pl = MPKe /pk = MPFe /pf, MPLi, MPKi, MPFi — , ! 4.1.3 " .& (4.2) i. , — A ! , , - : , MRS = MUe /MUg > pe /pg, : 2 (4.3) . 4.2. 0 (4.3) dE/dG = –(∂E/∂L) : (∂G/∂L) = MPLe /MPLg. / (4.2), I0, I1, I2 - - . / : , A, ! , dE/dG = –(∂E/∂L) : (∂G/∂L) = –(pl /MPLg) : (pl /MPLe) = –MCg /MCe. & . , , ! . ' : - ! ! MRT = –dE/dG = MCg /MCe. , % , - ' , " .0 ! I2, ./ , - I1 - .$ , , . . ' B - ./ E* G*, B. (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 122 pg 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # pe — ! , . # .& , .' . , - B, , , , : ). & ( $ , , , , , , - - : .$ .- , "" : : , - , MRS = pe /pg = MCe /MCg = MRT. . . .# .$ , , , ! ! , ., " - . - , ! “ ! , ! , , * .0 . * (E , G ), , , B, 4.2.1. . - ! - ! , ! , . , - ! .# - ”, 2 ,"., " *& $"/0 * ! . ! . - , - , , , , . . .* , ( . . ! ) , .$ , ' ., , - " # ! , . , , , .* , , , 2 , - ! , - , , , 4.2 , - ! , ! ., , . # ! - ! , , - ! , , 123 . MRS = MUe /MUg = pe /pg. / ,*21*$&0* , Varian H. V. Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. 3rd Edition. — New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Ch. 31; Griffin J. M., Steele H. B. Energy Economics and Policy. — Academic Press Colledge Division, 1986. 2. 40—42. (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 124 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # , " . 4.3, a), . ' τp ( — Qp. $ ! , ; - , , ( , , , " - , ! τs # — ' — ! " - , , .* , , - A 24 °C, " , , - 27 °C ! , . $ . ., , , , , .# , # ! , , . ./ , , .2 Qs. , Qs. . , , . . . 4.3, ). - . ,— τs. , . . - , . * , .' , , τp 125 , - ! Qp , , ,*21*$&0* A ! , - , . . , A. / , - : - , , , — , , . , ( 4.2.2. . 4.3, ). / Qs > Qp. 3 " (1"0 *",,2" () - . ) ( ! .0 , ! - : . $ , . , , — & , - , , . 4.3. ' ! ! — ; — . ; ! 3 ! — . . # Griffin J. M., Steele H. B. Energy Economics and Policy. — Academic Press Colledge Division, 1986. — P. 42; Varian Hall V. Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. 3rd Edition. — New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Ch. 33. 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 126 " ! - , ! . * " , ! . # , .1 " , "" , . ' — , 4 4.2.3. &,& &) ! &) -& &) ! . # , ' , . 1 , " , , .4 , " c— , , - MR — " ! - . " , ! , , , , " , ! LRMC = MR, " .# , . . ! " , ! , . . MR < P. " - . ! " " " ( - : Q = A – B * P, DD ( . 4.4), " : P = A/B – Q/B, A B— .$ MR = [P * Q]' = [(A/B – Q/B) * Q]' = A/B – 2 * Q/B. $ " , - . # " , , - , , , , - , - ,— " 6 : ) .# , , ) - .% , - . ; , , ( LRAC = LRMC = c, ! , , ) , Qs, .# - ! ( LRAC LRMC. $ . 4.3, . — - ! .% — — 127 , , " , , ' . # " . # ,*21*$&0* , , " MR , " , . . . , " 0 , 4 : 2- ./ / 10—11. " , , "" )+ "' , , , .& " . ., -, +"* . ., &'-%,&* #. %. 1 . — -' .: . . % ! . ( , , — — Qm , : # , 1997. 1 - . ! , . 4.4). ' LRMP Pm, MR " Qm. 5 - .# Qm, " ! ! Q c, . / " , " ! : Q m < Q c. (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 128 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # . 4.4. # ! . # , " ,*21*$&0* , , , .' " , " , , ! , ! , . 7 , ! , Qc, ! , Pm — - , , Pc. & ' $ 31 $"'#4 : "0 "0 *",, ! ! . % - " " ! .) : , , , - , , , , " , " ! .$ , - , . . " ! , / , " , , , ! .' " , .- , " " , . , - - ( . 4.5). $ ), , , , , ! . - , , ! - , ! " , , ! " - . # ! , .* ' ( : ./ - , - ! , , , . .2 , . . - , . , , " / , "" . " - , " Pm = c/(1 – 1/|ε|), , , . . Pc = c, ε— ! , .# , , .* " - , ! ! . 4.2.4. '& *&$0 *& 0 5 &,& &) ! . * , Qc - , . ." .' MR. Qm LRMC 129 " , . , , * " . , 5 Varian H. V. Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. 3rd Edition. — New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. — P. 410—412; Griffin J. M, Steele H. B. Energy Economics and Policy. — Academic Press Colledge Division, 1986. — P. 44—45. (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 130 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # 2 ! , , ,*21*$&0* 131 . ' - " # - ! — , , . , , , pr — , . . %# ⋅ 10,9 , — - . ' ! , “, , .2 2+/ “* - 2 , - ”— ”. ' , - ! . # 2 ( - , LRAC ( , # , . # 1993 . - Ps - , . %# ⋅ . , 0 16,5 ! ! Pm Qm. - , , - , — !- - . ! .- , # 1990 ., , * . 2 Qs, Qm — ! , , . 4.5. * . / Qr, - ./ D). # - $ , $ 5 . +/ “, , . 2+/ “1 “* - 2 ! - , ). ” - ” ; ” 100 % 50 % . +/ “, - ” , " : Qm < Qr < Qs. . , ./ - , .- ! , " , " ! - " “, " ” " , . / , . , , " ! ' 1999 . ( 0 " 1992 . " ( , ! , , . , " . 4.1). 1% 0,88 %. , " - (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 132 " 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # 4.1. - +/ “, ”( , 0,88 0,88 –5,77 DW = 1,99 ' . E ' - 0,0856 0,028 1,265 R2 = 0,94 , "'", " &(1"0 *",,&/ *2-&$2. ' , 4.3.1. 10,27 31,41 –4,56 , " ( I0. ' , . $ , “, .$ . ( - , " " ) , , ( - " 5 4.3. “ " ”, , "" ., ! . / ! - " - # " , , " (3.10) , . , - , 8 . # - , , - , , , ! . , , ! ; ., , - , , , , . 4.6. . / , . , ! “ “ . . - - : ! . 4.6, ). $ , ). / , “ - , ? ( . . % , , , ! . “, - — δ2, — δ8. / - , ” ” .δ1, . , “ . - , ! “ . . 4.6, a) H — , PN — - .$ ! ln (E+H) ln (PN) ' 133 - ln(V)) ' ,*21*$&0* ! ” - , — "" , ; — - , . (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 134 " 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # , . , , " , . (3.11), .* , , - . , , , , , ! (user cost). 0 , , — , . , ( . ( . 4.7 — , - .$ , , , - , , — . $ , ., , , , , ! , , - : " , ! , ! , . , , . , - . $ . 4.6, a , , " , .$ , I0 I1. $ "" C B, "" C I0, .- B "" .# ; "" * Q — , S, . . * "" . # ! , "" "" C. , ! , ! , . , - , - . 4.7. ' S ! "'", " &(1"0 *",,26 ! D. S " " . * , . 8 ! $"'#"4. # , , - - OBQ . . . / , . 4.7. * / . 4.6, ) / . 4.3.2. , . $ , . ( , - - " , . . A - , . 0 ,— ! ., - S), ). "" "" , .* "" , - ., - , , "" 135 . - , ,*21*$&0* . - . # - 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 136 .# - , " , % , , , . # . , 4.3.3. 2-&$2 . 4.7 & "' () -&0&0 &!, !: -' 7 8"04 / , ) . & * Q, , . 2 . * . . . — - ! ./ , Sprivate Ssocial. / OABQ1, , , — ABH, . . , , , ) , . ( ), BCG. : –/ OABQ1 – OHBQ1. — , , OACQ0, — .- . . 4.8 , ,— .- , ! - = ABH t - ! =/ - - — OHBQ1. & Q. # " Sprivate — , - — Ssocial — , , . - , - / . * –/ , .' ∆) = ∆/ Q1, = BCG . 0 + 9 : Harberger A. Three Basic Postulates of Applied welfare Analysis, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. IX(3) September 1972. — P. 785—797. = ABH – BCG. OHBQ1 & - Q0 =) – OABQ0 t— , OHBQ1, — : " 6 . 4.8. # - , * ' , / Q, , ! - , , , .# * — - , ' Q — , ! & , , * , 6 137 , - , ,*21*$&0* : – ∆/ – BCQ0Q1 + BGQ0Q1 , , ./ - BCQ0Q1 , (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 138 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # .# BGQ0Q1 — ! - ./ , . , , , , Q1 ! , 139 ./ ! * " ,*21*$&0* , ! , .$ Q1, , . / , - , , , # , . , , , BCG. 4.3.4. "'", " ' 0 '"$")", ! $&6&$ : (2 &4 & '"( ")! (2 &4 '& *&$ ")!. # , — , , ! . — , ., . 4.9 .: B * * Q P.' ( , " ) S 7 S + Tax . # QT, , , . . , ! PT. / , , P'. $ , , CBE. , ' , . 4.9. & ( ) ( ! ) ' , - , , ( ./ ) CBD, ! . , , Tax. - , , P *AB, , - " — — OP *B, .' , ! " — $ PTAC, OP'E. P'PTCE. , : - . =& +& + +# ! OACE = PTAC + OP'E + P'PTCE + 0. - "" : . =& +& + +# ! OAB = P*AB + OP*B +0 + 0. "" , , - . . ! , . / , - # , , . 7 .# , - (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 140 0 , ! / "" " . — ! "" , , 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # , ,*21*$&0* — . , ! , ! . ) , , " , . & ! .8 , ! 141 , . ' , , : ! , = ∆& ∆. + ∆& . . +∆ , . , , * * = –P PTCB –BCE – P'P BE ! - "" + P'PTC. : , $ , - 100 , , , . # , ! - , . ' .) ! , - , .# " .' , ! ! . 59 , , , - & .- "" — , .0 , - ! , , . & ! , , . : “ "" , — - , .' , ”( , - - , - - , ! , . . 5 4.4. . / ! ! , "" ! - ! , . () -&0&0 &!, !. $ 0 '"$")", " $&6&$ : , ) 4.3.5. .9 ! , , , . . , , , , , , - ). ' , ! , . , , . ! , " ./ , ! .$ , - , ! - , , # , ! , ! .$ ! 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 142 “second best” — 8 ! ”. ' , — “ , ,*21*$&0* 143 - . # - , 1 -, , # , - . 0 , ! , ., , , ! , 1 ! ! - .. " - , 1 -, , ! , , : . ! — ! .) $ , %— ,$ — — ! . "" — , A0, , ! , , ! B B0, .. , C 0 ! , — — , . # .* , 1 - , . 4.10. / — - , , - . &, — ' , . $ , ! ! , , # - , , A. - P1, . .' .2 , ! , B — C— , , B .( , "" , , , , B . C A, ( ' . . — ' ! , ' .5 - A . 4.10). A, "" - B D', . . — : .6 . .# ' ; , , .$ - B , A - I, , . P0, ! , 8 , B ! . GFH. D - A, Lipsey R. G., Lancaster K. The General Theory of Second Best, Review of Economic Studies, 1956—1957. Vol. XXIV(1). — P. 11—32. ., B, .8 , - (. ). %*(+%* , ,. &. -.-(/# 144 4. -/#*23*,,+4 & ,*-/#*23*,,+4 0/,0.2*,5&4 # .& D - ., , ! , — , - . , : C , A, .- , 1, C .0 KL. - , , - KLNM. $ . 7 ! C — GFH, KLNM. / , , , . , , A — , , , . , , , , ?, , . , , - , , . . , .) , B, ! — , ! ! ! , , . .' , .' " 145 (&$*2+$.2+ 0 1(+#* 4 ! D' . $ ,*21*$&0* ., , - .2 “second best”, . . ! , , , - - )+ "' , . ., -, +"* . ., &'-%,&* . . % .: # 2- ./ / #. %. 1 . — -' .: ! , 1997. Griffin J. M., Steele H. B. Energy Economics and Policy. — Academic Press Colledge Division, 1986. Varian H. V. Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. 3rd Edition. — New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Harberger A. Three basic postulates of applied welfare analysis// Journal of Economic Literature. — 1972. — Vol. IX(3) September. — P. 785—797. Lipsey R. G., Lancaster K. The General Theory of Second Best// Review of Economic Studies. — 1956—1957. — Vol. XXIV(1). — P. 11—32.