ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ ................................................................................. 3
×ÀÑÒÜ I. ÊÐÀÒÊÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß ...... 9
ÃËÀÂÀ 1. ÊÐÀÒÊÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß ......... 11
1.1. Çàðîæäåíèå ãåíåòèêè ïîâåäåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà .......................... 13
1.2. Ñòàíîâëåíèå ãåíåòèêè ïîâåäåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà
êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé íàó÷íîé äèñöèïëèíû ........................ 16
1.3. Ýòàï íàêîïëåíèÿ ýìïèðè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà ....................... 22
1.4. Ñîâðåìåííûé ýòàï ðàçâèòèÿ ãåíåòèêè ïîâåäåíèÿ ............. 25
1.5. Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ãåíåòèêè ïîâåäåíèÿ â Ðîññèè ............... 28
– Åâãåíè÷åñêîå äâèæåíèå ......................................................... 28
– Èñòîðèÿ áëèçíåöîâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé .................................... 29
×ÀÑÒÜ II. ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÀÐÍÛÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ
ÎÁÙÅÉ ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ............................................................................ 37
ÃËÀÂÀ 2. ÏÐÈÇÍÀÊÈ Â ÏÎÏÓËßÖÈßÕ ....................................... 40
ÃËÀÂÀ 3. ÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÎÑÍÎÂÀ ÏÐÎÑÒÛÕ
ÊÀ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÕ ÏÐÈÇÍÀÊÎÂ. ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÜÍÛÉ
ÑÓÁÑÒÐÀÒ ÍÀÑËÅÄÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ .............................................. 47
1. Çàêîíû Ìåíäåëÿ ............................................................................ 47
1.1. Ã. Ìåíäåëü è åãî îïûòû ......................................................... 47
1.2. Ìîíîãèáðèäíîå ñêðåùèâàíèå è ïåðâûé çàêîí Ìåíäåëÿ ....... 49
1.3. Äèãèáðèäíîå ñêðåùèâàíèå è âòîðîé çàêîí Ìåíäåëÿ ......... 52
2. Õðîìîñîìíàÿ òåîðèÿ íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè ...................................... 55
2.1. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå õðîìîñîìíîé òåîðèè íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè ...... 55
2.2. Äâà òèïà êëåòî÷íîãî äåëåíèÿ ............................................... 56
2.3. Õðîìîñîìû ÷åëîâåêà ............................................................. 57
2.4. Ðåêîìáèíàöèÿ õðîìîñîì â ïðîöåññå îáðàçîâàíèÿ
ïîëîâûõ êëåòîê ....................................................................... 59
2.5. Ñöåïëåíèå è êðîññèíãîâåð ................................................... 60
2.6. Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ óíèêàëüíîñòü èíäèâèäà ................................. 61
402
3. Ìîëåêóëÿðíûå îñíîâû íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè ................................... 64
3.1. ÄÍÊ — ìàòåðèàëüíàÿ ñóáñòàíöèÿ ãåíîâ ............................. 64
3.2. Îïðåäåëåíèå ãåíà. Îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ãåíà ........................ 66
3.3. Ãåíåòè÷åñêèé êîä .................................................................... 68
4. Ãåíû â õðîìîñîìàõ. Ìóòàöèè ........................................................ 70
4.1. Ïîíÿòèÿ ëîêóñà è àëëåëÿ. Ìíîæåñòâåííûå àëëåëè.
Ãîìîçèãîòíîñòü è ãåòåðîçèãîòíîñòü ..................................... 70
4.2. Ãåííûå ìóòàöèè ..................................................................... 71
4.3. Õðîìîñîìíûå àíîìàëèè ........................................................ 73
5. Ãåíû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ. Çàêîí Õàðäè-Âàéíáåðãà ............................... 74
ÃËÀÂÀ 4. ÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÊÎËÈ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÉ
ÈÇÌÅÍ×ÈÂÎÑÒÈ .............................................................................. 79
1. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü è ìåòîäû åå îïèñàíèÿ .............. 79
1.1. Èçìåðåíèå êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ ................................ 79
1.2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè öåíòðàëüíîé òåíäåíöèè ........................... 84
1.3. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðàçáðîñà ...................................................... 85
1.4. Ìåæãðóïïîâûå è ìåæèíäèâèäóàëüíûå ðàçëè÷èÿ .............. 85
2. Íàñëåäñòâåííîñòü è ñðåäà êàê ôàêòîðû âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ
êîëè÷åñòâåííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè .................................................... 86
2.1. Ãåíîòèï è ôåíîòèï ................................................................. 87
2.2. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå êîëè÷åñòâåííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ïîä
äåéñòâèåì ïîëèìåðíûõ ãåíîâ. ............................................. 88
Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ äèñïåðñèÿ ............................................................... 88
2.3. Ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ãåíîâ .............................. 92
2.4. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå êîëè÷åñòâåííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ïîä
äåéñòâèåì ñðåäû. Íîðìà ðåàêöèè.
Ñðåäîâàÿ äèñïåðñèÿ ............................................................ 94
2.5. Ñîâìåñòíûé âêëàä ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû â êîëè÷åñòâåííóþ
èçìåí÷èâîñòü. Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ è ñðåäîâàÿ äèñïåðñèè êàê
ñîñòàâëÿþùèå ïîïóëÿöèîííîé ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîé
äèñïåðñèè ............................................................................. 101
3. Ïîêàçàòåëü íàñëåäóåìîñòè è åãî îñîáåííîñòè ......................... 105
3.1. Ïîêàçàòåëü íàñëåäóåìîñòè â êîëè÷åñòâåííîé
ãåíåòèêå è ãåíåòèêå ïîâåäåíèÿ .......................................... 105
3.2. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïîêàçàòåëÿ íàñëåäóåìîñòè
ê ÷àñòîòàì ãåíîòèïîâ â ïîïóëÿöèè .................................... 107
3.3. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïîêàçàòåëÿ íàñëåäóåìîñòè
ê èçìåíåíèÿì ñðåäû ............................................................. 108
3.4. Âàæíîñòü ïðàâèëüíîé èíòåðïðåòàöèè ïîêàçàòåëÿ
íàñëåäóåìîñòè ...................................................................... 112
403
4. Ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ............................................ 114
4.1. Âêëàä ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ
â ïîïóëÿöèîííóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü ........................................ 114
4.2. Ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâàÿ êîâàðèàöèÿ ............................................ 119
×ÀÑÒÜ III. ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß .................. 121
ÃËÀÂÀ 5. ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÛÅ ÑÕÅÌÛ ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ
ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß .................................................................................. 123
1. Ñåìåéíîå è ãåíåòè÷åñêîå ñõîäñòâî .......................................... 123
2. Ñïîñîáû êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêè ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîãî
ñõîäñòâà ìåæäó ðîäñòâåííèêàìè ............................................... 125
3. Áëèçíåöû è áëèçíåöîâûé ìåòîä ................................................ 130
3.1. Áèîëîãèÿ áëèçíåöîâîñòè ..................................................... 130
3.2. Êîíöåïöèÿ áëèçíåöîâîãî ìåòîäà ....................................... 134
3.3. Ðàçíîâèäíîñòè áëèçíåöîâîãî ìåòîäà ................................ 141
4. Àíàëèç ðîäîñëîâíûõ .................................................................... 148
5. Ñåìåéíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ .............................................................. 154
6. Ìåòîä ïðèåìíûõ äåòåé ................................................................ 157
7. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ
ðàçíûìè ìåòîäàìè ...................................................................... 162
8. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå íà æèâîòíûõ ..................................................... 164
9. Àíàëèç ñöåïëåíèÿ ........................................................................ 170
ÃËÀÂÀ 6. ÊÎËÈ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ Â ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÅ
ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß ................................................................................... 175
1. Ïîñòðîåíèå ìîäåëè ..................................................................... 176
1.1. Ìîäåëü ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðû ïîïóëÿöèè ............... 176
1.2. Êîìïîíåíòû ãåíåòè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ........................ 178
1.3. Êîìïîíåíòû ñðåäîâîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ............................... 181
1.4. Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû .................................... 183
1.5. Ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâàÿ êîâàðèàöèÿ ............................................ 186
1.6. Êîâàðèàöèÿ ìåæäó ðîäñòâåííèêàìè .................................. 187
2. Âûáîð àäåêâàòíîé ìîäåëè ......................................................... 191
2.1. Ìåòîäû îöåíêè ìîäåëåé .................................................... 191
2.2. Ìåòîä íàèìåíüøèõ êâàäðàòîâ ........................................... 195
3. Ãåíåòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç êîâàðèàöèîííûõ ñòðóêòóð ....................... 207
3.1. Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü êîâàðèèðóþùèõ ïðèçíàêîâ .......... 207
3.2. Àíàëèç êîâàðèàöèîííûõ ñòðóêòóð: òåîðèÿ ëàòåíòíûõ
ïåðåìåííûõ .......................................................................... 209
3.3. Ãåíåòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç êîâàðèàöèîííûõ ñòðóêòóð ............. 211
404
3.4. Îöåíêà ïàðàìåòðîâ: ìåòîä ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ïðàâäîïîäîáèÿ ..................................................................................... 214
4. Ñòðóêòóðíîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ....................................................... 215
4.1. Ìîäåëü ëàòåíòíûõ ïåðåìåííûõ Ê.Éîðåñêîãà .................... 215
4.2. Ïðèëîæåíèÿ ìîäåëè Ê.Éîðåñêîãà â ïñèõîãåíåòèêå .......... 225
×ÀÑÒÜ IV. ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏCÈÕÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ
ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊ Â ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÅ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß .................. 239
ÃËÀÂÀ 7. ÊÎÃÍÈÒÈÂÍÛÅ ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊÈ ..................... 243
1. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ îá èíòåëëåêòå, èñïîëüçóåìûå â ãåíåòèêå
ïîâåäåíèÿ .................................................................................... 245
1.1. Ôàêòîðíî-àíàëèòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä âûäåëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèê
èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñôåðû .................................................... 246
1.2. Ïñèõîìåòðè÷åñêèå òåîðèè èíòåëëåêòà .............................. 252
2. Ðîëü ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû â âàðèàòèâíîñòè êîãíèòèâíûõ
õàðàêòåðèñòèê .............................................................................. 258
2.1. Èíòåëëåêò ............................................................................. 258
2.2. Àêàäåìè÷åñêèå äîñòèæåíèÿ .............................................. 266
2.3. Êîãíèòèâíûå ñïîñîáíîñòè ................................................. 269
2.4. Êîãíèòèâíûå ñòèëè .............................................................. 274
2.5. Êðåàòèâíîñòü ....................................................................... 277
2.6. Íàðóøåíèå ñïîñîáíîñòè ê îáó÷åíèþ ............................... 281
3. Íåïñèõîìåòðè÷åñêèå ïîäõîäû ê èññëåäîâàíèþ ðîëè
ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû â êîãíèòèâíîé ñôåðå .................................... 287
ÃËÀÂÀ 8. ÒÅÌÏÅÐÀÌÅÍÒ .............................................................. 294
1. Êðèòåðèè ñâîéñòâ òåìïåðàìåíòà ............................................... 296
2. Ñâîéñòâà òåìïåðàìåíòà è ðîëü ãåíîòèïà
â èõ äåòåðìèíàöèè ................................................................... 302
2.1. Íüþ-Éîðêñêîå ëîíãèòþäíîå èññëåäîâàíèå
òåìïåðàìåíòà ....................................................................... 303
2.2. Òðåõêîìïîíåíòíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà òåìïåðàìåíòà ...................... 311
2.3. Ïñèõîáèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü òåìïåðàìåíòà ....................... 317
2.4. Èññëåäîâàíèå çàòîðìîæåííîñòè (Ãàðâàðäñêîå
íàïðàâëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ òåìïåðàìåíòà) ...................... 321
2.5. Ëóèçâèëüñêîå áëèçíåöîâîå èññëåäîâàíèå ......................... 325
2.6. Èññëåäîâàíèå òåìïåðàìåíòà â îòå÷åñòâåííîé
ïñèõîëîãèè ............................................................................ 331
3. Èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðè èññëåäîâàíèè
òåìïåðàìåíòà ............................................................................... 338
405
ÃËÀÂÀ 9. ËÈ×ÍÎÑÒÜ ..................................................................... 349
1. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñâîéñòâ ëè÷íîñòè êðèòåðèàëüíûìè
ìåòîäàìè..................................................................................... 351
1.1. Ðàçðàáîòêà êðèòåðèàëüíûõ îïðîñíèêîâ ............................. 352
1.2. Èññëåäîâàíèå ðîëè ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû ñ ïîìîùüþ
êðèòåðèàëüíûõ îïðîñíèêîâ .................................................. 355
2. Ôàêòîðíî-àíàëèòè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä ê èññëåäîâàíèþ
ëè÷íîñòè ..................................................................................... 361
2.1. “Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå” ñâîéñòâà ëè÷íîñòè ................................. 363
2.2. Ñâîéñòâà ëè÷íîñòè, âûäåëÿåìûå â òåîðèè ÷åðò .............. 376
3. Èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ äàííûõ, ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðè èññëåäîâàíèè
ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâûõ äåòåðìèíàíò ëè÷íîñòíîé ñôåðû ............... 391
ÇÀÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÅ ............................................................................... 399
ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÓÅÌÀß ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ ............................................... 401
ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ ................................................................................. 402
406