Утевская Н. Л. "English grammar book keys to the exercises 2.0"

Н. Л. Утевская
English
Grammar
Book
KEYS
to the Exercises
Санкт Петербург
2.0
version
ББК 81.2Англ
У84
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Утевская Н. Л.
English Grammar Book. Version 2.0 : Keys to the Exercises =
Ключи к упражнениям учебного пособия “English Grammar
Book. Version 2.0”. – СПб. : Антология, 2011. – 128 c.
ISBN 978 5 94962 183 7
В этом издании даны ключи к большей части упражнений пере
работанного учебного пособия “English Grammar Book. Version 2.0”.
С помощью этих ключей можно проверить правильность выполне
ния грамматических заданий.
Издание предназначается прежде всего лицам, самостоятель
но изучающим английский язык.
ББК 81.2Англ
ISBN 978 5 94962 183 7
© Утевская Н. Л., 2011
© ООО «Антология», 2011
Contents
The Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The Adjective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The Adverb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The Numeral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
The Pronoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Sequence of Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Modal Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The Verbals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The Preposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
The Conjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
The Sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Emphatic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Appendix 8. Phrasal Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
The Noun
Number
Exercise X (p. 25)
1. I want your advice in this question. 2. Many of these pieces of
advice were very useful to us. 3. All the data were very important.
4. We got the same data. 5. This money is not mine. 6. How much
money do you have? I have little money; it isn’t enough to buy a radio
set. 7. His knowledge in this field surprised us. 8. Your knowledge is
not enough to fulfil this work. 9. His works in the field of physics are
widely known. 10. What interesting work! 11. What news have you
brought to us? 12. This news is already known to everybody.
13. What rainy weather! 14. In her childhood her hair was quite fair;
now it has darkened. 15. I can tell you about very interesting phenomena
which were observed by our scientists.
Exercise XI (p. 25)
1. The fruit in our garden has already ripened. 2. I like this watch very
much. Where did you buy it? 3. Hair grows quicker in the childhood.
4. What pleasant news: our friends whom we waited for a long time
come to us. 5. What are the contents of this book? 6. The knowledge
received in the young age remain in memory for long years.
7. Money is kept in a wallet or a purse. 8. When we sleep, our clothes
lie usually on the chair near the bed. 9. Which of these sheep will be
sent to the exhibition? 10. The fishermen were glad: they caught much
fish. 11. My fellow travellers were gay and interesting people.
12. Take these scissors, they are sharp. 13. A boy has grown and his
trousers have become short for him. 14. There were six pair of stockings
in the box. 15. His clothes are quite new.
Exercise XII (p. 25)
1. Fruit and vegetables are wholesome for health. 2. A young
specialist always followed his friends’ advice. 3. Your brother makes
good progress in studies. 4. I can tell you very interesting news.
5. Buy two pair of gloves and two dozen of woollen socks for children.
6. What are your wages? 7. There are deer in this forest.
8. I don’t know how these data are important. 9. This is very difficult
but interesting work. 10. Your watch keeps bad time. 11. I couldn’t
enter the garden because the gates were closed. 12. The goods have
just arrived. 13. The contents of his letter were quite unexpected.
4
14. Who does this money belong to? 15. What colour is her hair?
16. This money is yours, isn’t it?
Case
Exercise VII (p. 29)
1. Do you know Pete’s telephone number? 2. Do you have the map of
Europe? 3. My brother’s working day begins at 9 o’clock in the morning.
4. Do you know your teacher’s opinion? 5. My sister’s husband left for
Moscow. 6. They informed us about the arrival of a taxi. 7. The students
fulfilled the teacher’s advice. 8. I don’t know the headmistress’s
decisions yet. 9. We haven’t got the customers’ answers yet. 10. My
husband’s sister works at school. 11. Let’s go to the confectioner’s.
12. He is still at your mother’s.
Exercise VIII (p. 29)
1. The tourists’ camp was situated at the bank of the river. 2. They
went to the children’s Footwear Department. 3. Whose proposal do
you support – the headmaster’s or the chief engineer’s? 4. What is
your friend’s sister name? 5. He didn’t have a bicycle of his own, he
took his neighbour’s bicycle. 6. Her eyes were as beautiful as her
mother’s. 7. My brother and I bought the shoes at the same time. Mine
have already worn out, and my brother’s are quite new. 8. In the
sanatorium after dinner it is necessary to rest for an hour. 9. Opinions
differed. Some suggested seeing the New Year in at the Petrovs’ and
the others at the Nikitins’. 10. On the way home we bought a large
bunch of roses – my mother’s favourite flowers. 11. The population of
London is more than eight million people. 12. The portrait of
Rembrandt’s wife is one of the masterpieces of the painter.
Exercise IX (p. 30)
1. Ilf’s and Petrov’s books are very popular in our country. 2. I like
Shakespeare’s plays very much. 3. Her face was very little like a child’s.
4. He is one of my father’s closest friends. 5. I don’t like Ann’s new
friend. 6. I spent my winter holidays at my aunt’s. 7. How I like this
father’s portrait! 8. Yesterday I had no time to go to the barber’s.
9. Today we are going to our grandfather’s and grandmother’s.
10. There were four doors at the landing. I didn’t know which of them
was my friends’ door. 11. What is your opinion about today’s travel?
12. Some days ago I met my mother’s old friend. 13. Yesterday I gave
my watch to the watchmaker’s. 14. I had a five minute’s talk with the
teacher of literature. 15. I remember this Mary’s smile very much.
5
16. The doctor’s eyes met his eyes. 17. I don’t like this new Mary’s
friend.
Exercise X (p. 30)
1. I spent a week at my mother’s friend who lives in New York. 2. In
today’s newspaper there is a long article of my teacher. 3. There were
some minutes’ walk to his work. 4. He will never forget his grandmother’s
kindness. 5. The master of the house doesn’t live in it, but sometimes
he comes here. 6. The tone of his voice was very kind. 7. He went to
the chemist’s to buy some medicine. 8. These are not my friends.
These are my mother’s and father’s friends. 9. I am not at home now.
I am at Helen’s. 10. Whom did you meet at my parents’? 11. He is still at
his mother’s. 12. I met them when they were returning from his friends’.
13. Whose composition do you like more: Nick’s or Helen’s? 14. She is
one of my father’s cousins. 15. This is one of my mother’s favourite
books. 16. Little Tom was smiling. His smile was like his father’s smile.
17. I have no camera of my own. This is my grandfather’s camera.
18. Philip was one of old John’s schoolmates.
The Article
Exercise I (p. 39)
1. a, (–); 2. (–), (–), (–) (–); 3. a, a; 4. a, (–); 5. a, (–), (–); 6. a, a, an; 7. (–),
(–), a, (–); 8. a, a; 9. (–), an, an, (–); 10. a, a, a; 11. an, a, an, (–), a;
12. (–), (–), a, (–); 13. (–), a; 14. a, (–), (–).
Exercise II (p. 40)
1. a, a, a; 2. (–), a, an, a; 3. (–), a, an, a; 4. a, (–), a; 5. a, a, a; 6. a, a,
(–); 7. an, (–); 8. (–),(–); 9. an, a, a, a, (–); 10. a, a, a, a; 11. (–), a, a;
12. (–), a; 13. (–), a; 14. a, a.
Exercise III (p. 40)
1. the, (–), the, (–); 2. the, the, the; 3. the, (–),(–), the; 4. (–), (–); 5. the,
the, the, the; 6. (–), (–), (–), the, (–); 7. (–), the, (–), (–); 8. (–), (–), the;
9. (–), (–), (–); 10. (the), (the), the; 11. (–), (–), the, the, the; 12. the, the,
the, the; 13. the, (–), (–); 14. (–), the, (–), (–); 15. (–), (–), (–); 16. the,
(–), the, the; 17. (–), (–), (–), (–), (–).
Exercise IV (p. 41)
1. the, (–),(–), the; 2. (–),(–), the, the; 3. (–),(–), the; 4. (–), the, (–), the;
5. (–), (–), (–), the, the, (–), the, the, the, the, the, (–), (–); 6. the, the, the,
6
(–); 7. the, the, the, the, the, the; 8. the, (–), the, the, (–), the; 9. (–),
(–), the, (–); 10. the, (–), (–), (–), the; 11. (–), the, the, the;
12. the, the, (–), the, (–), the, the; 13. the, the, the, the, the, the.
Exercise V (p. 42)
a, the, the, (–), (–); the; the, (–); a, the; the, the, (–); the, the, the, the;
the; a, the; (–), a, (–); the, a; the, a, the, the.
Exercise VI (p. 42)
1. (–), (–), (–); 2. the, (–); 3. (–); 4. (–); 5. a, (–), the; 6. a, the;
7. a, the, the; 8. a, the, the, the; 9. an, (–), the, (–), (–); 10. (–), (the), the;
11. (–), a; 12. a, the, the; 13. a, (–); 14. the, the, (–), (–), the;
15. a, a, (–); 16. a; 17. the, (–); 18. (–), the; 19. (–), the, (–);
20. (–).
Exercise VII (p. 42)
1. the, (–),(–); 2. an; 3. (–), the, (–), (–); 4. a, (–); 5. an; 6. the, the;
7. the; 8. the, (–), the, the; 9. the, the; 10. the; 11. (–), the; 12. (–), the,
a; 13. a, the.
Exercise VIII (p. 43)
1. the, the, the, a, the; 2. a, a, a, (–), (–); 3. (–), (–), (–), (–); 4. (–), the, a,
(–), the; (–), the, (–); 5. a, the, the, the; 6. a, a, a, the, the, the, (–);
7. the, the; 8. the, the; 9. a; the, the; 10. a, the, the; 11. (–), the; 12. (–),
the, (–); 13. (–), a.
Exercise IX (p. 43)
1. I got acquainted with him in a small southern town. 2. A man is waiting
for you near the house. 3. Who has brought this letter? – A boy has.
4. Where is the dictionary? – It is in the bookcase. 5. Who is this
woman? – She is the wife of an engineer, who works in our plant.
6. A man rang you up today in the morning. 7. I knew them when they
were students. 8. He was born in a little town not far from Moscow.
9. The door opened and a young man with a suitcase in his hand entered
the room. 10. When the professor entered the auditorium, the students
stood up. 11. A child studies a foreign language easily. 12. What a
beautiful day! 13. What warm weather! 14. It is such an interesting story.
15. It is a too easy text for you. 16. They are such educated people!
Exercise X (p. 44)
1. Last summer we lived in a village situated on the bank of the Volga,
in a little house surrounded by a large garden. 2. Large old limes grew
7
in front of the house. 3. Yesterday I spoke to the man who spent some
years in China. 4. I don’t remember the figures which he mentioned in
his report. 5. A man who wants to master a foreign language must work
very hard and systematically. 6. I have just read a story which I liked
very much. 7. The story which I have just read is very interesting.
8. Shall we meet after school? – Where? – At the entrance to school.
9. It was already night; but fortunately it was a summer night, and the
weather was dry. 10. A day has just begun, and the air was clean and
cool. 11. I’ll call on you after dinner. 12. He asked me to tell you that
they would go on an excursion to the Hermitage next week. 13. He was
recommended to us as a man with the good knowledge of a language.
14. Some people eat icecream in the street even in winter. 15. Such data
are always necessary.
Exercise XI (p. 44)
1. A bookshelf is more convenient than a bookcase in a small room.
2. He likes to drink not from a cup, but only from a glass. 3. Such a
problem must interest you. 4. They entered the carriage where there
were no vacant seats. 5. I have never seen the friendship stronger
than that one of these two people. 6. She looked at the clock on the
corner of the street and understood that she had been late for the
train. 7. Today the group of journalists that consists mainly of the
students will begin to climb the Elbrus. 8. Your son will be operated on
by the surgeon who is working at the thesis on this subject.
9. Early in the morning before breakfast the sportsmen went to the
river to bathe. 10. What shall we have for supper? 11. You can always
get hot breakfast in this canteen. 12. On Saturdays they usually have
guests to supper. 13. Excursionists come here by land and by sea in
the daytime and at night. 14. We spent summer on the Dneper. 15. Be
attentive, you have made a mistake.
Exercise XII (p. 44)
1. I want a piece of advice in this difficult affair. 2. It’s a pity to be
indoors in such beautiful weather. 3. Don’t sit in the sun for such a
long time, you will have a headache. 4. The Black Sea is very rough
in winter. 5. She likes music very much. 6. The sky was clear, and
the stars were shining brightly. 7. What pleasant news you have
brought to us! 8. The Volga is the most important waterway in this
country. 9. It was an early morning, and the grass was covered with
dew. 10. The milk which I bought today in the morning turned sour.
11. It was a warm morning; a light wind was blowing from the sea.
12. Very good sorts of grapes grew in the Crimea. 13. It was evening
8
and the family was sitting at table. 14. Tea is very strong, pour
some water, please. 15. I hope that you won’t spend your holidays
in town.
The Adjective
Exercise II (p. 47)
a stormy sea
a metallic sound
childish behaviour
valuable forests
wonderful nature
a mysterious place
a poetic phrase
a comfortable armchair
a friendly class
a courageous deed
central streets
an adventurous trip
Exercise III (p. 47)
Wonderful, friendly, troublesome, bloody, harmful, careful, greenish,
woollen, tiresome, truthful, comfortable, faithful, shameful, sunny,
wooden, attractive, foolish, humorous, occasional, rainy, natural.
Exercise IV (p. 47)
1. foolish; 2. central; 3. valuable; 4. athletic; 5. starry; 6. comfortable;
7. humorous; 8. friendly.
Exercise VII (p. 48)
geographical
personal
heroic
patriotic
enjoyable
truthful
mysterious
glorious
noisy
wonderful
greedy
grassy
eatable
delightful
understandable
lucky
classic
nervous
colourful
careful
artistic
experimental
healthy
remarkable
funny
harmful
fantastic
fearful
Exercise VIII (p. 48)
Uncertain, unpleasant, inattentive, incapable, illegal, unsuccessful,
indefinite, immoral, invisible, unimportant, unfriendly, inconvenient,
illogical, impolite, unhappy, impatient, ungrateful, uneducated.
Exercise IX (p. 49)
1. improbable; 2. unfair; 3. unwell, disagreeable; 4. illegible;
5. unsatisfactory.
9
Exercise X (p. 49)
Incapable, inconvenient, unconnected, inofficial, unsatisfactory,
unjust, immovable, unsettled, insignificant, impatient, illiterate,
ungrateful, unnatural, irreligious, independent.
Exercise XII (p. 49)
1. A badly-written book. 2. A not-polluted city. 3. A long-awaited
announcement. 4. A three-year course. 5. A hard-working worker.
6. A two-hour bus journey. 7. A five-star hotel. 8. A good-ventilated
room.
Word Oder of Adjectives
Exercise I (p. 51)
1. A pretty little Japanese girl.
2. A wedding expensive white silk dress.
3. A pair of walking old black leather shoes.
4. A famous ancient English monument.
5. A detective fascinating new French film.
6. A lovely red marble chess set.
7. A lovely dessert crystal bowl.
Exercise II (p. 51)
1. A long cream linen dress.
2. A delicious home-made three-course meal.
3. A nice interesting short speech.
4. Excellent live Spanish music.
5. A big round gold brooch.
6. A smart new grey woollen suit.
7. An old black leather jacket.
Exercise III (p. 51)
1. long fair hair
2. a large wooden table
3. a long wide street
4. a tall thin girl
5. a little old cottage
6. a good-looking young woman
7. a small black cat
10
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
a beautiful red dress
an old cotton shirt
a little blue car
a small wooden box
an old Italian song
a nice sunny day
Comparison of Adjectives
Exercise X (p. 60)
a) more difficult; much more difficult; still more difficult; the most
difficult.
b) a larger number; by far larger number; still larger number; the largest
number.
c) a more difficult problem; much more difficult problem; still more
difficult problem; the most difficult problem; the most difficult
problem as it is only possible.
Exercise XI (p. 60)
1. I heard two reports. The first was much more interesting than the
second. 2. This text is still more difficult than that one which we
translated the other day. 3. It is an extremely important question.
4. Every day the weather became worse. 5. Today it is hotter than it
was yesterday. 6. I did not think that my new job would turn out so
difficult. 7. This problem is not so serious as it seems to you. 8. The
language of this article is easier. Begin with it. 9. We need a smaller
wardrobe as the room is not large. 10. Your brother is a very capable
man; he is the most capable from our young scientists. 11. I advise
you to go this road as it is the shortest way. 12. A coat is not a bit
worse after cleaning. 13. The more you will be in the open air, the
better health you will have. 14. Who is the best sportsman in your
team? 15. This time I have less mistakes than there were in the last
composition.
Exercise XII (p. 61)
1. Is your brother much elder than you? No, he is younger than me.
2. The latest edition of this book is already sold out. 3. We had to put
off our trip to the country as the weather got worse and worse. 4. She
was much younger than her sister and less merry. 5. The latest news
on TV begins at 9 o’clock. 6. The quicker you will go to the doctor, the
easier it will be to cure your illness. 7. The more you will read, the
quicker you will broaden your vocabulary. 8. He is strong, he can lift a
box three times as heavy. 9. Today it is twice as cold as it was yesterday.
10. I found him in the farthest corner of the park. 11. Tell me please
where the nearest baker’s is. 12. Jane was a year elder than Maria.
13. He felt better and better. 14. In winter Moscow was always more
attractive for him than in summer. 15. Your memory is not at all better
than mine. 16. Which of all these books do you like best of all? 17. You
can rely on him. He will do this work as quickly as I will.
11
Exercise XIII (p. 61)
1. The theme you are working at is more difficult than mine. 2. My shoes
are worse than yours. Your shoes are more fashionable and convenient.
3. The worst season of the year in India is the period of rains. 4. My
father was the eldest son in the family. 5. Do you know the latest news
about your friend? 6. The last chapter in this novel is the most interesting
one. 7. On Sunday I got up later than usual. 8. The most interesting
question on the agenda was about the work of the students’ scientific
society. 9. He spends a greater part of his spare time in the library.
10. Today we have less work than yesterday. 11. They were walking as
slowly as we were. 12. Now you study better than last year. 13. How old
is your younger sister? 14. My room is not so light as yours. 15. The
more I look at this picture, the more I like it. 16. The less you speak, the
better. 17. The quicker you will do it, the better.
Exercise XIV (p. 62)
1. This book is the most interesting in his library. 2. This is the most
beautiful house in this district. 3. This boy is taller than all the other boys
in the form. 4. Aeroplanes can fly quicker than birds, can’t they? 5. He is
as capable as his brothers. 6. You are much cleverer than your brothers.
7. The second text is much more difficult than the first one, and the third
is still more difficult. 8. This is the best decision one can only imagine.
9. Which city of England is the farthest from the sea shore? 10. The
shorter is your composition, the better. 11. The more attentive you will be,
the less mistakes you will make. 12. Haven’t you heard the latest news?
13. Today we have more work than we had yesterday. 14. She translates
slower than you do. 15. You are the best pupil of our class, aren’t you?
16. Where is the nearest metro station here? 17. I have read as many
books as you have. 18. Who jumps higher and runs quicker?
Exercise XV (p. 62)
1. The most beautiful fabrics at the exhibition were marked by the
prizes. 2. The smallest radio set is placed in a matchbox. 3. The greatest
achievements of science must serve people. 4. The most complicated
task was entrusted to the best pupil. 5. I want to buy shoes with a
longer toe and higher heels. 6. The most famous actors of the world
perform in the hall of the Petersburg Philharmonic Society. 7. The
majority of my friends live in Moscow. 8. A musician performed his
last composition. 9. I found him in the farthest room of the flat.
10. This aeroplane is of the latest construction. 11. Our coach is the
oldest member of our sports club. 12. The more interesting is the
book, the quicker it is read. 13. He would like to work at the more
12
complicated theme. 14. Buy the lighter wallpaper for your rom. Then it
won’t look so gloomy as it looks now. 15. This room is lighter. It will
suit better for the studio.
Exercise XVI (p. 63)
1. Many consider that Sevan Lake in Armenia is the most beautiful
mountain lake. 2. A man has the most complicated organism of all the
living creatures. 3. He spends the most part of his spare time in the
library. 4. She put on a smart brown skirt and a white blouse that made
her much younger than she was. 5. This translation is twice as simple.
You will cope with it. 6. A new stadium is several times as large as an
old one. 7. Though this room is half the size I like it better. 8. You
should remember that Peter is ten years younger than Tom’s. 9. Do
you like this suit? Yes, I do. But it is one time and a half as expensive.
10. Today it is twice as cold as it was yesterday. 11. All his friends are
twice as old as he is. 12. The pond is a little bigger lengthwise than
widthwise. 13. He was the kindest and the most pleasant man whom I
had ever known. 14. She was called Helen as it was the most
fashionable name for girls at that time.
The Adverb
Exercise VI (p. 70)
1. high; 2. highly; 3. close; 4. near; 5. nearly; 6. deeply; 7. deep;
8. hard; 9. hardly; 10. short; 11. shortly; 12. wide; 13. widely; 14. close;
15. high; 16. hardly; 17. deep; 18. dearly; 19. dearly; 20. loud;
21. deeply; 22. short.
Exercise VIII (p. 71)
1. The weather was extremely gloomy on that day.
2. I have never seen a talking parrot.
3. Tomorrow we will go to the country.
4. My aunt Helen lives here with her little daughter.
5. The boys seldom read this magazine.
6. I only looked at the apple, I didn’t touch it.
7. Poor Tom has never realized before how long it is from breakfast
to dinner.
8. His father has been in the Far East nearly two years.
9. I could hardly enough thank my sister.
10. Everything was soon quite ready.
13
Exercise IX (p. 71)
1. hard; 2. hardly; 3. loudly; 4. deep; 5. close; 6. high; 7. sharp;
8. sharply; 9. far; 10. almost; 11. badly; 12. widely; 13. very; 14. deeply;
15. quickly; 16. deeply; 17. hard, scarcely; 18. well.
Exercise X (p. 71)
1. wide; 2. deeply; 3. justly; 4. near; 5. hard; 6. almost; 7. highly;
8. soon; 9. clearly, more vaguely; 10. loudly, long; 11. easier; 12. well,
badly; 13. hardly; 14. hard.
Exercise XI (p. 72)
1. You always come in time. 2. Our teacher never speaks Russian at the
lessons. 3. Sometimes you are wrong. 4. She works hard at this problem.
5. I have just finished my work. 6. I will never forget this meeting.
7. I haven’t returned the books to the library yet. 8. Have you already
written a letter? 9. He has been just seen in the next room. 10. He was
seldom asked about it. 11. You can always turn to him for help. 12. You
should never forget about it. 13. We saw him at the theatre yesterday.
14. I will often remember these merry days. 15. We will sometimes meet
with them at the lectures. 16. In summer we almost always live in the
Caucasus. 17. I slept well after our trip yesterday.
Exercise XII (p. 72)
1. Has your sister returned to St Petersburg? – No, she hasn’t come
yet. She is in Sochi. – Where else is she going before coming home?
2. Have you finished doing your homework? – No, I haven’t. The
composition hasn’t been written yet. I am still writing it. – What
else must you do today? – Nothing more.
3. Have you already read this interesting novel? – No, I haven’t
read it till the end yet. I am still reading it.
4. It is already ten o’clock and he hasn’t come yet. He already had to
come half an hour ago. I think he is still at home. He hasn’t left yet.
5. Have you already translated this article? – Not yet. I have been
translating it already for two weeks but I haven’t finished it yet.
Exercise XIII (p. 72)
1. The longer I look at the picture, the more I like it. 2. Before doing
some conclusions you must deeply study this item. 3. Have I rightly
understood you? 4. The more interesting is the book, the quicker you
read it. 5. A short-sighted man has to bring the text close to the eyes.
6. Only a highly qualified worker can operate this complicated lathe.
7. The book was so fascinating that I read it till the deep night. 8. I was
14
deeply touched by his care. 9. The earlier you come, the quicker we
will finish the work. 10. Look straight into my eyes. 11. He was
interrupted in the very middle of the speech. 12. This month I spent on
buying books three times as much as last month. 13. Wait, they will
come soon. 14. A patient was breathing hard. 15. A patient was hardly
breathing. 16. He has returned from his business trip lately.
17. This expression was widely used in English in the sixteenth century.
18. We live quite close to the railway.
Exercise XIV (p. 73)
1. The door was widely open, and they entered without ringing.
2. He came home soon after we had gone. 3. You have so strongly
changed that I have hardly recognized you. 4. She breathed slowly
and deeply after the competition. 5. During the talk he was attentively
looking at her. 6. Little John went downstairs and sat on the lower
step. 7. We were considered highly educated people. 8. The quicker
you will read the book, the better. 9. The more he thought about his
travel, the more he liked it. 10. In the course of two or three days the
doctor attentively watched Tom. 11. The child cut his thumb, and he
was crying badly, when mother came into the children’s room. 12. He
slipped and nearly fell. 13. He left his dog near the house. 14. He
looked fixedly at the girl who was sitting opposite him.
Exercise XV (p. 73)
1. The quicker you turn to the doctor, the easier it will be to cure your
illness. 2. The letter came soon after your departure. 3. The more you
will learn English words, the better you will know the language.
4. Early or late it had to take place. 5. Which of all these books do you
like best of all? 6. Oliver came to the porch and asked shyly to drink.
Then still more shyly he asked a piece of bread. 7. Speak louder!
8. The more you will be out of doors, the better you will have the
appetite. 9. Once you have promised you must do it. 10. The speedometer
showed that a car went twice as quicker as before. 11. I play chess
worst of all. 12. Who lives farther from university: you or your friend?
13. Which from all the pictures at the exhibition do you like best of all?
14. My friend runs faster than I do.
Exercise XVI (p. 74)
1. Who from the students of your group lives farther than all the
students from university? 2. Which of these two pictures do you like
more? 3. You always come to the meetings later than I do. 4. This year
you work less than last year. 5. From all your drawings I like this
15
landscape less of all. 6. My friend should work far better to get rid of
such mistakes. 7. Have you already read this interesting article? –
I am still reading it. I haven’t read it yet till the end. 8. It is already eight
o’clock, and he hasn’t got up and hasn’t had breakfast yet. He is still
sleeping. 9. I have got a postcard from my brother lately. I haven’t got
anything more from him. I haven’t got a telegram yet which says how
he feels. 10. She was so nervous that she could hardly answer the
questions. 11. You seldom come in time. 12. He is never late for the
lectures. 13. He has just been seen in the next room. 14. You can
always turn to him for help. 15. I have met my schoolmate recently.
The Numeral
Exercise II (p. 77)
Three, four, fourteen, forty, fifteen, eighteen, eighty, twelve, a (one)
hundred, two hundred and twenty-six, seven hundred and five, a (one)
thousand, four thousand five hundred and sixty eight, six thousand
and eight, seventy five, one hundred and thirty seven, four hundred
and twenty-five, seven hundred and twelve, a (one) million three
hundred and six thousand five hundred and twenty-seven, two million
thirty-two thousand six hundred and seventy-eight, three thousand
four hundred and fifty-three, six hundred and ninety-six, one seventh,
two nineteenth, one and one fifth, eight and three eighths, nought
point eight, one point three five, two point nought seven, two point
three eight six, three point one four.
Exercise V (p. 77)
b) common fractions:
two thirds, three fifths, five eighths, seven sixteenths, nine thirty
second, a (one) quarter, three quarters
c) decimal fractions:
two point five; two five point one six; three one point seven five;
four nine point one six five; nought point three six; nought point
one nought five.
Exercise VII (p. 77)
1. Two thousand roubles. 2. Thousands of people. 3. Three hundred
and forty metres. 4. Hundreds of years. 5. A (one) thousand four
hundred kilometres. 6. Twelve students. 7. Fifty cars. 8. Three kilograms
and a half. 9. ¾ hour (three quarters of an hour). 10. Sixteen per cent.
16
11. ¾ tonne (three quarters of a tonne). 12. ½ centimetre (half a
centimetre). 13. Two hundred and sixty five metres. 14. 0.75 per cent
(nought point seven five per cent). 15. Two hours and a half.
Exercise VIII (p. 78)
1
/4 kilometre (one quarter of a kilometre); 1/2 hour (half an hour);
1
/3 pound (one third pound); 23/4 per cent (two and three fourth per
cent); 0.105 metre (nought point one nought five metre); 2.18 pounds
(two point one eight pounds); 17.562 tonnes (one seven point five six
two tonnes); 5 per cent (five per cent); 23 centimetres (twenty-three
centimetres); 1/2 per cent (a half per cent); 11/3 pounds (one and one (a)
pound and a third); 21/2 tonnes (two and a half tonnes); 35 dollars
(thirty-five dollars); 2500 roubles (two thousand five hundred roubles);
3
/4 kilometre (three quarters of a kilometre); 0.2 per cent (nought point
two per cent); 6.8 metres (six point eight metres); 31/2 hours (three and
a half hours); 3445 roubles (three thousand four hundred and fortyfive roubles).
Exercise IX (p. 78)
1. Fifty kilograms. 2. Three hundred cars. 3. Sixty-one grams. 4. Two
million tonnes. 5. Hundreds of boxes. 6. Thousands of books. 7. Two
hundred and eighty-one dollars. 8. Three thousand roubles. 9. Forty
pounds. 10. Thirty-four dollars and ten cents. 11. A hundred of bicycles.
12. Three hundred years.
The Pronoun
Personal and Possessive Adjectives/
Pronouns
Exercise VIII (p. 83)
1. A new railway has been built; its length is more than thousands
kilometres. 2. A new bridge has been built; its width is about a hundred
metres. 3. I have got many books of this poet; I am a great admirer of
his talent. 4. I prefer the Crimea to the Caucasus because of its drier
climate. 5. This car is not very large, but its motor is rather powerful.
6. I can’t go in my car now: its motor is not in order. 7. Whose
photographs are these? – Mine. 8. Don’t touch an iron, it is hot. 9. Eat
more carrots, they are very wholesome. 10. Where is the fruit? They
17
are in the refrigerator. 11. It is your notebook, and this is his, but where
is mine? 12. I met my old friend on board the ship. He was my brother’s
friend too.
Exercise IX (p. 83)
1. You go in the same compartment, but he has an upper berth and you
have a lower berth. 2. Whose poems did you like more: his or that
young poet’s? 3. He took the key of his neighbour instead of his.
4. We shared our experience with him and they theirs. 5. The results
showed that our plan was more correct than theirs. 6. The best offer is
yours. 7. When you see him, give him his pencil. 8. We invited them to
our party, and they promised to come with their teacher. 9. Mother
asked her to bring her magazines from the room, and she brought hers.
10. She looked into her room and quickly returned to his. 11. She
entered the bathroom to wash her face and hands. 12. He was two
years older than I and my friend.
Exercise X (p. 83)
1. His uncle was the headmaster of school. – And mine as well.
2. I suppose that I am right thinking that he is one of your students.
3. His opinion was the same as mine. 4. His English was as good as
theirs. 5. Tom has got a letter from his schoolmate recently. 6. I had a
strange feeling when we spoke about his friends. 7. In those days I
seldom saw my schoolmate and in his presence I felt awkward as he
did in mine. 8. One of my nieces rang me up today in the morning.
9. “Will we go to our friend in your car or in mine today?” asked Ann.
10. He says that he is one of your friends or you are one of his.
11. I will read you my composition and I want you to read me yours.
12. I see that you have no dictionary and I want to give you mine.
13. I haven’t written my exercises yet. And are yours ready? 14. Here
is your bag. And where is mine? 15. You haven’t shown me your
report yet.
Exercise XI (p. 84)
1. If you left your key at home, I can give you mine. 2. He put on his
cap and coat and went out to the street. 3. In the morning I have
breakfast, tidy up my room and go to work. 4. If she has no umbrella
on her, give her yours. 5. Our secretary knows her duties well.
6. You haven’t told me your opinion about my work yet. 7. It is
raining. Put on your raincoat. 8. Take your money, please. I can lose
it. 9. He admits his shortcomings. 10. Mind your own business.
11. He put on his cap and went out. 12. We took off our coats and
18
entered the room. 13. They don’t want to see your drawings, they
want to see mine. 14. You can do without my help very well, but not
without theirs.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Exercise III (p. 85)
1. same; 2. this; 3. those; 4. that’s; 5. such; 6. those; 7. that; 8. those;
9. this; 10. these, those; 11. such; 12. that; 13. those; 14. such.
Exercise V (p. 86)
1. The climate of Italy is better than that of England. 2. Your mistakes
are worse than those made by your friend. 3. He always comes here at
the same time. 4. Such was the result of their argument. 5. At this
moment I saw my friend in the hall. 6. He told her about his work in
hospital, and she told him what she did at university on that day.
7. I am busy at this moment. 8. This book is mine and that is yours.
9. Those first August days I had few things to do at work. 10. It is such
an interesting novel! 11. That day I was ill and didn’t go to the lectures
at university. 12. These shoes do not suit me. Give me those, please.
13. Read the same text, please. 14. I have never had such work.
15. Winter in England is milder than that on the continent. 16. The
smell of a rose is more pleasant than that of a lily. 17. Don’t touch
those toys, take the toys in the corner. 18. I like such little towns as
this one. 19. She has long curly hair. I have never seen such beautiful
hair. 20. I have brought the latest news to you. These pieces of news
are the most important ones.
Exercise VI (p. 87)
1. Whose shoes are these? – These are my shoes. 2. Somebody
looked into the room. It was my neighbour. 3. When I first saw him
he was still quite a young man. 4. Where did you put money? – It is
in the purse, on the shelf. 5. Do you remember her? She was a very
gay girl. 6. These were the most beautiful roses I have ever seen.
7. I got all the information which you had sent to me. It is very
interesting. But is not the full information yet. 8. There was much
fruit in the beautiful vases on the table. 9. What is with your watch? –
It is five minutes slow. 10. Look, who is that? – It is one of our
students. I saw him somewhere. – Probably at the competitions; it is
one of our sportsmen. – Yes, now I recognize him, it is he. 11. Who is
there? – Open, it’s me.
19
Exercise VII (p. 87)
1. Many years ago there was a library in this house. 2. Look at the
little house with the green roof on that bank of the river. 3. They go
to Poland soon. They think that they have to be in this country
about a year. 4. He was in China some years ago but at that time he
didn’t know the Chinese language yet. 5. These are my exercisebooks and those are yours. 6. I don’t want to call him now. He is
always having dinner at that time. 7. Take these magazines on the
table, but don’t take those magazines on the shelf. 8. How are these
sentences called? 9. What colour is that wallpaper? 10. It was 1810.
In those days there were no railways in our country. 11. This letter is
from my elder brother whom I did not see for a year and a half. 12. All
these problems have been discussed many times, but not one of
them has been solved yet.
Interrogative Pronouns
Exercise IV (p. 89)
1. Who has left a dictionary on the table? 2. Who of them did you
ask about it? 3. Who are you waiting here? 4. What floor do you
live? 5. What will we write today: a dictation or grammar exercises?
6. Which month is the coldest in Moscow? 7. Which language do
you know better: English or German? 8. What do you prefer: tea or
coffee? 9. What were you speaking about when I met you? 10. Whom
have you given your dictionary? 11. Which of these stories is the
shortest? 12. What colour is this wallpaper? 13. Whose exercisebook is this? 14. What do you think about this question? 15. What is
this young man? He is a student. 16. What do you want: cheese,
butter or biscuits? 17. Who invented radio? 18. What magazines did
you buy? 19. Who knows the address of our teacher? 20. Whom did
you ask? 21. Who from our group wrote a dictation without any
mistakes?
Relative Pronouns
Exercise III (p. 90)
1. It is my friend whom you saw at the cinema with me yesterday.
2. A passenger whose suitcase lay near him said that the place was
occupied. 3. I haven’t yet checked a dictation which you wrote
yesterday. 4. I don’t know anybody who lives in this flat. 5. It is that
20
dog that we saw at the circus. 6. The girl whom he told you about is
my friend’s sister. 7. The student whom I lent my dictionary will
bring it tomorrow morning. 8. It is the most interesting book which I
have ever read on this theme. 9. We passed by the room the door of
which was open. 10. He helped me to carry my suitcase: that was
very kind of him. 11. In the forest there were already a lot of trees
whose leaves were quite yellow. 12. Is it that book you are looking
for? 13. The man whom we met in the corridor is the headmaster of
our school. 14. He was the only student who wrote this dictation
with some mistakes.
Exercise IV (p. 91)
1. The book which you gave me yesterday is very interesting.
2. What is the name of the man whom you have just spoken to?
3. This is the house in which I lived in my childhood. 4. He showed me
a beautiful picture which he had bought not long ago. 5. Yesterday I
met my old friend whom I didn’t recognize at once. 6. The man who
has just called you asked to pass you something. 7. The address to
which I wrote proved to be wrong. 8. He is one of the most interesting
men whom I have ever met. 9. It is a letter from my elder brother whom
I didn’t see a year and a half. 10. The wood of which this furniture is
made is very hard. 11. The train from Moscow that must arrive at 5.30
is late.
Reflexive/Emphatic Pronouns
Exercise III (p. 95)
1. I will answer this letter myself. 2. He doesn’t like to speak about
himself. 3. They wanted to do it themselves. 4. Your father was here
himself. 5. He told us a lot about himself. 6. I will leave this book for
myself. 7. She will bring you the book herself. 8. He went there and
saw everything himself. 9. Let the children do their homework
themselves. 10. If he is busy, I can go to the theatre myself. 11. When
she was ready, she looked at the mirror at herself. 12. He often spoke
to himself. 13. That evening they had to have dinner themselves.
14. They preferred to drink tea themselves, and after tea they played
chess. 15. Return, my boy, and close the door. Doors are not closed
themselves. 16. I can give you my photo myself. 17. Coffee was ready.
She poured herself a cup and sat at table. 18. He was surprised at
himself. 19. Don’t shave in the darkness. You can cut yourself. 20. He
boldly defended himself.
21
Exercise IV (p. 95)
1. I will see him myself. 2. Then she wanted to do something herself.
3. That evening she was kindness herself. 4.There were such
moments when he felt extremely sorry for himself. 5. He thinks too
much about himself. 6. He reproached himself very much for his
behaviour that evening. 7. He was displeased with himself. 8. They
have done it not for themselves but for their friends. 9. A young man
said nothing about himself, and we didn’t know even the name of
our rescuer. 10. After the illness she is too weak to take care of
herself. 11. We saw a beautiful forest lake in front of ourselves.
12. She wants to do it herself. 13. I am very much surprised that he
behaved himself in such a way. 14. Don’t worry, I bring a letter to the
post office myself. 15. He told us a lot about himself. 16. You see it
yourself that you are wrong.
Reciprocal Pronouns
Exercise III (p. 96)
1. Pete and Lena love each other very much. 2. After school holidays
the students were glad to see one another. 3. Everybody in our family
helps one another. 4. These two brothers never saw each other.
5. They often quarrelled with each other. 6. They continued working
helping each other. 7. Their eyes met for a second, and they understood
the thoughts of each other. 8. They have known each other for two
years. 9. They often see one another. 10. When they met again they
recognized each other. 11. They accuse each other but, probably, they
are both guilty. 12. They often visited one another. 13. We looked at
one another with excitement. 14. Her children always helped one
another. 15. Two people nodded each other.
Exercise IV (p. 97)
1. Though they lived in one and the same street they seldom saw each
other. 2. The members of our family live in different towns; though we
do not see one another for several years we often write letters to one
another. 3. When the former classmates met, they did not recognize
one another. 4. We must help one another. 5. The two friends looked at
each other. 6. When the friends parted, they wrote down the telephone
numbers of one another. Then they exchanged the photos of one
another. 7. Mother and her son sat opposite each other. 8. They first
saw each other some years ago. 9. The sisters looked like each other.
10. They kissed and embraced each other.
22
Indefinite and Negative Pronouns
Exercise VI (p. 102)
1. I see some note on our table. Has anybody come in? 2. To my mind
there are some mistakes in the article. Haven’t you noticed? –
I haven’t noticed anything for the time being. 3. I can’t tell you
anything. Ask somebody else. 4. I don’t see anything suitable for me
on the shop window. Can you show me something else? –
Unfortunately I can’t offer you anything more now. Come any day
next week. 5. Has he told you anything? And he has something to tell
you: I think he has seen more than any of us for this period of time.
6. Nobody tells me anything. Perhaps, you will tell me something.
7. I see somebody’s wet umbrella in the hall. Has anybody come?
8. Will somebody from you give me their notes? 9. Take anybody’s
notes and look through the lectures you missed. 10. I am too tired to
busy myself with something serious. 11. Let’s meet some other day.
On Wednesday I won’t have any time. 12. Is there any butter on the
table? Yes, there is some. 13. If you have nothing to do, go for a walk.
14. We knew nobody at the party. 15. She saw nobody as it was dark
in the room. 16. Nobody from the children has got up yet.
17. Today there are no mistakes in your dictation. 18. I will be in my
study if you need something. 19. Did you manage to find articles on
this problem? 20. Can we do something for you? 21. Father, are you
free? I wish to tell you something. 22. Have you been proposed to
read some interesting articles in this magazine?
Exercise VII (p. 103)
1. I went to the post office and bought some stamps and envelopes.
2. There are no illustrations in this magazine. 3. If you have any books
on this problem, bring them, please. 4. Why hasn’t he brought me
some water? I asked him to bring me some as I am very thirsty.
5. Somebody has left the door open. 6. Has anybody called me? 7. If
you find something interesting in this magazine, send it to me, please.
9. Any of you can do this. 10. I have no time to go there. 11. If you
have some spare time, watch this film. 12. Have you spoken to anybody
about it? 13. He knows nothing about it. 14. You may find him here any
day between 5 and 6 o’clock. 15. Can you give me some paper?
I want to write a letter. 16. Are there any English magazines in our
library? 17. Are there any questions to the reporter? 18. He will certainly
answer any question. 19. I haven’t warned about it some of my friends
yet. 20. Part of the work will be done tomorrow. 21. Can I play everything
I want?
23
Exercise VIII (p. 103)
1. each; 2. every; 3. each; 4. each; 5. each; 6. every; 7. every; 8. each;
9. every; 10. every; 11. each; 12. each; 13. each; 14. every, every;
15. every; 16. each.
Exercise IX (p. 104)
1. every, each; 2. either, each; 3. either; 4. everybody, each;
5. everybody; 6. every; 7. every; 8. every; 9. each; 10. either;
11. every; 12. each; 13. each.
Exercise X (p. 104)
1. every; 2. each; 3. every; 4. all; 5. all; 6. each; 7. all; 8. every;
9. every; 10. all; 11. all; 12. every; 13. every; 14. all; 15. every.
Exercise XI (p. 104)
1. everything; 2. everybody; 3. everybody; 4. all; 5. everybody;
6. all; 7. everybody; 8. all; 9. all; 10. everything; 11. everybody;
12. all; 13. all; 14. everybody; 15. everything; 16. all; 17. everything.
Exercise XII (p. 105)
1. Every schoolboy knows the rules of street traffic. 2. She met him at
the skating-rink every Saturday. 3. It is known that almost every child
likes apples. We gave each girl and each boy an apple. 4. Every week
I spent some days in the village. 5. He continued looking at the watch
every five minutes. 6. They sent me two tickets to the Mariinsky Theatre.
7. Every student must know his duties. 8. Each of us had to fulfil his
work in time. 9. When he was a student he went to the south every
year. 10. He shook hands with each guest. 11. He visits us every
Sunday. 12. We meet with our friends in the south every summer.
13. At the conference each was given a writing pad and a pen.
14. A teacher said that each of us must read this article attentively.
15. I remember every house in our street.
Exercise XV (p. 106)
1. This sheet of paper is too small. Give me another one. 2. I knocked
at the door but nobody answered. I knocked another time. 3. On
Monday I will be busy. Come some other day. 4. Some people like to
skate, others prefer to ski. 5. Why are you alone, where are the others?
6. We got over the other bank of the river by boat. 7. I would like to see
some other film. 8. Some our students stayed at university. All the
others went on an excursion. 9. I saw my friend on the other side of the
street and waved her with the hand. 10. I have got two sisters. One is
24
a schoolgirl, the other is a student. 11. Give me any other dictionary.
12. I have got only one glove in the pocket. Where is the other?
13. Will you have another cup of tea? 14. It is already late, don’t speak
so loudly: mind other people.
Exercise XVII (p. 106)
1. One should be careful when bathing in the sea. 2. One never knows
what may happen. 3. One must observe the rules of street traffic. 4. If
one made a mistake, it should be corrected. 5. One may send a telegram
over the phone. 6. One must always keep a word. 7. Before going
somewhere, one should book a ticket. 8. One may find out the timetable
of trains in the inquiry bureau. 9. One should have great patience if
you work with children. 10. One should work hard wishing to achieve
good results in the studies. 11. One should take into consideration
the other opinion. 12. One can’t judge about the book without reading
it up to the end.
Exercise XXI (p. 108)
1. She decided to invite nobody to herself before her husband’s arrival.
2. We knew nobody at this party. 3. Nobody spoke. Everybody listened
attentively to the lecturer. 4. None of the children hasn’t come from
school yet. 5. Neither of the journalists has written about it. 6. I have
no time to help you today. 7. Is there a telephone in the room? – No,
there isn’t. 8. Neither of the ships has left the port yet. 9. There is
nothing in the box. 10. Both smiled but neither of them spoke.
11. Neither of them could answer this question. 12. Nothing was seen
in the darkness. 13. I told him nothing though he insisted. 14. There
were no flowers in the vase. 15. Nothing special happened yesterday.
16. I have found no mistakes in your translation. 17. No information
was received from him. 18. We read nothing about it.
Much, Many, Little, Few, a Little, a Few
Exercise I (p. 109)
1. Much was said but little done. 2. Say little and do much. 3. Very few
people know about it. 4. Many heard about the book, but few read it.
5. Much is spoken about it, but few believe it. 6. The forces were
unequal, they were many, we were few. 7. We shan’t get all into the car.
This one is too little. 8. He has very much knowledge of the matter.
9. There isn’t much harm in it. 10. Is there little milk left in the jar? – No,
there is quite much milk left there. 11. There were many people in the
25
streets. There were few people in the streets. 12. I haven’t heard much
about this composer. 13. Hurry up! There is little time left. 14. She is a
person of few words. 15. How many exercise-books do you want me to
buy? 16. How much time does it take you to get to your office? 17 How
many times did you visit the Russian Museum?
Exercise II (p. 109)
1. He knows little, but he knows more than you. 2. He knows more than
you, but it doesn’t mean that he knows much. 3. We need no less than
five days to complete the work. 4. Many were present, much more
than you can imagine. 5. The instrument is very sensitive, the little
noise affects its work. 6. The food did not look appetizing, to say more
of it. 7. There were many objections to the plan, but the most part of it
was approved of. 8. I can’t do much for you, this is the most I can do,
and I think it’s more than we had planned before. 9. Take this road, it
has fewer turns. 10. I have so many things to do that I don’t know
which to do first. 11. Nowadays he was very busy and he couldn’t see
many of his old friends. 12. She was glad to see me because I was
English and she knew few English people.
Exercise III (p. 109)
1. much; 2. little; 3. little; 4. a few; 5. many; 6. much; 7. a few;
8. much; 9. little; 10. many; 11. few; 12. many; 13. few; 14. much.
Exercise IV (p. 110)
1. a few; 2. much, little; 3. many, a few; 4. much, many, few; 5. much;
6. many; 7. much; 8. a few; 9. little; 10. much; 11. a little; 12. many.
Exercise V (p. 110)
1. few; 2. a few; 3. little, a little; 4. few; 5. a few; 6. little; 7. little;
8. little; 9. few; 10. a little; 11. a few.
Exercise VI (p. 110)
1. a lot of; 2. lots of; 3. a great deal of; 4. a lot; 5. lots of; 6. plenty of;
7. a lot of; 8. lots of; 9. plenty of; 10. a lot of.
Exercise VII (p. 111)
1. The famous Russian painter I. Levitan painted a lot of beautiful
pictures. 2. Russia exports lots of wood. 3. You spent too much time on
this translation. 4. There are plenty of English books in the library. 5. I
have got a little time. 6. I have got a few books on this question. 7. We
invited a lot of friends to the birthday party. 8. Lots of people were
26
invited, but not many came. 9. It is said little about it. 10. What can I tell
you if I know so little about it myself? 11. There were few children in the
street. 12. A great many children were at the concert at school.
Exercise VIII (p. 111)
1. Much from what he said had already been discussed before. 2. Many
have already heard this. 3. Little was said, but much was done. 4. Very
few know about it. 5. As usual he spoke much but said little. 6. He said
that he had read many detective novels during the holidays. 7. To my
great pity I have little time. 8. There are many mistakes on the usage of
tenses in the test paper. 9. Much from what he had said was new for us.
10. He is said to have written few books, but almost all his books were
great success. 11. You have made much more mistakes than the others.
12. I have made three mistakes more than he has. 13. This time you have
made three times less mistakes than it was last time.
The Verb
Simple Tenses
The Present Simple Tense
Exercise VI (p. 121)
1. My friend studies two foreign languages. 2. What books do you
read? 3. During the lesson we read, write dictations, do exercises and
speak English. 4. Do you speak English or Russian with your teacher?
5. Usually we speak English, sometimes Russian. 6. Who gives you
English books for reading? – My teacher does. 7. What magazines do
you like to read? 8. Every morning my friend comes to St Petersburg
and in the evening he goes home. 9. He always comes to his work in
time. 10. When do you usually come home from his work? 11. What do
you do in the evening? I come home and do my homework. 12. How
often do you do your homework together with your friend? – Two,
three times a week.
Exercise VII (p. 121)
I 1. I work at a large office. 2. My working day usually begins at
8 o’clock in the morning. 3. I get up, do morning exercises, wash and
have breakfast. 4. After breakfast I go to work. 5. As I live near my
27
place of work, I go there on foot. 6. I am busy at work from 9 o’clock
in the morning till 6 o’clock in the evening. 7. I also study. I study at
the preparatory classes. 8. We have lessons on Monday, Wednesday
and Friday. 9. Our studies begin at half past six and are over at half
past nine. 10. In the evening when I have no classes, I read a little,
watch TV programme or listen to the radio. 11. Sometimes I go for a
walk and visit my friends. 12. At 12 o’clock I usually go to bed.
II I have a friend. His name is Nicholas. His parents do not live in
Moscow. They live in Kiev. Nicholas plays sport. He studies at
Moscow University. He has breakfast at the canteen of university.
That’s why he leaves home at 8 o’clock. He needs 15–20 minutes
to go to university. Sometimes after the classes he goes to the
library where he reads books and looks through newspapers.
The Past Simple Tense
Exercise VII (p. 126)
1. He used to be a lecturer at university. 2. She used to live in that
house when she was young. 3. There used to be a small house here,
but now there is a new factory. 4. In her childhood Mary used to drink
a glass of milk every morning. 5. Peter used to be very fat.
6. Grandmother would always grumble. 7. Helen used to be often late
for work. 8. I used to have very good eyesight.
Exercise VIII (p. 126)
1. I met him yesterday. We were afraid to miss the train. Fortunately, at
the corner of our street we saw a taxi and came to the railway station in
time. 2. In summer I did not write to you because I had lost your
address. 3. Last week I wrote her two letters but I did not get an
answer. 4. When did you translate this difficult article? 5. What did
you do yesterday: did you translate an article or did you write a
composition? 6. When my sister was well, she always made dresses
for her and me herself. 7. Last year she made me a very beautiful dress.
8. Last summer we visited many museums. 9. Yesterday I could not
come home in time that’s why I had dinner in the canteen. 10. When
did you get this letter? Yesterday in the morning.
Exercise IX (p. 126)
1. Did you watch a film on TV yesterday in the evening? – Yes, I did.
2. Did you like it? – Not very.
3. What did you do at the weekend? – I visited my friends.
28
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Did you record a lecture on a tape recorder yesterday? – Yes, I did.
Did your friend enter university last year?
How did you spend your holidays last year?
When did you come?
Where were you yesterday evening?
When did you go to the Tretyakov Gallery last time?
Where did you go last spring?
Exercise X (p. 126)
1. He smiled when he saw his friend in the window of the carriage.
2. He says that he does not remember all the details in the novel, as he
read it as early as in his childhood. 3. This book is already not on sale.
It’s a pity I didn’t buy it last week. 4. Does he seem to be very interested
in chemistry? – Yes, he does. He was interested in it as far back as at
school. 5. Why didn’t you come for a book when I asked you? 6. I am
angry with you because you were so inattentive yesterday. 7. She
stayed at the hotel as she had a headache, and we went sightseeing.
8. Our library supplies the students with all the necessary books for
them. 9. Some ages ago there were no trains, cars and trams, people
travel in carriages. 10. In the youth I used to go hunting with my
father. 11. It is a pity that he doesn’t want to use this wonderful
possibility. 12. From his smile I understood that it was pleasant for him
to hear this news. 13. When I was a student I usually had dinner in the
student canteen. 14. I am very thankful to you that when you met him
you reminded him about it. 15. Latin is a dead language now, but four
centuries ago it was an international language.
The Future Simple Tense
Exercise VIII (p. 130)
1. I will wait till he finishes his story, and then I will ask him to answer
my question. 2. I will speak to him when he comes, but I am not sure if
he will come today. 3. I do not know when I will get an answer from her,
but as soon as I get it I will call you immediately. 4. If you work hard,
you will soon finish your work. 5. I will call on you before I leave
Moscow. 6. I will let you know as soon as I get a letter from him. 7. I will
speak to him when I meet him. 8. He will take English lessons twice a
week. 9. As soon as my sister comes, I will send you a note; if you are
free, you will come to see her. 10. When we go to the Crimea I will
bathe a lot in the Black Sea. 11. I will be very sorry if you don’t take
part in the excursion. 12. It is better to consult a doctor before you
agree to take part in a trip.
29
Exercise IX (p. 130)
1. If you learn new words, you will write a dictation well. 2. I will be
very thankful to you if you help me to translate this article. 3. I think
everything will be clear as soon as we get a letter from him. 4. If she
rings us up and we will be not at home, ask her if she will call on us in
the evening. 5. If you take a taxi, you will have time to meet your
brother. 6. As soon as you see him, ask him when he will leave. 7. If
you get to the camp the first, wait for us. 8. As soon as you come to
town come to me: there is enough place for all your family in the
house. 9. I will be very grateful to you if you remind my brother about
his promise. 10. He promised to get me some books as soon as I begin
working at the article. 11. I am sure that everybody will like her as soon
as she begins working with us. 12. I won’t be able to come to you
today if I have to stay here after work.
Exercise X (p. 131)
1. I wonder when they will return. 2. You will recognize Tom at once as
soon as you see him. 3. If you meet Ann, ask her to hurry. 4. She will be
very glad when she meets you there. 5. I don’t remember when they
will return. 6. If he is late, we will go without him. 7. I will give you this
book on condition that you return it soon. 8. You will not know English
till you begin to study hard. 9. When it gets dark, we will switch on the
light. 10. I do not know when we will meet again. 12. If you don’t leave
immediately, you will miss the train. 13. Stand here till the light is
green. 13. I will tell him this news as soon as he comes here. 15. If you
read when the light is bad, you will ruin your eyesight.
Continuous (Progressive) Tenses
The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Exercise VI (p. 135)
a) 1. What picture are you looking at? 2. What question are you
asking? 3. What exercise are they doing? 4. What question are
they answering? 5. Whose story are you reading? 6. Whose
magazine is he taking? 7. Whose pen is he writing? 8. Whose pen
are you giving to me? 9. What exercise are you writing? 10. What
story are you reading? 11. What programme are you watching?
12. What text are you translating?
b) 1. Who is reading a book? 2. Who is speaking over the telephone?
3. Who is writing on the blackboard? 4. Who is drawing books
30
from the library? 5. Who is putting a newspaper in the letter-box?
6. Who is writing a dictation? 7. Who is answering the questions?
8. Who is reciting a poem? 9. Who is reading a magazine? 10. Who
is speaking to teacher?
c) 1. What are you writing? 2. What are you reading? 3. What are you
listening to? 4. What are you telling them about? 5. What are you
working at? 6. What are you speaking about? 7. What are you
looking at? 8. What are you asking? 9. What are you thinking
about? 10. What are you translating?
d) 1. Where are you looking? 2. Where are you putting a newspaper?
3 Where are you standing? 4. Where are you sitting? 5. Where are
you sending a letter? 6. Where are you resting now? 7. Where are
you living? 8. Where are you working? 9. Where are you sending
a telegram? 10. Where are you having an English lesson?
e) 1. Why are you closing the window? 2. Why is he asking the
same question? 3. Why are you laughing? 4. Why are you
hurrying? 5. Why are you leaving? 6. Why are you showing this
magazine? 7. Why are you sitting at the window? 8. Why are you
not listening to the teacher? 9. Why are you coughing? 10. Why
are you not writing an exercise? 11. Why are you locking the
door?
Exercise VII (p. 136)
1. Are you hurrying to the classes? – Yes, I am. We have a lecture
at 11 o’clock. 2. Where are you going? – I am going to the library.
3. Are you reading? What are you reading? 4. Whom are you writing
a letter? – To my sister. 5. Is your brother at home now? – Yes, he
is. He is busy now. He is doing his homework. 6. I want to see
professor Petrov. – I am sorry, he is not here. He is delivering a
lecture. 7. Where is Victor? – He is in a reading room. He is reading
newspapers. – What newspapers is he reading? – I don’t know.
8. Don’t enter the classroom. The students are writing a test paper.
9. Next week we are going to Sochi. 10. The delegation is coming
tomorrow. What unit are you studying now? – We are studying the
5th unit. 12. Where is everybody hurrying? – To the stadium. There
is an interesting match there. 13. Don’t make a noise. The children
are sleeping. 14. What is Pete doing? – He is drawing. 15. Are you
already finishing this work? 16. Don’t disturb me. I am preparing
for a report. 16. Is father at home? – Yes, he is. He is working in the
garden. 17. What are you thinking about? 18. Whom is he speaking
there? 19. What are you looking at? 20. What are you speaking
about?
31
Comparison of the Present Simple and the
Present Continuous
Exercise VI (p. 138)
1. Where is Nicholas? – He is in the garden. – What is he doing there?
2. I do not understand what you are speaking about. 3. Does he know
that we are leaving? 4. What do you think what they are waiting for?
5. I do not know why I am crying. 6. Why are you not eating the soup?
– I do not want. 7. I do not see what you are writing. – I am writing a
letter to my brother who lives in Moscow. We are great friends and we
often write to each other. Now he is working at his diploma work. 8. I
see two students and hear their voices, but I do not understand what
language they are speaking. It may be an oriental language but I don’t
know oriental languages. 9. I like when all our family gathers together
in the evenings. Usually we speak about our work. Now we are all in
the dining room. We are drinking tea. Father is looking through a
newspaper. My brother is telling us about the latest news at university.
Mother is looking at the watch and saying that it is time for junior
children to go to bed. 10. What does your brother do? – He works at
the plant. – And what is he doing now? – He is reading a newspaper.
I bring him newspapers when he comes from his work. 11. Don’t go
out. It is raining. 12. It often rains in St Petersburg in autumn. 13. May
I see Mihailov? No, you cannot. He is having dinner. He always has
dinner at that time.
Exercise VII (p. 139)
1. It is still raining. I see some rain drops on the glass. 2. These
people are fixedly looking at you. Do you know them? 3. What is
the name of the magazine you are looking through? 4. Why are you
standing in the doorway? Come in, we are just drinking tea; drink a
cup of tea with us. 5. We are coming nearer to the sea. 6. What are
you listening to? – I am listening to a concert from the Philarmonic
Society. 7. Certainly this man speaks English very well, but it is
difficult for me to understand him as he speaks very quickly and I
know the language not quite well. 8. A young man with whom a
journalist is speaking is a well known painter. Now he is probably
telling him about his pictures. 9. I don’t love such people like he is.
He always dreams but does nothing to realize his dreams. 10. Please
call the railway station and find out when the train arrives from
Moscow. 11. Take out your ticket. A ticket collector is checking
tickets. 12. Don’t move, a photographer is already taking your photo.
13. She always complains about her son whenever I met her.
32
14. You say that you leave soon. Maybe you will be here till he
comes? 15. Don’t enter the room, my brother is preparing for the
exam there.
The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Exercise VI (p. 141)
1. I was reading a newspaper yesterday at 5 o’clock in the evening.
2. On Sunday from 2 o’clock till 4 o’clock we were working in the
garden. 3. We were studying English the whole day. 4. When I rang
him up he was preparing for the lessons. 5. We were going to the
library when she met us. 6. What were you doing last Saturday in the
evening from 5 o’clock till 7 o’clock? 7. When I was writing a letter, he
was doing an English exercise. 8. We were watching TV, and they were
listening to the radio. 9. He was reading a newspaper during dinner.
10. It was already dark when they were going out of the forest.
11. Where were you working today at 9 o’clock in the morning?
12. I was waiting for you from 3 o’clock till 4 o’clock, and then I went
away. 13. We sat on the bench. The two boys were talking loudly near
us. One of them was asking questions and the other was answering
them. The two girls were playing under the tree. Some students were
walking along the paths of the park. The birds were singing in the
trees. It was getting hot and we decided to bathe.
Exercise VII (p. 142)
1. He was writing an exercise when I entered the room. 2. It was
raining when I left the house. 3. What was he doing when you came
to him? 4. He hurt the leg while he was playing football. 5.When I
was going here I met your brother. 6. It was evening. My wife was
reading a book, and I was writing a letter. Suddenly the door opened
and my brother entered the room. 7. It was 10 o’clock when I entered
the office. Some visitors were waiting for the manager. The secretary
was speaking over the telephone with somebody. 8. I was having
dinner when he rang me up. 9. I was returning home rather late. It
was getting dark, and it was raining. I was walking quickly, as I had
no umbrella and I was afraid to get wet. 10. The children were playing
chess, and their mother was cooking dinner at that time. 11. Where
were you hurrying when I met you? 12. The fire began at night when
everybody was sleeping. 13. While he was making tea, she was
watching him. 14. When he entered I was looking through the book
of his early sketches.
33
Comparison of the Past Continuous (Progressive)
and the Past Simple
Exercise III (p. 143)
1. Can you recollect what you were doing at that time? 2. When we left
the cinema, it was still snowing heavily. 3. She was writing something
when I entered. 4. He was working from morning till night because he
wished to save the necessary sum of money and go away from here.
5. All the time while Peter was telling his story, she was fixedly looking
at him. She tried to understand what kind of man he was. 6. The train
was approaching the station, the delegates were standing at the
windows and waving their hats. The children with flowers were running
along the platform. 7. The passengers never saw Lake Baikal. When the
train was passing Baikal it was night. 8. The hunters stopped talking, a
beautiful deer was slowly approaching them. 9. While the director was
talking with the representatives of foreign firms, the secretary was sorting
the morning post. 10. While he was going through the crowd he heard
that somebody called him. 11. We came to the railway square. The
crowds of people were hurrying to the railway station and from the
railway station; the cars were arriving and leaving, somebody was buying
flowers. 12. While a porter and a driver were packing his things into the
car, Jack saw his brother. He was standing behind the glass doors.
Exercise IV (p. 143)
1. At three o’clock he was not at home. He was working in the library
at that time. When I came to the library, he was still working there.
2. I heard the lecturer badly as I was sitting far from him, and he was
speaking rather quietly. 3. It was late and it was getting dark, and we
decided to return home. While we were walking, it was raining all the
time and the cold wind was blowing. 4. It was a sunny day. We were
skating the whole morning. When we were skating it began snowing.
5. When the ship sailed, the passengers were standing on deck and
waving with handkerchiefs to their friends who remained on the pier.
6. The salute began, crowds of people were going to the embankment
of the Neva. 7. When Tom came to the street, all the children were
playing with the ball. 8. It was already dark when we came up to the
house; the strong wind was blowing and it was getting colder and
colder. 9. The youths made friends when they were travelling together
through the mountains of the Caucasus. 10. It was snowing heavily
when we came out of the house. 11. She was translating an article at
the time when we were watching TV. 12. We were bathing in the river
when it began raining.
34
Exercise V (p. 144)
1. I met him when he was going home. 2. We were standing on the
platform when the train arrived. 3. My sister came when we were
having dinner. 4. It was snowing the whole day yesterday. 5. Where
were you at 11 o’clock? I was skating. 6. You were travelling at this
time last year, weren’t you? 7. The woman told something to the boy
who was going near her. 8. When I entered the hall, the students
were still discussing the first report. 9. The secretary was typing the
report when the director came in and put some papers on the table.
10. The train was approaching the station. Many people were
hurrying to the railway station. 11. When the boy fell asleep, he was
still holding a new toy. 12. He woke up as the telephone was ringing
near his bed. 13. A young girl was singing a merry song when she
was going upstairs. 14. Her hand was trembling when she hanged
the telephone receiver.
The Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Exercise VI (p. 146)
1. And they will be playing draughts. 2. I will probably be writing a
report. 3. He will be training the youth team. 4. And I will be writing a
composition about the creative work of Chekhov. 5. You two will be
going to the north to join your expedition, and I will be going to the
Urals. 6. And you will be preparing for the exam at this time. 7. And we
will be leaving at this time.
Exercise VII (p. 147)
1. Tomorrow at this time you will be listening to the wonderful
opera. 2. You will see, in a minute he will be telling you about his
meeting with the champion. 3. When we come home, mother will be
still cooking dinner and we will have to wait. 4. If you want to see
them, you should hurry, otherwise I am afraid you will come and
they will be leaving. 5. Don’t ring me up from 3 o’clock till 5 o’clock:
I will be working at the laboratory. 6. At 5 o’clock sharp tomorrow
many astronomers will be watching the Solar eclipse. 7. Go
downstairs, I am coming after you now. 8. At 6 o’clock sharp I will
be waiting for you at the trolleybus stop. 9. He will be learning
English when you come. 10. Tomorrow at 10 o’clock I’ll be taking
an exam in history. 11. Don’t come to me tomorrow at 2 o’clock in
the afternoon, I’ll be preparing for my report. 12. Will you be still
working if I come at 9 o’clock?
35
Perfect Tenses
The Present Perfect Tense
Exercise VII (p. 150)
1. I have never been to this theatre. 2. We have just spoken to him
about it. 3. He has just left. 4. The meeting hasn’t begun yet.
5. We have already looked through new newspapers. 6. She has always
been present at our meetings this year. 7. I have already shown him
the way to the station. 8. I haven’t been to the cinema since September.
9. We have never skated in the forest in winter. 10. They haven’t seen
him lately. 11. This week she hasn’t visited the classes. 12. My son
has just come from England. 13. We haven’t discussed this problem at
the meeting yet. 14. She has come here several times lately. 15. My
mother has already answered this letter. 16. We have never studied
Spanish. 17. We haven’t got any news since they left for the USA.
18. They have arranged a wonderful art exhibition recently.
Exercise VIII (p. 150)
1. Where is Petrov? Why hasn’t he come to university? I haven’t
seen him today. I am afraid he has fallen ill. – You are mistaken.
Petrov is here. He has just gone to the lecture. But you can’t speak
to him now as the lecture has already begun.
2. This year we have read a lot. We have read some English books in
the original. I always liked English literature. – Do you know the
English literature of the XXth century well? – I have read all the
works of Galsworthy, Maugham and Cronin. Some novels I have
read in Russian.
3. Have you visited the exhibition of Shishkin’s pictures? – Yes,
I have been there several times. I was always interested in the
creative work of this painter. I have never seen something more
beautiful than his landscapes.
4. I like travelling very much. I have already been to many cities of
our country. I haven’t been to Novgorod since we moved to
St Petersburg. I like this ancient city very much.
Exercise IX (p. 151)
– Hi, Boris!
– Hello, Nicholas!
– I haven’t seen you for ages. Where have you been all this time?
– You see, I have just come from the Crimea.
36
– You have seen a lot of beautiful places, haven’t you?
– O, yes. By the way, have you ever been to Alupka?
– It’s a pity, I have never been there, but I’ve heard a lot about this
place.
– Oh, it’s a wonderful place.
– Did you go there alone?
– No, together with Victor. You remember him, don’t you?
– Certainly. Has he already graduated from university?
– Yes, he has. He became a journalist.
– And how are you? I haven’t known anything about you for a long
time.
– Thank you. Everything is all right. Call on me. I am always glad to
see you.
Exercise X (p. 151)
1. I haven’t heard about it yet. 2. Who has come? At last you have
come! 3. May I read your composition or have you handed it in to
your teacher? 4. Have you found your umbrella? – Yes, I have. And
where did you find it? – I found it in my room. 5. I will give you this
book after I read it. 6. I haven’t got any letters from him lately.
7. I haven’t got any news from him since he left Moscow. 8. He left
Moscow three years ago and I haven’t seen him since that time.
9. Why have you put on your coat? It is quite warm. 10. He has put the
documents on the table and left the room. 11. I don’t know what time
it is as my watch has stopped.12. I haven’t seen him since summer.
13. I have already told you about it twice. Don’t you remember? 14. At
last a taxi has stopped at the entrance of a large house. 15. Your friend
has come. He is waiting for you downstairs.
Comparison of the Present Perfect
and the Past Simple
Exercise I (p. 152)
1. Have you ever been to the picture gallery? – Yes, I visited it once
when a youth, and the pictures made a great impression on me. Since
then I have not been here. 2. Have you already seen the new film? –
Yes, I managed to see it yesterday. I went to the cinema in the evening
and got two tickets quite easily. 3. Did you always draw books from
our library? – Yes, as a rule I did. Last year I went to another library but
I did not find it as good as this one. I have drawn books from here for
some 6 months already. 4. I have not seen anything of Helen lately.
When did you see her last? – I met her two days ago. I think that she
37
has changed very much. 5. Have you already had dinner? – No, not
yet. The waiter took my order 15 minutes ago and has not brought me
anything yet. 6. Have you ever heard Lemeshev sing? – Oh, yes. He
was a splendid singer and a very good actor as well. 7. Where did you
get this fine new bag from? – My parents gave it to me as a birthday
present. 8. She has just reminded me that we were at school together.
9. I have met Nick at the station this morning. 10. She finished tidying
up the flat, then she began cooking dinner. 11. I have seen his name in
the papers very often of late. 12. They left just a week ago. 13. Most of
the children here have had the flu already. 14. I have loved you since
I saw you at the party.
Exercise II (p. 152)
1. Have you written a letter to your friend at last? – Yes, I have. –
When did you write it? – I wrote it last night. – And why haven’t you
sent it yet? – I left it at home in the morning, and I have been busy
since I returned home. 2. Has Jane come home? – Not yet.
I am very anxious about her. When did she leave? – She left home at
6 o’clock and she went straight to the dentist. – Don’t worry. I am
sure the doctor detained her. – But it’s 9 o’clock now, so she has
been away from home for three hours already. 3. Look! What letter I
have just received from mother. – Anything has happened? – Father
has fallen ill. – Ill again! He was ill in September. – Yes. At first the
doctors said it was the flu. But then he felt worse and they took him
to the hospital. Mother writes he has been ill for more than a week
already.
Exercise IV (p. 153)
1. I have finished my report. Look at it, please. 2. Have you read
today’s newspapers? Certainly. 3. Have you sent for a doctor? –
Yes, I have. He will come soon. 4. Have you known Helen for a long
time? – I have known her for six years already. 5. Today my friend
has called me. 6. Last year he left for the north and since then I
haven’t seen him. 7. I met with Ann at my friends’ three years ago,
and I haven’t heard anything about her since then. 8. Do you know
this city well? – No, I have never been here before. 9. He has changed
very much lately, hasn’t he? – I haven’t noticed. 10. You haven’t
visited us since you came. 11. I can’t go to the cinema with you
because I haven’t done my homework yet. 12. I am glad to see you.
I have heard so much about you. 13. When did you take part in the
sports competitions? 14. My friend has never been abroad. He has
gone to the USA lately.
38
Exercise V (p. 154)
1. When did they leave? – I don’t know exactly. I was not at home.
2. I am very thankful to you for everything you have done for me.
3. We have just sold the last copy of this book. It’s a pity that you
didn’t tell us before that you need it. 4. It has stopped raining, and
people are going without raincoats and umbrellas. 5. When we were
students we always helped each other. 6. I am very glad to get
acquainted with you. I have heard about you so much and wanted to
meet you long ago. 7. I have known him for many years; he has
always been a good friend to me. 8. The examiners have already
come and asked three students. 9. Where did you get this wonderful
carpet? I have had it since I moved to this flat. 10. Where did she go
today in the morning? She went to the library and then called on her
friend. 11. She has written some letters this week. 12. Where has Tom
gone? I don’t see him here. – He went home five minutes ago. 13. I
haven’t seen my old teacher for two months. 14. A new teacher of
history came on Monday. 15. Last year we had five lessons of English
a week. 16. Haven’t you got my letter? – Your letter? No, I haven’t. –
Yes, certainly you couldn’t get it yet. It was sent only today in the
morning.
The Past Perfect Tense
Exercise VII (p. 157)
1. A telegram came ten minutes after you had left. 2. By 7 o’clock
everybody had already arrived at the station. 3. When you came, I
had already written my report. 4. By the time you called the guests
hadn’t gathered yet. 5. Had you studied English before you entered
these classes? 6. How many pages of this book had you translated
by the end of the last week? 7. What had you already prepared by
that time? 8. Who had already passed exams by that moment?
9. After Peter had translated the sentence in a wrong way, Ann tried
to translate it in a right way. 10. When he entered the room to the
English lesson he found out that he had left not only the textbook
but his notebooks as well. 11. He was nervous because he hadn’t
learnt all the words which the teacher asked to learn. 12. Coming to
the theatre I found out that the performance hadn’t begun yet.
13. She came to our city three years ago. By this time she had already
graduated from university. 14. When I came home, my brother had
already gone to the cinema. 15. He had left before we received a
telegram. 16. My brother said that he had already visited this
exhibition.
39
Exercise VIII (p. 158)
1. She gave the letter only after I had told her my name. 2. Coming to
the laboratory in the morning, he noticed with the satisfaction that the
laboratory girl hadn’t touched anything on his table, and he could
start working at once. 3. I had seen many reproductions of this picture
before I saw the original. 4. The question proved to be much simpler
than we had thought. 5. The sun hadn’t yet risen over the horizon
when we set out. 6. When I came, all the quests had already gathered.
7. Radio announced that the plane had come to Novosibirsk. 8. His
pronunciation considerably improved after he had worked in the
lingaphone study several times. 9. A builder showed his foreign friends
a bridge in the building of which he had taken part himself. 10. Nobody
told her how seriously she had been ill. 11. He couldn’t take part in the
expedition because he had broken his leg. 12. Hardly had the singer
finished singing when the audience burst out into applause.
The Future Perfect Tense
Exercise II (p. 159)
1. The librarian will have registered all the books by the end of the
week. 2. I am afraid we will not have discussed all the questions by the
time they come. 3. The secretary will have looked through all the
papers by the time the director comes. 4. I hope that they will have
received my letter by Saturday and will not expect me on Sunday. 5. I
am sure he will throw some light upon the matter before I learn about
it from my sister’s letter. 6. Don’t start arguing until you hear what I
have to say. 7. I suppose that when my letter will reach you, you will
return from your voyage. 8. Our plants will have fulfilled its plan by
the 5th of December. 9. He will have gone by the time I arrive. 10. Don’t
worry I will have written a letter by the time you come back. 11. Do
please hurry or they will have closed the door by the time we get
there. 12. By the end of the month the delegation will have come.
Exercise III (p. 159)
1. I will be very busy at the beginning of June. I will take exams.
2. By 7 o’clock I will have finished this work and will be able to rest.
3. I will be still working when you return. 4. In a year he will come to
St Petersburg. 5. The train will have already left by the time we come to
the station. 6. Don’t come to me at 5 o’clock tomorrow, I will be having
an English lesson. 7. We will have fulfilled this work by 3 o’clock and
then we all will go for a walk together. 8. By the 15th of May we will
have passed all the tests. 9. The builders will have built this school by
40
the first of September. 10. I will have written my composition by the
time she comes to me. 11. At 5 o’clock sharp I will be waiting for you at
the bus stop. 12. Don’t ring me up from 3 o’clock till 5 o’clock: I will be
working. 13. Tomorrow by this time we will have already had dinner.
14. If Peter comes to Moscow, I will show him Red Square and the
Kremlin. 15. She will not speak to us till he apologizes.
Exercise IV (p. 160)
1. I am afraid, by the time you return with money they will have sold all
the books. 2. We will have done all the exercises by his coming, and
then we all will go to the skating rink. 3. I will write him as soon as I see
his parents. 4. I will ring you up as soon as I finish translating the
article. 5. We will have done the larger part of work when you turn to
the professor for help. 6. I am sure that all the guests will have gone by
10 o’clock. 7. I am afraid that he will have sent a telegram by the time
we come. 8. I will have finished my work by the time you are free.
9. What will you be doing tomorrow at 8 o’clock in the evening? –
Tomorrow by 8 o’clock I will have finished my homework and at
8 o’clock I will be playing the piano. 10. I will have finished my
translation by the end of the week. 11. When I write a letter, I’ll go and
send it at once, but I don’t know when she will get it. 12. I’ll speak to
him when he comes, but I am not sure whether he will come today.
13. I would like to know when she will return to Moscow. If she returns
after the 1st of July, I won’t see her, because I will have gone to the
south by this time. 14. She promised to give me this book on condition
that I return it on Sunday. If she doesn’t get the book on Sunday, she
won’t be able to prepare for the report.
Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tenses
The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive)
Tense
Exercise VII (p. 163)
1. I have already been waiting for my friend for an hour. 2. How much
time have you been translating this article? – I have already been
translating it for two hours. 3. We have been revising this material for
the second week. 4. Ann has already been studying in the
Conservatory for 3 years. 5. My friend has already been working at his
report for a week. 6. I have been writing this composition since Tuesday.
7. I have been studying at university since September. 8. He has been
41
studying English from the fifth form. 9. How many years have you
been studying English? 10. What have you been doing all this time?
11. We have already been carrying out researches in this field for
many years. 12. I have been watching your researches with interest
for a long time. 13. May I see Nicholas? – No, he is having dinner. And
has he been having dinner for a long time? – Yes, he has already been
having dinner for half an hour.
Exercise VIII (p. 164)
1. Those boys have already been playing football for two hours.
I have been looking at them since I am sitting here. 2. Have you been
sitting here for a long time? – About ten minutes. 3. I have been
thinking about you since yesterday. 4. Nick, I have already been looking
for you everywhere for several hours. 5. They have been waiting for
Peter’s call since the morning. 6. Marina has already been working in
the reading hall for two hours. 7. It is such an interesting book. I have
been reading it since the early morning. 8. I know that she has been
writing this article for two or three months. 9. The weather is very bad
as it has already been raining for a week. 10. We have been listening to
you all this time, now we want to tell you something. 11. I have been
studying English for some years. 12. I have already been waiting for
you for an hour. 13. The building of a new theatre has already been
constructing for two months. 14. I have been thinking about you all
the time since I saw you the last time. 15. We have already been
speaking about you for an hour. 16. You are so tired. Probably you
have been working the whole day.
Revision of All the Present Tenses
Exercise VII (p. 166)
1. Do you understand what you have done? – Nothing in particular.
2. Where have you been all this time? We have been looking for you
everywhere. 3. What are you thinking about, Kate? 4. Do you
correspond with them? – Yes, certainly. There haven’t been any letters
from them for a long time. – And where are they now? 5. We have been
working together for fifteen years, and we are accustomed to
understand each other. 6. What are you doing here? Don’t you know
that it is dangerous to sit here? 7. Are you not listening what I am
saying? What has happened to you? 8. I want to speak to you since
you returned home. 9. I have been thinking about your decision since
we parted. 10. I have been impatiently waiting for your letter the whole
42
week. 11. I am looking for Nick. Have you seen him? 12. Why don’t
you wear your new clothes? 13. The students have been taking an
exam since 9 o’clock in the morning. 14. What are you listening to? –
It seems to me I hear a strange sound. 15. Don’t you understand he is
laughing at you?
Exercise VIII (p. 167)
1. The conductor hasn’t come out yet, and the members of an orchestra
are already at their places and they are tuning up the instruments.
2. Doesn’t he still have this book? How much time has he been reading
it? 4. He has finished the first chapter of the thesis and is writing the
second one. He has already been working at the thesis for 2 years.
5. Have they already adopted a resolution on the first question? No,
they haven’t. They are still arguing. They have already been discussing
this question for two hours, and they haven’t come to any agreement.
6. I have been living in this town for twenty years. 7. The students
have already been writing a test paper for almost two hours. The time is
coming to an end, and only two of them have handed their test paper in
for the time being. 8. The painters have been working since the morning
as we want to publish a new issue of a magazine as early as today in the
evening. 9. Has Sergei come? – Yes, he has already been here for two
days. 10. We have already been working at this problem for a year.
11. I try to communicate with him for a long time, but I see that it is
useless. 12. Have they made up? – I don’t know. I only know that they
haven’t been speaking for some days. 13. I have been working at this
translation for ten days, and I have done more than a half. 14. Have you
found the key? – Yes, I have. I have found it in my own pocket.
Exercise IX (p. 167)
1. How much time have you been studying music? 2. This student
studies the Italian language without assistance. He has already been
studying Italian for many months. 3. What are you listening to? I am
listening to the concert from the Philharmonic Society. 4.You seem to
be very much interested in medicine, don’t you? – Yes, I have read
many books on medicine. 5. What magazine are you looking through
now? 6. Don’t enter the room, she is speaking to the doctor. 7. I have
just found the answer to this difficult question. 8. I have been teaching
at this university for twenty years. 9. Now when we have worked for
such a long time and got enough experience and knowledge we see
what else we must learn. 10. How have you written your exercise?
Show it to me. 11. Why have you opened the window? It is rather cold
in the room. It is better to close it again.
43
The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Exercise V (p. 170)
1. The boys had been assembling the bicycle for more than two hours
when father came and said that they would have to disassemble
everything again as they had assembled it in a wrong way. 2. I had
already been working for a long time when my brother came. 3. It had
already been raining for two hours when I left the house. 4. Though the
sun was shining it was still cold as it had been snowing heavily for two
hours. 5. She had already been sleeping for three hours when we returned
home. 6. His sister had been living there for three years when the war
began. 7. She had been working at the plant without rest for a long time.
8. He looked very tired when I came to him because he had been preparing
for the exams for several days. 9. They had been sailing for ten days
when at last they saw the earth. 10. By 12 o’clock he had already been
speaking for more than an hour, it was a very long appearance in public.
11. When I came to the library he had been working at his report for
more than two hours. 12. She had been working for an hour and a half
when Nick said that he couldn’t work any more.
Exercise VI (p. 170)
1. He had been working at school for some years before he began to
teach at university. 2. When I went to the dacha my brother was still
working. 3. When it began raining we were walking about the forest.
4. We had been walking about the forest for a long time before we saw
a lake. 5. They had been living in Luga for three years before they
moved to St Petersburg. 6. When the war broke out they were living in
Novgorod. 7. My sister had been living in Moscow for three years
when we came there. 8. I had been looking through the magazines for
about two hours before I found the necessary article. 9. The children
were sleeping when we returned home. 10. The children had been
sleeping for a long time when we returned home. 11. We were discussing
a new collection of poems when he came to the meeting of our literary
society. 12. We had been discussing a new collection of poems for
more than an hour when he came. 13. My sister was speaking over the
telephone when I decided to go to bed. 14. She had been speaking
over the telephone for about half an hour when I went to bed.
Exercise VII (p. 171)
1. It was evening. My mother was reading a book and I was writing
a letter. Suddenly my mother’s brother came in. We had been talking
for about an hour when his wife called him and reminded him about
44
the theatre. 2. What were you doing yesterday at this time? – I was
writing a report in the library. I had been writing it for an hour when
my friends came to the library. – When did you come home? – Late.
3. Who were you talking to when I met you in the street? – To my
friend. He came from Kiev two days ago. We had already been
speaking for 15 minutes when you saw us yesterday. 4. What were
you doing yesterday at 10 o’clock in the morning? – I was in hospital.
I was examining the patients. I had been examining them for already
an hour when professor Sergeyev came.
Revision of All the Past Tenses
Exercise V (p. 173)
1. When I came, the doctor was busy: he was examining a patient. First
I was going to see another doctor, but then I decided to wait. I had
been waiting for about 20 minutes before I entered the doctor’s
consulting room. By 2 o’clock the doctor had examined me and allowed
to go to work the next day. 2. The children were skating when mother
called them to go home. Though they had been walking since the very
morning they did not want to go home. But mother said that they had
been out of doors too long. After they had rested at home and had had
dinner they went to the skating rink again. 3. Denny was working in
his study till eight o’clock. Then they had supper and almost till
12 o’clock they were talking about their plans for the future. 4. Ann
who lived in the house next door and who stayed with the children
when her sister had left was sitting in the living-room and sewing
something.
Exercise VI (p. 173)
1. It happened so long ago that I forgot about it. 2. It was late autumn.
Almost all the leaves had already fallen off and the last birds had
flown to the south. 3. Hardly had she started speaking about it when
she suddenly began to cry. 4. She switched off the light and sat in
complete darkness. 5. He left a year ago and since that time he hasn’t
written a single letter to us. 6. A letter came ten minutes after you had
gone. 7. She looked at the watch. It was about 5 o’clock. She was
waiting for more than half an hour. 8. The clouds had been gathering
the whole day and at last it began raining. 9. Tom who was laughing
loudly stopped suddenly. 10. Hardly had they gone three kilometers
when the weather changed. 11. Why did you return home so late
yesterday? 12. When were you here last time?
45
Exercise VII (p. 173)
1. Yesterday when I came to the cinema, my friends had been already
waiting for me for 15 minutes. 2. When we came to have practice, the
students of our group had already been working there for a week.
3. Coming to the theatre Mike found out that the performance had
begun and the actors had already been playing on the stage for
several minutes. 4. Peter had been living in the university hostel for
almost half a year when his cousin Nicholas came to see him. 5. After
the doctor had gone, she was sitting near the girl’s bed for a long time.
6. Somebody was laughing behind the wall. It was such merry laughter
which she hadn’t heard for a long time. 7. Fortunately, he didn’t notice
her red eyes and he didn’t guess that she had cried. 8. Hardly had she
run to the metro station when it began raining heavily. 9. He rang a
quarter of an hour ago and said that he was leaving. 10. We left early
in the morning hoping to get to the station by the afternoon. Hardly
had we gone two kilometres when our tyre burst and we spent about
an hour to repair it.
Exercise VIII (p. 174)
1. When I came she had already returned and was sitting near the
fireplace. 2. The clock had just struck seven when I woke up. 3. Hardly
had we tidied up the room when the guests came. 4. He did not know
how long he had been walking, but it was already late. 5. The wind
that had been blowing since the very morning stopped and it was
warm again. 6. Last summer I visited the places where I had lived in the
childhood. 7. Had you had dinner before you went to university?
8. I met my friend when he was going from university. 9. We had been
living in the village for two months when my sister came to see us.
10. We had been going for two hours when at last we saw a lake.
11. I had been walking about the forest for about an hour when I saw
a little house. 12. The house stood among the trees, and the path
along which I was walking led to it.
The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense
Exercise II (p. 175)
1. I will begin working at 10 o’clock in the morning. When you return
home at 5 o’clock I will have been working for seven hours already.
2. Next year by this time they will have already been studying English
for four years. 3. We will have already been having dinner for half an
hour when you call on us. 4. He will have already been writing an
article for two hours when you come. 5. I will have already been learning
46
the new words for an hour when you ring me up. 6. Next year by this
time she will have already been working at the thesis for two years.
7. Next September she will have already been teaching French for ten
years. 8. I will have been playing the violin for six years when I am
twenty-one years old. 9. Next year I will have been living in this house
for six years. 10. By the first of December I will have already been
working here for fifteen years.
Revision of All the Future Tenses
Exercise V (p. 177)
1. Has your brother been studying at medical university for a long
time? He will have been studying there for five years in June. And by
July next year he will have graduated from university and will have
already been working as a doctor for about six months. 2. Next year
when the professor retires on pension he will have been working at
university for 46 years. 3. In spring we will have been studying in this
school for 10 years. By May we will have finished our studies and we
will have begun to take exams. 4. He plays volleyball perfectly well. –
It is not surprisingly. He will have been playing for five years in May.
5. Do you know our family will have been living in this house for
25 year next month? – So we will have been neighbours for 25 years.
6. Will you do your homework soon? In ten minutes you will have
already been writing for three hours. – Don’t worry. By the time
they start to show the match on TV I will have already done my
homework.
Exercise VI (p. 177)
Nick’s parents will visit their son in the sanatorium. By the time they
come there he will have had breakfast and he will be probably playing
volleyball. First they will speak to the doctor. By this time Nick will
have already finished playing volleyball, and he will be ready to
spend the whole day with his parents. They will walk about the
forest, and at 2 o’clock Nick will return to the sanatorium to have
dinner. By 3 o’clock everybody will have already had dinner. Then
the children will rest a little. By the time Nick will have woken up and
his parents will have bathed in the river and will have gathered berries.
Nick will see the parents off to the station. They are sure that Nick
will rest well, and when he returns home he will be healthy, sunburnt
and refreshed.
47
The Sequence of Tenses
Exercise VII (p. 181)
1. I was sure that he was already sorry that he had been impolite with
her. 2. He hasn’t known yet what he will do in New York.
3. I was sure that you would give me a telegram when you come to
Moscow. 4. Did you know that I was waiting for her in the evening?
5. We haven’t yet decided who will go to the conference. 6. Everybody
believed that he had brothers and sisters. 7. He answered that he
hadn’t had dinner yet. 8. Helen wasn’t sure that she would prepare for
the report the next day. 9. The teacher asked who wanted to answer.
10. He was told that all the students had gone to the hall. 11. Somebody
asked who would live with him in that room.
Exercise VIII (p. 181)
1. I did not notice that it was snowing. 2. I did not know that it had
been snowing since the very morning. 3. He hoped that the weather
would be fine. 4. She did not know that it snowed seldom in winter in
England. 5. I knew that in Africa the temperature was almost never
below zero. 6. We were told that it had snowed in Africa. 7. I was sure
that you would go to that exhibition. 8. I think that you will like that
exhibition of pictures. 9. I did not hear what the guide had been saying
when we entered the hall. 10. She said that she had spent in the museum
about three hours. 11. She said that all that time she had been examining
the collection of old coins. 12. I was sure that she would go to the
museum again as soon as she had the spare time.
Exercise IX (p. 182)
1. I thought that he was tired and asked him what he had been doing all
that time. 2. I had an impression that he was there for some time.
3. I nodded and said “yes” feeling that it was exactly what she wanted.
4. I understood that he would do nothing to help me. 5. I had a suspicion
that she had forgotten to mention that I was waiting. 6. He knew what
she was thinking about. 7. I have no idea if she knows that her mother
will be here. 8. By the way, does Ann know that my brother is coming
tomorrow? 9. He didn’t know yet what he would do in New York. 10. He
said that he gave lectures at university. 11. Peter told his friend that his
father had been ill in summer. 12. He said that he had been at the theatre
two days before. 13. He reminded that he had known her since 1995.
14. He repeated that he had already been studying for two hours when
you rang him up.
48
Exercise X (p. 182)
Last year I met one of the students of our course. I asked him what he
was doing then. He answered that he was a postgraduate. I asked him
when he had entered a postgraduate course and who his research
leader was. He said that he had already been taking a postgraduate
course for a year and his research leader was the head of the department.
I was interested to know if he had passed any exams and if he had
published any articles on the subject of his thesis. He answered that
one article had been published, and the other two were being published
then, and he hoped that they would have been published by the end
of the year. He added that he had already passed two exams: in the
language and philosophy. He said that he had been dreaming of a
teaching career for a long time, and he wanted to give lectures after
graduating from the postgraduate course.
Direct and Reported Speech
Exercise II (p. 196)
1. He screamed with pain, as the nurse gave him the injection. 2. He
asked her to try to do it as quick as possible. 3. She made an exclamation
of surprise when she first saw the Pyramids. 4. He asked his mother to
try not to be late. 5. She asked if I would like another cup of tea. He
replied in the affirmative. 6. She asked if he would leave his dictionary.
He agreed. 7. He asked me if I had rung him up the day before. 8. He
asked me if I could lend him some money. 9. She exclaimed, as she
stepped into the mud. 10. She screamed with surprise because she
had twisted her thumb. 11. She exclaimed that she never travelled on
trains that left from platform. 12. He insisted that the teacher had
given him the wrong mark. 13. She cried that it was an unlucky number.
Exercise III (p. 196)
1. We wanted to know who our form mistress would be next year.
2. The teacher asked Ann why she had missed the first lesson.
3. I asked Lena if she would go to the cinema with me if I had invited
her. 4. I asked Nick how old he had been when he began to play
hockey. 5. Mother wanted to know if Nina had to take the medicine
two or three times a day. 6. I asked the woman how old her son had
been when she began to teach him to skate. 7. Mother hoped that his
son would return in a week. 8. The headmaster said that he didn’t
allow to change the timetable. 9. Mother said that the guests would
come on Saturday and then it was only Friday. 10. The teacher said
49
that we could fail at the exam if we didn’t revise all the rules.
11. Oleg couldn’t understand what the teacher was saying. 12. She
said half an hour ago that her son would come at three sharp. So he
will be here in an hour. 13. I would like to know who had told you
about that wonderful novel. 14. The passengers were told to fasten
the belts. 15. The boy was told not to interrupt the grown-ups.
16. The teacher warned the students not to sit late before the exams.
17. The passengers are asked not to smoke in a bus. 18. A coach
offered everybody to take part in the competitions. 19. I asked Lena if
she was invited to the party.
Exercise IV (p. 196)
1. There is a new boy in our class. He said that he was a Bulgarian by
nationality. He said that there was no snow in Bulgaria and that’s why
he couldn’t skate. Nelly said that she would teach him. 2. When mother
was leaving she said that she would return later than usual because
she had much work. Father said that he would probably return later
too as they would have a meeting, and then he was too busy to come
in time. I said I would come later than everybody, because we would
have competitions in chess, but if I came before them, I would prepare
supper. Mother sighed and said that she would try to come earlier.
Exercise V (p. 197)
1. Do you know that we hadn’t come to any decision? 2. I was sure
that he could repeat those sentences word by word. 3. Father didn’t
think that he would choose that room. 4. Everybody knew that we
wouldn’t come on Sunday. 5. Our teacher said that for the successful
study of foreign languages one should have a good memory. 6. The
boy hoped that he would be taken to the circus. 7. I was not sure that
I would prepare for the report the next day. 8. I felt that she was angry
with me. 9. She thought that he was working and that’s why she did
not enter the room. 10. He let us know that he had taken a ticket for the
plane to Adler. 11. He announced that he wouldn’t go with him. 12. He
promised his son that they would spend summer in the south. 13. She
reminded me that I was going to visit my aunt. 14. She marked that the
flat should be repaired in summer. 15. He assured us that riding in a
motor cycle was not at all dangerous.
Exercise VI (p. 197)
1. We decided that we would go boating next Sunday. 2. He admitted
that his brother rowed better than he did. 3. He thought that he would
be able to visit a patient on Sunday. 4. We supposed that we would
50
meet soon. 5. He insisted that I was mistaken. 6. They said that they
had never been there before. 7. She asked me if I liked those songs.
8. She asked when and where I had bought that magazine. 9. She
asked if I had heard that romance before. 10. He said that he preferred
to listen to something classical. 11. The commander ordered the
soldiers to form. 12. The chairman called the gathered people to keep
silence. 13. The secretary asked us to wait a little. 14. We answered
that we would never agree to change the programme of the
competitions. 15. He asked her to repeat her address. 16. I begged
them not to do it. 17. He exclaimed that he hadn’t seen us for ages.
The Voice
Exercise IX (p. 205)
1. He was sent for twenty minutes ago. 2. This question won’t be
discussed today. 3. Last year a new shop was built in our street. 4. This
book hasn’t been translated yet. 5. I feel that a dangerous plan is being
prepared. 6. If you are sent for, don’t refuse to come. 7. Why is this
article nowhere referred to? 8. As soon as the things had been packed,
a car was sent for. 9. This lecturer was always listened to with interest.
10. He has nothing been said about it yet. 11. The books of this author
are often asked. 12. Were you asked some additional questions at the
exam? 13. The girl is being scolded that’s why she is crying. 14. I felt that
I was being looked at. 15. This book has already been translated.
16. Don’t come in, the last student is being examined there. 17. I was told
that nothing could be changed because the decision had been accepted.
18. What question was being discussed when you came in?
Exercise X (p. 205)
1. This book will be soon republished. 2. He was always loved and he
was always trusted. 3. She is taken care of by her friends. 4. This film
is much spoken of. 5. While breakfast is being prepared, mother went
to the child’s bed. 6. She will be given a flat in this house. 7. “Where is
the doctor?” he whispered. “He was sent for.” 8. By the end of the
week his name will be known to everybody. 9. Lena was told that two
new houses were being built near the railway bridge. 10. It was
announced over the radio that the weather was changing for the worse.
11. I doubt that something may be explained now. 12. He was expected
to come just to the meeting. 13. He was explained why he was not
right. 14. Why is it so cold here? – The hall has just been aired.
51
15. I hope that this fact won’t be mentioned any more. 16. This question
is still being discussed. – Yes, it has already been discussing for two
hours. 17. I wonder if this article will have been published before the
conference opens. 18. By the time we returned the gates had already
been closed. 19. It’s a pity that the baker’s is closed. How much time
was left before it opens again? 20. How much time was this question
being discussed when you asked to give you a word? 21. Don’t enter
the room. It is being tidied up. 22. Our papers are being typed. Wait a
little. 23. You are being waited downstairs. 22. A new metro station will
be built here next year. 25. He is often sent abroad.
Exercise XI (p. 206)
1. A new block of buildings is being built in this street. 2. Are you
interested in the work you were offered? 3. I was never spoken in such
a way. 4. She was presented with a box of chocolates on her birthday.
5. You will be said when the train will start. 6. I felt that he had already
been asked that question before. 7. He was given first-class education.
8. I advise you to go to this concert: your favourite musical
compositions will be performed. 9. This picture is much spoken of.
I haven’t been to the exhibition myself but it was described so vividly
to me that it seems to me that I saw it with my own eyes.
10. We were explained a new rule, then we were dictated some examples
and were given exercises for homework. 11. The project was approved,
but an engineer was pointed out some defects. 12. A telegram was
accepted late at night, and as it was very important the captain was
immediately woken up and it was given to him.
Exercise XII (p. 206)
1. A new restaurant was built in our street last year. 2. This teacher is
always listened to with interest. 3. This news has just been broadcast
over the radio. 4. This is the man that is much spoken about. 5. The
book has already been paid. You may take it. 6. Had the new library
been built before you entered university? 7. Books which are read
well can seldom be found on the shelves of the library. 8. To our
great pity this dictionary has already been sold out. 9. This news
will be published in the evening newspapers. 10. A shot was heard
but nothing was seen. 11. He has been awarded with medals and
orders. 12. When I came to this city, this house was being built.
13. Have all the telegrams been sent? Not yet. Half of the telegrams
was sent yesterday. The rest besides three have been typed. The
last telegrams are being typed now. They will have been typed by
one o’clock in the afternoon.
52
Modal Verbs
Can
Exercise VIII (p. 212)
1. This book can be bought in any shop. 2. It is dark in the room, and
I can’t find my things. 3. She can’t have been mistaken. 4. Can they
be still waiting for us? 5. You can’t have been sent to me. 6. He said
that we could go. 7. I could return by bus. 8. “She can’t have
understood you,” he repeated. 9. They can’t have forgotten about
it. 10. Can he have already gone? 11. Can she be still working?
12. She can’t be still writing a composition. 13. Can she have fallen
ill? 14. Can you like such music? 15. You can take my dictionary.
I don’t need it any more. 16. Can they have missed the train? They
left the house very early.
Exercise IX (p. 212)
1. I think I will be able to help you. 2. He can’t have forgotten about it.
3. Can he have refused to help you? 4. Can it be the truth? It can’t
have been the truth. 5. Can he study in the ninth form? He is so little
in appearance. 6. They can’t have already moved to a new flat. 7. Can
you be five years my senior? 8. Read these articles. You could refer to
them in your report. 9. There is no light in the staircase. Could you
light me while I am going downstairs? 10. I think we could try once
more to persuade him that he was not right. 11. It can’t have been only
three o’clock. Your watch has stopped. 12. No, kiddy, you can’t eat
ice-cream in the street in winter. 13. Can he have been right? 14. Could
you dictate me this page? 15. Can they be waiting for us near the other
exit?
Exercise X (p. 212)
1. He can’t have been late. He is always so punctual. 2. Can he have
produced on you the impression of an absent-minded man? 3. I can’t
have understood you in a wrong way. 4. He couldn’t read this book so
quickly; it is difficult for him. 5. She can’t have failed to find your
house. 6. She can’t have forgotten about it. I reminded her about it
only yesterday. 7. Gould you give your own example? You can’t give
examples only from the textbook. 8. Can she be thinking about me
now? 9. I could tell you about it at once but I didn’t want to upset you.
10. You can’t have really believed it. 11. He couldn’t take you for
53
another person. 12. Couldn’t anybody think that this team would take
the first place? 13. Can you have failed to find my book? 14. They
can’t come today. It is already late.
Exercise XI (p. 213)
1. They can’t have forgotten about it. 2. Can he have already gone?
3. Can she have forgotten to tell you about my departure? 4. Can she
be still working? 5. They can’t have come on Monday. 6. I think you
will be able to persuade him if you try. 7. Will your sister be able to buy
us tickets tomorrow? 8. We couldn’t get to university by 9 o’clock.
9. Can he have deceived you? 10. Can you like such music? 11. They
can’t have heard our conversation. 12. Can she have fallen ill? 13. Can
we take Jack with us? 14. Children have a rich imagination. They can
easily invent different stories. 15. He can’t be still sleeping. It’s already
late.
Exercise XII (p. 213)
1. He can’t have told you such a thing. You didn’t understand him.
2. When will we be able to do it? 3. She won’t be able to learn to sing
well. 4. She couldn’t finish school last year. 5. Can she be still reading?
It’s time to go to bed. 6. Nobody could produce more impression on
me than you did it. 7. He said that we could go. 8. He could do it last
week. 9. He was so illiterate that he couldn’t simply write a single word
of this report. 10. It’s getting dark. What time can it be now? 11. He
couldn’t be more than thirty when we got acquainted with him. 12. She
can’t have been mistaken. 13. She can’t have forgotten about it.
14. Can he have refused to help you? 15. This student can’t have
fulfilled this work herself. 16. You can’t have been sent to me.
May
Exercise V (p. 216)
1. On the whole there was less said than might be expected. 2. You’ve
acquired a great deal of experience. You might write a book. 3. There
was no sign of John in the street. Of course, I said to myself, he might
have been detained at his office. 4. Who said Mr Smith had gone to
America? – He might have told it himself. 5. But what you tell me may
not be true. 6. What’s happened to the dog? – It isn’t here. Dan may
have taken it with him. 7. She longed for a letter from John. It might
contain an explanation of why he had gone away. 8. Harry might often
be seen sitting on the porch with a book in his hands. 9. Oh, Tom, she
54
exclaimed, your boots are muddy! You might have gone by the side
door. 10. He was very ill. He may be dying. 11. Then why on earth all
this secrecy? One never knows who may be listening. 12. Of course
I’m too young to be a really good writer yet, but I try hard, and one
day I may achieve something.
Exercise VI (p. 216)
1. You were not so very busy. You might have helped us. 2. She may be
late. 3. They may be working at the same problem. 4. It may rain by the
evening. 5. They may have been in town yesterday. 6. I agree that it
may have been a mistake to allow Ann to go abroad. 7. They may have
thought that we wouldn’t come in such weather. 8. He may be in a
hotel and is waiting for me. 9. You may have heard his name. 10. He
has a large family. I can imagine that he may be looking for better work.
11. Though it looks like rain, but who knows the weather may be fine
tomorrow. 12. He may have known about everything but he gave no
sign. 13. Ring her up. She may be at home now. 14. A telegram may
have been sent yesterday.
Exercise VII (p. 217)
1. Today it is very cloudy. It may rain. 2. You may not answer this
question if you don’t want. 3. You might have given me to know about
it beforehand. 4. May we use a dictionary? – No, you can’t. 5. He may
know about everything, but he doesn’t want to tell us. 6. They may be
still taking an exam. 7. Why hasn’t Kate come? – She may come later.
– She might have warned us that she was late. 8. I have been looking
for my notebook for an hour. I can’t have lost it. – You may have left it
near the telephone booth. I saw you take it out. – You might have told
me about it long ago. 9. Don’t worry. They won’t be late. They may be
going here and will be here in some minutes. 10. My brother said that
he wouldn’t go skiing. But he may have changed his mind. 11. I am
ringing them up the second time, but nobody answers. Everybody
can’t have gone away. – They may have gone to the country. They
always go to the country on the weekend. 12. The lecturer may have
referred to this article, but I don’t remember it. 13. I may have been in
these parts. It seems to me that I can even recognize many houses and
streets. 14. We may postpone our trip to the country: the weather is
bad.
Exercise VIII (p. 217)
1. You may call on us after 7 o’clock if you want. 2. You might consult
your sister at least. 3. Where is my passport? – You may have left it at
55
home. 4. Ask them whether we may go on a hike with them too. 5. You
may have noticed that he had repeated these words twice. 6. You
might have bought me this book. You knew that I needed it very much.
7. You may have heard his name. He is a well-known scientist.
8. A telegram may come tomorrow. 9. He may have wished to tell me
about it, but he didn’t find time. 10. She may have forgotten to call
that’s why he didn’t come. 11. She hurried to school so that she might
take part in the olympiad.
Exercise IX (p. 217)
1. A patient feels better. You may visit him tomorrow. 2. You might be
more serious. You are already almost grown up. 3. He may have been
absent at the lecture. – He says that he was there. 4. She was not
English but she may have been taken for her. 5. You might have
consulted with the teacher at least. 6. Doctor, may I bathe in the sea?
– No, you cannot. You may fall ill again. 7. Why hasn’t he come? – He
may not have got your letter. 8. You may find this book in the library,
they may have got several copies. 9. Why didn’t he ring me up
yesterday? – He may have lost your telephone number. 9. Why doesn’t
he answer? – He may not have heard your question, repeat your
question a bit louder. 11. Why hasn’t she come? – She may have
changed her mind.
Must
Exercise V (p. 221)
1. Look! People are hurrying along the street with umbrellas up. It
must be raining hard. 2. You must follow my advice. There is no other
way out for you. 3. She must have been angry with you. She doesn’t
even look in your direction. 4. She must have got angry with me. She
left without saying good-bye. 5. Mary must have been ill. She looked
so pale and tired last night. 6. She speaks English much better than
she did last year. She must have practiced a lot. 7. Where is Peter? He
is neither at home nor at school. – Oh, he must be training at the
stadium. He is always training there at this time. 8. You must have
already been training for some months. Your results are brilliant.
9. There are many puddles in the street. It must have rained in the
morning. 10. Look! There is not a single human being in the street. It
must be raining fast. 11. What a shower! The water is streaming down
the street. It must have already been raining for some hours. 12. You
look fine! You must have had a good rest in summer.
56
Exercise VI (p. 221)
1. “You must be right,” I said. 2. They must have heard that the fellow
was in London. 3. I must have been sitting there for a quarter of an hour
waiting and thinking about it before I saw the letter. 4. He took us round
the yacht. There was no doubt that it must have cost him a lot of money.
5. At half past two I heard Mike put down the book and switch out the
light. He must have read since midnight. 6. “I must be getting old,” she
said. 7. There were a lot of mirrors that must have been bought at the
sale of some old restaurant. 8. They must have forgotten my address.
9. Poor animal! How it must be suffering. 10. Haven’t you finished your
work yet? You must have been working for more than an hour.
11. Where is Ann? – She must be working in the next room. 12. Is he in?
He was in ten minutes ago, but he must have left.
Exercise VII (p. 221)
1. She must be waiting for us at university. 2. She must wait for us at
university. 3. He must live in the south. 4. She must be staying with
her friends because she wrote that she would spend her holiday at
their place. 5. They must be waiting for me, and I can’t let them know
about myself. 6. He must have forgotten that he had promised to
come. 7. They must be writing a composition and soon they must
finish. 8. You must have already guessed what I think about it.
9. They must be preparing for the exams now. 10. She must have
already been working as a nurse for two months. 11. I didn’t see
Ann, but I knew that she must be waiting for me somewhere here.
12. I had been waiting for half an hour and when I already thought
that something must have happened to Kate she came in a taxi. 13. “I
must do something for him,” thought John. 14. You must have known
nothing about it.
Exercise VIII (p. 222)
1. It must be a very ancient church. It must have been built in the 13th
century. 2. We must hurry: we can be late for a concert. 3. She is so
pale. She must have been ill. 4. There, in your book there was a letter.
You must have left it. 5. “It is you!” said he looking with surprise. He
must have forgotten my name. 6. Young passengers were a bit excited.
They must go by sea for the first time. 7. He spoke very well, his
speech must have produced a great impression on listeners. 8. He was
looking for his ticket in the pockets, but he found nothing. He must
have left it at home. 9. This book must be a great success with the
readers. It comes out the fifth time. 10. You must have been informed
that the timetable would be changed. 11. He must have recognized me
57
at once though we hadn’t seen each other for many years. 12. You
must have a lot of spare time: you do everything very slowly.
Exercise IX (p. 222)
1. I won’t take an exam. Probably, I won’t be in Moscow at that time.
2. He must have never had so much money at his disposal before.
3. He must have failed to persuade him to go with us. 4. He must have
found simply no time for you. 5. They must have failed to meet him at
the station. 6. The teacher probably didn’t mention your name by
mistake. 7. She must be unaware that you are here. 8. We haven’t
probably seen her since summer. 9. May I speak to you tomorrow
morning? Evidently, I will be busy in the morning. 10. He is unlikely to
wish to speak English. 11. No one must be at home now. 12. Who is
that man? – The new president of the company. – Don’t joke with me.
– I am not joking. Probably, you haven’t read newspapers.
Revision of Modal Verbs Can, May, Must
Exercise I (p. 223)
1. That tower on the hill must be an old palace. 2. I can’t have lost my
ticket, it was here a minute ago. 3. You may have lost your way.
4. You must have left your things on the bench in the park. 5. They
can’t postpone such an important meeting. 6. You look so pale and
worn out. You must have overworked yourself. 7. This medicine can’t
be a good care for the flu. 8. You must be hungry, you’ve had nothing
to eat but some porridge since morning. 9. The car may have overturned
going round the bend. 10. It must be a delightful place, especially in
summer. 11. You may be right. 12. He can’t have done it all by himself.
13. He may have forgotten his bag in the car. 14. He can’t have seen
you, otherwise he would have come up to you.
Exercise II (p. 223)
1. He can’t have been meaning to do it. 2. He can’t have refused your
request. 3. He must have had no chance to read the book. 4. He must
have heard the gong. 5. It must have been some special occasion.
6. He looks wet and muddy. He must have been fishing.
7. He may not know we are here. 8. May the news being broadcast on
all the channels? 9. May we be out of wrapping paper? 10. “I don’t see
him driving his car. May something have happened?” “His car must
be undergoing repairs”. 11. Let’s give her a call again. She may have
been asleep and didn’t hear the telephone. 12. You may have used up
all the money I gave you. 13. He can’t have done the work carelessly.
58
14. They may have been unable to get in touch with you. 15. She can’t
have wrongly interpreted your words.
Exercise V (p. 224)
1. Everybody must have failed to notice that he was not used to
speaking in public. 2. He must have had no chance to write to them of
his arrival in due time. 3. She can’t have locked the door forgetting
that I was to come later. 4. He must have no chance of winning, he is in
bad form. 5. The man must have misunderstood me for he nodded his
head. 6. She must have been quite unconscious of having made a
mistake. 7. They can’t have given us the correct information about the
road. 8. The telegram must have failed to come in time. 9. She must
have been very careless. She spilt some milk. 10. He must have done
nothing about it. I don’t see any changes in the design. 11. The dog
must have failed to recognize his master. It barked as we approached
the house. 12. He must have been very inexperienced in navigation.
13. He must be unaware of his clumsiness.
Exercise VI (p. 224)
1. You might do it for me. 2. Tell him that he might have been more
attentive to his old friends. 3. You may come across this expression in
any book. 4. I think that you will be able to persuade him if you try.
5. I must do it today. – a) No, you may do it tomorrow if you wish.
b) Yes, it must be done today. 6. May I see your work? – a) Do it,
please. b) No, it is not ready yet. 7. Must I rewrite the whole work or
may I correct only the mistakes? 8. Can you call on me in the evening?
9. Could you come to me in the evening? 10. He must be there tomorrow.
11. He can be there tomorrow. 12. He may be there tomorrow. 13. He
may have been there yesterday. 14. He must have been there yesterday.
15. He had to be there yesterday. 16. He can’t have been there
yesterday. 17. Can it be the truth? 18. It must be the truth. 19. It may be
the truth. 20. You must have been mistaken. 22. You can’t have been
mistaken. 23. Can you have been mistaken?
Exercise VII (p. 225)
1. They must do as they are said. 2. I can’t leave without paying. 3. You
might have called them and said that you wouldn’t come. 4. Could you
finish your work? 5. Can you have written it yourself? 6. She had never
said about her childhood and it must have been a reason to it. 7. I will be
able to write them tomorrow. 8. She must be seriously ill. 9. Where are
my spectacles? No, they are not here. I must have left them at home.
10. When a child is so ill, you must feel awfully. 11. He can’t be more
59
than three or four years your senior. 12. She can’t have failed to know
about it. 13. On Monday I shan’t be able to give you a definite answer
yet. 14. They may not have come yet. 15. And who could switch on the
light in my room? 16. It is already quite dark. I must have been sleeping
for a very long time. 17. He must ring you up soon. 18. Can he have told
you to come here? 19. Where is my key? You must have lost it. I can’t
have lost it. I may have left it in the pocket of my coat.
Exercise VIII (p. 225)
1. You may not answer this question if you don’t wish. 2. You might
have let me know about it beforehand. 3. You are a doctor you must
know the symptoms of this illness. 4. May we use the dictionaries?
No, you can’t. 5. Your watch must be fast. 6. A waiter must have
understood a foreigner in a wrong way, and he brought a wrong dish.
7. He can’t have let us down. 8. Could anybody think that this team
would win? 9. He hasn’t visited us for a long time. He must have been
unaware that we were already in Moscow. 10. They must have caught
the train. Otherwise they would already return. 11. They must have
been misinformed. They had to come today. 12. Could you give me a
consultation today? 13. Can you have believed them? They must
have played a joke on you. 14. You would better send a letter to him;
he may not guess that some affairs delay you and he will worry.
15. Could I ask you to call on me a bit later?
Exercise IX (p. 226)
On Sunday in the morning I had to go to the library to prepare for the
report that I had to make at the English lesson. But I couldn’t get the
necessary books as I came late. Some other student must have taken
them before me. I had to come earlier. It was annoying that I will have
to come once more. When I was going to leave a tall woman about
thirty years old came up to me and said, “Your face is familiar to me.
We must have met, but I don’t remember where.” “I don’t remember
either,” said I. “We may have met in some rest home in summer.”
“Maybe. We can’t have worked or studied together. Then we had to
remember each other better.”
Have to – Have Got to
Exercise IV (p. 228)
1. I have to work a lot now as I was ill and lagged behind the group.
2. You will have to speak to him personally. 3. We had to wait at the
60
station till the rain was over. 4. I had to apologize though it was not
easy for me. 5. The book has to be bound otherwise some pages can
be lost. 6. You have to get up very early, don’t you? 7. He has to
reprimand you, doesn’t he? 8. He didn’t have to take entrance exams.
9. We didn’t have to see them off to the hotel as they knew the way
well themselves. 10. The work has to be done today. 11. He said that
you would have to go there yourself. 12. The whole page had to be
reprinted because of one misprint. 13. She had to drink tea without
sugar. 14. I don’t have to be there before three o’clock. 15. One of the
guests took a seat near me. I didn’t have to say who he was.
16. You have short and curly hair. – I had scarlet fever and I had to cut
my hair. 17. He had to move nearer to hear her.
To Be to
Exercise III (p. 230)
1. I stood at the window looking at them disappear, and my heart
kept repeating “Good-bye, good-bye!” I was not to see them for
nearly five years. 2. Nobody met me when I came. I was to have
arrived by the ten o’clock train, but I couldn’t get a ticket for it.
3. Remember that we are to be at this place not later than eight.
4. Why are you so late? Didn’t you get my letter saying that we were
to meet at 4? 5. There was a violent storm that night and the Albatross
which was to arrive at the port in the morning had to drop anchor
near an island a hundred miles off the port. 6. Large sums are now
being spent on educational development and still larger sums are to
be spent in the near future. 7. We were to play a duet together. 8. He
was to have had a music lesson in the morning but the teacher called
up to cancel it.
Exercise IV (p. 230)
1. I wondered what was to happen to us. 2. It looks like raining. You
have to take your raincoats. 3. We agreed that the one who came first
was to reserve seats for the rest of us. 4. Nobody met me at the airfield
as I was to have arrived a day later and could not warn any of my
friends of the change. 5. He always puts off doing what he has to do
until it is to be done. 6. We were to leave on Monday but because of
two days’ delay with the visas we had to book tickets for Wednesday.
7. There is nothing strange in what he did. It was to be expected.
8. It was too late to change the plan and it had to remain as it was.
9. You do not have to tell him about it if you don’t want to. 10. You are
61
not to tell him anything about it before you get further instructions.
11. They hoped to spend the summer together, but that was not to be.
12. Do I have to do it all by myself? 13. The headmaster arranged that
the children were to be taken home by bus.
Exercise V (p. 230)
1. The meeting was to begin immediately after the lessons. 2. We had
to postpone the meeting because the lecturer had fallen ill. 3. If you
want to take the first place in the races, you have to train much more.
4. According to the new timetable you are to train on the sports ground
from 2 o’clock till 4 o’clock. 5. We decided that in August everybody
was to take part in the harvest. 6. Next year our plant is to begin the
output of new radio sets. 7. You are to prepare this work by Thursday.
8. I was to prepare this work by Thursday. I had to prepare this work
by Thursday. 9. You are not to stop the work till you finish it. Tomorrow
will be already Thursday. 10. I had to prepare this work by Thursday.
11. I will have to prepare this work by Thursday. 12. As he had prepared
everything beforehand he doesn’t have to do it now. 13. There was no
choice; he had to agree.
Exercise VI (p. 231)
1. I was slightly surprised finding out so many people in the hall
where I was to speak. 2. I don’t have to go there before 5 o’clock. 3. He
was invited to his friend’s to have dinner. After dinner they were to go
to the cinema. 4. It was announced over the radio that President was
to speak. 5. Next day he took me to the long car trip. And at 7 o’clock
we were to have dinner at our friends’. 6. When I found out that the
train had already arrived, I had to take a taxi and hurry home as my
sister had no key from the flat. 7. He had left long ago and was to
return by 5 o’clock. 8. I was to be there an hour ago. 9. Why did they
have to leave this house? 10. He told me that I was to wait for him here.
11. According to the contract the goods were to arrive at the port at
the end of the week. 12. He was to have come here last week, but he
didn’t come. 13. He is nowhere to be found.
Need
Exercise III (p. 232)
1. What she has done is so silly that we needn’t discuss it. 2. It was so
near that everybody agreed that they needn’t take a car. 3. We needn’t
cook all the potatoes. 4. Need we change our clothes for dinner?
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5. We have a lot of time. We needn’t hurry. 6. Need you go there by all
means? 7. You needn’t spend all the money on them. 8. You needn’t
have worried. – I promised my parents to be here for some time more.
9. He put an envelope on the table. “All the money is there”, he said.
“You needn’t count it.” 10. You know children. They break everything.
I needn’t tell you about it. 11. He knew that he needn’t explain anybody
anything. 12. I think that we needn’t pay her so much attention.
13. You needn’t be afraid of me. 14. We needn’t listen to all the orators.
15. You needn’t have ordered a room in a hotel. We have a vacant
bedroom.
Exercise IV (p. 233)
1. We have a telephone installed, and now we needn’t go to the
neighbours. 2. You needn’t go to the street; our neighbours have a
telephone. 3. A new stadium has been built in our district now, and the
children don’t have to go far. 4. They needn’t go so far, they can
study in our reading room. 5. You needn’t answer this question if you
don’t want. 6. You don’t have to come yourself. You may send
somebody. 7. He needn’t worry. Everything will be all right. 8. You
needn’t have gone to the library. I had all the necessary books at
home. 8. A toothache had stopped by the evening, and he decided
that he needn’t go to the doctor. 10. Did you have to spend much time
on this work? 11. I didn’t have to buy a new dictionary as I had such
a dictionary at home. 12. You needn’t have bought this dictionary,
I have an extra copy at home. 13. Our conversation continued not for
a long time, everything was quite clear, and we needn’t go into
unnecessary details. 14. He needn’t have postponed his trip. It didn’t
help all the same. 15. All the words in the text were well known and I
even needn’t use the dictionary.
Exercise V (p. 233)
1. Has the teacher said that we must learn this text by heart? 2. The
teacher said that we needn’t have learned this text by heart. 3. You
had simply to read it. 4. Don’t make a noise, the children must be
sleeping. 5. Nobody must have told him about it. 6. They were to
have come at 5 o’clock and now it is already 6 o’clock. 7. They must
have forgotten that they were to come at 5 o’clock. 8. I hope that you
didn’t have to wait long, don’t I? 9. I hope we won’t have to wait.
10. This book is to be found in any library. 11. Need you get excited
about such trifles? 12. You needn’t worry. You will pass your exams
well.
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Ought to
Exercise IV (p. 235)
1. You ought to be more attentive. 2. You ought to have postponed
your trip until your mother gets well. 3. You ought to consult a doctor.
You may be unwell. 4. You ought to have tried to persuade him, but
not to quarrel with him. 5. He didn’t understand you. You ought to
have explained your point of view in details. 6. You ought to be more
attentive because you make many mistakes in the text. 7. You ought to
have told the truth. It would save you from many troubles. 8. You
ought not to dial the telephone number until you are sure that it is
right. 9. You ought to have sent a telegram yesterday immediately on
your arrival. 10. He ought to be at home and take care of his sick
mother. 11. I’ll tell you something that you ought to know to my mind.
12. I ought not to have allowed you to make such presents to me.
Should
Exercise III (p. 237)
1. Tea is between half past five and six, and it should be ready now.
2. Should the baby play with the box of matches? 3. You should have
seen him yesterday on horseback. 4. “Your father and I should have
arranged everything before I came here,” he said. 5. Where is the
car? He shouldn’t have left it unattended. 6. He drove at great speed.
He knew that about this hour the guests should have arrived at his
house. 7. Then he should have laughed, but instead he heard himself
saying, “Everything you say is quite true.” 8. “I don’t think he had
the least idea of what I meant.” “You should have been more sincere,
my dear.” 9. You should go to the concert. Why should you miss the
music? 10. It was surprising that they should have met at all. 11. He
did not see why he should not have discussed the matter with his
chief. 12. She is in town shopping. She should be back at any moment.
13. I am very shocked indeed that you should feel it necessary to lie
to me. 14. I’m sorry that you should have had a quarrel with your
friend.
Exercise V (p. 238)
1. I apologize I shouldn’t have said it. 2. I think you ought to show
respect to the eldest. 3. I thought that you should know about it.
4. Now I upset her. I shouldn’t have done it. 5. “Have I said anything
that I shouldn’t have said?” he asked his mother. 6. You shouldn’t ask
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such questions. 7. So you were right. I shouldn’t have done it in this
way. 8. What do you think I should take up? 9. I was more sincere with
you than I ought to have been. 10. I said that she shouldn’t have come
with him at all. 11. You shouldn’t be so critical in your age, Mike.
12. Ann is my sister. – I should have guessed. You take after her.
13. She ought to have remembered about it before. 14. I wish to do
something I shouldn’t do.
Shall
Exercise II (p. 239)
1. How much shall I pay the porter? 2. When we learn something you
shall hear about it by all means. 3. Shall I translate the whole text? –
No, you needn’t, translate only the underlined sentences. 4. It can be
done and it will be done if you only help me. 5. “Shall I play?” she
asked. “Do, please.” 6. You shan’t have any reason to complain against
me. 7. You shall get a book an Monday. 8. When shall he come?
9. Shall I close the door? 10. The equipment for our expedition shall be
dispatched in May. 11. If you sit in a draught, you will catch cold.
12. What shall be done with these letters? 13. Shall she call you?
14. You shall do it at once.
Will/Would
Exercise II (p. 241)
1. Will you have some more sweets? 2. Would you like a drink of
water? 3. I tried to speak, but the words wouldn’t come. 4. He wrote to
ask me if I would come and give a talk to his class. 5. I know there is a
theory that a book, if it is any good, will always find a publisher. 6. We
waited till afternoon but the rain would not stop. 7. I will agree with
you. 8. Will you kindly pass me some slices of bread? 9. “He talked of
his new car the whole evening.” “He would.” 10. I will say it again and
again. 11. Let me come in. I will not say anything, I just want to listen.
12. The lock wouldn’t open. 13. Will you really do it for me? 14. Would
you mind coming a little later? 15. You will go there and tell him that
the game is up. 16. Will you come round tomorrow?
Exercise IV (p. 242)
1. Will you tell me what has happened? 2. He tried to open the lid, but it
wouldn’t give way. 3. I would do everything to help him. 4. He tried to
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explain, but I wouldn’t listen to him. 5. He didn’t agree with me. – He
would. 6. It is Sunday today, and all the shops will be closed. 7. He tried
to switch on the lighter two or three times but it wouldn’t. 8. I asked his
wife what had happened to him, but she wouldn’t answer. 9. He switched
off the lamp, but sleep wouldn’t come to him. 10. I think I will go and
watch TV if you excuse me. 11. I wished to see only one picture, but
they wouldn’t let me in as it was late. 12. “Father,” called the boy “you
promised to help me with my toy train. It won’t move.” 13. I proposed
her to go to the doctor, but she wouldn’t listen to it. 14. After work he
would usually wait for us near the bridge.
Exercise V (p. 242)
1. You won’t do this. Remember this! 2. I will do this work though I
didn’t have to sleep the whole night. 3. The shop must be still open.
If you hurry, you will have time to buy bread. 4. He said that he
would have to leave in some days, but we wouldn’t listen. 5. It is
useless to prove him that you are right; he will never be persuaded.
He is very obstinate. 6. It doesn’t concern him. He shouldn’t have
meddled in other people’s business. 7. You should read this
interesting article. 8. You will have to take an exam once more. You
should pay more attention to grammar. 9. You should have warned
us that you wouldn’t come. We wouldn’t wait for you. 10. You knew
perfectly well that it would be useless, but nevertheless you did it.
11. He didn’t understand you. You should have explained your point
of view in details. 12. You should have visited this ancient town long
ago. 13. I promise that everything will be done. 14. The lock won’t
lock. I asked you to repair it many times. 15. You won’t go anywhere
till you do your homework.
Revision of All the Modal Verbs
Exercise I (p. 243)
1. Somebody has been talking, who could it be? 2. That book was one
of those that one should have read it. 3. One needn’t have worried,
everything has turned out all right. 4. Frequently he could be found in
the garden bent over his flowers. 5. I believe he was always afraid
they could laugh at him. 6. It had been arranged between them that
whichever woke up first, before six had to call the other by knocking
on the wall. 7. He opened his eyes and looked at the smiling young
woman who leaned over him. It must be Ann, he thought. 8. He came
out of the water, smiling. “You should have come earlier” he said. “We
could have swum together. The water is great.” 9. “Last night, you
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know, he suddenly began to speak to me about what my future was
going to be like.” “What could it have meant?” “How can I know?”
10. There was an old apple tree beside the path. I said, “I bet I can
climb that.” “No, you need not,” said Jack. 11. “Well, then can you
hold the line while I find the letter?” “I cannot, I’m in a telephone box.”
“Then may I ring you back?” “I’m not on the telephone.” “Then I
think perhaps you will better ring me back in half an hour. By then I
may have some idea what this is all about.” 12. “Monday will be my
last day in London,” he said. “I will have to stay down here rather
late.” 13. It’s too bad she couldn’t stay with us. We could have learned
a great deal about the theatre tonight. 14. If you help me now I will be
able to help you later. 15. “I shall wait to hear what Lily has to say
about it?” “You will have to wait a long time.” 16. I think you should
certainly have told us the truth, and we could have decided what was
the best thing to do. 17. If your mother calls, tell her I may be a little
late. 18. On Saturday Charles broke the news to his father. He began to
grumble. “You should have chosen a more suitable time to tell me. You
could have known that hearing this would make me nervous.”
Exercise II (p. 244)
1. Do you think we could get home by nine? 2. I had never stopped
writing to my cousin, but it must have passed seven years since we had
met. 3. Can I do it as I like or must I do it as you like? 4. “Now listen to
me!” he said, “I’ll tell you a few things that you had to ask before
starting out.” 5. “I’m sorry about Kate,” he said. “I suppose it had to
happen,” his sister answered. 6. When you came here I told you were
free to come and go as you please, but you should not have visited our
old friend. 7. He had to call for me in the morning at ten o’clock, but he
must have forgotten about it. 8. That film was one of those that one
should have seen. 9. She protested but he wouldn’t listen to her protests.
10. I think he could wait till I came back. 11. The girl must have understood
me as she nodded her head. 12. You needn’t have written to him about
it. 13. You needn’t have been with her so rude. She is crying now.
Exercise III (p. 245)
1. may; 2. ought to; 3. should; 4. need; 5. is to; 6. have; 7. can; 8. need;
9. must; 10. should, could; 11. must not; 12. ought to; 13. should,
shouldn’t; 14. must; 15. are.
Exercise IV (p. 245)
1. Can he really have refused to help you? 2. Why must I call him the
first? 3. He must have frightened you with his threats. 4. You needn’t
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worry. I promise that everything will be done. 5. You will have to agree
with their conditions. 6. The whole life of the boy may be spoiled if
you don’t take him from here. 7. If only I could forsee it! 8. He
suggested that the competition should be fixed for 5 o’clock. 9. Shall
I go and find out if he has done his work? He had to finish it yesterday.
10. Did you have to wait for him long? 11. You needn’t have come. The
meeting is cancelled. 12. You should have told us about it. 13. She
must have forgotten to give them our note.
Exercise V (p. 245)
1. She can’t have made such a bad deed. 2. He had to come to us in the
evening. Can he have forgotten? 3. You should have told us that he
was unwell. 4. It’s a pity that I didn’t have to speak to the doctor.
5. You might have told me that you would be late. 6. Yesterday I
couldn’t check the exercise books of my students as I had to substitute
another teacher. 7. You needn’t have come. We could finish our
translation without you. 8. He said that he must hurry and left without
waiting till she answered anything. 9. You may not ring me up tomorrow.
I will work tomorrow. 10. The ground is wet. Here it must have just
rained. 12. You needn’t have looked for the keys. They lay on the
table. 13. You had to stay till the end of the meeting, didn’t you? 14. In
the evening she should have gone to the party. That’s why she had to
buy a new dress. 15. We may go to the country on the weekend.
Exercise VI (p. 246)
1. You may not bring your report today. But tomorrow I must have it.
2. He could go there himself; he needn’t have sent you, you are
nevertheless older than he is. 3. Where can I find comrade Ivanov?
He must be in the next room. 4. He can’t have been sincere when he
refused to go with you to the south. Probably their parents didn’t
allow him to go. 5. He needn’t have called his name so loudly, this
attracted attention. 6. She is not so shy. Your question may have
been unexpected to her. 7. You needn’t have asked your father;
I found the magazine on your desk. 8. Can he really have lost his
head? – Certainly, and he even turned red. 9. You might have warned
him about it and not to put him in such an awkward position.
10. Why is she absent? Can she have been offended and decided
not to come? 11. Why are you so early? – We didn’t have to sit for
a long time; all the questions were settled quickly. 12. You could
register the tickets over the telephone. I needn’t have gone to the
railway station. 13. I was in Moscow that’s why I had to see the
sights of the whole city. 14. You needn’t have given up this work.
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You were so close to the aim, weren’t you? 15. I shall be able to fulfil
this work tomorrow. I should have told you about it yesterday, but
I couldn’t ring you up as I had no time.
Exercise VII (p. 246)
1. Everybody, even his enemies, must admit that he had behaved in a
noble way. 2. I can’t explain this strange phenomenon, I will have to
read about it or ask somebody. 3. It turns out that we needn’t have
registered the tickets beforehand, they may be bought on the day of
the departure. 4. Haven’t you read this wonderful book? You should
read it, you will have great pleasure. 5. I needn’t have reprimanded
him, my words must have offended him. 6. I had no choice, and I had
to agree to their proposal. 7. I hope that we won’t have to wait for a
long time. 8. On Sunday I shouldn’t have done my homework because
I did everything the day before. 9. Everybody should see this popular
science film. 10. He is a very educated person; we should have asked
him a piece of advice when we visited him. Now we shall have to wait
for an opportunity when we will be able to see him. 11. He finished
school with the medal, and he didn’t have to take the exams. 12. To my
great pity I had no time to see all the sights of the city; I had to leave.
13. To my mind you shouldn’t have concealed this from the parents.
14. You needn’t have postponed the rehearsal, now we shall have no
time to prepare for the performance.
Exercise VIII (p. 247)
1. You see you needn’t have been so excited: everything has turned
out all right. 2. “You must play sport regularly, if you wish to recover”,
said the doctor. 3. “I am afraid that we will have to do the work again.”
“And I think that the first part may not be done again.” 4. You ought
to have consulted the doctor. You may be unwell. 5. He must be a very
energetic man. 6. Should we hand in our compositions by all means
today? – You need not hand in them today, but you must hand in them
by all means tomorrow. 7. You ought to have visited this delightful
place long ago. 8. We need not have taken our bathing suits: there
was nowhere to bathe. 9. You should have tried to persuade him to be
under doctor’s care. 10. The captain said that the storm might burst
out any minute. 11. What do you think, must I apologize for my
behaviour? 12. We must hurry if we want to listen to his speech.
Exercise IX (p. 247)
1. You are carrying such a heavy suitcase. Shall I help you? If you
wish my son can help you. – Thank you, you needn’t worry. – But
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why? Young people must help the elders. 2. What shall I do? I lost a
ticket to the concert. I may have dropped it in the bus. – How could
you lose a ticket? You can’t be so absent-minded. The tickets to the
theatre must be kept in the bag. Your ticket may be at home. You
could leave it at home. You should call home. – Yes, my ticket may lie
at home, on the table in the hall. I always ask my brother not to
detain me when I am in a hurry and he still does it. Now I must call
and may be I will have to go home. How unpleasant, I can be late for
the concert.
Exercise X (p. 247)
1. You ought to have taken into consideration all the details when you
discussed this question. 2. He can’t have thought it himself.
3. The children tried to open the door but it wouldn’t open. 4. You
must have seen much in the life though you are much younger than
I am. 5. The window won’t close. You might repair it after all. 6. A liar
should have had a good memory. 7. Can I ask you to do it today? –
Don’t even ask me. I have got a lot of work to do. I think I shan’t be
able to do even what I must do first. 8. He might have done it himself,
he shouldn’t have asked you, you are older than he is. 9. I can’t
understand what could happen to him; he is always so punctual.
10. Why must we wait for one person so long? He should have come
at 5 o’clock and now it is already 6 o’clock. 11. He can’t have forgotten
about our meeting: he fixed the day and the time himself.
The Mood
The Subjunctive Mood after the Verb Wish
Exercise II (p. 250)
1. He wished he could join us. 2. I wished you hadn’t been absent
yesterday. 3. I wish he were more polite. 4. They wished they had
invited her. 5. He wished he had been able to see the film. 6. How
I wish I had told her all the truth then. 7. I wish you could swim.
8. I wish I hadn’t kept you waiting so long. 9. I wish I could go to the
theatre with you. 10. I wish I hadn’t disturbed you. 11. I wish you were
not leaving so soon. 12. I wish I saw the film again. 14. I wished we
could see the stage well. 15. They wished they had taken a taxi and
hadn’t missed their train.
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Exercise VI (p. 252)
I 1. a) I wished you hadn’t come so late. b) I wished you had come
earlier. 2. a) I wished we hadn’t left before his coming. b) We
wished we had waited till his coming. 3. a) I wish they knew
everything. b) I wish they didn’t know about it. 4. a) I wish he
were not so light-minded. b) I wish he were more serious.
5. a) I wished I had followed his advice. b) I wished I hadn’t
followed his advice.
II 1. I wished I saw the film once more. 2. I wish I could go to your
lecture tomorrow. 3. I wish I could read this book in the original.
4. I wished you had read this book. 5. I wished you hadn’t asked
him to fulfil this work. 6. My brother wished he had been present at
this meeting. 7. I wished you had thought over my proposal once
more. 8. I wished we had met before the departure. 9. We wished
we had discussed the play immediately after it had been seen.
10. I wished you had taken such an opportunity.
Exercise VII (p. 252)
1. I wished you had been careful. 2. I wished it hadn’t happened in
your absence. 3. I wish you were interested in art. 4. I wished I had
taken some tablets for a headache. 5. I wished you had gone to the
concert with me. 6. I wished you had kept a letter. 7. I wished she had
been said by somebody that it was impolite. 8. I wished you always
came in time. 9. I wished you could see this match. 10. I wish our
teacher paid much attention to your pronunciation. 11. I wished you
were more careful the next time. 12. I wish it were spring now!
13. I wish there were no illnesses on the earth. 14. I wished I had asked
a doctor when to take a medicine. 15. I wish I knew French.
Exercise VIII (p. 252)
1. I wish we knew his address. We could go to him today. 2. I wished
I had been taught a foreign language in my childhood. 3. I wished he
had devoted his life to mathematics. It is his favourite subject since
his childhood. 4. I wish we had a boat for a trip on the sea.
5. I wish I hadn’t given a promise to be at the party, I feel bad.
6. She wished she hadn’t come to the south. 7. I wished you had had
time to read this interesting article. 8. I wish I got acquainted with the
Petrovs. 9. I wish I could get this rare stamp for my collection. 10. He
wished he had heard what was said downstairs. 11. She wished
somebody noticed her and asked what she was doing there.
12. I wished I knew where we were going. 13. I wish I knew how you
achieved such good results.
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Exercise IX (p. 253)
1. I wished your daughter looked a bit like you. 2. I wished you came
to this or that decision. 3. He wished this evening were over.
4. I sometimes wish I hadn’t decided to write this book. 5. I wished
I had a real garden. 6. I wished I hadn’t done it. 7. I wished you began
writing the poems again. 8. I wished he stopped writing to me.
9. I wished you were at home. 10. I wished I hadn’t told them about
myself. 11. I wished I had told the truth. 12. I wish I had known that
you needed this magazine. 13. I wished I had taken part in the excursion.
14. I wished you had followed the doctor’s advice.
Exercise X (p. 253)
1. I wish the students spoke English with each other. 2. I wish it didn’t
rain. 3. I wished I were at home now. 4. I wish he were with us.
5. I wished you had gone to the lecture with us yesterday. 6. I wish
you didn’t disturb me to work. 7. I wish you believed my story.
8. I wished you hadn’t refused this proposal. If I were you I would
accept it. 9. I wish they didn’t meddle in other people’s business.
10. I wish you had helped me. 11. I wished you had informed me
beforehand. I would surely meet you. 12. I wished we had registered
the tickets over the telephone. 13. I wished I had told the truth.
14. I wished he were with us! 15. I wished we had found everybody at
home. 16. I wished I knew that this dictionary had already come out.
17. I wished I had consulted the doctor. I would feel better now.
The Subjunctive Mood in Conditional
Sentences
Exercise IV (p. 257)
1. If you hadn’t informed me of the state of things, I wouldn’t have
known you needed help. 2. If you hadn’t left the knife in water, it
wouldn’t have got rusty. 3. If they hadn’t spent a year in England,
they wouldn’t have learned to speak English quite well. 4. If it hadn’t
rained, we wouldn’t been obliged to stay indoors. 5. If you had
watched the milk, it wouldn’t have boiled over. 6. If a huge rock
hadn’t blocked the path, we wouldn’t have had to go all the way
round. 7. If the explorers had had radio with them, they could have
signalled for help when the storm broke out. 8. If there had been
even the slightest wind, the sail boat wouldn’t have laid motionless
on the smooth sea. 9. If I hadn’t forgotten to wind up my watch, it
wouldn’t have stopped. 10. If Sedov’s expedition hadn’t been very
72
scarcely supplied, it wouldn’t have ended so tragically. 11. If Meresyev
hadn’t been extremely strong-willed, he wouldn’t have crawled for
eighteen days to reach the front line being seriously wounded.
12. If I had invited them, they would have come.
Exercise VII (p. 258)
1. If the weather hadn’t been so bad, we should have spent the whole
day out in the country. 2. If he had much time to spare, he would show
you around the exhibition himself. 3. If you had asked him about it, he
wouldn’t have refused to advise you on the matter. 4. If you came and
stayed with us for a week, we should be only too glad. 5. If there had
been somebody to send, there would have sent us information.
6. If the cage hadn’t been safely locked from outside, the bird throwing
itself against the cage would have opened the small door.
7. If Chapayev were not badly wounded, he could reach the other
bank of the Urals. 8. If I were not very busy that day, I could go
shopping with you. 9. If your brother described you to me, I would
recognize you at once. 10. If you had followed the doctor’s advice,
you hadn’t been down with quinsy again. 11. If the river were not
frozen, we could go skating. 12. If Eliza hadn’t managed to escape, she
wouldn’t have saved her child from slavery. 13. If the shoes pinched,
I wouldn’t buy the pair though I liked it.
Exercise XII (p. 260)
1. But for the importance of this matter, I would stay at home. 2. But for
a thunderstorm, we would already come up to the top. 3. I would join
your company but for an unexpected arrival of my acquaintance.
4. But for this merry and interesting person, we would feel
uncomfortable among unfamiliar people. 5. But for this incident we
wouldn’t learn what kind of man he was. 6. But for this small delay we
would work all the time exactly according to the plan.
Exercise XIII (p. 260)
1. I wish you were acquainted with him. If you were acquainted with
him, you would know what a wonderful man he was. 2. I am sure that
everybody were upset if the trip would be postponed. 3. He has
changed so much! If you met him you would not recognize him.
4. If I were you, I wouldn’t hesitate. 5. If the driver stopped the car, we
would go out. 6. If he had been really sorry that he had done that, he
would have behaved differently. 7. If you could lend me your dictionary,
I would be very thankful to you. 8. If he didn’t possess such a
wonderful memory, he couldn’t remember such an unbelievable number
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of facts. 9. If you had warned me earlier, I would have done everything
long ago. 10. But for the professor’s help the results of the experiment
wouldn’t have been far from being so satisfactory. 11. If you had
visited sports school regularly, you wouldn’t have been expelled.
12. If our scientists hadn’t solved the most important problems
connected with the flight, the flight of the first spaceship into space
would have been impossible. 13. If I were you, I would come earlier to
find him. 14. If I were a painter, I would paint the portrait of this man by
all means. 15. What would you say if I turned to you for a piece of
advice?
Exercise XIV (p. 260)
1. If you came to the meeting of the scientific club, you would listen to
an interesting report of one of our students. 2. Would you be displeased
if I didn’t come? 3. If he had entered university four years ago, he
would have graduated from it next year. 4. If we had known that you
needed this book, we would have taken it. 5. They had noticed this
mistake if they would have been more attentive. 6. If he were not such
an experienced surgeon, he couldn’t save so many lives. 7. Would
you go somewhere in the evening if I invited you? 8. If you hadn’t
been so absent-minded, you wouldn’t have made so many spelling
mistakes. 9. If you had studied systematically, you wouldn’t have had
such gaps. 10. If he didn’t have a sly smile, I would sincerely believe
him. 11. If you had fulfilled all the pieces of advice of a doctor, you
would have recovered long ago. 12. If the train had started in time, it
would have arrived at the place of destination tomorrow early in the
morning. 13. I would have postponed my work and gone on an
excursion with you if I had known about it beforehand. 14. If there
were no metro, I would spend on the way about an hour. 15. If I were
you, I wouldn’t hesitate a minute and would accept this proposal.
16. I couldn’t have spoken to him on this subject, even if I had seen
him yesterday.
Exercise XV (p. 261)
1. If I didn’t know him so well, I wouldn’t believe what he had just told
me. 2. If you had put the book to the place, it would be here now.
3. If they had begun the work at once, they could have finished it in
time. 4. I would have written her long ago if I had known her address.
5. If it were warmer now, I would put on a new summer dress. 6. If you
had been more attentive at the last lesson, you would know the material
better now. 7. Where would you wait for me if we settled to meet?
8. If he hadn’t been ill then, he could have found himself in a more
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dangerous situation. 10. Who knows how he would have acted if he
had heard about it before? 10. I would have answered the question
long ago if I could. 11. Everybody would be glad if you called on us
once more before your departure. 12. You would feel better if you
walked more. 13. You wouldn’t have broken the vase if you had been
more careful. 14. Oh, had I been grown-up enough then to understand
the seriousness of the situation!
Exercise XVI (p. 261)
1. If you had walked yesterday in the evening, you would have fallen
asleep at once. 2. If I were free tomorrow, I would walk with you by all
means. 3. If I were free now, I would walk in the Summer Gardens.
4. You would meet my sister if you were walking in the Summer Gardens
now. 5. You would feel very well today, if you had been walking with
us the whole evening before going to bed. 6. If you liked walks, you
would walk with us more often. 7. Had you known how beautiful white
nights were here, you would have walked with us yesterday in the
evening. 8. If you were not so busy, we would go to the country with
you every Sunday. 9. If you had been at the football match yesterday,
you would have seen the best football players. 10. I would be very
glad if you came to the next football match. 11. If you liked mathematics,
you would study it more. 12. If you were free tomorrow, I would go to
the exhibition with you with pleasure. 13. You would have visited this
exhibition of pictures long ago if you had interested in art.
The Subjunctive Mood after
the Conjunctions as if (as though)
Exercise IV (p. 263)
1. He spoke to me as if he had known me for many years. 2. She
thanked me as if I had done something unusual. 3. He was running
without looking back as if somebody were chasing him. 4. He spoke
about the book with such an air of importance as if he had read it.
5. The beast roared suddenly as if he were wounded. 6. It seemed to
me as if I had seen this man somewhere. 7. You got so sunburnt as if
you had spent in the south not a month but the whole summer. 8. He
looked tired as if he hadn’t rested for a long time. 9. A passerby didn’t
stop as if he didn’t hear that he was called. 10. She knew these parts as
if she had lived here. 11. It seemed as if nothing had happened. 12. He
had such a feeling as if he had been deceived. 13. He looked as if he
were waiting for a long time.
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Exercise V (p. 264)
1. He looked as if not his pupil but he himself were the winner of the
competition. 2. The sky was covered with dark clouds. It got dark as if
the night came. 3. He looked at the girl with such surprise as if he saw
her for the first time. 4. He was sitting at the table as if he were writing,
but he was neither writing nor reading. 5. He looked at me as if he
didn’t understand what I was telling him. 6. She felt very tired as if she
had walked for a long time. 7. She continued looking at the room as if
she were looking for somebody. 8. They were talking with each other
in low voices as if they were in the church. 9. He buttoned the coat as
if it were cold. 10. Usually she looked as if she had just cried. 11. I have
such a feeling as if I knew you for years. 12. The dog greeted his
master as if they hadn’t seen each other for a year. 13. They didn’t talk
as if they were so happy to be together that they needn’t any talk.
Exercise VI (p. 264)
1. He loved this child as if she were his own daughter. 2. He was sitting
without moving as if he didn’t hear the words of his friend.
3. You look as if you didn’t understand anything. 4. He looked at me
as if I told a lie. 5. She looked as if she were just told the unpleasant
news. 6. What’s the matter with you? You look as if you were unwell.
7. She treated him as if he were a child. 8. You got so sunburnt as if you
just came from the south. 9. He looked tired as if he hadn’t slept the
whole night. 10. She breathed so hard as if she had run the whole way.
11. I had such a feeling as if we spoke with him in different languages.
12. For a minute or more he was standing in the middle of the room as
if he didn’t know what to do. 13. He speaks as if he repeated
somebody’s words.
Exercise VII (p. 264)
1. You look as if you didn’t know where to go. 2. She spoke and
laughed as if she played at the stage. 3. I remember everything so
exactly as if it had taken place yesterday. 4. Why do you look as if
you didn’t believe me? 5. I have such a feeling as if I had been
deceived. 6. It seems as if everybody had already gone. 7. You made
so many mistakes as if you had never heard these rules. 8. Why are
you looking at me as if I were telling a lie? 9. He spoke about you as
if he knew you well. 10. He spoke about you as if he were not 17
years old but 70. 11. Look, he behaves as if nothing extraordinary
had happened. 12. I have such a feeling as if you hadn’t gone away
anywhere. 13. He spoke as if he had already known this problem well
for many years.
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The Subjunctive Mood after
the Verbs Expressing Orders,
Commands, Suggestions
Exercise V (p. 266)
1. I suggest that we should go by an evening train. 2. She proposed
that we should sleep with an open window, but I was afraid to catch
cold. 3. I insist that you should go to the concert today. 4. Our
teacher in literature suggested that we all should go to the Pushkin
Museum. 5. He insisted that I should subscribe to this magazine.
6. He proposed that we should discuss this problem again. 7. The
scientists demanded that the experiment should be continued.
8. The teacher insisted that we should work more in the laboratory.
9. They demanded that we should postpone the meeting. 10. The
director ordered that an account should be ready for Monday.
11. The students suggested that the meeting should be held as
quicker as possible. 12. The doctor insisted that she should not tire
herself. 13. The officer ordered that the soldiers should open the
fire. 14. The teacher demanded that we should pay special attention
to the pronunciation.
Exercise VI (p. 267)
1. The commission demanded that this question should be discussed
at the public meeting. 2. I suggest that the discussion of the question
should be stopped and it should be returned to it after the report of
the experts. 3. The leader of the laboratory recommended that the
students should carry out tests. 4. The passengers demanded that
the driver should stop a car. 5. I insist that you should frankly
express your impression. 6. The members of the rescue party insisted
that they should leave the camp in spite of the heavy fog. 7. The
commission suggested that more facts should be included in the
account. 8. The producer demanded that nobody should be let in
into the hall during the rehearsal. 9. They proposed that the
participants of amateur talent activities should get the right to take
part in the final concert. 10. He suggested that the case should be
postponed. 11. The doctor insists that he should go to the south.
12. The shop assistants demanded that the payment should be made
within five days. 13. He recommended that the goods should be
sent at once. 14. He insists that the plan should be discussed next
week.
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The Subjunctive Mood after
It is necessary; It is natural etc.
Exercise VI (p. 269)
1. It is very important that you should use every opportunity to speak
English with one another. 2. It is strange that you shouldn’t understand
the lecture; it was very simple. 3. It was unbelievable for him that such
things should be possible nowadays. 4. It is recommended that you
should look through the text before translating it 5. It is surprising
that she should have forgotten about such an important matter.
6. Isn’t it astonishing that people should show such high results in
such an age? 7. It is desirable that your report should be discussed at
the chair before you make it at the conference. 8. It is necessary that
students should apply their knowledge in practice. 9. It is very important
that you should pay attention to your health. 10. It is improbable that
you should have learnt a foreign language so quickly. 11. It is
astonishing that he should pay attention to such unimportant
questions. 12. It is doubtful that the whole dictionary should have
been completed.
The Subjunctive Mood after It’s (about)
time; It’s high time
Exercise IV (p. 270)
1. It’s about time we went. 2. It’s high time he explained what he had
intended to do. 3. It’s high time he were given a good lesson. 4. When
I woke up I felt it was about time I called a doctor. 5. It’s about time we
had dinner. 6. He was told that it was time he learned to do as he was
ordered. 7. It’s high time you threw away this old furniture. 8. What do
you think if it is time we returned home? 9. It’s high time you decided
what subject you would write a report. 10. It is about time you went to
bed. 11. It’s high time you were more serious. 12. It’s about time you
read this novel.
Exercise V (p. 271)
1. It’s high time you knew this rule. 2. It’s about time you stopped
behaving in such a way. 3. It’s time you gave up smoking. 4. It’s about
time you thought seriously about your behaviour. 5. It’s high time you
switched on the light. Why will you ruin your eyesight? 6. It’s high time
a child went to bed. 7. You drive a car not the first year. It’s high time you
78
knew traffic regulations. 8. Isn’t it time we paid serious attention to this
question? 9. It’s high time you saw a dentist. 10. It’s winter soon. It’s
high time we finished repairs. 11. What are we waiting? It’s about time
we were on our way. 12. Isn’t it time they stopped these jokes?
The Subjunctive Mood in Adverbial
Clauses of Purpose
Exercise III (p. 272)
1. A car will be sent down to your place tonight so that it may take you
straight to the station. 2. Copy out the examples and study them
thoroughly lest you should make mistakes in the construction.
3. They wrote her a letter so that they might remind her of her promise.
4. You will have to close either the door or the window lest there
should be a draught. 5. We shall start earlier lest we should miss the
train. 6. I have repeated this so that you might understand. 7. The
guide marked the path carefully lest the party should get lost on their
way back. 8. They spoke in a whisper lest they should wake anyone in
the room. 9. How is the picture to be packed lest it should be spoiled
on the way?
Exercise IV (p. 273)
1. Write down the number of my telephone lest you should forget it.
2. Advise her to dress warmer lest she should catch cold. 3. Ring her
up lest she should forget to take my book. 4. Explain to him how to go
to our datcha so that he could visit us some day. 5. Take a tablet lest
you should have a headache. 6. Ask her to speak in a lower voice lest
she should wake up a child. 7. You must go very carefully here lest
you should fall down. 8. Repair your pen so that you might use it.
9. You must get up tomorrow morning earlier lest you should miss the
train. 10. He put his luggage under the bench so that the passengers
might go to their places. 11. Put a ladder so that a passenger can climb
an upper berth.
Exercise V (p. 273)
1. Hold your cap with your hand lest it should fall down. 2. Tell me
your exact address once more lest I should make mistakes any more.
3. He stated his plan in details so that everything might be clear and
lest there should be any doubt. 4. Switch on one more lamp so that it
may be lighter in the room. 5. After the death of the poet nothing was
moved in his room so that everything might look as it was when he
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lived. 6. She pretended as if she were looking for something in the
papers lest nobody should notice her excitement. 7. Write him at once
so that he could know our plans. 8. Send him a telegram so that he
could know about our arrival. 9. Tell him to put his money in the purse
lest he should lose it. 10. Ask them to hurry lest they should be late for
the meeting. 11. I will give you this book so that you can write out
some extracts from it. 12. I let you know about all these things so that
we could understand each other. 13. The girl didn’t close the window
neither in the daytime nor at night so that a cat might come to her
room. 14. We went for a walk so that I could see the forest before it got
dark. 15. Call me when you leave so that I could know when to wait for
you.
Revision of the Use of the Subjunctive Mood
Exercise I (p. 274)
1. I wish I were not short of money at the moment, I’d gladly lend
you some. 2. I wish he came. 3. I wish you hadn’t declined our
invitation. 4. I wish you had heard his comments. 5. We wish we had
grasped your idea at once. It would have saved a lot of trouble.
6. We wish we hadn’t had to row against the current. 7. During the
night the river rose; we wished we hadn’t settled only a few yards
from the water edge. 8. I wish you were not so busy these days.
9. My friend wishes he had told you this at once. 10. She wished she
had had time enough to make the experiments. 11. We wish we were
able to reach the destination before sunset. 12. I wish I hadn’t made
you angry by disturbing you at such an early hour. 13. I wish you
were not leaving us so soon. 14. I wish you received an answer
before the New Year.
Exercise V (p. 275)
1. She would not have heard him if he had not answered her.
2. I’d ask you to have dinner with me if I didn’t have a previous
engagement. 3. Why didn’t you tell me? It would have been only fair
if you had given me a chance of judging for myself. 4. He would not
have known what music to play for him if he hadn’t known his father
were among the audience. 5. She would have liked to be an
adventuress if she had managed it. 6. A cat would be happy here if
Helen could get it. 7. An airport would have been closed completely
if there had been a storm like this. 8. The children might have been
lost if it hadn’t been me.
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Exercise VI (p. 275)
1. But for the spell of bad weather I would have skated much during
the winter holidays. 2. But for the film shown on TV they would have
felt dull in the evening. 3. But for his father he would have watched
the football match yesterday. 4. But for my relatives in Moscow
I would have stayed at the hotel. 5. But for the slight cough I would
have felt quite well. 6. But for the fall the skater would have won the
prize. 7. But for his help during her illness she would have fallen
behind the group.
Exercise IX (p. 276)
1. It is time you put an end to this pointless talk. 2. It is about time you
realized the importance of the matter. 3. It’s about time you expressed
such simple things in English. 4. It’s high time you consulted a doctor
if you do not want your illness to be more serious! 5. It’s about time
you began reading books in the original no matter how difficult it may
seem to you. 6. Isn’t it time you were moving up front? We are getting
off the next stop. 7. It is high time everybody came. 8. It is high time
the second course were served. 9. It is about time you started on a
research. 10. It’s time she understood that she was no longer a child
and she thought seriously of her future. 11. It is about time the team
started practising.
Exercise XI (p. 277)
1. It is necessary that you should take into consideration all the details.
2. It’s impossible that he should have said it. 3. I demand that you
should be here at 8 o’clock sharp. 4. She insisted that he should be
helped. 5. I wished he were more attentive at the lessons. 6. I wished
he were present at our meeting. 7. We closed the windows lest it
should be cold in the room. 8. I am saying all this lest there should be
any misunderstanding. 9. We hurried so that we might get home before
the approach of the darkness. 10. I suggest that we should go by an
evening train. 11. You got so sunburnt as if you had spent the whole
summer in the south. 12. It is strange that he couldn’t answer such a
simple question. 13. She proposed that we should sleep with an open
window, but I was afraid to catch cold. 14. It is necessary that we
should rest a little before we begin this work. 15. I suggest that we
should go to the concert today.16. Speak slowly lest I should miss
some word. 17. I wish you read this book; I am sure you will like it.
18. I will come early so that we could prepare everything before the
coming of the guests.
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Exercise XII (p. 277)
1. If it hadn’t been so late we would have continued our work.
2. We would have translated this article yesterday if we had had a
dictionary. 3. If we had left the house ten minutes earlier we wouldn’t
have missed the train. 4. If I could I would get you the tickets for
tomorrow’s concert, but I was told that all the tickets had been sold.
5. If it hadn’t been so cold we would have gone skating. It is my
favourite kind of sport. 6. If you had been more careful, you wouldn’t
have broken a cup. 7. If I were in these places again, I would go
fishing by all means. 8. If you were asked this question, would you
be able to answer it? 9. He looked at me as if he had never seen me
before. 10. If you really liked to read, you would always find time for
reading. 11. It is necessary that you should take a holiday for a
month. 12. Oh, if only she had known then where to write him!
13. I insist that we should stay here.
Exercise XIII (p. 278)
1. If a car hadn’t gone at such speed, an accident wouldn’t have
happened. 2. If I hadn’t had a headache, I wouldn’t have gone home
so early. 3. He spoke as if he were not twelve years old but twenty
years old. 4. I wish it were always warm. 5. He ordered that everybody
should come up to them. 6. Read all the rules lest you should make
mistakes in the exercises. 7. I wish you drew everything you will see.
8. If you had trained regularly, you wouldn’t have lost the game.
9. I went to my room so that nobody might disturb me. 10. I wish you
had seen a letter. It would explain to you everything. 11. I proposed
that he should come and stay with me several days. 12. I wished he
were more hardworking. 13. I wished you came to us tomorrow.
14. If we hadn’t walked so quickly, we wouldn’t have been so tired.
15. If your proposal had been received last week, we would have
accepted it. 16. If I were younger!
Exercise XIV (p. 278)
1. He was smiling as if he didn’t believe what I was saying. 2. A girl sat
quietly as if she were watching TV. 3. It would have been better for us
if we had never met. 4. He spoke about the book as if he had read it.
5. Hang the advertisement higher so that everybody may see it. 6. He
didn’t say a word as if he didn’t hear that we were talking about him.
7. He said just what the others could have also said if they had been
sincere. 8. It’s about time he began to work without assistance. 9. The
aim of our excursion was that the students could get acquainted with
the art of Bulgaria. 10. If the station hadn’t been so far we would have
82
carried our things ourselves. 11. I wish we had met before the departure.
12. He ordered that we should sit on the back seat of the car so that we
could talk.
Exercise XV (p. 279)
1. If you had put the book on its place, it would be here now.
2. I wished you had waited for me. We would go sightseeing together.
3. It’s high time you knew these rules. We repeated them at every
lesson. 4. He insisted that I should go to rest. 5. We hurried lest we
should miss the train. 6. She gave me the key so that I might open the
door. 7. I insisted that we should stay here. 8. It’s time you woke him
up. 9. I wish you read more. 10. I wished you had been at the theatre
with us. If you had been, you could have taken part in the discussion
of the play. 11. If I were younger, I would go in for sailing. 12. Write
down my address lest you should forget it. 13. Send them a telegram
so that they may know about our arrival. 14. He insists that everybody
should be present at this meeting. 15. If I were free in the evening
tomorrow, I would go to the concert.
The Verbals
The Infinitive
Exercise IV (p. 283)
a) 1. to bother, to be given; 2. to be bothered, to decide; 3. to show, to
be liked, to be praised; 4. to be expressed, to put; 5. to tell, to know,
to be told; 6. to be published, to appear; to sell, to be sold;
7. to earn; to be read, to be forgotten.
b) 1. to travel, to see; 2. to know, to have learned; 3. to have overflown, to have advanced; 4. to be reading, to notice; 5. to be looking;
6. to have been raining; 7. to have booked; 8. to have revised, to
have worked out.
Exercise V (p. 284)
1. to be studying; 2. to speak; 3. to have been working; 4. to be heard;
5. to have been lost, to find; to have been misplaced; 6. to have been
flying, to be seen; 7. to answer; 8. to have been acquainted, to have
met; 9. to be tested.
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Exercise VI (p. 284)
1. to have returned; 2. to revise; 3. a) to arrive; b) to have arrived;
4. a) to come; b) to have come; 5. to have helped; 6. to have reminded;
7. to remember; 8. to spare, have spared; 9. to have landed; 10. to be,
to have been.
Exercise XIV (p. 288)
a) 1. To go to the cinema was too late. 2. If was useless to try to do it for
a day. 3. My duty was to make tea in the morning and in the evening.
4. It was impossible not to hear everything what happened in the
street. 5. It was very pleasant to put on a new shirt once more.
b) 1. Don’t forget to take the tablets for the headache. 2. They hoped
to meet their brother in the swimmimg pool, but he was not there.
3. He invited his friends to come and see his new picture. 4. He
gave Philip his address, and Philip promised to have dinner with
him next Sunday. 5. I decided to go to Moscow together with my
parents.
c) 1. Here is a letter to be delivered immediately. 2. He worked well
and easily. He had many things to do. 3. Nothing was left to do,
only just to wait for the parents to come. 4. He had the children to
take care of. 5. Somebody must be the first to begin speaking.
6. They were the first to come, so they will be the first to leave.
7. He had a lot of information to tell his parents at once. 8. He had
little luggage to be packed. 9. You look very ill. Is there anybody to
take care of you here? 10. She had nothing to say.
d) 1. She was too surprised to speak about it. 2. He is clever enough
to understand your joke. 3. He is old enough to be my grandfather.
4. I am too weak to go there alone. 5. He is well enough to ski. 6. He
is experienced enough to fulfil this work in time.
e) 1. I came to be sure I would be able to help you. 2. He stood up to
leave. 3. She walked back to look at her work. 4. Go and find
somebody else to help you. 5. They needed fifteen minutes to explore
the second tunnel. 6. What are you doing here? – I have come to
look for you. 7. He came up to the children to say good-bye. 8. He
smiled at her and went to help father to pack things. 9. We went to
the other room to look at their library. 10. She entered the room to
say that Jane had already come. 11. He came up close enough to see
her face. 12. Ten days later she was well enough to leave the hospital.
13. Next day she got up early to prepare the room for her son’s
arrival.
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The Infinitive Constructions
The Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction
(The Complex Object)
Exercise VI (p. 293)
1. I have never heard him speak of his boyhood.
2. I saw the door swing open at once.
3. I want you to tell me about something quite different.
4. Don’t let you worry about that.
5. What made her say this?
6. Let my mother go without her word.
7. Her long hair made her look young.
8. I like to hear her sing.
9. Did anyone notice you come in?
10. Do you think this to be a dangerous case?
11. I suppose him to be about fifty.
12. I don’t want me to misunderstand any of you.
13. He hated people to argue about things of no importance.
14. They consider themselves worthy of promotion.
Exercise VIII (p. 294)
1. His remark made everybody feel ill at ease. 2. We never wanted us to
happen something like that. 3. Let us try to get him to join our company.
4. In this way she caused her to be respected. 5. The new arrival
ordered his things to be brought to his room. 6. They asked him to
allow to exhibit his picture. 7. I only want this to be done and as soon
as possible. 8. How could you let you be deceived? 9. They warned
me not to begin this work before I was sure I could do it. 10. We
considered the plan to be quite fulfilled. 11. She had not expected her
to answer, but she did. 15. The garden was so enclosed with flowers
that one could hardly believe it to be in the middle of a big city. 16. He
liked everything to be in perfect order.
Exercise IX (p. 294)
1. I think it to be a noble action from his part. 2. I don’t allow this to say
in my presence. 3. I want us all to be friends. 4. We heard him tell this
story many times. 5. Have your secretary make a copy of this document.
6. Can we rely on you to support us? 7. Nobody, besides her, noticed
the expression of his face change suddenly. 8. Have I understood
correctly you to be of the same opinion? 9. Speak to him; try to get him
to refuse from his intention. 10. I don’t know him to come to a hasty
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decision some day. 11. What makes you think so? 12. He felt the blood
rush to his face. 13. I saw him leave the room. 14. We heard a car stop
near the entrance.
Exercise X (p. 295)
1. He didn’t expect me to leave so quickly. 2. She heard his car leave.
3. She watched him go out of the house. 4. His letters made her laugh.
5. Let us go home. 6. She would like me to visit them on Sunday.
7. She tried to make him wear a cap. 8. You must take care of your
husband and not allow him to work too much. 9. It is difficult to make
him understand it. 10. He watched his wife pour him coffee and put a
cup on the table. 11. I want you to tell me something about your
parents. 12. Do you want me to go there now? 13. I saw him turn to
Jane and say something to her. 14. Some time later he heard her mention
his name. 15. Do you want me to tell him about it today? 16. Ha has
never heard her mention his name. 17. I have never heard him speak so
much. 18. I felt somebody touch me by the hand.
Exercise XI (p. 295)
1. I want you to learn this poem by heart. 2. They suppose him to leave
for a long time. 3. We won’t suffer you to treat books so badly.
4. The teacher made us copy the dictation. 5. I saw the postman hand
the telegram to my neighbour. 6. He wants him to tell this story once
more. 7. She didn’t know her to be admitted to university. 8. She didn’t
expect her work to be so highly estimated. 9. We didn’t know their
pictures to be exhibited at the exhibition. 10. The professor wants you
to submit your project as soon as possible. 11. Nobody noticed her
leave. 12. Nobody ever heard him sing. 13. We supposed the book to
consist of three parts.
Exercise XII (p. 295)
1. Nobody noticed him enter quietly and stand at the door. 2. I have
never heard him argue or object. 3. He hated him to object or express
his opinion. 4. He wanted the experiments to be repeated. 5. I saw a
man sitting at the table read my note. 6. I want you to translate this
article. 7. We expected the delegation to come at the end of the week.
8. I would like you to spend summer with us. 9. He heard somebody
enter the room. 10. I made her learn this poem by heart. 11. They
expected us to take part in the discussion. 12. I think fresh air to be the
best medicine. 13. He was made to turn to the doctor. 14. I know him to
be one of the best hockey players. 15. Your remark made me laugh.
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The For-to-Infinitive Construction
Exercise II (p. 297)
1. She stood at the kitchen door waiting for her sister to come for a
walk by the sea. 2. It is time for you to go, Tom. 3. There was nobody
for her to speak to. 4. A man was walking wearily towards us, and we
waited for him to come up to us in order to ask the way again. 5. Janet
sat and waited for them to go away. 6. She then sat down on the chair
and waited for the kettle to boil. 7. Was it possible for her to forget
him? 8. Then she went to the kitchen where the tray had been set by
her mother and waited for her servant to make the tea. 9. He waited for
her to speak. 10. It is quite natural for him to act like that. 11. Let us
wait for a definite answer to arrive. 12. It’s important for him to
understand this.
Exercise III (p. 297)
1. The main thing is for all of us to work in close cooperation. 2. Why
are you so anxious for him to go? 3. This is a lesson for you to remember
for the rest of your life. 4. He is just the man for you to consult.
5. I shall leave the magazine for you to read it. 6. He closed the window
for the papers not be scattered by the wind. 7. The ice has become too
thin for the boys to go skating. 8. The young actor must be very
talented for the producer to have given him a leading part to play. It is
something extraordinary for a man of his age to be so active and full of
vitality.
Exercise VIII (p. 299)
1. What I want is for you to understand me clearly. 2. He asked for
his friends to be taken to the club. 3. There is no need for us to
detain here. 4. The boy has a very musical ear: you have only to
play a melody once for him to repeat it at once from memory. 5. It
was so dark in the room that I had to wait for my eyes to get
accustomed to the darkness. 6. Send a telegram for us somebody
to meet. 7. He waited at the receiver for him to be given a necessary
number. 8. It was impossible for him not to believe you even after
you had shown him the letter. 9. We waited patiently for the letter
to be answered. 10. There is no need for the ship to call at Tuapse.
11. Send a letter for them to know about our plans. 12. The text was
too difficult for him to translate it without a dictionary. 13. It is too
late for the children to go for a walk. 14. It was necessary for him to
return home immediately.
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Exercise IX (p. 299)
1. She called for them to visit her at the beginning of September. 2. She
spoke loudly enough for everybody to hear her well. 3. She waited for
Ann to return from her walk. 4. She was waiting for her husband to pay for
a taxi. 5. At eight o’clock the children entered to say good night, and came
up to their mother for her to kiss them. 6. It was difficult for my friends to
follow me. 7. He called for a nurse to invite a new patient. 8. It is difficult for
me to go upstairs. 9. It was necessary for us to go five kilometers more to
get to the forest where there was our camp. 10. I think there is no reason
for us to be anxious. 11. We waited for them to begin a conversation.
12. It is easy for you to say this. 13. It is necessary for the goods to be
packed in strong cases. 14. The first thing for me to do is to find out when
the train arrives. 15. Water was too cold for children to bathe.
Exercise X (p. 299)
1. He asked for the letter to be sent today. 2. It is necessary for you to
send a telegram at once. 3. He promised to let them know about his
departure, and now it is too late for him to change his decision. 4. The
first for you to do is to try to call to Moscow. 5. Of course it is for him
to decide. 6. Find out from him the telephone number of his relatives
for me to ring them up. 7. I think it would be better for him to stay at
home. 8. Now it is warm enough for him not to take warm things. 9. It
is very important for you to send a letter in time. 10. We expected all
the time for them to let us know about it. 11. It is very difficult for him
to decide this question. 12. It will be very useful for you to live in the
country. 13. It is easy for him to do it. 14. It is necessary for your sister
to see him. 15. It is difficult for us to do this work in such a short period
of time. 16. It is not for me to decide. 17. My father thought it was
necessary for me to accept this proposal.
The Subjective Infinitive Construction
(The Complex Subject)
Exercise III (p. 302)
1. He was never known to lose his temper. 2. We were not allowed to
visit the patients. 3. He appeared to know the answer to the quiz.
4. It seems to be improbable. 5. He is likely to be here. 6. He was made
to withdraw his order. 7. I happened to be out of town at the time. 8. He
seemed to enjoy the concert. 9. We were likely to be there by accident.
10. We chanced to be out when he called. 11. Everything is sure to
turn out all right. 12. They let the secret leak out. 13. You were not
meant to hear this. 14. They seem not to notice it.
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Exercise IV (p. 302)
1. He marched out into the hall. He was heard to lift the receiver and
dial the number. 2. She was not expected to write often, for he knows
that letter-writing came difficult to her. 3. I happened to know Eliza’s
brother well. 4. The boy was made to take off his boot and stocking.
5. Her dinner party seemed to go on too long to her. 6. She seemed to
understand the purpose of his question. 7. When she passed by they
appeared to look at her attentively. 8. They appeared to be coming
down when I left the room. 9. He is unlikely to come and see us soon.
10. John is believed to have arrived in London. 11. Jack is known to be
good at painting. 12. The spaceship is reported to have landed
successfully. 13. He is believed to be clever. 14. He is said to be the best
teacher in our school. 15. His father happened to come. 16. Everybody
seemed to have taken the problem seriously. 17. I happened to see them
at the theatre. 18. He was likely to have hidden my journal under his
mattress.
Exercise V (p. 302)
1. The public is expected not to walk on the grass. 2. It is believed to
be a mistake. 3. The boy is known to be a liar. 4. We are supposed not
to play tennis in winter. 5. He is said to be a good singer. 6. You are
expected to be very punctual. 7. The plane is reported to reach the
Crimea on time. 8. The actor is believed to be very talented. 9. The
theatre is announced to go abroad next summer. 10. He was made to
rewrite the article once more. 11. This part of land is believed to be
once under the sea. 12. Several boys were seen to be riding on
horseback across the field. 13. My fears proved to be groundless.
14. This test was supposed to be the final one. 15. Father was expected
to have come home before the New Year.
Exercise VI (p. 303)
1. The circus is announced to be touring the country in the summer.
2. One could see that she appeared to be in high spirits. 3. The truth is
sure to come out. 4. The man’s mind seemed to be working with
extraordinary freedom. 5. The morning sun is found to have more
ultraviolet rays. 6. The negotiations are said to be reaching a decisive
stage. 7. A new epidemic of the flu is reported to have been sweeping
Europe for the past two months. 8. The air is felt to be growing colder.
9. He is considered to be the best candidate to the post. 10. The
answer is not likely to please him. 11. The ground in this valley is
known to be very boggy.
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Exercise VII (p. 303)
1. He is said to be the best doctor in our city. 2. He was seen to turn
the page and begin reading. 3. He was heard to go upstairs soon.
4. Many people from passengers were likely to be tourists. 5. I
appeared to know him well. 6. You seem to have changed very much
since that time. 7. The entrance door was heard to bang. 8. We were
supposed to meet near school at six o’clock. 9. The streets of the
town were empty: all the local population seemed to have left for the
forest. 10. They seemed to have quite forgotten him. 11. She was
likely to be the only person who will stay here for ever. 12. His eyes
were seen to flash, but he said nothing. 13. I seem to know you well.
I must have met you at my parents’. 14. They are likely to thank me
for this help. 15. You seem to know much about this town.
Exercise VIII (p. 303)
1. The door was heard to open, and somebody entered the room.
2. I happened not to be at home when he called. 3. When he spoke he
seems to speak more to himself than to themselves. 4. He was heard to
play the piano and sing something. 5. I happened to say that you
know him. 6. He seems to help the other students too. 7. She seems to
have agreed to go on an excursion to Yasnaya Polyana. 8. Alexander
seemed to ask a question, but he is likely to change his intention.
9. Your friend seems to be very interested in ancient history. 10. He
appeared to be a very pleasant interlocutor. 11. The results of the
experiment proved to be more interesting than they were supposed.
12. The preparation of the second edition of this dictionary is said to
come to an end. 13. The new dictionary is said to come out before the
end of the year. 14. These pictures are sure to be exhibited at the
nearest exhibition. 15. The match was supposed to have been put off
not because of bad weather. 16. This event is certain to be much
spoken about.
Exercise IX (p. 304)
1. The exhibition is said to have collected a very interesting material
about the natural resources of this district. 2. A large group of builders
is reported to be sent to this district. 3. A new town is supposed to
be built in this district. 4. They are supposed to come already to the
place of destination. 5. Cold weather was not expected to come so
early. 6. This year the average temperature of May is reported to be
considerably lower than it was last year. 7. He is unlikely to make him
do something if he doesn’t want this. 8. This turner is said to be
working at the new rationalization proposal now. 9. This invention is
90
supposed to help save much metal. 10. We appeared to have met
once. 11. You seem to be tired. Don’t you want to rest? 12. The
conditions of work proved to be more difficult than they were
supposed. 13. You are sure to like this play. 14. She was heard to
sing something going downstairs.
Exercise X (p. 304)
1. He didn’t seem to understand all the seriousness of the situation.
2. Do you seem not to like his proposal? 3. Do you happen to know
this man? 4. He is likely to have been anxious about something. 5. My
fellow traveller proved to be a great expert of architecture. 6. A telegram
is sure to be delivered tomorrow morning. 7. He is certain to mix
everything. 8. He was seen to work in the garden every day. 9. This
proposal is likely to interest him. 10. I hope objections are unlikely to
be against such an agenda. 11. We proved to have many mutual
acquaintances. 12. He was never seen to be so excited. 13. Now our
research is considered to be completed. 14. This top is considered to
be inaccessible for a long time. 15. Some difficulties seemed unlikely
to appear. 16. The book seemed to be interesting to me from the very
beginning. 17. New buses turned out to be very comfortable.
18. The students were allowed to use the dictionary while translating
the text at the exam.
Revision of Infinitive Constructions
Exercise III (p. 305)
1. Somebody heard my name mention. 2. You may rely on her not to
let you down. 3. The introduction of this device enables the
productivity of labour to increase considerably. 4. It causes me to
feel sad. 5. It is very pleasant to know everybody to like you.
6. When I waited in the reception room I saw a girl come out with a
file in her hands. I understood her to have been the secretary.
7. They get him to return. They will take care of it. 8. I supposed
him to know more than he had said. 9. I felt something hard strike
my leg. 10. We expected steps to be taken in this direction. 11. A
wind made the windows rattle. 12. I suspected him to conceal the
truth from me.
Exercise V (p. 306)
I 1. My friend was ill for a long time and she missed many lessons at
university. But we hope that she will catch up with the group.
Everybody considers her to be a capable girl. Besides I think her
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to be very hardworking. Of course nobody makes her work. Every
day I see her study in the reading hall. I like her to tell me about her
studies in the evenings. Now we already feel that she is making
progress. I wish her to be one of the best students of our group.
II 1. He was made to turn to a doctor. 2. Your behaviour made me get
angry. 3. I heard many outstanding pianists perform this
Beethoven’s sonata. 4. I know him to be one of the best chess
players of our country. 5. Many people consider the Black Sea
coast to be the best place for rest.
Exercise VII (p. 307)
1. It is necessary for you to be here tomorrow in the evening. 2. It
is easy for him to do it. 3. It is difficult for us to do this work in such
a short period of time. 4. It is necessary for our specialists to know
foreign languages. 5. It was for me to decide what had to be done.
6. The weather was too bad for the ships to go to the sea. 7. He
turned his head and nodding he showed the detachment to follow
him. 8. The night was too dark for the tourists to continue the way.
9. I am waiting for you to tell me something pleasant. 10. The first
thing for me to do is to find out when the train from Moscow
arrives. 11. It is easy for you to say this. 12. The water was too cold
for us to bathe.
Exercise IX (p. 308)
1. The expedition is believed to return next Sunday. 2. The coming
conference is supposed to be of great importance for our work.
3. The performance was said to have been a success. 4. The meeting is
likely to take place tomorrow. 5. He seems to possess a valuable
collection of pictures. 6. She seems to be seriously ill. 7. The word
“smog” is known to be a combination of the two words “smoke” and
“fog”. 8. Great construction work is reported to be going on in their
city. 9. The Gulf Stream is known to bring warm waters to the British
shores. 10. He seems to be tired. 11. The students are supposed to
have already passed their exams. 12. The coastline of the British Isles
is known to be irregular.
Exercise X (p. 308)
1. My relatives are likely to go to the Crimea in summer. 2. If you
want to speak to my sister, ring her up now. She is sure to be at
home. She is unlikely to be at home tomorrow. 3. Yesterday I
happened to meet your friend. He seems to have hurried. 4. He is
likely to work in our district. 5. He is said to have proved to be a
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good teacher. 6. He is said to live in the north for a long time. 7. He
is known to work at the problem of growing the new kinds of fruit
in the north. 8. The results of his work are supposed to be very
interesting. 9. He is reported to finish the series of experiments
now. 10. The report about his work is supposed to be made in
Moscow. 11. He is considered to be a talented young researcher.
12. He is unlikely to finish his work this year. 13. The results of his
researches are certain to interest the specialists. 14. His report
seems to consist of three parts. 15. He is sure to be the best skier in
the group.
Exercise XI (p. 308)
1. I want you to translate this article. 2. She heard somebody enter the
room. 3. They are expected to come to Moscow soon. 4. The conference
is supposed to be at the end of the month. 5. I would like you to spend
summer with us. 6. She is supposed to perform the main role in this
play. 7. The weather is expected to change. 8. I didn’t mean you to
learn this text by heart. 9. I suspect him to have taken my book. 10. The
delegation was expected to come at the end of the week. 11. I want you
to be hardworking. 12. The book is expected to be published this year.
13. You are said to have made a very good report at the scientific
conference. 14. May I rely on you to come in time? 15. I know him to
have written some very good poems. 16. We expected us to take part
in the discussion of the report.
Exercise XII (p. 309)
1. The first thing for you to do is to register the tickets for the boat.
2. The children seem to have lost. 3. An interesting discussion about
this question is likely to be spread. 4. He seems not to have understood
that he was not right. 5. An English writer Voinich is known to have
been living in Petersburg for some years. 6. Russian literature is
considered to influence on her creative work. 7. From three sisters
Charlotte Brontë is considered to be more talented. 8. Chekhov’s stories
are known to admire the whole world. 9. The premier of the performance
is reported to be in May. 10. I happened to meet him in the museum.
11. I want you to do it all over again. 12. Nobody seemed to be able to
solve this problem. 13. The best actors of cinemas and TV are known
to come from the theatre. 14. He is considered to be one of the more
experienced specialists on the history of the cinema. 15. The number
of people visiting theatres was supposed to decrease much with the
invention of television.
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The Gerund
Exercise III (p. 321)
1. meeting; 2. being hurt; 3. being recognized; 4. being seen; 5. seeing;
6. liking; 7. taking; 8. seeing; 9.being seen; 10. sending; 11. being
sent; 12. being examined; 13. knowing; 14. being impressed; 15. being
interrupted; 16. reminding, being reminded; 17. introducing, talking;
18. speaking of; 19. being installed.
Exercise IV (p. 321)
1. continuing; 2. drinking; 3. being asked; 4. writing; 5. playing;
6. putting; 7. denying; 8. dancing; 9. being spied; 10. having thought;
11. reading, going; 12. being observed, running.
Exercise V (p. 322)
1. I remember having met your brother in the Caucasus. 2. He suggested
starting at once. 3. She quite understood you having disliked the idea
of remaining in town the whole summer. 4. I propose his doing the
work. 5. I insisted on his coming with us. 6. He is responsible for the
letter being delivered today. 7. We are keen on your spending the
summer with us. 8. He denied having seen him. 9. She disliked my
having told you the truth. 10. I prefer our staying at home on such a
rainy day. 11. He objected our starting so early. 12. He acknowledged
having made a mistake. 13. He admitted being wrong. 14. We insisited
on the work being done properly. 15. They agreed his being a very
brave man. 16. I am displeased at your having made that mistake.
17. He wrote about his arriving soon. 18. We are sure of his having
passed the examinations successfully. 19. Do you mind my taking the
book? 20. I was afraid of your being late.
Exercise VI (p. 322)
1. She bowed her head without speaking. 2. I like doing everything
myself. 3. He was tired of having talked too much. 4. On returning
she went immediately into the dining-room. 5. I don’t remember
having met him in London. 6. Little Jane liked being clean. 7. After
having examined the patient he said it was simply a case of nerve
strain. 8. I’m so tired of sitting at home. 9. I am still a little afraid of
being late. 10. The younger man hesitated before answering.
11. He went on without paying attention to her interruption.
12. She stepped back without saying a word. 13. After having left
his friends at university he bought copies of the early editions of
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the book. 14. After having realized his mistake his first thought
was to leave the house as quickly as possible. 15. On entering the
room he addressed Alec without preliminaries. 16. I suggested
visiting my relatives.
Exercise VII (p. 323)
1. Good-bye, and thank you ever so much for coming with me. 2. She
was afraid of going on public transport. 3. She began to have frightful
pains all over her, and she held her breath to prevent herself from
crying out and waking her mother. 4. This was Mike’s only chance of
telling them of his college life. 5. She had the habit of placing the
word “eh” at the end of her remarks, questions and answers alike.
6. I was aware of plunging into a network of fresh difficulties. 7. His
mother would not like the idea of eating fruit unwashed. 8. “I don’t
see the use of reading the same thing over and over again”, said
Philip. 9. She could not remember of having been asked about it.
10. That’s no reason of giving up. 11. It would be better to wait for
him on the terrace where she was fond of sitting toward evening
enjoying the view of which she was never tired. 12. Are you thinking,
Sandy, of doing a day’s washing? 13. She was on the point of
obtaining permission to go for walks alone. 14. “That child needs
taking care of”, said Eliza. 15. Did he suspect her seeing him enter
the room? 16. Thank you for having given me this book. 17. “I’m not
very good at guessing,” I said with a laugh.
Exercise VIII (p. 323)
1. After having been asked whether he would go to the south he
answered he hadn’t yet made up his mind. 2. You can’t be serious in
making me such a proposal. 3. After this unpleasant scene, he avoided
being seen by his friends. 4. We couldn’t help smiling at the child’s
earnestness. 5. She left without saying good-bye to anyone which
was very rude of her. 6. I remember staying a weekend with him. He is
a pleasant fellow. 7. The engineer came up to the platform for the
purpose of demonstrating some special technique. 8. I think you made
a mistake of having come here. 9. I’ve got to have some good excuse
of seeing him more often. 10. Our guests showed little hesitation of
having accepted the invitation. 11. He had some difficulty of controlling
his temper. 12. On seeing his mother the boy rushed forward with
outstretched arms. 13. The day was spent in packing, and in the
evening, the people came to say goodbye. 14. I succeeded in
extinguishing the flames which were devouring the curtains. 15. The
initiative of arranging a party did not come from our side.
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Exercise IX (p. 323)
1. I think it’s no use of going into every detail. 2. Now your keeping
strict hours of meals must do you a lot of good. 3. It was such fun of
watching the monkeys go through different tricks. 4. All tickets were
sold out, there was no getting in that night. 5. Is it worth while
assembling your bicycle so long before the beginning of the season?
6. What I enjoyed most in that quiet corner after the noise of the city
was being free and alone. 7. “Is it any good crying over the broken
toy?” the mother said to the child. “Tears are no help in sorrow.” 8. It
was quite unexpected finding you there. 9. a) Collecting postage
stamps was a hobby with him. b) His hobby was collecting postage
stamps. 10. Reading without paying attention to the language is
robbing oneself of great intellectual pleasure. 11. He knew only too
well that his having tried to land the plane on such a small clearing in
the wood was running the risk, but there was no alternative.
Exercise X (p. 324)
1. Their arguing over trifles is waste of time. 2. My watch needs
repairing as it doesn’t keep good time. 3. I remember having met the
man in London. 4. I think she is fond of gossiping. 5. I hate being
interrupted. 6. I’m so grateful to you for having helped me a lot.
7. I’m against my mother’s interfering in my affairs. 8. Give up this
habit of smoking. 9. Do you mind my coming in late tonight? 10. The
professor insists on our repeating the experiment. 11. You can rely on
his settling the matter. 12. I must consult my solicitor about signing
the document. 13. After having interviewed him he was offered the
job. 14. Is it worth while convincing him of that? 15. I’m not used to
treating me like that. 16. He suspected of being spied on.
Exercise XI (p. 324)
1. He had been with us for twenty minutes without saying a word.
2. His explaining every detail made everything clear to me. 3. She has
quite a gift making complicated things clear and simple. 4. He surely
risked to break his neck jumping across the stream. 5. My brother has
a very irritating habit of singing some tune all the time. 6. We have no
objection of their leaving earlier. 7. On looking out of the window she
saw a large crowd gathering in the garden in front. 8. She was very
much disappointed at having not received any letters. 9. We kept the
child from crying telling him funny stories. 10. He gave up the idea
completely deciding not to go there. 11. Instead of sitting idle you
ought to take the initiative into your hands. 12. He was a burden to us
being not at all helpful.
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Exercise XIII (p. 326)
1. They prided themselves of having created this theory the first.
2. We insisted on finding him at the place. 3. I can’t recall my having
ever been introduced to him. I even don’t remember having seen him.
4. He could not get used to his calling grandfather. 5. I’m really ashamed
of not having written to you for a long time. 6. She denied having
promised something like that. 7. We hope he will succeed in finding
his place in life. 8. Why do you avoid calling the things by their
names? 9. We thought of having come at the unsuccessful moment.
10. He is upset of his having to begin everything again. 11. Excuse my
having entered without knocking.
Exercise XIV (p. 326)
1. We knew that it was useless arguing with him. 2. It is not good
thinking like this about your close friends. 3. Fishing in the Black Sea
is not an easy thing. 4. He continued smiling. 5. He stopped to write
something in his writing-pad and then continued going. 6. I like being
read fairy tales. 7. He stopped smiling and looked at me attentively.
8. He couldn’t help thinking about his parents. 9. I am very tired of
sitting at home. 10. Won’t you object to my writing your address?
11. Thanks for your ringing my mother up. 12. When the children
returned from school I was busy preparing dinner. 13. It is worth going
there now. 14. This book is worth reading. 15. After breakfast
I announced about my intention of going for a walk. 16. Is there any
hope of finding them at home now?
Exercise XV (p. 326)
1. He greeted his friends and began telling about his studies at
university. 2. She continued looking at the watch. 3. He is capable of
learning the languages. 4. Thank you for your coming in time. 5. I
remember having been told about this incident. 6. He thought before
answering. 7. After having heard about Helen’s coming I decided to
visit her. 8. After having had breakfast he returned to his room.
9. They insisted on my returning at two o’clock sharp. 10. Excuse my
coming so late. 11. She continued writing a composition when
somebody called. 12. He laughed again without waiting for an answer
from her. 13. I hope you don’t object to my visiting you every
Saturday. 14. I couldn’t help smiling when little John came in his
father’s shoes. 15. He listened to the order without asking anything.
16. I was tired of having read a lot and decided to sit in the armchair
in the garden.
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Exercise XVI (p. 327)
1. He didn’t like my idea of going to the Caucasus alone. 2. We
insisted on beginning their talks at once. 3. Don’t you object to his
coming to you today? 4. I heard of his being sent to the south. 5. I
am surprised at your having left a little boy alone at home. 6. There
is no hope of getting a letter from him soon. 7. I had no time of
thinking how to answer your question. 8. He objected against the
ships leaving the port in such stormy weather. 9. He expressed
dissatisfaction because of my going too slowly. 10. Don’t you object
to my working at your table today in the evening? 11. I can’t imagine
of your sitting in the reading room so long. 12. He insists on my
keeping the windows open in spite of the weather. 13. I remember his
having been to Moscow once. 14. Do you think it is reasonable of
my staying here to work as an engineer? 15. I knew nothing of your
having already made a report.
Exercise XVII (p. 327)
1. I like the idea of spending summer in the south. 2. I can’t translate
this text on chemistry without using a special dictionary. 3. He went
away without leaving his address. 4. Besides being talented he works
a lot. 5. I thanked her for having taken me a ticket for this concert.
6. I think of taking part in this business. 7. It’s useless trying to get
tickets. All the tickets are sold out. 8. This film is worth seeing. 9. Do
you mind my switching on a TV set? 10. He left without talking with
us. 11. Will you be so kind waiting for us a little? 12. He can’t help
ringing her up. 13. When we heard the end of the story we couldn’t
help laughing. 14. His report is worth listening. 15. I heard of your
friend’s having accepted our proposal. 16. Her being sent to the
business trip is quite unexpected for us.
The Participle
Exercise V (p. 333)
1. Greeting her, he turned the key in the only door with a certain skill.
2. Having had tea she went early to Victoria Station. 3. She had a pale
face and dark hair turning grey. 4. Picking up his coat, he walked on
into the field. 5. Not for one moment did he show surprise at the
wedding gift having presented to him personally. 6. Having dried his
hands, Tom came across from the washstand. 7. He crossed the room
to the long buffet. Standing beside the girl, he picked up a sandwich.
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Then, turning and speaking nervously and with an effort, he said “I
say, do you mind if I speak to you?” 8. Thinking about her child, with
some comfort, she fell asleep. 9. Lifting the telephone, Peter asked for
the director. 10. Having jumped down from the stairs, he went over to
the driver. 11. Having reached the hotel, he went to the sitting-room,
and rang for tea. 12. She poured out another cup of tea for herself, and
tasting it, continued talking.
Exercise VI (p. 333)
1. Having said so, he grasped the map firmly with both hands.
2. Walking to the edge of the verandah and leaning over, he looked
intently at the blue magic of the night. 3. Moving away, she felt slightly
embarrassed. 4. Getting a seat rather far back in the upper boxes, he
saw quite well as his sight was very good. 5. The man bending over
her is her director. 6. He nodded taking another chocolate cookie.
7. She stared back not knowing what to do. 8. Having listened to the
unspoken speech behind the words, Stephen said nothing. 9. Bowing
to the Chairman and pushing back his chair, he walked to the door,
opened it and passed through. 10. Having taken a taxi, he got in and
told the driver to drive to Oxford Street. 11. Having stopped, she
noticed a tall thin man who was standing before the fire. 12. Peter
seated himself in a leather chair facing the deck.
Exercise VII (p. 334)
1. Arriving at the museum, he paid his entrance fee and entered.
2. Having been promised assistance, they felt more assured. 3. Having
settled at the new place, we shall drop you a line. 4. Being shown in he
was asked to wait a little. 5. The parks and gardens being laid out in
the city will very soon form a green belt all around it. 6. Having started
the construction of the dam early in spring, they completed it before
cold weather set in. 7. Having lit a cigarette, he leaned against the
porch rail and looked at the trees and the rain that was pouring down
steadily and monotonously. 8. A new canal here which will supply the
whole area with water for irrigation having been planned to dig out.
9. Going down the steps she suddenly stopped as she remembered
that she had left the gas burning. 10. He stood at the counter and
hesitated, without knowing what to choose. 11. Having finalized the
programme, they proceeded to the discussion of the items that dealt
with financial matters. 12. Having lived in France for a long time, he
knows the language better than a foreigner usually does. 13. Having
long been a resident of the city and knowing the family very well, he at
once recognized the young man whom he remembered as a boy.
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Exercise VIII (p. 334)
1. Dropping on his knees, he tried to get nearer to that troubled face.
2. Walking into the centre of the great drawing-room, he stood still.
3. Having taken the paper with him, he retired to his study. 4. Hesitating,
Ann searched for the right words that were in her mind. 5. Having
flushed darkly, she took up the picture quickly and turned its back to
John. 6. Lifting the telephone, she answered “Yes?”. 7. I paused, not
quite knowing how to express myself. 8. Thinking about these things,
Stephen made himself ill. 9. Carrying a suitcase in either hand, he
stepped out on the landing. 10. Looking up, he caught the amused
look in Edward’s eyes and flushed darkly. 11. Turning away, he walked
through the hospital. 12. The light from the shaded piano-candle fell
on her neck leaving her face rather in shadow. 13. While in London at
that time, Peter often visited the British Museum. 14. Having taken
place in Paris early in the month, the conference was widely commented
on in the press.
Exercise IX (p. 334)
1. Being rejected by the editorial board, the story was returned to the
author for revision. 2. Having been rejected by publishers several
times, the story was accepted by a weekly magazine. 3. Having waited
for some time in the reception room, he was asked into the office.
4. Waiting in the reception room, he thought over what he would say
when he was asked into the office. 5. They reached the peak at dusk
having left their camp with the first light. 6. They put up for the night
at a temporary camp leaving it at dawn. 7. The friends went out into
the city having left their suitcases at the left luggage department.
8. Writing and leaving a note with the porter, he said he would be back
in half an hour. 9. Being written in the archaic language, the book was
difficult to read. 10. Having written his first book, he could not go far
beyond his own experience. 11. Having been away so long, he was
happy to be coming back. 12. Being so far away, he still felt himself
part of his community. 13. The children looked wonderingly at the
elephant having never seen such a huge animal. 14. Not wanting to go
deeper into the matter, he abruptly changed the conversation.
Exercise X (p. 335)
a) 1. We came up to the man who was standing on the corner of the
street and asked him the way. 2. Go to the corner and ask the
militiaman standing over there to show you the way. 3. The man
standing at the schedule was our teacher last year. 4. Did you see
in what direction the man who was standing here went? 5. A new
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power plant supplying with electricity a number of industrial regions
is to be built in two years. 6. The people waiting for the doctor
have been sitting here for a long time. 7. The people who were
waiting for you have just left.
b) 1. Having told everything he knew, the witness left the room.
2. Having knocked twice and not having got an answer, he decided
that there was nobody in. 3. Pushing the door, he felt that it was
not locked, and opening it, he looked inside. 4. Quietly closing the
door, he tiptoed into the room. 5. Each time telling about this
incident, he could not help a smile. 6. Coming to the hotel, she
found a telegram awaiting her. 7. Having come here only a few
years before, he knew those parts as if he had always lived there.
8. I felt very tired having worked the whole day in the sun.
9. Picking up a receiver, he began to dial the number.
c) 1. The conference being held at university now is devoted to the
problems of nuclear physics. 2. Unable to attend the conference
that had been held then at university, we asked to be sent the most
interesting reports. 3. They are now at the conference being held
at university. 4. The sight of the table being laid made my mouth
water. 5. Suddenly I heard a sound of a key being turned in the lock.
6. Having put them into the water, the flowers opened their petals.
7. The flowers faded having been kept without water for a long time.
Exercise XI (p. 336)
1. He looked at the boy sitting on the chair in the garden. 2. The boy
who had been sitting in the garden went home. 3. “What happened?”
asked father hearing some noise from the next room. 4. They came to
the road leading to the forest. 5. They lived in the house formerly
having belonged to her grandmother. 6. Jane looked at the faded
plants growing near the wall. 7. Closing the door, he came up to the
writing table. 8. They entered the room speaking loudly. 9. Taking off
her old dress she put on a new one. 10. I met him again on board the
ship returning home. 11. Coming to the mirror, he looked at his face.
12. He was lying quietly thinking about a forthcoming business trip
to the Caucasus. 13. They came to the door and stood there speaking.
14. Looking at Tom, who had broken his toy, father shook his head.
15. Coming to the centre of the city, he stopped at the public telephone
and rang his friend up. 16. Kissing the children, he went to his work.
17. He pointed to the woman standing at the metro. 18. The student
copying the text of the task didn’t pay attention to the coming
people. 19. The students who had copied the text of the task left the
lecture-hall.
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Exercise XII (p. 336)
1. Having finished their lessons, they went home. 2. Here is the letter
informing about his arrival. 3. They were going along the path merrily
singing songs. 4. Having left the house early, we didn’t hurry.
5. Looking out of the window, I saw a group of playing children.
6. Having come to the station, we learnt that the train had already
gone. 7. Having heard that she was ill, we went to visit her. 8. Not
finding him home, I left a note to him. 9. Having read two pages, he
closed the book. 10. Seeing that the thunderstorm is approaching, the
children ran home. 11. Having heard the knock, she went to open the
door. 12. Not having got an answer to her letter, she wrote again.
13. Having missed the first train, we were forced to wait for about an
hour at the station. 14. The students who had copied the text yesterday
will work at it today. 15. A turner working at the lathe watched
attentively the process of grinding. 16. Having slept for several hours
after the trip, the tourists felt refreshed and strong. 17. Listening to
music, he forgot about troubles. 18. Having finished his work, he
usually went to the canteen. 19. Having got a letter, I immediately
answered it.
Exercise XIII (p. 337)
1. Leaving the house early, I decided to walk. 2. We were sitting on
deck taking delight of the sea air. 3. Reading English books in the
original, he usually uses a dictionary. 4. Reading Furmanov’s story
“Chapaev”, I recollected the years of the civil war. 5. Reading this
book, I will write out new words and expressions. 6. Having read
your book, I’ll give it to your friend at once. 7. Seeing a bus, I decided
not to wait for a tram. 8. Having heard a whistle, a dog pricked up his
ears. 9. Performing a wonderful sonata, a young musician was very
excited. 10. Having heard a telephone ring, I picked up a receiver.
11. Having read the book “The Hunter”, I decided to read other
works by Aldridge. 12. We stopped near the turn of the road leading
to the nearest village.
Exercise XIV (p. 337)
1. The rising sun was covered by the clouds. 2. I picked up a letter
lying on the floor. 3. Having come to the railway station, I called a
porter. 4. Having learned the problem in details, he could answer all
the questions. 5. Having lost the key, he couldn’t enter the room.
6. Turning to the left, we saw a new large building. 7. Having learned
that he was still in Moscow, I rang him up. 8. Being very absentminded, he made some mistakes copying the text. 9. Not knowing the
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way to the railway station, I decided to turn to the man standing on
the corner. 10. Knowing him very well, I could recommend him as a
very good worker. 11. During the report I noticed a young man sitting
in the corner of the hall and listening to the speaker with great attention.
12. Having learned that the next train would go only at 11 o’clock in
the evening, I decided to take the morning train. 13. Having learned
the pronunciation of these words, we learned their meaning. 14. Not
knowing anything about the danger, we continued our way.
Exercise XVII (p. 338)
1. a) The monument erected on this square has been recently unveiled.
b) The monument being erected on this square will be soon unveiled.
2. a) We could hear the noise of furniture being moved upstairs.
b) For a moment they sat silent moved by the story. 3. a) I cannot
forget the story being told by him. b) They listened breathlessly to
the story told by the old man. 4. a) One can’t fail to notice the progress
made by our group during the last term. b) These are only a few of the
attempts now being made to improve the methods of teaching adult
students. 5. a) We live at a time of outer space being conquered by
man. b) “I wish I could live to see outer space conquered by man,”
said the old professor.
Exercise XVIII (p. 338)
1. The number of apartment houses being built for the population of
Moscow is rapidly growing. 2. What is the number of apartment houses
built in the past few years? 3. The houses that had been built many
years ago are not as convenient as the modern ones. 4. The workers
who built this house used new construction methods. 5. At the
conference they discussed new methods which are being used in
construction. 6. The new methods used in the construction of houses
proved more effective. 7. They decided to abandon some of the methods
which had been used formerly in construction. 8. The bricklayer who
had used a new method in construction made a report at the conference.
9. Here are some samples of the products of this plant being sent to
different parts of the country. 10. These are the samples of products
sent last month. 11. Here are the samples of products of the plant
which sent us machinery. 12. These are the samples of products which
had been sent before the restoration of the plant.
Exercise XIX (p. 339)
1. A letter received yesterday excited everybody. 2. The house built at
the top of the hill was seen from far away. 3. A deer chased by some
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dogs hid in the thicket. 4. A catalogue of pictures of this painter kept
in national museums came out recently. 5. Though the book was
devoted to a narrow topic, it was interesting not only for specialists.
6. As the article was written in a difficult language, it was not easy to
translate it. 7. When the rule was explained once more it seemed to be
quite easy. 8. A letter addressed to the editor was left without any
answer. 9. They recollected about the days spent in England during
Shakespeare’s festival. 10. A child being left alone in the darkness
began to cry. 11. The doctor tried all the recommended methods.
12. The play performed by a young producer is a great success.
13. When she was asked, she gave her address.
Exercise XX (p. 339)
1. A collection of manuscripts that had been gathered for many decades
at this university is one of the richest in the world. 2. Next day we went
to the address which was given to us by the doctor. 3. Some problems
which are touched in the report earn serious attention.
4. When I came to the writing table I found a sealed up envelope on it.
5. A discussed problem interests all of us. 6. Wakened by the noise in
the street he couldn’t fall asleep for a long time. 7. The experiments
made by the scientists were very important for space exploration.
8. The scientist who had made this discovery is rewarded by the
Nobel Prize. 9. The article published in yesterday’s issue of the
newspaper Izvestia pays special attention to the economic life of the
country. 10. The conference devoted to the problems of economic
development adopted a resolution. 11. This letter has just been signed
by the director.
Exercise XXI (p. 339)
1. I was offered a ticket for the concert but I refused. 2. The letter can’t
be sent today as it is not signed by the director. 3. They did everything
as it was ordered. 4. The playwright who wrote this play is quite
young. 5. He was escaping in the car chased by the police.
6. A statement made by the participants of the conference worried
everybody. 7. A teacher was standing surrounded by the crowd of
schoolchildren. 8. All books taken from the library must be returned
next week. 9. The children played in the destroyed cottage. 10. The
fallen leaves lay quietly in the pond. 11. When he was asked to help
me he rang me up at once. 12. If he is given a dictionary he will translate
this article. 13. You can find such articles in the magazine published
monthly by our research institute.
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Revision Exercises on the Non-Finite
Forms of the Verb
Exercise III (p. 341)
1. I regret to have missed the show. 2. I regret having said I am not
coming. 3. He is quite able to take care of himself. 4. He is capable of
doing things you would least expect of him. 5. He would not stop
asking questions until he thought it was clear about everything.
6. We called after him, but he did not even stop turning his head.
7. I don’t like your way of talking. 8. This is not the way of being
talked. 9. It was very useful to hear the different opinions. 10. It’s no
use of arguing when the matter is settled. 11. You can hardly count on
finding everything as you would like it to be. 12. He felt they were
hiding something from him, and he demanded to be told the truth.
13. I’ll give you a chance to try your hand at it. 14. Will we have a
chance of ever seeing you here again? 15. His time was up, but he still
went on talking. 16. After saying a few words about the author himself,
the lecturer went on speaking of his works. 17. I need spectacles for
reading. 18. The print is too small; I need a magnifying glass to read it
with.
Exercise IV (p. 341)
1. He went over to the window standing there and listening to the hum
of voices which was coming from the outside. 2. Having deafened by
the noise he did not at once notice when it stopped. 3. I couldn’t ring
him up not knowing his telephone number. 4. Having put it to vote, the
resolution was carried unanimously. 5. “These are pretty,” she
exclaimed picking up a bouquet of violets and pinning them on. 6. She
lay awake all night thinking of what had happened. 7. The light
streaming from the half open door dazzled him. 8. We went to see our
friends having just returned from a far voyage. 9. The lorry drove
closer to the ship being unloaded. 10. From the kitchen came a pleasant
smell, some appetizing food being cooked there. 11. He had a massive
gold watch having belonged to his father. 12. The sidewalks were
crowded with people having come to watch the actors.
Exercise V (p. 342)
1. working; 2. sitting; 3. being locked, refusing; 4. perching; 5. being
shaken; 6. plunging; 7. having plunged; 8. arriving; 9. having arrived;
10. being supported; 11. supporting; 12. having come; 13. leaving;
14. having turned; 15. travelling.
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Exercise VI (p. 342)
1. having switched on; 2. to switch on; 3. to spill; 4. spilling;
5. informing; 6. to inform; 7. to be expected; 8. to have been expected;
9. to connect; 10. waiting; 11. to see; 12. having remembered;
13. protecting; 14. moved.
Exercise VII (p. 342)
1. The company left the café gaily chattering. 2. The promised telegram
never arrived. 3. The surrounded enemy showed no resistance. 4. The
sleeping child was lying on his back. 5. She turned her smiling face to
him. 6. I looked at him with a perplexed frown. 7. The only person
cleaning inside the building was charwoman. 8. Soon they moved into
the thicket reaching the boundary. 9. The boy immediately fell asleep
slipping into bed. 10. The girl stared at the branches slowly moving in
the darkness. 11. The leaving bus will arrive at noon to catch you in
time. 12. We sent a cable receiving no answer. 13. The water came
flooding the valley.
Exercise IX (p. 343)
1. not; 2. without; 3. not; 4. not; 5. not, without; 6. not; 7. without;
8. not; 9. without; 10. not; 11. without; 12. without.
Exercise X (p. 343)
1. Having torn the envelope open, he took out the enclosed letter.
Having turned it several times in his hand, he put it back unread.
2. Coming to the party, we found everybody gathered. 3. He insisted
on my speaking in public. 4. Having examined every little exhibit in the
museum, he now had a complete idea of the poet’s life. 5. Having
remembered this once and for all, you won’t make me remind you of it.
6. He couldn’t help bursting into laughter when he saw me in this
dress. 7. Not wishing to meet anybody, they went round the house
and entered it from the back lest they should be observed. 8. Not
having heard my question, he did not answer; he kept on reading.
9. Having planted more trees in the garden, they made it shady.
10. Not suspecting a trap, he readily accepted the offer. 11. Examining
the post mark, I noted that the communication had been sent last
Thursday. 12. Without taking regular treatment you will not recover
soon.
Exercise XI (p. 344)
1. He raised up his head a) with a surprised look; b) to see who had
entered; c) and saw somebody watching him. 2. We have many people
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to help us; b) who can help us. 3. He settled at the new place and
didn’t leave it; b) Having settled at the new place, he never left it.
4. The scientists brought back from the expedition some pictures of
deep water fishes not seen before. 5. That is one of the greatest
discoveries ever made by a man. 6. The first batch of the goods
a) being sent to the fair has arrived; b) having been sent to the fair is
on the way to the port of delivery; c) to be sent to the fair is ready for
transportation. 7. a) I shiver only thinking about it; b) I shivered having
thought about it. 8. a) He must be a great authority on the subject
having written such a book; b) He was a great authority on the subject
having worked in the field for so many years. 9. a) How many rooms
are reserved for the delegates arriving for the conference? b) There
are some more delegates who are to arrive for the conference; c) These
rooms are occupied by the delegates who had arrived for the
conference.
Exercise XII (p. 344)
I 1. a man receiving letters; 2. a letter received yesterday; 3. receiving
letters; 4. having received a letter;
II 1. the students listening to the report; 2. having listened to the
latest news; 3. listening to the radio;
III 1. a girl reading a book; a read book; 3. reading a book; 4. having
read a book;
IV 1. a student showing his project; 2. a project shown to us;
3. showing his project; 4. having shown his project;
V 1. having all the necessary documents; 2. when we were asked;
3. having done a translation; 4. doing a translation.
Exercise XIII (p. 345)
1. a) Haven’t you forgotten to post a letter that I had given to you?
b) Putting his hand into the pocket, he found there a letter which he
forgot to post. c) Hardly had I read the first lines when I recollected
that I had read these words somewhere. d) I quite forgot that I had lent
my dictionary to somebody and I have been looking for it on the
shelves for a long time. 2. a) The case proved to be serious and the
doctor suggested calling the conference of specialist doctors. b) Seeing
our difficulties, he offered to come to our help. 3. a) Has he kept his
promise to take part in the competition? b) He promises soon to become
one of the best chess players of our club. 4. a) In the second chapter
the author continues describing the economic situation of the country.
b) In the second chapter after the short analysis of the economy of
the country the author describes the modern political situation.
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5. a) His art couldn’t but arouse admiration. b) Everybody who saw
his pictures couldn’t help admiring his art. 6. a) The guide proposed
to begin an excursion with the sightseeing tour of the exhibition. b) It
is known that they were going to start in the second half of the day.
7. a) We supposed to begin the inspection of the plant from this shop.
b) I couldn’t even think about leaving him alone in this state of health.
Exercise XIV (p. 345)
1. A discussed problem has a great meaning. 2. He looked through the
mail brought for several last days. 3. Having lived abroad for a long
time, he was glad to return to the Motherland. 4. Having finished the
experiments, they discussed the results. 5. She remembered that once
she had spent summer in the south together with us. 6. Before copying
the text, you should have read it attentively. 7. He said it in such a tone
that I couldn’t help laughing. 8. Excuse my interrupting you, but
I need your help. 9. Coming to that conclusion, the doctor decided to
tell nothing to a patient. 10. They did everything as it had been ordered.
11. The letter addressed to the doctor was left without any answer.
12. Nobody insists on your staying here till evening. 13. Avoid using
an indefinite article before the noun “weather”. 14. She is busy planting
flowers in the garden; I hope she won’t have anything against our
helping her. 15. I don’t remember having seen you before. 16. On
learning about the expedition I decided to take part in it.
The Objective Participial Construction
(The Complex Object)
Exercise II (p. 347)
1. When I entered the room, I found him playing the piano. 2. He
ordered the pictures to be removed from that hall. 3. I know even
educated people to make this mistake. 4. When he looked out of the
train window, he saw a little siding quickly approaching. 5. I expect
him to be late. 6. She felt somebody take hold of her hand. 7. He
intended you to be invited. 8. Turning back he saw his daughter
following him slowly. 9. He believed these students to be fit for the
job. 10. The parents watched their children swimming, diving and
playing in the water.
Exercise III (p. 347)
1. The train started, and when Mike looked he saw the little station
slipping away. 2. I saw the plate slip from her hands and fall to the
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floor. 3. They stood on the platform waving their hands and watched
the train disappearing in the distance. 4. They watched the train
disappear and turned to leave the platform. 5. They could hear the
child breathing quietly asleep. 6. He felt somebody touch his shoulder
7. I have never seen you look so well. 8. I noticed him giving me a look
of sharpened interest. 9. I came home from school and found them
having tea together. 10. She saw him stop and take something out of
his breast pocket. 11. He watched the people laughing, talking and
moving in front of him. 12. I saw you sitting with your head in your
hands and that’s why I spoke. 13. From far away they suddenly heard
a dog barking. 14. Through the open door I could smell the coffee
boiling. 15. I watched him reading his letters, saw him frowning on
one, smiling at another.
Exercise IV (p. 348)
1. Going out into the garden, I found her walking. 2. The woman stood
at the door and watched the children playing. 3. I have never heard
them speaking English. 4. Have you ever seen him playing football?
5. His parents won’t have him wasting time. 6. I shall have the papers
signed. 7. I advise you to get the tickets booked. 8. As soon as I was
outside the door, I heard her talking to herself. 9. “I’ll have the clothes
dried at once,” she said. 10. Turning into the Green Street she heard
her name called. 11. I must have my hair cut once a month. 12. Why
don’t you have your TV repaired?
Exercise V (p. 348)
1. I had my car washed yesterday. 2. I had the gate painted last week.
3. She had the piano tuned yesterday. 4. I had my shoes mended.
5. Someone had it translated into English. 6. We must get our season
tickets renewed. 7. We had the ceiling whitewashed. 8. We must get
the knives sharpened. 9. We must get all this wood chopped up.
10. He had his coat lengthened. 11. He had his room tidied. 12. I had
the whole report rewritten. 13. We must have our house painted.
Exercise VI (p. 348)
1. The girl smiled; I saw her snow-white teeth flash. 2. When we went
out early in the morning, we saw grass, bushes and trees covered with
dew glitter in the rays of the rising sun. 3. When he came to the sea he
saw the two fishermen standing on the shore and folding the fishing
nets. 4. The parents watched their children swimming, diving and
playing in the water. 5. I see that you understand me and are not angry
with me. 6. I hope I haven’t kept you waiting for a long time? 7. The
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door of the room was open and I saw the two young women lively
talking about something at tea. 8. I heard that they had moved to
another town. 9. Coming into the room I saw father talking with a man
whom I had never seen before. 10. He heard her sighing when the name
of her son was mentioned. 11. He heard her saying something while
sleeping. 12. Have you ever heard him performing this thing? 13. I
heard that he performed this thing very well. 14. Seeing my native city
I felt my heart quiver with joy. 15. I felt the strength returning to me.
Exercise VII (p. 349)
1. I wish this work to be finished soon. 2. You can have your shoes
mended here. 3. We watched the children jumping and running on the
stadium. 4. I will have my photo taken tomorrow by all means. 5. We
found the guide waiting for us at the entrance of the park.
6. Many people heard his name mentioned several times. 7. You will
have your piano tuned only in two weeks. 8. We heard the students
discussing the new film. 9. David came into the garden and saw his
aunt walking along the path. 10. I saw you coming into the café.
11. We saw the car turning behind the corner. 12. In the evenings we
usually heard him playing the violin. 13. I consider him admitted to
take the examinations. 14. All the members of the brigade wanted the
work done well. 15. I must have my flat repaired in spring.
16. I have my dresses made in this workshop. 17. When will I have my
luggage brought to me here? 18. I have my hair cut twice a month.
19. He must have a good suit made. 20. My parents won’t have me
going to the datcha alone. 21. It was clear that he wanted to have his
portrait painted very much.
The Subjective Participial
Construction (The Complex Subject)
Exercise II (p. 350)
1. The boy was heard shouting to the fishermen. 2. The cat was caught
stealing meat. 3. The man was seen climbing the ladder. 4. The cyclists
were watched racing. 5. The driver was found repairing his car. 6. We
were left waiting for the bus. 7. The players were seen scoring a goal
on TV. 8. Mary was heard singing in the garden.
Exercise IV (p. 350)
1. He was seen going along Red Square. 2. The taxi was seen waiting
somebody at the entrance. 3. They were seen going upstairs. 4. The
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boys from our school were seen playing tennis. 5. These elder people
live downstairs, and sometimes they are heard speaking about
something. 6. Jane was heard opening the door. 7. Tom was seen
standing near the writing table and looking through a magazine.
8. She was heard singing in the next room. 9. You were seen bying
books. 10. They were heard arguing. 11. He was heard speaking with
the maid. 12. The workers were seen loading large cases with electrical
equipment on the platforms. 13. The students were heard discussing
a new film. 14. Mother was heard singing a popular song. 15. He was
seen walking along this street several times.
The Nominative Absolute Participial
Construction
Exercise III (p. 352)
1. There being nothing to do, we went home. 2. Circumstances
permitting, I will answer all the letters tomorrow. 3. The family being
poor, he could not afford to buy such expensive books. 4. The signal
being given, the cars started to move. 5. The lecture being over, the
students went to the laboratories. 6. The professor having been asked
to lecture in another city, the students did some practical work. 7. It
being late, we must make haste. 8. There being no bread for dinner,
I had to go to the baker’s. 9. There being no mistakes in the test paper,
the student got a good mark. 10. It being difficult to answer the
question, I had to think for a moment. 11. It being dangerous to cross
the stormy river in a boat, we had to wait for a steamer. 12. It being
necessary to send the telegram at once, I’ll go to the post office
immediately. 13. There being much work to do, I’ll stay at home tonight.
14. It being Sunday, the shops were closed.
Exercise IV (p. 353)
1. The front door being open, she could see straight through the
house. 2. The question being rather difficult to answer at once, I asked
for permission to think it over. 3. The greetings being over, he seated
himself in a chair. 4. We set off, the rain still coming down heavily.
5. He stood leaning against the wall, with his arms being folded.
6. There being in fact nothing to wait for, we got down to work.
7. There being very little time left, we had to hurry. 8. The new engines
being safely delivered, all of them were in good order. 9. Now that two
of my books being lost, I am not going to let anyone take books from
my library. 10. Dinner being served on the terrace, as it was very close
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in the room. 11. A private sitting-room having been engaged, bedrooms
inspected and dinner ordered, the party walked out to view the city.
Exercise V (p. 353)
1. The sun having set, we could not continue our way. 2. The room
being dark, we couldn’t see anything. 3. There being nobody at home,
I had dinner alone. 4. The room at the hotel having been booked
beforehand, we had no reason to worry. 5. The typist having fallen ill,
I couldn’t get my paper typed in time. 6. It being late, the children were
sent to bed. 7. The telephone being out of order, I had to get out. 8. The
TV set being repaired, we can watch TV programmes every day. 9. The
new engines being safely delivered, all of them were in good order.
10. The situation being urgent, we had to go ahead. 11. Our efforts to
start the car having failed, we spent the night at a nearby village.
Exercise VIII (p. 354)
1. The sea being rough, they decided not to leave the harbour. 2. Their
house being quite near, I often went to visit them. 3. Everything being
over, we started. 4. The article being very difficult, I couldn’t translate
it without your help. 5. Dinner being ready, we sat at table. 6. We sat at
the balcony, with the moon slowly rising over the mountains at that
time. 7. The window being open, the wind threw all my papers about
the floor. 8. The weather being fine, we decided to spend Sunday in
the village. 9. Half an hour being left before the departure of the train,
we decided to have supper at the railway station. 10. Weather being
favourable, sportsmen will be able to show high results. 11. Conditions
permitting, I’ll come to you for summer. 12. The sun having risen, it
began quickly to brighten.
Exercise IX (p. 354)
1. My brother having lost the key, I couldn’t open the door. 2. It being
stuffy in the room, the guests went to the garden. 3. Time permitting,
I’ll read this novel in summer. 4. He drove slowly to his village, a
crowd of boys and girls running after him. 5. The train having left, we
all returned home. 6. Soon he already lay in bed, with his hand being
thoroughly bandaged. 7. My younger sister being very tired, we
decided to put off our hike till tomorrow. 8. It being very wet, we found
with difficulty a dry place where we could put up a tent. 9. The student
knowing English well, the examination did not last long. 10. The
professor being ill, the lecture was put off. 11. The sun having risen,
they continued their way. 12. There being a severe storm at the sea,
the steamer could not leave the port.
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Exercise X (p. 355)
1. The day being sunny, a pair of glass doors leading to the garden
were thrown open. 2. He fell asleep, the window leaving open. 3. It
being cold, the summer residents began to leave their country houses.
4. The guests having left, the house became solitary again. 5. He
rushed into the room, with his cap having in his hands. 6. There being
no sense to explain everything to him, I made up my mind to act on my
own. 7. He sat lost in thought, with untouched dinner standing before
him. 8. There not having the moon, it was pitch dark in the forest.
9. There being no objections, the plan was adopted. 10. Long she sat
half-dressed, with drenching hands and hanging head. 11. Blank silence
followed, nobody pronouncing a word. 12. Many workers in town
having suffered from tuberculosis of lungs, he decided to do research
work to find causes of the disease.
Exercise XI (p. 355)
1. The letter having been written, she agreed to bring it to the post
office. 2. There being half an hour before the departure of the train, we
decided to spend this time at the railway station. 3. The sun having
set, it began quickly to get dark. 4. The signal having been given, and
the skaters rushed forward. 5. The weather being favourable, the
sportsmen will be able to win this competition. 6. This problem being
interpreted in two volumes, so I will have to look through both. 7. The
work having been fulfilled, we went home. 8. Conditions permitting,
I’ll come to you today in the evening after work. 9. It being dark in the
street, the children went home. 10. The actor being very popular, it
was difficult to get tickets to his concert. 11. Circumstances permitting,
we shall start tomorrow.
The Prepositional Absolute
Construction (without a Participle)
Exercise III (p. 357)
1. He entered the room, a suitcase in hand. 2. Father, a pipe in
mouth, stood up from the writing table and came up to the bookcase.
3. He was lying quietly on the sofa, with a book in hand. 4. She
continued listening to her friends, with her eyes wide open from
surprise. 5. The weather improving, we will be able to go to the
country tomorrow. 6. The passengers were sitting on deck, the
books in hands. 7. He spoke to the guests, his back against the
fireplace. 8. The lesson being over, we left the lecture-room. 9. The
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girl was sitting motionlessly in the armchair, her eyes closed.
10. He entered the room without greeting in coat and cap. 11. He
turned to us, his eyes burning, his lips pressed. 12. Little Ann
stopped playing the piano and stood at the window, her back
against everybody.
The Preposition
Exercise I (p. 366)
1. at; 2. on; 3. in; 4. on, at; 5. at; 6. in, on; 7. on, to; 8. on; 9. in; 10. to;
11. in; 12. on; 13. in; 14. on; 15 at.
Exercise II (p. 366)
1. at; 2. at; 3. at, at; 4. at; 5. –; 6. at; 7. in; 8. at; 9. on; 10. in;
11. at; 12. at, at, in; 13. in, on; 14. in, in.
Exercise III (p. 366)
1. in; 2. at; 3. –; 4. at; 5. at; 6. in; 7. in; 8. at; 9. at; 10. –; 11. in;
12. at; 13. at; 14. at; 15. at, at.
Exercise VI (p. 367)
1. from; 2. since; 3. since; 4. from; 5. since; 6. since; 7. from;
8. since; 9. since.
Exercise VII (p. 367)
1. by; 2. by; 3. with; 4. by; 5. with; 6. by; 7. with; 8. by; 9. with;
10. by; 11. with; 12. by.
Exercise VIII (p. 368)
1. across; 2. through; 3. across; 4. through; 5. across; 6. through;
7. over; 8. through; 9. across; 10. over; 11. over; 12. across; 13. across;
14. over; 15. over; 16. through.
Exercise IX (p. 368)
1. out of; 2. beside; 3. beneath; 4. below; 5. onto; 6. towards; 7. over;
8. across, towards; 9. above; 10. behind.
Exercise X (p. 368)
1. to, by; 2. –; 3. into; 4. to; 5. by; 6. to, –; 7. to; 8. by, on; 9. –;
10. to; 11. by; 12. to; 13. to, by.
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Exercise XI (p. 369)
1. It is on the bottle. 2. She is sitting in the armchair. 3. He is standing
at the gate. 4. It is on the wall. 5. She is standing at the top of the stairs.
6. It is at the bottom of the stairs. 7. It is on the second floor. 8. It is in
the back of the car. 9. He is sitting in the back row. 10. It is on the door.
11. She is standing on the corner of the street. 12. He is standing in the
corner of the room.
Exercise XII (p. 369)
Last year my family went for holiday to the USA. We went there by air,
it was a long journey but we were very well looked after on the plane
by all the air hostesses. When we arrived at the airport we went directly
to our hotel in a taxi. There was a lot of traffic in the streets of the city
and there were many people walking on the pavements. We stayed at
a large hotel in the outskirts of Washington. We were given a wonderful
suite on the top floor of the hotel. The most enjoyable day I had was
when we went on an excursion. We had a wonderful holiday.
Exercise XIII (p. 369)
1. Put the book into my drawer. 2. Take the book from the shelf. 3. Let’s
go to the Picture Gallery. 4. He wandered about our house. 5. We left
Moscow at 10 o’clock. 6. When I am at home I work in the garden in
the morning. 7. I rise at dawn and go to bed at 10 o’clock. 8. Peter was
born in a little town in 1975, on the 2nd of May. 9. I took the knife from
the baby. 10. In July I will go to the country and will stay there in
September. 11. She was at work from 3.30. 12. When I went out last
Saturday I told my father I’d be back at 11 o’clock. 13. I was having
such a good time that I didn’t look at my watch since 12 o’clock.
14. I found a taxi and I arrived home at 12.30. 15. My father was furious
and told me I’d have to be at home at 7 o’clock every night of the
week.
Exercise XIV (p. 369)
1. Pete began his musical education at the age of five.
2. I lived in Paris for five years, from 1975 till 1980.
3. We never see our cat. During the day it sleeps, and it goes out at
night.
4. I don’t usually go out in the evening, except Monday evening,
when I play tennis.
5. Generations of my family have lived in this house since 1900.
6. How long are you in England for? For six months.
7. How much longer are you staying? Till the end of the month.
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8. I’m just going out to the shops. If anyone rings, tell them I’ll be
back in a few minutes.
9. Are you going away at Easter?
10. I met my friend in London at the time I was working at school.
Exercise XVI (p. 370)
1. Tom has gone away. He will be away until Monday. Sorry, but I
must go. I have to be at home by 5 o’clock.
2. I’ve been offered a job. I haven’t decided yet whether to accept it
or not. I have to decide by Thursday.
3. I think I’ll wait until Thursday before making a decision.
4. A: I hear you’re writing a book. Have you finished it yet?
B: Not quite, but I hope to finish it by the end of this month.
5. A: I’m going out now. I’ll be back at 4.30. Will you still be here?
B: I don’t think so. I’ll probably have gone by then.
6. I’m moving into my new flat next week. I’m staying with some
friends until then.
7. A: Do you think I’ll still be unemployed this time next year?
B: No, of course not. I’m sure you’ll have found a job by that time.
Exercise XVII (p. 370)
1. Tom and I have known each other for six months. 2. It’s been raining
since I got up this morning. 3. Tom’s father has been a policeman for
20 years. 4. Have you been studying English for a long time? 5. Since
Christmas, the weather has been quite mild. 6. Janet has been on
vacation for three days. 7. That’s a very old car. I’ve had it for ages.
Exercise XVIII (p. 371)
1. I’ve been living in the house for six years. 2. We met a lot of interesting
people during our holiday. 3. I fell asleep during the film. 4. Where
have you been? I’ve been waiting for ages. 5. I’ll phone you some time
during the afternoon. 6. We saw Ann while we were waiting for the
bus. 7. Tom read a book while I watched television. 8. I’m going to
London next week. I hope to see Tom while I’m there. 9. He suddenly
began to feel ill during the examination. 10. What are you going to do
while you are waiting?
Exercise XIX (p. 371)
1. The book is on the table. 2. The story is written on five pages.
3. My brother is at work now. 4. We met in the street. 5. He will come
by train. 6. I couldn’t answer this question. 7. The boy climbed up a
high tree. 8. Why are you looking at me with such a surprise?
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9. Translate this sentence into English, please. 10. He divided an
apple into three parts. 11. Open the book at page 20. 12. You will find
this story on page 38.
Exercise XX (p. 371)
a) at the table, under the table, over the table, among the tables, into
the table, out of the table, off the table, in the bookcase, on the
floor, at the door, behind the house, in the corner of the room, by
the window.
b) from morning till evening, during my holidays, at this time, for
many years, from 5 till 7, in 10 minutes, in winter and in summer, on
the first and second of May, after the classes, by the end of the
week, this week, last year, in 2010, at night, before dinner, next
month.
c) 1. Take clean paper out of the bookcase and put it into my bag. 2. Go
to that room and take some thick books from the shelf. 3. Take the
newspapers from the table and put them on the shelf under the
books. 4. Put the magazines into the drawer. 5. Take your exercise
books out of the bag. 6. Take my notes from Petrov. 7. Put the
flowers on the table. 8. Hang the picture between the windows.
9. The picture hangs over the table. 10. The teacher’s table is in front
of the class; behind the table there is a blackboard. 11. I sit at the
table opposite the teacher. 12. Please step aside from the blackboard.
13. Don’t come into the room. 14. Don’t stand at the door. Come in.
Exercise XXI (p. 372)
1. The wind blew his cap over board. 2. We decided to spend this
Sunday in the country. 3. The driver had to find another bridge fifty
kilometers from this bridge. 4. My brother fulfilled my homework for
me. 5. We have done a lot for this week. 6. He told me this story at
dinner. 7. She heard somebody’s steps behind the door. 8. I will come
to you an hour before the departure. 9. Don’t be anxious for me, please.
10. All the boys ran after Tom. 11. Send for the doctor immediately.
12. How much have you paid for this hat?
Exercise XXII (p. 372)
1. They went about the forest for a long time. 2. The news spread all
over the city. 3. Go along this road. 4. We sailed by ship down the
Volga. 5. He was walking about the room. 6. It is nine o’clock by my
watch. 7. They sailed across the river one after the other. 8. I prefer
travelling by sea. 9. People dreamt to fly by air for a long time. 10. Go
along the corridor and at the end of the corridor you will see your
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classroom. 11. He walked about the town and looked at fine buildings
and monuments. 12. They looked at the ships sailing across the sea.
13. Last year we travelled about the Caucasus. 14. They went across
the field about the high grass. 15. She stayed on desk to look at the
ships sailing down the river.
Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns, Participles
with Prepositions
Exercise I (p. 377)
1. to, to; 2. to; 3. to; 4. with; 5. at; 6. with; 7. at; 8. of; 9. in; 10. to; 11. of;
12. with; 13. on; 14. of; 15. to, about.
Exercise II (p. 378)
1. of; 2. of; 3. to; 4. on; 5. at; 6. on; 7. for; 8. for; 9. of; 10. for; 11. at;
12. from; 13. to; 14. to; 15. for.
Exercise III (p. 378)
1. from; 2. into; 3. to; 4. for; 5. for; 6. to; 7. into; 8. on; 9. about; 10. with;
11. to; 12. by, to; 13. to; 14. from, into; 15. for.
Exercise IV (p. 378)
1. at; 2. to; 3. between; 4. of; 5. at; 6. at; 7. with; 8. on; 9. on; 10. about;
11. to; 12. in; 13. to, to; 14. with; 15. in; 16. to.
Exercise V (p. 379)
1. The children were at the zoo. 2. He left Moscow for St Petersburg.
3. They looked through the window. 4. She entered the house. 5. We
were surprised at his victory in the olympiad. 6. The scientists were
not pleased with the results of the experiments. 7. He will come in
August. 8. He put his hand into the pocket. 9. They went to the village.
10. Come at 6 o’clock. 11. The house stands across the road. 12. Wait
here till I return. 13. I’ll stay here till the end of the week. 14. I get up at
dawn and go to bed at 11 o’clock. 15. The first word of every sentence
must begin with the capital letter. 16. Peter was born in a small town in
1974 on the second of May. 17. Ann returned from school at 5 o’clock.
18. In July I will go to the country and stay there till September.
19. They spent the evening sitting at the fireplace. 20. He has been
waiting for us for two hours. 21. I’ll be very busy till the end of the
week. 22. It was about midnight when he returned home.
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The Conjunction
Exercise I (p. 380)
1. but; 2. and; 3. yet
1. how; 2. that;
1. nor; 2. or; 3. nor; 4. or
1. though; 2. but; 3. though
1. while; 2. when; 3. when
Exercise II (p. 381)
1. unless; 2. because; 3. both; 4. because; 5. so … as; 6. as … as; 7. as;
8. as if; 9. both … and; 10. so … as; 11. unless; 12. as if; 13. because;
14. therefore.
Exercise III (p. 381)
1. a) and; b) but; 2. and, or; 3. nor, and; 4. a) either … or; b) neither …
nor; 5. a) both … and; b) either … or; 6. a) so; b) and; c) for.
Exercise IV (p. 382)
1. I did not read the book to the end as it was not very interesting. 2. We
left early because we wanted to reach the village before sunset. 3. You
are not in earnest therefore you speak in such a careless and indifferent
manner. 4. The expedition may be dangerous nevertheless I will take
part in it. 5. The road was very muddy therefore the car would not
move. 6. I stayed on so that she might not feel lonely. 7. He did exactly
that he was told. 8. You regard this matter as important as we will
consider it. 9. They ran fast because their legs could carry them.
10. I don’t advise you to go to the river because it is too cold to bathe.
11. The house stood where the roads met. 12. The bell rings so you
may play games. 13. I recognize the spot as soon as I saw it. 14. Although
Peter hesitated I stood up to speak. 15. The travellers were told that a
storm was expected. 16. It is unfortunate that the train arrives at night.
17. The question is whether we can afford so much time.
Exercise V (p. 382)
1. because; 2. whether; 3. while; 4. and; 5. though; 6. if; 7. because;
8. but.
Exercise VI (p. 382)
1. since; 2. as soon as; 3. after; 4. when; 5. while; 6. when; 7. after;
8. after; 9. Hardly … when; 10. till; 11. when; 12. scarcely … when.
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Exercise VII (p. 383)
1. I had not studied my lessons for two weeks therefore I would not
answer the questions in the text. 2. The train was half an hour late,
for this reason I missed the first three numbers on the programme.
3. I tried to help him because I felt sorry for him. 4. Mark turned to the
right when he reached the corner therefore he missed his father, who
came up the street. 5. I could not give a report for I did not have the
book. 6. Milly’s little sister is ill, for this reason Milly has not been at
school this week. 7. I made my machine lighter than his therefore it
was easier to manage. 8. I telephoned the message to Peter, thus no
time was lost in getting started. 9. You can carry soup or coffee in a
thermos bottle, in this way you can always have something hot for
lunch.
The Sentence
Exercise I (p. 391)
1. Have a look at the map of England.
2. England’s white cliffs may be seen from the mainland.
3. Is the sea far from London?
4. The mountains in Wales are quite close to the sea, aren’t they?
5. How beautiful is the sea in calm weather!
6. Don’t lose this picture postcard of an ancient castle.
7. What a picturesque landscape this is!
8. What tribes invaded Britain in the 5th – 6th centuries?
9. Did the battle of Hastings win the Anglo-Saxons or the Normans?
10. Celt survives in the languages of some parts of Scotland and
Ireland.
Exercise II (p. 391)
1. What a beautiful evening it is! 2. What are you reading? 3. You went
shopping this morning. 4. It is a lovely night. 5. Take my umbrella.
6. Did you hear such a thing? 7. Cannot you understand me? 8. What
a book you are reading! 9. What park was it? 10. It was a terrible
accident. 11. What a lovely day it was! 12. Come soon. 13. Is he fond
of swimming? 14. What a difficult task it is! 15. It was a clear, cold
winter day. 16. Have you received my letter? 17. How absent-minded
you are! 18. Give me your dictionary.
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Exercise III (p. 392)
1. Will we invite Mike to dinner tonight?
2. Do you want a cake?
3. How far is it from your house to the station?
4. Do you like to come sailing at the weekend?
5. Did you have a good time last night?
6. Do you like to come to the museum?
7. Will you help me with my bags, please?
8. Will we have a party for your birthday?
9. Who did you see at the shop yesterday?
10. What time will your plane leave?
11. Can I have a look at your newspaper?
12. Do you like some coffee?
Exercise VI (p. 393)
1. What didn’t amuse us very much? 2. What was the grandmother
doing as usual? 3. What cannot Margaret keep? 4. How did we go out
into the dark street? 5. What did Maria stand in the doorway with?
6. What was there in the paper? 7. What was the captain doing?
8. What should you try to do as much as you can? 9. What affair was
the dinner? 10. Where did the air hostess open the door? 11. What
would anyone think about me? 12. What was I puzzled by?
Exercise X (p. 394)
1. B: Well, I hope so
2. B: I think so
3. B: I’m afraid not
4. B: I guess so
5. B: I imagine so
6. B: I suppose so
7. B: I believe not
8. B: He seems not
9. B: It appears so
10. B: We expect so
Exercise XI (p. 395)
1. Tom lives in London. So does Ann, but Nick and Kate don’t. 2. Nick
doesn’t play the piano. Neither does Ann, but Tom and Kate do.
3. Tom can’t speak French. Neither can Kate, but Nick and Ann can.
4. Ann can’t drive a car. Neither can Tom, but Nick and Kate can.
5. Nick speaks French. So does Ann, but Tom and Kate don’t. 6. Kate
doesn’t live in London. Neither does Nick, but Tom and Ann do.
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7. Nick drives a car. So does Kate, but Tom and Ann don’t. 8. Kate
doesn’t travel abroad. Neither does Nick, but Tom and Ann do. 9. Tom
doesn’t keep a pet. Neither does Kate, but Nick and Ann do.
Exercise XII (p. 395)
1. a) Do you know this man? b) Don’t you know this man? c) You
don’t know this man, do you?
2. You don’t recognize me, do you? No, I recognize you.
3. Hasn’t he passed the exams? No, he hasn’t.
4. a) What a wonderful day! b) What lovely weather!
5. How quickly you walk.
6. Now then tell me all the truth.
7. I am right, aren’t I?
8. I am not guilty, aren’t I?
9. I am much older than you are, aren’t I?
10. Everyone knows it, don’t they?
11. Everybody knows about it, don’t they?
12. Few students were present at the meeting, weren’t they?
13. Few students solved the problem in a right way, didn’t they?
14. Some students solved the problem in a right way, didn’t they?
15. She hardly remembers about it, doesn’t she?
16. You have come to book a ticket, haven’t you?
17. Everybody would act exactly the same, wouldn’t they?
Exercise XIII (p. 396)
A 1. Is the game of badminton interesting? 2. How many people can
take part in this game simultaneously? 3. Where do people usually
play badminton? 4. Is it a racket for the game of badminton or for
the game of tennis? 5. You play badminton well, don’t you?
6. Doesn’t your sister like this game? 7. Why don’t you begin the
game? 8. Hasn’t your partner come yet? 9. Does he come to the
training from his house of from university?
B 1. Have you seen this film? No, I haven’t. 2. Will you be at home
today in the evening? Yes, I will. 3. Do you like this book? – Yes,
I do. 4. Do you go to university on foot? Yes, I always go on foot.
5. Hasn’t he told you about it? No, he hasn’t. 6. When did you
buy this radio set? 7. Whom did you go to the south with?
8. How many people took part in this expedition? 9. Who is this
young man? It is my brother. 10. What is your opinion on this
question?
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Emphatic Structures
Exercise I (p. 397)
1. He did promise not to do it again.
2. When was it that you accepted his proposal?
3. Do have some more cake.
4. What I need is a good night’s sleep.
5. It was she who was promoted a year after she had been hired.
Exercise II (p. 397)
1. It was in the twentieth century that television was invented. 2. It is
for peaceful purposes only that we want to use atomic energy. 3. It
was this country that launched the first sputnik in the history of
mankind. 4. It was only after dozens of successful experiments with
animals that a manned spaceship was launched. 5. It was with the help
of calculating machines that mathematicians have solved complicated
problems. 6. These are jet-planes that made it possible to cover great
distances in a very short time.
Exercise III (p. 398)
1. What this country needs is strong government.
2. What we worry about is the present economic situation.
3. What people want is public money to be spent on public services.
4. What our policy reflects is the importance we attach to education.
5. What our children need is good education.
Exercise IV (p. 398)
1. It was Ann who I went shopping with.
2. It was at the grocer’s where I left my purse.
3. It was just now that I realized I’d left it there.
4. Yes, it is certain that I left it there.
5. It is the shop we should telephone.
6. It is you, of course, who should telephone them.
Inversion
Exercise I (p. 400)
1. So troubled indeed was he that he scarcely heard the guide’s reply.
2. Not only did he give us a piece of good advice, but he helped us to
carry out our task. 3. It was a splendid garden, full of blossom and
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scent that lay before him. 4. It was his character that she knew little.
5. So greatly disappointed was he that he could not speak for a moment.
6. Alone was Miss Smith in the house. 7. Only once had he been
angry. 8. Lucky is it that we know her address. 9. Curious is his mind.
10. In all my drive I did not meet a cab. 11. “Telegraph you at once, he
can be stopped,” said the manager. And he was stopped. 12. Not only
was Shalyapin an outstanding singer, but he was also a brilliant actor.
13. So happy had he felt nowhere before. 14. In vain did we try to open
the door: it was locked. 15. Not only did Lomonosov create literary
work but he also laid the basis for the scientific study of the Russian
language and grammar.
Exercise II (p. 400)
1. Then comes the end of my story. 2. Right is he. 3. There comes our
train. 4. Down below spread the town with its wide streets, beautiful
buildings and green parks. 5. Above the city there stood a high
monument to the poet overlooking the great river. 6. Only on his way
back to the house did he recollect the missing details. 7. Never had
she spoken of it to either of her sisters. 8. No sooner had we entered
the hall than the lights went down. 9. So slow was our progress that
we reached the town late at night. 10. So troubled was he now indeed
that he scarcely heard the guide’s reply. 11. Simple may it seem now as
to find the solution was not easy. 12. Not only will these measures
help the situation they will not make it all the more complicated.
Exercise III (p. 401)
1. So very tired was he that he slept for twelve hours. 2. Such a fierce dog
did they have that we were terrified. 3. So angry did I get that I screamed.
4. Such a big telephone bill did we receive that we couldn’t pay it. 5. So
calm did the sea look that we bathed in it. 6. So careful is he that he
doesn’t make any mistakes. 7. Such an excellent student was he that he
was given a scholarship. 8. So much did he laugh that tears rolled down
his cheeks. 9. So loudly did he speak that everybody could hear him.
10. So rapidly did she gain confidence that everybody believed her.
Exercise IV (p. 401)
1. So have I. 2. Nor did I. 3. So was I. 4. So will I. 5. Nor has she.
6. So am I. 7. Nor have I. 8. Nor am I. 9. Nor does he. 10. Nor has he.
Exercise V (p. 401)
1. Hardly had we opened the door when the children ran in. 2. In no
other way can the matter be explained. 3. Little did they know what
124
was going on in their house. 4. In vain did his friends try to help him.
5. So beautifully did she dance that the audience burst into applause.
6. Never did I see in my life a thing done so magnificently. 7. Only last
year did the group of journalists visit London. 8. Loudly and distinctly
did the lecturer speak. 9. In vain did they try to carry out the project.
10. Quietly and softly did we walk downstairs. 11. Little did they know
about the poor boy’s life. 12. So seriously did he speak that everybody
believed him. 13. Never had there been so full an assembly. 14. Hardly
had we reached the football ground when the game started. 15. Only
for a flashing moment did she see this.
Exercise VI (p. 402)
1. Never did Moscow look so beautiful as now. 2. Only when RimskyKorsakov did understand that music was his real calling he decided to
devote himself to music. 3. Not once did Tom try to deceive his aunt,
but every time she guessed about his tricks. 4. Not only have I read
this book, but I have seen a film made on it. 5. Neither has he read this
book nor has he seen a film made on it. 6. In the distance were there
seen the lights of a city. 7. Though was it very hard to persuade him
we managed to do it at last. 8. Seldom did they feel so joyfully and
easily. 9. Not only could they calm her, but quite the contrary they still
more upset her. 10. Hardly had the train passed from the station when
between me and my fellow-travellers started a lively talk.
Exercise VII (p. 402)
1. Near the house stood a woman whom he did not know. 2. Not only did
he give us a good piece of advice, but he helped us to fulfil our work.
3. For several minutes she couldn’t speak, so strongly was she
disappointed. 4. Not a minute did he hesitate to accept a proposal. 5. He
looks a little bit older than you. So do I. 6. I thought that he had been
present at the meeting. – So did I. 7. Had I won a car, I would have gone
travelling. 8. Not only did he get angry with us, but he pretended that he
hadn’t noticed anything. 9. Though was it very hard to do this we
managed to do it. 10. Nowhere did he feel so happy before. 11. You must
be very tired. So must I. 12. It seems to me that he is seriously ill. – So is
he. 13. He didn’t find the book necessary for him. – I’m afraid neither will
we. 14. Could you stay a little longer we would finish the work today.
15. You seem to be displeased with his report. – So do I.
Exercise VIII (p. 402)
1. At the bottom of the mountain stood a small house. 2. Then came
my turn to read the text. 3. Among the guests were there relatives and
125
friends. 4. Far from the forest were there fields yellow of golden wheat.
5. “This book is more interesting to read in the original,” said the
teacher. 6. Here go my friends! Here are they! 7. Hardly had the train
arrived at the station when a group of schoolchildren ran out of it.
8. Little did he learn for one day. 9. Not only did he make a report on
this subject, but he made some valuable suggestions. 10. Never was
he in such a difficult situation. 11. Attentively and quickly did they
examine all the parts of the car. 13. Hadn’t she missed so many lessons
last year, she would have studied easier now. 14. Long and hard was
their road. 15. Though was the book dull, I nevertheless read it.
16. Such were the results of investigation. 17. Hard was the work
which had to be done. 18. Many interesting books had he read before
he made a report. 19. I have never seen this man before. – Neither have
I. 20. May this brings you benefit! 21. May you be healthy and happy!
Exercise IX (p. 403)
1. I have already got the answers to all the questions. – So have I.
2. I approve your choice and so do our friends. 3. He didn’t like when
people argued on trifles. – Neither do I. 4. We all were puzzled with his
question. – So was I. 5. I had to persuade him for half an hour. – So did I.
6. They did not refuse from the invitation. – Neither did we. 7. You do not
approve her behaviour. – Neither do I. 8. You seem to be very displeased
with his work. – Neither do we. 9. He was at this meeting. – So were we.
10. I can be free on Friday after 5 o’clock. – So can I. 11. I couldn’t help
laughing looking at his embarassed face. – Neither could all the rest.
12. I can’t imagine why they didn’t accept our proposal. – Neither can we.
Appendix 8. Phrasal Verbs
Exercise I (p. 447)
1. up to; 2. in for; 3. on; 4. off; 5. through; 6. down; 7. up; 8. down;
9. through; 10. off; 11. into.
Exercise II (p. 447)
1. about; 2. back; 3. in; 4. round; 5. forward; 6. round; 7. off; 8. up;
9. for; 10. in.
Exercise III (p. 447)
1. away; 2. through; 3. on; 4. over; 5. across; 6. into; 7. down with;
8. into; 9. out; 10. up with.
126
Exercise IV (p. 447)
1. off; 2. out for; 3. down on; 4. in; 5. into; 6. off; 7. back on; 8. away
with; 9. down; 10. with.
Exercise V (p. 448)
1. back; 2. out; 3. in; 4. up; 5. behind; 6. in with; 7. back on; 8. off; 9. for;
10. away with; 11. on; 12. through; 13. on.
Exercise VI (p. 448)
1. away; 2. up; 3. off; 4. out; 5. in; 6. on; 7. down; 8. out; 9. back;
10. back; 11. up; 12. on.
Exercise VII (p. 448)
1. back; 2. on; 3. to; 4. off; 5. off; 6. down; 7. over; 8. after; 9. up;
10. through; 11. forward.
Exercise VIII (p. 449)
1. out; 2. up; 3. up; 4. up for; 5. away; 6. off as; 7. back; 8. together;
9. in; 10. through.
Exercise IX (p. 449)
1. aside; 2. off; 3. forward; 4. out; 5. through; 6. up with; 7. out of;
8. across; 9. out; 10; down.
Exercise X (p. 449)
1. about; 2. off; 3. through; 4. to; 5. about; 6. in; 7. out; 8. up; 9. aside;
10. off.
Exercise XI (p. 449)
1. by; 2. for; 3. in for; 4. out; 5. up to; 6. after; 7. up; 8. for; 9. off; 10. aback.
Exercise XII (p. 450)
1. down; 2. out; 3. to; 4. up; 5. into; 6. over; 7. away; 8. out; 9. out; 10. up.
Exercise XIII (p. 450)
1. broke down; 2. fall off; 3. take off; 4. closed down; 5. moving in;
6. grows up; 7. speak up; 8. turn up; 9. will clear up; 10. show off.
Exercise XIV (p. 450)
1. turn it down; 2. wake them up; 3. pick it up; 4. cross it out; 5. to try
it on; 6. look it up; 7. shaved it off; 8. knocked me out.
127
Утевская Наталья Львовна
English Grammar Book
version 2.0
KEYS
to the Exercises
Дизайн обложки К. С. Алтаев
Технический редактор А. Б. Ткаченко
Корректор Е. Г. Шабалова
Компьютерная верcтка Д. В. Лемеш
Подписано в печать 07.02.2011.
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197110, Санкт Петербург, Чкаловский пр., 15