===jZgbdKF;hg^Zj_gdh AG:DB IJ?IBG:GBY QZklvi_j\Zy Dgb]Z^eymqZsbokybihklmiZxsbo\\mau DqblZl_eyf WlZ dgb]Z h agZdZo ij_ibgZgby dhlhju_ ^hklZ\eyxl \Zf fgh]h oehihl<g_cjZkkdZau\Z_lkydZdagZdb ij_ibgZgby ihfh]Zxl \ujZ`Zlv fukebHgZmqblimgdlmZpbhgghc ]jZfhlghklb Hkh[_ggh \Z`gh ^ey \Zk qlhdgb]Z^Z_l\hafh`ghklvmqblvky[_amqbl_ey KZfZy\Z`gZy]eZ\Zdgb]b²©Ohly©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ªWlhimlv hlagZgbyijZ\beZd\_jghihklZ\e_gghfmagZdm Fgh]b_ba\Zkmki_ebm[_^blvkyqlhgbmihjgh_ih\lhj_gb_ijZ\be gb[_kdhg_qgh_i_j_ibku\Zgb_g_]ZjZglbjmxlhlhrb[hd:qlh[ujmdZ dZd [u kZfZ kh[hc klZ\beZ gm`guc agZd gZ gm`gh_ f_klh qlh[u ]jZfhlghklv©ijbjhkeZddhgqbdmi_jZª\fha]m^he`_gjZ[hlZlvlhqguc b[ukljh^_ckl\mxsbcf_oZgbafDZdaZklZ\blvwlhlf_oZgbafjZ[hlZlv b jZkkdZau\Z_l ]eZ\Z ©Ohly ©imlv b ^Ze_d b ^heh]ª ;m^_l eb f_oZgbaf ^_ckl\h\Zlv aZ\bkbl ij_`^_ \k_]h hl \Zk \uihegyy aZ^Zgby mqbl_kv bf mijZ\eylv G_dhlhju_ aZ^Zgby \u [m^_l_ \uihegylv ©\ mf_ª ;hevrbgkl\h `_ lj_[m_l j_Zevghc jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby >ey wlh]h g_ h[yaZl_evgh i_j_ibku\Zlv \k_ \ l_ljZ^v h[aZ\_^bl_kv ijhajZqghc ie_gdhciheh`bl___gZl_dklkaZ^Zgb_fbjZkklZ\eycl_agZdb JZkklZgh\dhc agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby jZ[hlZ g_ aZdZgqb\Z_lky G_h[oh^bfh ijh\_jblv __ GZrZ dgb`dZ ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv gZmqblvky ijh\_jylv k_[y >ey wlh]h kms_kl\mxl hl\_lu dhlhju_ jZkiheh`_gu q_j_a g_kdhevdh kljZgbp ihke_ dZ`^h]h aZ^Zgby ih^ aZ]heh\dhf ©Ijh\_jvl_k_[yª L_f dlh ]hlh\blky \ \mau fu kh\_lm_f g_ hldeZ^u\Zlv jZ[hlm k dgb]hcgZihke_^gb_g_^_ebi_j_^wdaZf_gZfbAZgbfZcl_kvihg_clZd`_ hl\_lkl\_gghdZdaZgbfZxlkykbg^b\b^mZevgufj_i_lblhjhfddhlhjhfm \l_q_gb_^ebl_evgh]h\j_f_gbZddmjZlghijboh^ylgZmjhdb @_eZ_f\Zfmki_oh\\jZkdjulbbk_dj_lh\imgdlmZpbb 3 Iho\Zevgh_keh\hagZdZfij_ibgZgby AZf_qZl_evgucZg]ebckdbc^jZfZlmj];_jgZj^Rhm \ ij_^bkeh\bb d k[hjgbdmk\hboiv_k]h\hjbeqlh_klviylv^_kylkihkh[h\kdZaZlvkeh\h^Z b iylvkhl kihkh[h\ kdZaZlv keh\h g_l Z ^ey lh]h qlh[u gZibkZlv wlb keh\Z_klvlhevdhh^bgkihkh[ Fh`gheb kh]eZkblvky k wlbf aZf_qZgb_f" Ih`Zemc fh`gh gh \k_ lZdb >_ckl\bl_evghkihkh[h\ijhbag_klbkeh\h^Z`_kZfh_dhjhldh__klv \_ebdh_fgh`_kl\hIjhbag_k_ggh_\Zfbg_lfh`_l[ulvkihdhcgufbeb m]jh`ZxsbfaehjZ^gufbebh]hjq_ggufjZ^hklgufbebkdhj[guf<Zr ]hehkfh`_lijbwlhfa\mqZlvfy]dhbebl\_j^hB\k_]hwlh]hijbaZibkb dhg_qgh g_ i_j_^Zrv B aZibku\Z_lky keh\h lhevdh h^gbf kihkh[hf ² khklZ\eyxsbfb _]h [md\Zfb Gh <hl h^gh b lh `_ keh\h aZibkZggh_ g_kdhevdhjZa>Z>Z">Z">Z>Z>Z Ijhbag_kbl_ \ mf_ wlb keh\Z fuke_ggh \kemrZcl_kv \ bo a\mqZgb_ <jy^ebhgbijha\mqZl^ey\Zkh^bgZdh\h 4 <Zf ykgh qlh ^Z k lhqdhc ² wlh kihdhcgh_ ^Z gh wlh kihdhckl\b_ fh`_l [ulv fm`_kl\_gguf j_rbl_evguf beb ]hjvdbf >Z k \hijhkbl_evguf agZdhf ² wlh ^Z \ujZ`Zxs__ \hijhk khfg_gb_ g_^hmf_gb_ beb ijhkv[m qlhlh iha\heblv >Z k \hijhkbl_evguf b \hkdebpZl_evguf agZdhf ² kbevgh_ g_^hmf_gb_ \ wlhf kemqZ_ ^Z" fh`gh ©i_j_\_klbª dZd ©g_m`_eb"ª k \hkdebpZl_evguf ² kbevgh_ qm\kl\h fh`_l[ulvjZ^hklvbeb]g_\ Kfgh]hlhqb_f² wlhg_m\_j_g ghklv jZkl_jygghklv jZafure_gby dhlhjuf _s_ ljm^gh h[e_qvky \ keh\Zh]hjq_gb_jZahqZjh\Zgb_AZiylZyihke_^Zk\b^_l_evkl\m_lk_cqZk [m^_l kdZaZgh h lhf qlh bf_ggh ih^l\_j`^Z_lky wlbf ^Z ^\h_lhqb_ ² kb]gZelh]hqlhihke_^m_lh[tykg_gb_ihq_fmkdZaZgh^Z AZibkZggu_ gZ [mfZ]_ keh\Z fh]ml \ujZablv ^Ze_dh g_ \k_ qlh kh^_j`blky \ `b\hc j_qb qlh i_j_^Z_lky bglhgZpb_c iZmaZfb l_fihf j_qb`_klZfbbfbfbdhcH^gZdh\jZkihjy`_gbbibrms_]hbqblZxs_]h _klvg_lhevdhkeh\Zghb^hihegbl_evgu_kj_^kl\Z²agZdbij_ibgZgby AgZdbij_ibgZgbyg__klvqlhlh\g_rg__ihklhjhgg__ihhlghr_gbx d `b\hc ldZgb yaudZ hgb kZfb dZd [u ©\ujZklZxlª ba yaudZ ba g_h[oh^bfhklb dZd fh`gh [he__ ihegh b lhqgh \ujZablv \ ibkvf_gghc j_qbi_j_^Z\Z_fucbfbkfuke Fukevh lhf qlhihklZgh\dZ agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby ^bdlm_lky kfukehf l_dklZ \i_j\u_ \ujZ`_gZ hkgh\hiheh`gbdhf jmkkdhc ]jZffZlbdb F < Ehfhghkh\ufibkZ\rbfqlh©agZdbklZ\ylkyihkbe_jZamfZª Ijb ihfhsb agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby aZibkZggh_ keh\h \hkijbgbfZ_lky b fuke_gghijhbaghkblkyqblZxsbf_kebg_iylvx^_kylvxbg_iylvxklZfb kihkh[Zfblh\h\kydhfkemqZ_g_h^gbfZg_kdhevdbfbLZdbfh[jZahf agZdb ij_ibgZgby ^Zxl \hafh`ghklv kdZaZlv \ ibkvf_gghc j_qb ]hjZa^h [hevr_q_ffh`ghaZibkZlv[md\ZfbHgbihfh]Zxl\ujZablvjZaebqgu_ kfukeubhdjZrb\Zxsb_boqm\kl\ZAgZdbdZdbkeh\Z]h\hjylbfubo qblZ_f\f_kl_khkeh\Zfb:bgh]^Z^Z`_b\f_klhkeh\ Ba\_kl_g nZdl lZdhc ©[_kkeh\_kghcª i_j_ibkdb NjZgpmakdbc ibkZl_ev<bdlhj=x]haZdhgqb\jhfZg©Hl\_j`_ggu_ªihkeZe jmdhibkv dgb]bba^Zl_ex D jmdhibkb hg ijbeh`be ibkvfh \ dhlhjhfg_ [ueh gb h^gh]hkeh\ZZ[uelhevdhagZd©"ªBa^Zl_evlZd`_hl\_lbeibkvfhf[_a keh\©ª 5 DZdh]jhfghkfukeh\h_bwfhpbhgZevgh_gZiheg_gb_wlbok\_jodhjhldbo ibk_f Ibkvfh <bdlhjZ =x]h kh^_j`bl b lj_\h`gu_ \hijhku Gm dZd ? IhgjZ\behkv eb" Fh`gh eb [m^_l wlh ba^Zlv" b lhgdbc xfhj iha\heyxsbcibkZl_exk^hklhbgkl\hfi_j_ghkblvkhklhygb_lj_\h`gh]h h`b^Zgby Hl\_l ba^Zl_ey fh`_l bf_lv ijbf_jgh lZdh_ keh\_kgh_ \ujZ`_gb_ AZf_qZl_evgh<_ebdhe_ighWlhemqrZyjmdhibkvdhlhjmxydh]^Z eb[h ^_j`Ze \ jmdZo Y __ g_f_^e_ggh ba^Zf : fh`_l [ulv ^Z`_ b lZdh_ Hlebqgh Wlh fg_ ijbg_k_l bajy^guc ^hoh^ K ihfhsvx lZdhc dgb]byihl_kgxk\hbodhgdmj_glh\gZdgb`ghfjugd_ B \kx wlm ]Zffm fuke_c b qm\kl\ hg \ujZabe h^gbf dhjhl_gvdbf agZqdhf ©ª hdjZr_gguf h^gh\j_f_ggh b l_f `_ xfhjhf k dhlhjuf khqbgbek\h_ibkvfhZ\lhj©Hl\_j`_gguoªIjbf_jghlZd`_ihklmiZ_l_ b \u dh]^Z `_eZy iho\Zeblv dh]hgb[m^v b k^_eZlv wlh \_k_eh ih^gbfZ_l_d\_jom[hevrhciZe_pb]h\hjbl_©<hª FZe_gvdZy wibklheyjgZy11 rmldZ jZau]jZggZy <bdlhjhf =x]h b _]h ba^Zl_e_fhdZaZeZkvm^Zqghcihlhfmqlhh[ZmqZklgbdZi_j_ibkdbmf_eb g_lhevdhklZ\blvghb©qblZlvªl_ohjhrhihgbfZlvagZdbij_ibgZgby Ijb ihfhsb agZdh\ fh`gh \ujZablv g_ lhevdh lhl beb bghc kfuke ghbhlghr_gb_ibrms_]hdlhfmhq_fb^_lj_qvLZd_keb\uibr_l_h dhfgb[m^v qlh hg mfgbpZ \u^_eyy wlh keh\h dZ\uqdZfb kjZam klZgh\blky ykgh qlh \u g_ m\_j_gu \ \ukhdbo mfkl\_gguo kihkh[ghklyo wlh]hq_eh\_dZ Wlb ijbf_ju ihdZau\Zxl gZkdhevdh h[h]ZsZ_l \hafh`ghklb ibkvf_gghcj_qbohjhr__agZgb_imgdlmZpbb Ibkvf_ggZy j_qv [_a agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby beb ijb g_ijZ\bevghf g_iheghf g_lhqghf bo bkihevah\Zgbb hq_gv ljm^gZ ^ey ihgbfZgby < gZqZe_ijhreh]h\_dZih^h[gu_ljm^ghklb\hagbdZeb^h\hevghqZklhlZd dZd agZgb_ imgdlmZpbhgguo ijZ\be g_ kqblZehkv h[yaZl_evguf b [hevrbgkl\h ibrmsbo klZ\beb agZdb ih k\h_fm mkfhlj_gbx AgZlhdZfb imgdlmZpbb [ueb lhevdh ba^Zl_evkdb_ jZ[hlgbdb b bf ijboh^behkv g_fZehfmqblvkykjmdhibkyfb^Z`_h[jZah\Zgg_crboZ\lhjh\LZdh^bg ba ba^Zl_e_c ibkZe =_jp_gm qlh _]h agZdb ij_ibgZgby ² ©kmsb_ agZdb ijbludZgbyªblhevdhaZljm^gyxlql_gb_ _____________________________ 11Wibklheyjguc`Zgj²wlhi_j_ibkdZ. 6 ?kebagZdijhims_gbebihklZ\e_gg_ijZ\bevghwlhfh`_lijb\_klb d k_jv_aguf bkdZ`_gbyf kfukeZ H lZdbo bkdZ`_gbyo jZkkdZau\Zxl ^\Z ohjhrhba\_klguo©imgdlmZpbhgguoZg_d^hlZªI_j\ucbagboih\_kl\m_l himl_r_kl\_ggbd_dhlhjuc\fhf_glhiZkghklbfhebeky;h]mbh[_sZe\ kemqZ_ kiZk_gby ©ihklZ\blv klZlmx ahehlmx ibdm ^_j`Zsmxª H^gZdh dh]^Z hiZkghklv fbgh\ZeZ iml_r_kl\_ggbdm g_ aZohl_ehkv jZkdhr_eb\ZlvkygZklZlmxbaahehlZbhg^ZejZkihjy`_gb_©IhklZ\blv klZlmxahehlmxibdm^_j`ZsmxªLZdbfh[jZahfhggbh^gbfkeh\hfg_ gZjmrb\ k\h_]h h[_sZgby i_j_ghkhf aZiylhc kbevgh khdjZlbe k\hb jZkoh^u >jm]hc©imgdlmZpbhggucZg_d^hlª]h\hjblhlhfqlh`bagvq_eh\_dZ hdZaZeZkv \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl lh]h ]^_ [m^_l ihklZ\e_gZ aZiylZy \ ij_^eh`_gbb ©DZagblv g_evay ihfbeh\Zlvª beb ©DZagblv g_evay ihfbeh\Zlvª : l_i_jv ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh \ lZdhf ijbdZa_ agZd ij_ibgZgby kemqZcgh beb mfure_ggh ijhims_g Lh]^Z wlhl ijbdZa klZgh\blky^\mkfuke_ggufblhldlh_]hihemqblg_[m^_lagZlvdZd`_ _fm gZ^e_`bl ihklmiblv Kdhj__ \k_]h hg ihiulZ_lky m]Z^Zlv q_]h `_ \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklbohl_ebl_dlhhl^Z\Ze 7 jZkihjy`_gb_ Bf_ggh lZdZy kblmZpby hibku\Z_lky \ bklhjbq_kdhf jhfZg_ F >jxhgZ ©NjZgpmakdZy \heqbpZª < g_f jZkkdZau\Z_lky dZd Zg]ebckdZydhjhe_\ZBaZ[_eeZb__\haex[e_ggucehj^Fhjlbf_jk\_j]eb kij_klheZdhjheyW^mZj^Z II,g_ex[bfh]hfm`Zdhjhe_\uBaZ[_eeu?]h aZlhqbeb\dj_ihklvb\ugm^bebhlj_qvkyhlij_klheZ\ihevamgZke_^gbdZ H^gZdh kms_kl\h\ZeZ hiZkghklv qlh \hagbdg_l aZ]h\hj k p_evx hk\h[h^blv dhjhey b ih^gylv fyl_` Ehj^m Fhjlbf_jm b dhjhe_\_ BaZ[_ee_ [ueh [u kihdhcg__ _keb [u W^mZj^Z II g_ [ueh \ `b\uo Gh gbdlh g_ j_rbeky kh[kl\_gghjmqgh hl^Zlv ijbdZa h[ m[bckl\_ hkh[u dhjhe_\kdhc djh\b ibkvf_gguc ijbdZa fh] ihiZklv g_ d l_f dhfm ij_^gZagZqZeky beb ^Z`_ ihkem`blv hjm`b_f ijhlb\ dhjhe_\u Wlbfb khfg_gbyfbFhjlbf_jih^_ebekykhk\hbf^jm]hf_ibkdhihfHje_lhghf ©Bgufbkeh\Zfbfbehj^²kdZaZe_ibkdhi —\uohlbl_ihkeZlvijbdZa g_ ihkueZy _]hª Hje_lhg ^h\hevgh [ukljh j_rbe aZ^Zqm gZibkZ\ \ dZq_kl\_ ijbdZaZ h^gm kljhqdm iheZlugb [_a agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby Ba aZibkb lZdbf h[jZahf hnhjfe_gghcg_evay [ueh j_rblv ^h[jh_ beb g_ ^h[jh_^_ehm[blvW^mZj^Z ©?keb =hkih^v ih`_eZ_l ² aZf_lbe Hje_lhg ² lhl dlh ihemqbl ibkvfh ihcf_l _]h kfuke Gh jZa\_ fh`gh[m^_l dh]hgb[m^v mij_dgmlv aZlZdh_ibkvfh"ª LZd dhjhev W^mZj^ ,, klZe `_jl\hc g_ lhevdh iheblbq_kdh]h gh b ]jZffZlbq_kdh]hdh\Zjkl\Z :\hlqlhjZkkdZaZeDIZmklh\kdbc\dgb]_©AhehlZyjhaZª IbkZl_ev:g^j_cKh[hevijbg_k\j_^Zdpbx]Za_lu©FhjydªjZkkdZa bgl_j_kguc ih l_f_ gh gZi_qZlZgguc imlZgufb dZdbfblh jZa^_j]Zggufb njZaZfb I_qZlZlv _]h \ lZdhf \b^_ [ueh g_\hafh`gh Z mimkdZlv`ZevDhjj_dlhj;eZ]h\hiulgucba^Zl_evkdbcjZ[hlgbd\ayeky ihijZ\blv jZkkdZa g_ \u[jhkb\ b g_ \ibkZ\ gb h^gh]h keh\Z B \hl jmdhibkv\uijZ\e_gZ©Y ijhq_e jZkkdZa bhg_f_e Wlh[ueZijhajZqgZy eblZy ijhaZ <k_ klZeh \uimdeuf ykguf Hl ij_`g_c kdhfdZgghklb b keh\_kgh]hjZa[jh^Zg_hklZehkvbl_gbIjbwlhf^_ckl\bl_evghg_[ueh \u[jhr_ghbebijb[Z\e_ghgbh^gh]hkeh\Z ²Wlhqm^h²kdZaZey²DZd\uwlhk^_eZeb" — >ZijhklhjZkklZ\beijZ\bevgh\k_agZdbij_ibgZgbyMKh[heyk gbfb nhjf_gguc dZ\Zj^Zd Hkh[_ggh lsZl_evgh y jZkklZ\be lhqdbBZ[aZpuWlh\_ebdZy\_svfbeucfhc 8 ?s_ Imrdbg ]h\hjbe h agZdZo ij_ibgZgby Hgb kms_kl\mxl qlh[u \u^_eblv fukev ijb\_klb keh\Z \ ijZ\bevgh_ khhlghr_gb_ b ^Zlv njZa_ e_]dhklv b ijZ\bevgh_ a\mqZgb_ AgZdb ij_ibgZgby ² wlh dZd ghlgu_ agZdbHgbl\_j^h^_j`Zll_dklbg_^Zxl_fmjZkkuiZlvkyª BlZd mf_gb_ klZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgby ² g_hlt_fe_fZy qZklv \eZ^_gbyibkvf_gghcj_qvxhghlZd`_\Z`ghdZd\Z`gh\hh[s_mf_gb_ \ujZ`Zlvk\hbfukeb\ibkvf_gghcnhjf_ Mf_gb_klZ\blvagZdb^Z_lkyg_e_]dhlZd`_dZdg_e_]dh^Z_lkyb\_kv ijhp_kk ibkvf_ggh]h \ujZ`_gby k\hbo fuke_c Gh \Zf ykgh qlh gZrm `bagvk_]h^gyg_\hafh`gh^Z`_ij_^klZ\blvk_[_[_aibkvf_gghcj_qb Ibkvf_ggZyj_qv\hiehsZ_l\k_[_\k_q_f[h]ZlZ`bagv hgZ ijbghkbl b gh\u_ agZgby b hiul fm^jhklb b ^h[juc ijb\_l [ebadbo ex^_c gZoh^ysboky \ jZaemd_ k gZfb ;eZ]h^Zjy ibkvf_gghc j_qb q_eh\_q_kdbc hiul g_ ijhiZ^Z_l Z dhiblky b i_j_^Z_lky ba ihdhe_gby \ ihdhe_gb_ BgZq_ q_eh\_q_kdZy dmevlmjZ g_ fh]eZ [u jZa\b\Zlvky 9 =eZ\Z I Ohly©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ª IjZ\beh — kZfhbgkljmdpby —lj_gbjh\dZ Qlh gm`gh ^ey lh]h qlh[u ijbclb d imgdlmZpbhgghc ]jZfhlghklb" I_j\h_ ² wlh a g Z l v i j Z \ b e Z GZ wlhf gZklZb\Ze _s_ < = ;_ebgkdbc ©H[s__ g_agZgb_ ijZ\be ² ibkZe hg ² l _ g_agZgb_ ]jZffZlbdb \j_^bl yaudm gZjh^Z ^_eZy _]h g_hij_^_e_gguf b ih^qbgyy _]h ijhba\hem ebqghklb lml \kydbc fheh^_p ]h\hjbl b ibr_l gZ k\hc h[jZa_p<nhjfZoyaudZ^he`gh[ulv_^bgkl\h:wlh]h_^bgkl\Zfh`gh ^hklb]gmlv lhevdh kljh]bf bkke_^h\Zgb_f dZd ijZ\bevg__ ^he`gh ]h\hjblv beb ibkZlv lh beb ^jm]h_ Wlh bkdZgb_ ijZ\bevghklb ^he`gh [ulv^h\_^_gh^hi_^ZglbafZ²^eymki_oZkZfh]hyaudZª G_dhlhju_ ba \Zk \ ]em[bg_ ^mrb k wlbf g_ kh]eZkgu ijZ\beZ ijZ\beZfb Z ]jZfhlghklv ]jZfhlghklvx fh`_l [ulv ^mfZ_l_ \u H^gb ex^b²kqZkleb\qbdb²ibrml\k_]^Z]jZfhlghohlydZd[m^lh\h\k_g_ agZxlijZ\be^jm]b_\umqb\ZxlijZ\beZgZam[hdghwlhg_kiZkZ_lbohl hrb[hd ©IjZ\beZlh y agZx ^Z qlh lhedm"ª ² `Zeh\ZeZkv gZf h^gZ rdhevgbpZB^_ckl\bl_evghhgZagZeZijZ\beZ LZd\q_f`_^_eh" Ex^b dhlhju_ ibrml ]jZfhlgh \jh^_ [u g_ agZy ijZ\be gZ kZfhf ^_e_ bo agZxl Hgb fh]ml g_ ihfgblv bo keh\_kguo nhjfmebjh\hd g_ ih\lhjylv bo k_[_ ijb ibkvf_ gh hgb mf_xl ^ _ c k l \ h \ Z l v g Z h k g h \ Z g b b i j Z \ b e \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\beZfb : wlh ² kZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ <kydZy ^_yl_evghklv q_eh\_dZ h[yaZl_evgh ijhl_dZ_l ih ijZ\beZf h[jZ[hldZ ^_lZeb gZ klZgd_ \h`^_gb_ fZrbg mijZ\e_gb_ kZfhe_lhf ihevah\Zgb_klbjZevghcfZrbghcb]jZ\ohdd_c >ey mki_rghklb ex[hc lZdhc ^_yl_evghklb \Z`gh g_ lhevdh ©agZlvª ijZ\beZ l _ mf_lv bo jZkkdZaZlvghbmf_lv^_ckl\h\Zlv\khhl\_lkl\bbkgbfb IhdZ q_eh\_d _s_ g_ gZmqbeky ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\beZfb keh\_kgh_ agZgb_ _fm ihfh]Z_l Gh dZd lhevdh wlb ^_ckl\by klZgh\ylky ijb\uqgufb \oh^yl \ djh\v b iehlv q_eh\_dZ hg fh`_l iha\heblvk_[_jhkdhrv©aZ[ulvª 10 ijZ\beZg_ih\lhjylvbok_[_\ijhp_kk_jZ[hlugb\kemogb\mf_ H^gZdh ijb bamq_gbb imgdlmZpbb hl agZgby ijZ\be ^h lh]h kqZkleb\h]h khklhygbydh]^ZjmdZklZ\blagZdbij_ibgZgbydZd[ukZfZkh[hcl_ih h[jZaghfm \ujZ`_gbx h^gh]h mqbl_ey ©]jZfhlghklv ijbjZklZ_l d dhgqbdmi_jZª©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ª Q_eh\_d \umqb\rbc ijZ\beZ gh g_ mf_xsbc bo ijbf_gylv _s_ \ kZfhfgZqZe_imlb\_^ms_]hdh\eZ^_gbximgdlmZpb_c >ey lh]h qlh[u ^_ckl\h\Zlv ih ijZ\bem gZ^h gZ hkgh\Zgbb wlh]h ijZ\beZ ©ihkljhblvª oh^ jZkkm`^_gbb b aZibkZlv _]h \ \b^_ ko_fu lZ[ebpu beb keh\_kghc bgkljmdpbb ^ey k_[y ² kZfhbgkljmdpbb LZdZy bgkljmdpbybf__l fgh]hh[s_]h k bgkljmdpbyfb dhlhju_ ijbeZ]Zxlky d ijb[hjZf beb ZiiZjZlZf lZdbf dZd l_e_\bahj jZ^bhijb_fgbd iue_khk beb dbghdZf_jZ < bgkljmdpbb mdZau\Z_lky \k_ qlh gm`gh ^_eZlv dZdb_ hi_jZpbb ijhba\h^blv qlh[u ijb[hj jZ[hlZe Djhf_ lh]h h[yaZl_evgh mdZau\Z_lkyihke_^h\Zl_evghklv\dhlhjhcwlhgZ^h^_eZlv ?kebk^_eZlvg_\k_qlhlj_[m_lky\bgkljmdpbbgbdZdhcZiiZjZlg_ klZg_l jZ[hlZlv Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh \u iulZ_l_kv ih]h\hjblv ih l_e_nhgmZ\lhfZlmg_gZ[jZ\ghf_jZ ?keb `_ \u ijhba\h^bl_ \k_ g_h[oh^bfu_ hi_jZpbb gh g_ \ lhc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb\dZdhcwlhmdZaZgh\bgkljmdpbblhlh`_gbq_]hg_ ihemqblky <ZfgZijbf_jg_m^Zklkyih]h\hjblvihl_e_nhgmZ\lhfZlm_keb\u kgZqZeZgZ[_j_l_ghf_jZihlhfkgbf_l_ljm[dmIhijh[mcl_ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ kdhevdh dhfbq_kdbo b ljZ]bq_kdbo g_^hjZamf_gbc ijhbkoh^beh [u \hdjm]_keb[uex^bijhimkdZebijbjZ[hl_gm`gu_hi_jZpbbbebimlZeb boihjy^hd :l_i_jvihkfhljbfdZdkhklZ\ey_lkykZfhbgkljmdpbydijbf_g_gbx ]jZffZlbq_kdbo ijZ\be AZf_lbf qlh ^ey __ kha^Zgby bgh]^Z [u\Z_l gm`ghbkihevah\Zlvg_lhevdhlhqlhkh^_j`blky\^ZgghfijZ\be_ghb lhqlh[uehbamq_ghjZgvr_ <Zf ba\_klgh qlh keh`guf ij_^eh`_gb_f gZau\Z_lky ij_^eh`_gb_ dhlhjh_ khklhbl ba ^\mo beb [he__ ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbc h[t_^bg_gguo kfukeh\hc p_ehklghklvx b bglhgZpbhgghc aZdhgq_gghklvx Wlh ijZ\beh g_h[oh^bfhijbf_gylvijbjZ[hl_[md\ZevghkdZ`^ufij_^eh`_gb_f 11 DZd `_ _]h ijbf_gylv" Kljhbf oh^ jZkkm`^_gbb KgZqZeZ gZ^h hij_^_eblv kdhevdh \ ij_^eh`_gbb ]jZffZlbq_kdbo hkgh\ ?keb h^gZ agZqbl ij_^eh`_gb_ ijhklh_ _keb [hevr_ agZqbl keh`gh_ Khhl\_lkl\mxsmxkZfhbgkljmdpbxfh`ghihkljhblv\\b^_ko_fu KZfhbgkljmdpby dhlhjmx fu k \Zfb k_cqZk khklZ\beb ijhklZ < ^Zevg_cr_fgZfijb^_lkykhklZ\eylvb[he__keh`gu_ >eym^h[kl\ZjZ[hlufh`ghk^_eZlvlZdqlh[u\h\j_fy\uiheg_gby aZ^Zgbc[ueZ\hafh`ghklv\a]eygmlvgZbgkljmdpbxH^bgebl_jZlmjguc ]_jhc \_rZe kibkhd bghkljZgguo keh\ dhlhju_ hg ^he`_g [ue \umqblv gZ^a_jdZevp_f^ey[jblvy H^gZdhkZfhihk_[_mf_gb_khklZ\blvb^Z`_aZihfgblvbgkljmdpbx _s_ g_ h[_ki_qb\Z_l ]jZfhlgh]h ibkvfZ >y^xrdZ Ih^`_j i_jkhgZ` dgb]bZg]ebckdh]hibkZl_ey>`_jhfZD>`_jhfZ©Ljh_\h^ghceh^d_g_ kqblZykh[Zdbªfh]^Zlvex[hfmq_eh\_dmbgkljmdpbxhlhfdZd\[blv\ kl_gdm ]\ha^v qlh[u ih\_kblv gZ g_]h dZjlbgm H^gZdh dh]^Z hg ijbgbfZekyaZ^_ehkZfhgqZs_ihiZ^Zefhehldhfihkh[kl\_ggufiZev pZfq_fihreyid_]\ha^ylZdqlhbgkljmdpby²wlh_s_ 12 g_ \k_ Mf_gb_ ijbf_gylv bgkljmdpbxgZ ijZdlbd_ ijboh^bl lhevdh [eZ]h^Zjyl j _ g b j h \ d _ [eZ]h^ZjyihklhyggufmijZ`g_gbyf BlZdagZgb_ijZ\beZ²khklZ\e_gb_bgkljmdpbbih_]hijbf_g_gbx ²lj_gbjh\dZ>hklZlhqgheb\k_]hwlh]hqlh[u©]jZfhlghklvijbjhkeZd dhgqbdmi_jZª">hklZlhqghGhlhevdh lh]^Z dh]^Z jZkklZ\ey_rv agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ ]hlh\hf l_dkl_ gZijbf_j \ mijZ`g_gbb ba mq_[gbdZ : _keb kha^Z_rv k\hc l_dkl ² khqbg_gb_ibkvfh^g_\gbd"Lh]^ZagZdbij_ibgZgbyjh`^Zxlky\l_dkl_ \f_kl_khkeh\Zfb ©Ij_^qm\kl\b_ªagZdZij_ibgZgby =jZfhlgu_ ex^b qZklh ]h\hjyl h qm\kl\_ yaudZ [eZ]h^Zjy dhlhjhfm jmdZdZd[ukZfZkh[hcklZ\blgm`gucagZdgZgm`ghff_kl_QlhwlhaZ qm\kl\h" B g_evay eb jZa\blv \ k_[_ wlm kihkh[ghklv ©qm\kl\h\Zlvª beb ^Z`_©ij_^qm\kl\h\ZlvªihklZgh\dmagZdZ"Ihijh[m_fjZah[jZlvky\wlhf Mf_gb_ ©qm\kl\h\Zlvª agZd ij_`^_ \k_]h k\yaZgh kh kihkh[ghklvx i j _ ^ m ] Z ^ u \ Z l v l _ d k l Wlh h^bg ba kZfuo [hevrbo k_dj_lh\ ]jZfhlgh]hibkvfZ>Z\Zcl_jZkkfhljbfihih^jh[g__wlmkihkh[ghklv IhgbfZgb_ qm`hc j_qb b kha^Zgb_ kh[kl\_gghc k\yaZgh k m^b\bl_evghc q_eh\_q_kdhc kihkh[ghklvx ^ey h[hagZq_gby dhlhjhc kha^Zg p_euc jy^ keh\ ij_^\b^_gb_ ij_^\hkobs_gb_ ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_ ij_^qm\kl\b_ mij_`^_gb_ ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ LZd qblZy ij_^eh`_gb_ dhlhjh_ gZqbgZ_lky k l_ fu ij_^m]Z^u\Z_f qlh kdhjh ihke_^m_l dhlhju_ MkeurZ\ keh\Z ^ey lh]h fu ij_^\b^bf qlh[u Fgh]h qbke_ggu_ l_ ^ey lh]h lZf ]^_ b l ^ ^Zxl gZf \hafh`ghklv ij_^\hkobsZlv\dZdhclhkl_i_gbbfukevbbglhgZpbxb\ujZ`Zxsmx wlm fukev kbglZdkbq_kdmx dhgkljmdpbx b ke_^h\Zl_evgh agZdb ij_ibgZgbyLZdihkeh\Zf:odZdhcfh`gh[_ahrb[hqghij_^m]Z^Zlv ij_^eh`_gb_ k \hkdebpZl_evghc bglhgZpb_c b aZjZg__ \gmlj_gg_ gZkljhblvkygZihklZgh\dm\hkdebpZl_evgh]hagZdZ \ dhgp_ij_^eh`_gby < ^jm]bo kemqZyo fh`gh ih ^Zgguf keh\Zf [_ahrb[hqgh ij_^kdZaZlv dhgdj_lguckfuke_s_g_aZibkZgguoGZijbf_j<ghy[j_\uiZei_j\uc imrbklucBebKZfZybgl_j_kgZyhkh[_gghklv\g_rg_]h\b^Z`bjZnZ ²wlh_]h^ebggZy 13 Kihkh[kl\m_l eb mf_gb_ ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv l_dkl ]jZfhlghfm ibkvfm" Ih`Zemc gb h^bg kqZkleb\uc h[eZ^Zl_ev iyl_jdb ih jmkkdhfm yaudm g_ kfh`_lhl\_lblv\ZfgZwlhl\hijhkQlhijhbkoh^bl\]heh\_ibrms_]h\ lhl fhf_gl dh]^Z _]h jmdZ dZd [u kZfZ kh[hc klZ\bl gZ f_klh gm`guc agZd"Wlh]hg_kmf__lh[tykgblvgb rdhevgbd gb \ajhkeuc < _]h fha]m \k_ kh\_jrZ_lky lZd [ukljh b ijb\uqgh qlh hg g_ hkhagZ_l dZd wlh ijhbkoh^blQlh[uihgylvbhibkZlvwlh[ueihklZ\e_glZdhchiul <ajhkeuf ]jZfhlguf ex^yf ij_^eZ]Zehkv gZibkZlv ^bdlZgl Ijh\h^beky wlhl ^bdlZgl g_ kh\k_f h[uqguf kihkh[hf GZijbf_j ^bdlh\Zehkv >_j_\gy ]^_ ihke_ q_]h ^_eZeZkv iZmaZ Q_eh\_d gZqZ\rbc ibkZlv wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ kjZam `_ klZ\be aZiylmx ihke_ keh\Z ^_j_\gy i_j_^ ]^_ GZ \hijhk ihq_fm hg wlh k^_eZe ibrmsbc hl\_qZe ijbf_jgh lZd ih\b^bfhfm ihke_ keh\Z ]^_ [m^_l khh[s_gh qlhlh qlh [ueh \ ^_j_\g_ ih hdhgqZgbb wlh]h khh[s_gby gZ^h [m^_l ihklZ\blv \lhjmxaZiylmx Z^Zevr_ihc^_lj_qvhlhfdZdZywlh[ueZ^_j_\gy Ex^b ihfgysb_ ]jZffZlbdm jZkkm`^Zeb lZd keh\hf ^_j_\gy gZqbgZ_lky ]eZ\gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ keh\hf ]^_ ² ijb^Zlhqgh_ hij_^_ebl_evgh_dhlhjh_jZaju\Z_l]eZ\gh_Dh]^Zijb^Zlhqgh_dhgqblky gZ^hihklZ\blvaZiylmxihlhfmqlh^Zevr_ihc^_lijh^he`_gb_]eZ\gh]h \ dhlhjhf [m^_l kdZam_fh_ d ih^e_`Zs_fm ^_j_\gy b ijh^he`_gb_ oZ jZdl_jbklbdb^_j_\gb LZdbfh[jZahf_s_g_agZykh^_j`Zgbyij_^eh`_gbyibrmsbcm`_ ij_^m]Z^u\Z_l b _]h h[sbc kfuke b kbglZdkbq_kdmx kljmdlmjm b agZdb ij_ibgZgby Lhevdh ih i_j\uf keh\Zf hg m`_ fh`_l khklZ\blv ko_fm \dexqZxsmxbagZdb 14 B aZibku\Zy ^Zevr_ ij_^eh`_gb_ >_j_\gy ]^_ kdmqZe ?\]_gbb [ueZ ij_e_klgucm]hehdhgm`_]hlh\dihklZgh\d_\lhjhcaZiylhcihke_keh\Z ?\]_gbc ?keb ]jZfhlghfm q_eh\_d ^bdlh\Zeb gZqZeh ij_^eh`_gby Dh]^Z fZevqbrdb [jhkb\hgklZ\beaZiylmxi_j_^keh\hf[jhkb\ij_^\b^y ^__ijbqZklguc h[hjhl Djhf_ lh]h hg m`_ ^h]Z^u\Zeky qlh dh]^Z fZevqbrdb[jhkb\qlhlhh^ghklZeb^_eZlvqlhlh^jm]h_ bebaZgyebkv q_flh ^jm]bf ijhbahreh qlhlh lj_lv_ LZdbf h[jZahf ibrmsbc m`_ ij_^m]Z^Ze \ kZfhf h[s_f \b^_ b kfukeh\mx b kbglZdkbq_kdmx kljmdlmjmij_^eh`_gbyb©\jhkrb_ª\wlmkljmdlmjmagZdbij_ibgZgby WlZkihkh[ghklvij_^m]Z^u\Zlv²\Z`g_crZykhklZ\gZyqZklvmf_gby jZkklZ\eylv agZdb ih oh^m ibkvfZ g_ hldeZ^u\Zy wlh]h \Z`gh]h ^_eZ gZ ^Zevg_cr__h[^mfu\Zgb_ihke_aZibkb IZfylvb]jZfhlghklv Ke_^mxsbck_dj_l \_jghc jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ij_ibgZgby khklhbl \ kihkh[ghklba Z i h f b g Z l v a Z i b k Z g g h _ . <h\j_fyaZibkbgbh^ghij_^eh`_gb_djhf_kZfuodhjhl_gvdbog_ ijbkmlkl\m_l \ khagZgbb \k_ p_ebdhf k h^bgZdh\hc ykghklvx AZibku\Z_fZynjZaZ^\b`_lkyq_j_akhagZgb_ibrms_]hdZdghqghcih_a^ q_j_ahk\_s_gguclmgg_evhlq_leb\h\b^gZlhevdhlZqZklvdhlhjZygZoh ^blky \ lmgg_e_ GZqZeh njZau dZd i_j\u_ \Z]hgu ih_a^Z m`_ mreh aZ ij_^_eu hlq_leb\hc \b^bfhklb Z dhg_p _s_ g_ \t_oZe \ hk\_s_ggh_ ijhkljZgkl\h Ibrmsbc q_eh\_d \ dZ`^uc ^Zgguc fhf_gl jZ[hlZ_l lhevdh k ©hlj_adhfª ij_^eh`_gby bf_y ijb wlhf g_ kh\k_f hlq_leb\uc ijh]gha lh]h qlh ij_^klhbl gZibkZlv Hl lh]h gZkdhevdh ohjhrh q_eh\_d ibrmsbc ^Zgguc ©hlj_ahdª ij_^eh`_gby ihfgbl aZibkZggh_ b ij_^\hkobsZ_l lh qlh gZibr_l \h fgh]hf aZ\bkbl ijZ\bevghklv kha^Z\Z_fh]h bf l_dklZ \ lhf qbke_ b ijZ\bevghklv jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby >himklbf qlh \u aZibkZeb LZf ]^_ ?keb \u kjZam ^h]Z^Zebkv qlh k_cqZk ihke_^m_l ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ dhlhjh_ ©\debgblkyª \ ]eZ\gh_ lh kjZam `_ ihklZ\bl_ aZiylmx i_j_^ ]^_ Ijh^he`Zy aZibkv ij_^eh`_gby LZf ]^_ g_[h \klj_lbehkv k a_fe_c ]hjbahgl jh^beky fheh^hc\u 15 ^he`gu ihfgblv k\hx ^h]Z^dm ^h l_o ihj ihdZ g_ dhgqblky ijb^Zlhqgh_ b hlf_lblv wlh kh[ulb_ ihklZgh\dhc aZiylhc i_j_^ keh\hf ]hjbahgl ij_^eh`_gb_ \aylh ba klbohl\hj_gby F : K\_leh\Z ©=hjbahglª G_^hq_lu ©k[hbª ij_^m]Z^u\Zgby b aZihfbgZgby g_ba[_`gh ijb\h^yl d hrb[dZf <hl h[jZa_p lZdbo hrb[hd \ jZ[hl_ h^gh]h rdhevgbdZ ² KZrb G < _]h l_ljZ^yo h[hkh[e_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby b h[klhyl_evkl\Z\\h^gu_ij_^eh`_gbyijb^Zlhqgu_gZoh^ysb_ky\gmljb ]eZ\guog_\u^_eyebkvk^\moklhjhgZbf_eblhevdhh^gmaZiylmx²gZ dhgp_GZijbf_jij_^eh`_gb_<^jm]\lhms_ev_]^_M`k\_jgmekyiZek g_[Z Khdhe KZrZ gZibkZe [_a i_j\hc aZiylhc GZ \hijhk ij_ih^Z\Zl_ey ihq_fmwlhijhbkoh^blfZevqbdhl\_lbe©Ylhevdhddhgpm^h]Z^u\Zxkv qlh ibrm dZdhclh h[hjhl b lh]^Z m`_ g_ \kihfbgZx ijh i_j\mx aZiylmxªMg_dhlhjuordhevgbdh\^_ehh[klhblbgZq_ hgb kjZam ^h]Z^u\Zxlky qlh ibrml h[hjhl beb ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ kjZam klZ\yl i_j\mx aZiylmx gh ih oh^m ibkvfZ aZ[u\Zxl k\hx^h]Z^dmbh\lhjhcaZiylhcm`_g_\kihfbgZxlMlZdbordhevgbdh\ \ijb\_^_gghf\ur_ijbf_j_ba©I_kgbhKhdhe_ªF=hjvdh]hl_jy_lky aZiylZyihke_keh\Zk\_jgmeky BlZd \ kha^Zgbb ]jZfhlgh gZibkZggh]h l_dklZ \k_ \j_fy mqZkl\mxl ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_baZihfbgZgb_ ;ehdb Qlh `_ bf_ggh \u ij_^m]Z^u\Z_l_ b aZihfbgZ_l_" Keh\Z" Keh\hkhq_lZgby" < hl^_evguo kemqZyo wlh fh`_l [ulv b lZd gh dZd ijZ\beh \u jZ[hlZ_l_ k p_eufb ]jmiiZfb keh\ Mkeh\bfky gZau\Zlv wlb ]jmiiu [ehdZfb kh]eZkgh ijZ\beZf hgb gm`^Zxlky \ \u^_e_gbb beb hl^_e_gbb agZdZfb ij_ibgZgby LZd [ehdZfb y\eyxlky b ijhklu_ ij_^ eh`_gby\keh`ghfbh[hkh[e_ggu_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby b\\h^gu_ij_^eh`_gby IhkfhljbfgZijbf_jZodZdij_^eh`_gby^_eylkygZ[ehdb DlhjZ[hlZ_lkex[h\vxlhl\ghkblihwabx\h\kydmxjZ[hlm. G = Q_jgur_\kdbc < wlhf ij_^eh`_gbb ^\Z [ehdZ H^bg ² lhl \ghkbl ihwabx \h \kydmx jZ[hlm Dlh bf_ggh" GZ wlhl \hijhk hl\_qZ_l ^jm]hc[ehdDlhjZ[hlZ_lkex[h\vx 16 <k_lhq_]hdhkg_lkyq_eh\_dhaZj_gh_]h^mrhc`b\hx. KYFZjrZd <wlhfij_^eh`_gbblh`_^\Z[ehdZ H^bg ² \k_ lh haZj_gh _]h ^mrhc `b\hx : qlh wlh" >jm]hc [ehd hl\_qZ_lq_]hdhkg_lkyq_eh\_d. <h \lhjhf kemqZ_ jZa^_e_gb_ gZ [ehdb g_kdhevdh ljm^g__ q_f \ i_j\hflZddZdhgbg_ke_^mxl^jm]aZ^jm]hfZh^bg\lhj]Z_lky\^jm]hc b jZkqe_gy_l _]h ihwlhfm ijboh^blky fuke_ggh \hkklZgZ\eb\Zlv i_j\uc [ehddZdp_eh_ Dh]^Zmibrms_]hq_eh\_dZkihkh[ghklvfuke_gghh[t_^bgylvkeh\Z \ [ehdb ^hklb]Z_l \ukhdh]h mjh\gy jZa\blby hg kjZam gZoh^bl bo \ j_q_\hf ihlhd_ gZijbf_j \_kv ^__ijbqZklguc h[hjhl Z g_ hl^_evgh ^__ijbqZklb_ b aZ\bkbfu_ hl g_]h keh\Z JZ[hlZ gZ hkgh\_ lZdh]h jZa\blh]hmf_gbyklZgh\blky]hjZa^h[uklj__bwdhghfg__GZwlhfmjh\g_ ibrmsbcm`_g_ljZlbl\j_f_gbgZh[^mfu\Zgb_lh]h dZdb_ijZ\beZ hg ijbf_gy_l Fh`_l [ulv ^Z`_ g_ijhba\hevgh hibjZ_lky ibrmsbc gZ hjb_glbjmxsb_keh\Z keh\Zih^kdZadb dhlhju_dZd[ukb]gZebabjmxlh gZqZe_lh]hbebbgh]h[ehdZ 17 Kj_^bgbokhxaukhxagu_mdZaZl_evgu_keh\Zbjy^^jm]boGZgZk jZ[hlZ_l p_eh_ ©]jZffZlbq_kdh_[xjh ijh]ghah\ª GZijbf_j _keb ohly lZddZdbl^kem`Zlkb]gZehflh]hqlhfubf__f^_ehkijb^Zlhqguf ij_^eh`_gb_f dhlhjh_ gm`gh hl^_eblv hl ]eZ\gh]h LZd ij_^kdZau\Z_l qlhbkhhl\_lkl\mxsmxaZiylmx gZijbf_jlZd]em[hdqlhbeblZd kbe_g qlh Lhl ij_^kdZau\Z_l dhlhjuc Keh\Z lbiZ ih^gy\ beb jZa]ey^u\Zy kb]gZebabjmxl h gZqZe_ ^__ijbqZklgh]h h[hjhlZ LZdb_ keh\Z dZd mjhgb\rbc b]jZxsbc himkdZ_fuc h[_sZxl ijbqZklguc h[hjhl ?kebq_eh\_dgZmqbekymagZ\Zlvwlbkb]gZeu\h[s_fj_q_\hfihlhd_ ©qblZlvªbodZdhohlgbdqblZ_lke_^ugZkg_]mlhhgm`_fh`_lg_ijhklh \b^_lv[ehdbghbij_^\b^_lvboij_^qm\kl\h\Zlv =jZfhlghklvgZ©dhgqbd_i_jZª Dh]^Z mf_gb_ ij_^qm\kl\h\Zlv [ehdb b m^_j`b\Zlv bo \ iZfylb \ujZ[Zlu\Z_lkykdeZ^u\Z_lkygZ^_`gZyhkgh\Z lhc ]jZfhlghklb dhlhjZy ©ijbjhkeZddhgqbdmi_jZª >Z\Zcl_ihijh[m_fk\hbkbeu\ij_^m]Z^u\ZgbbK_cqZk\uijhql_l_ g_kdhevdhhlju\dh\ij_^eh`_gbcIhijh[mcl_kdZaZlvhdZ`^hfbagbo\ kZfhf h[s_f ko_fZlbq_kdhf \b^_ dZdh\ kfuke ^Zevg_cr_]h l_dklZ b \ dZdmx kbglZdkbq_kdmx dhgkljmdpbx wlhl kfuke [m^_l ©h^_lª JZ[hlZy k ijbf_jZfb \u kgZqZeZ ihklZjZcl_kv k^_eZlv \k_ \hafh`gh_ kZfhklhyl_evghZihlhfijh\_jvl_k_[yihgZrbfhl\_lZf ;_a ohjhr_]h \eZ^_gby jh^guf yaudhf gb h^bg ba gZk g_ fh`_l ^\bgmlv \i_j_^ gb gZ rZ] gb Fh`gh h`b^Zlv qlh ^Zevr_ [m^ml i_j_qbke_gul_h[eZklb`bagbdhlhju_g_evay^\bgmlv\i_j_^[_aagZgby jh^gh]h yaudZ Ke_^h\Zl_evgh fh`gh ij_^m]Z^Zlv h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby k ih\lhjyxsbfky khxahf gb f_`^m dhlhjufb ^he`gZ klZ\blvkyaZiylZy >_ckl\bl_evghij_^eh`_gb_dhgqZ_lkylZdgb gZmdm gb l_ogbdm gb bkdmkkl\h Dhkfh]hgby wlh <_jhylgh ^Zevr_ [m^_l ^Zgh hij_^_e_gb_ dhkfh]hgbb Ih\b^bfhfm \ wlhf ij_^eh`_gbb ih^e_`Zs__ b kdZam_fh_ \ujZ`_gu kms_kl\bl_evgufb \ bf_gbl_evghf iZ^_`_ Z ]eZ]hek\yadZ hlkmlkl\m_lI_j_^wlh^he`ghklhylvlbj_ 18 >_ckl\bl_evgh \k_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \u]ey^bl lZd Dhkfh]hgby ² wlh gZmdZhijhbkoh`^_gbbbjZa\blbbg_[_kguol_e G_[_kgZy f_oZgbdZ dhlhjmx A^_kv \_jhylgh ihc^_l j_qv h lhf qlhdlhlhk^_eZe\jZa\blbbwlhcgZmdbWlh[m^_lkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_ \ dhlhjhf h^gh ijhklh_ jZkiheh`_gh \gmljb ^jm]h]h GZ^h ihklZ\blv aZiylmxi_j_^dhlhjmxb^hdhgpZwlh]h[ehdZihfgblvhg_h[oh^bfhklb \lhjhcaZiylhc >_ckl\bl_evgh wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ \u]ey^bl lZd G_[_kgZy f_oZgbdZ dhlhjmx kha^Zeb D_ie_j b Gvxlhg bamqZ_l aZdhgu \jZs_gby g_[_kguo l_e BlZd fu ihagZdhfbeb \Zk k \Z`g_crbf k_dj_lhf ]jZfhlghklb ² ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_f Gh \u m`_ agZ_l_ qlh ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv g_^hklZlhqgh GZ^h mf_lv aZihfgblv m]Z^Zgguc [ehd ^h l_o ihj ihdZ hg g_ [m^_l ©aZdjulª gm`guf agZdhf M h^gbo ex^_c wlh aZihfbgZgb_ ijhbkoh^bl kZfhkh[hc^jm]bf^Z_lkyljm^g__ Fh`ghebjZa\blv\k_[_kihkh[ghklvaZihfbgZlv"B_kebfh`ghlh dZd" Qlh[u gZclb hl\_lu gZ wlb \hijhku mq_gu_ bamqZeb b kjZ\gb\Zeb jZ[hlmrdhevgbdh\mf_xsbob g_ mf_xsbo m^_j`b\Zlv \ iZfylb l_dkl <hl qlh hgb h[gZjm`beb Ij_^eh`_gb_ hklZ_lky \ iZfylb m l_o dlh ©\b^blª_]hWlh^\hydh_\b^_gb_<hi_j\uoykgh_q_ldh_ij_^klZ\e_gb_ kljmdlmju ij_^eh`_gby l_ khklZ\eyxsbo _]h [ehdh\ bo qbkeZ b \aZbfgh]h jZkiheh`_gby h^gbf keh\hf ©\b^_gb_ª ko_fu ij_^eh`_gby <h\lhjuoij_^klZ\e_gb_lh]hqlhhibkZgh\ij_^eh`_gbb\\b^_`b\hc dZjlbgu beb jy^Z `b\uo dZjlbg GZijbf_j ij_^eh`_gb_ DZrlZgdZ ihpZjZiZeZ ^\_jv gZe_]eZ gZ g__ ]jm^vx b lhlqZk `_ ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ kljZgguc ih^hajbl_evguc aZiZo aZihfbgZxl l_ dlh k h^ghc klhjhgu kjZam ©\b^blª qlh wlh ijhklh_ jZkijhkljZg_ggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ k h^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbZk^jm]hcklhjhguij_^klZ\ey_lk_[_g_[hevrmx ju`mxkh[ZdmgZe_]Zxsmx]jm^vxgZ^\_jvkeurbllbob_pZjZiZxsb_ a\mdbaZf_qZ_ldZdgZklhjh`beZkvDZrlZgdZhl ih^hajbl_evgh]h aZiZoZ Mf_gb_©\b^_lvªl_dkl²wlhlh`_h^bgbak_dj_lh\]jZfhlgh]hibkvfZ HlhfdZdjZa\blvkihkh[ghklv©\b^_lvªkljmdlmjmij_^eh`_gbyfu _s_ [m^_f ]h\hjblv \ ke_^mxsbo ]eZ\Zo Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky kihkh[ghklb kha^Z\Zlvh[jZau\\hh[jZ`_gbbhgZ^ZgZhlijbjh^udZ`^hfmq_eh\_dm ghjZa\blZmex^_c\jZaghckl_i_gbMg_dhlhjuo\hkijbgbfZ_fucl_dkl h`b\Z_l \ khagZgbb kZf kh[hc dZjlbgu djZkdb a\mdb b ^Z`_ aZiZob \hagbdZ 19 xlg_ijhba\hevghb_kl_kl\_ggh\f_kl_k\hkijbgbfZ_fufbkeh\ZfbM ^jm]bo wlh]h kZfh kh[hc g_ ijhbkoh^bl b hgb jZ[hlZxl k l_dklhf g_ ©\dexqZyª_]h`b\h_\b^_gb_bg_jZaebqZy\g_fh[jZah\dZd\dhfgZl_ ]^_ g_ \dexq_g k\_l Gh q_eh\_d fh`_l mkbeb_f \heb ©\dexqblvª k\_l b m\b^_lv gZoh^ysb_ky \ dhfgZl_ ij_^f_lu G_h[oh^bfhklv ©\dexqZlvª \hh[jZ`_gb_ijbjZ[hl_kl_dklhfhq_gv\_ebdZWlhhlghkblkyg_lhevdhd ibkvfm gh b d ql_gbx ex[hc ebl_jZlmju dZd om^h`_kl\_gghc lZd b ihagZ\Zl_evghc ?keb kihkh[ghklv ij_^klZ\eylv k_[_ gZ hkgh\_ l_dklZ ajbl_evgu_ b a\mdh\u_ h[jZau m q_eh\_dZ jZa\blZ keZ[h hg fh`_l __ jZa\blv p_e_gZijZ\e_ggh jZ[hlZy gZ^ kh[hc ©QblZlv lZd qlh[u keh\Z ij_\jZsZebkv \ dZjlbgu Z ]hehkZ ^_ckl\mxsbo ebp a\mqZeb b dZ`^Zy kljZgbpZ h`b\ZeZ fh`gh gZmqblvky ² ]h\hjbl ibkZl_ev K Ev\h\ IhgZqZemijb^_lky^_eZlvkhagZl_evgh_mkbeb_ Dhg_qgh h[jZau klZgml \hagbdZlv \ \hh[jZ`_gbb g_ kjZam Z bgh]^Z _^\Z \hagbdgm\ [m^ml mkdhevaZlv IhdZ \ujZ[hlZ_rv \ k_[_ ijb\uqdm \b^_lv \ keh\Zo dZjlbgm i_j\h_ \j_fy kbevgh mklZ_rv Gh mkbeby \hagZ]jZ^ylky KljZgbpu dgb] h`b\ml jZkp\_lml djZkdZfb gZihegylkya\mdZfbbaZiZoZfbª Dh]^Z \u ijb\udg_l_ fuke_ggh ©h`b\eylvª l_dkl lh ihemqbl_ h]jhfguc \ub]jur ijb _]h aZihfbgZgbb b ke_^h\Zl_evgh ijb _]h ]jZfhlghcaZibkb BlZd agZgb_ ijZ\be mf_gb_ ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ khhl\_lkl\bb k gbfb kihkh[ghklv ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv aZihfbgZlv fuke_ggh ©h`b\eylvª l_dkl b [ukljh gZoh^blv [ehdb \ ij_^eh`_gbb ² aZeh] mki_rgh]h h\eZ^_gby imgdlmZpb_c :qlhijhbkoh^blkl_fb,dlh,dZd]h\hjbeDml_cdbg\dhf_^bb>B Nhg\babgZ©G_^hjhkevª©m[hyeky[_a^guij_fm^jhklbªbg_hk\hbe\k_]h lh]h qlh g_h[oh^bfh ^ey ]jZfhlghc jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ ih oh^m ibkvfZ"LZdb_ rdhevgbdb h[uqgh ibrml [_a agZdh\ Z bo jZkklZgh\dm hklZ\eyxl gZ ihlhf ?keb \j_fy hklZ_lky hgb i_j_qblu\Zxl l_dkl h[^mfu\Zxl _]h b klZ\yl qlh fh]ml ?keb `_ \j_f_gb \ h[j_a ² ^_eh iehoh <ujmqblv fh`_l lhevdh kihkh[ bah[j_l_gguc \ klZju_ \j_f_gZ h^gbfhkljhmfguf]bfgZabklhfdhlhjucgZibkZekhqbg_gb_[_aagZdh\\ dhgp_ bah[jZabe fgh`_kl\h aZiyluo lbj_ b ^\h_lhqbc Z ih^ gbfb ih^ibkZe©FZjrihf_klZfª 20 =eZ\Z II KZfu_e_]db_agZdbij_ibgZgby Fukebqm\kl\ZbagZdb <B>Zev\_ebdbckh[bjZl_evjmkkdbokeh\kha^Zl_evfgh]hlhfgh]h ©Lhedh\h]h keh\Zjy `b\h]h \_ebdhjmkkdh]h yaudZª kqblZe agZdb ij_ibgZgby lZdbfb `_ iheghp_ggufb yaudh\ufb agZdZfb dZd [md\u ©AgZdhiheh`_gb_ ]jZfhlu ibkvfZ aZdexqZ_l \ k_[_ agZdb ibkvf_ggu_, beb[md\ubagZdbij_ibgZgbyª²ibkZehgDZdh\h`_©]_h]jZnbq_kdh_ iheh`_gb_ªimgdlmZpbhgguoagZdh\" M gbo _klv ljb baex[e_gguo f_klZ h[blZgby I_j\h_ ² wlh dhg_p ij_^eh`_gby A^_kv ihk_ebebkv q_luj_ agZdZ \hijhkbl_evguc \hkdebpZl_evguc lhqdZ b fgh]hlhqb_ <lhjh_ ² ]jZgbpZ f_`^m ijhklufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb \ khklZ\_ keh`gh]h AgZdh\ dhlhju_a^_kvh[blZxllh`_q_luj_aZiylZylhqdZkaZiylhc^\h_lhqb_b lbj_ Lj_lv_ ²©ijhkljZgkl\hª \gmljb ijhklh]h ij_^eh`_gby A^_kv fh`gh\klj_lblvg_lhevdhaZiylmx^\h_lhqb_ 21 beb lbj_ gh b lZdb_ kjZ\gbl_evgh j_^db_ agZdb dZd dZ\uqdb kdh[db fgh]hlhqb_ < wlhc ]eZ\_ j_qv ihc^_l h agZdZo dhlhju_ klZ\ylky \ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gby Fgh]b_ ba \Zk g_ [Zemxl wlb agZdb \gbfZgb_f gZ^ gbfb hkh[_gghg_ aZ^mfu\Zxlky bo ijbgylh kqblZlv e_]dbfb Ihkfhljbf lZd ebwlh Dlh g_ ijhdebgZe klZgpbhgguo kfhljbl_e_c dlh k gbfb g_ [jZgb\Zeky"Dlh\fbgmlm]g_\Zg_lj_[h\Zehlgbojhdh\hcdgb]b ^Z[u \ibkZlv \ hgmx k\hx [_kihe_agmx `Zeh[m gZ ijbl_kg_gb_ ]jm[hklv b g_bkijZ\ghklv" Dlh g_ ihqblZ_l bo ba\_j]Zfb q_eh\_q_kdh]h jh^Z jZ\gufb ihdhcguf ih^vyqbf beb ih djZcg_c f_j_ fmjhfkdbf jZa[hcgbdZf" DZdh\Z ^he`ghklv k_]h ^bdlZlhjZ dZdgZau\Z_l_]hrmleb\hdgyav<ya_fkdbc"G_gZklhysZyebdZlhj]Z" Wlhl imrdbgkdbc l_dkl bkihevah\Zgguc \ dZq_kl\_ ^bdlZglZ aZqZklmx g_ hkbeb\Zxl ^Z`_ \uimkdgbdb rdheu ohly agZdhfkl\h kh agZdZfbdhgpZij_^eh`_gbyijhbkoh^bl\i_j\hfdeZkk_ <b^yijhims_gguc\hijhkbl_evgucbeb\hkdebpZl_evgucagZdqZklh m^b\ey_rvky©BdZdf_gym]hjZa^behhrb[blvky\lZdhf e_]dhf kemqZ_" IjhdeylZy g_\gbfZl_evghklvª H^gZdh [he_agv kbfilhfhf dhlhjhc y\ey_lky ©g_qm\kl\bl_evghklvª d agZdZf dhgpZ ij_^eh`_gby ]hjZa^h k_jv_ag__Ex^bkljZ^Zxsb_wlhc[he_agvxdZdijZ\behb\kh[kl\_gghc ibkvf_gghc j_qb g_ ihevamxlky \hijhkbl_evgufb b \hkdebpZl_evgufb agZdZfb gZibkZggu_ bfb l_dklu bglhgZpbhggh [_^gu fhghlhggu H[uqghlZdhcq_eh\_dg_mf__lb\ujZabl_evghqblZlv\kemoh^ghh[jZagh ©[hjfhq_lª klbob \umq_ggu_ gZbamklv beb ©hl[ZjZ[Zgb\Z_lª bo dZd kdhjh]h\hjdm Ijhlb\ lZdh]h ql_gby ijhl_klh\Ze _s_ : K =jb[h_^h\ Z\lhjnjZaudhlhjZyklZeZdjueZlhc ©QblZcg_lZddZdihghfZjvZkqm\kl\hfklhedhfkjZkklZgh\dhcª Hldm^Z [_j_lky ©g_qm\kl\bl_evghklvª d \hijhkbl_evguf b \hkdebpZl_evguf ij_^eh`_gbyf" Ij_`^_ \k_]h hl g_^hklZlhqgh]h ijhgbdgh\_gby\kfukeibkvf_gghcj_qbghkbl_e_fdhlhjh]hy\eyxlkyb agZdb <kihfgbl_ i_j_ibkdm <bdlhjZ =x]h k ba^Zl_e_f Wlhc i_j_ibkdb g_ [ueh [u _keb [u ibkZl_ev b ba^Zl_ev g_ mf_eb ©qblZlvª agZdb ij_ibgZgbyihgbfZlvaZdexq_gguc\gbokfuke 22 <hijhkbl_evguc b \hkdebpZl_evguc agZdb ihfh]Zxl \ujZ`Zlv qm\kl\Z ©G_qm\kl\bl_evghklvª d wlbf agZdZf k\yaZgZ k hlkmlkl\b_f wfhpbhgZevgh]h hldebdZ ©hlau\qb\hklbª gZ jZ^hklv ]hj_ ]g_\ \ujZ`_ggu_ Z\lhjhf <kihfgbf i_j\mx kljhnm klbohl\hj_gby F X E_jfhglh\Z©;hjh^bghª — KdZ`bdZ^y^y\_^vg_^Zjhf Fhkd\ZkiZe_ggZyih`Zjhf NjZgpmamhl^ZgZ" <_^v[ueb`ko\Zldb[h_\u_ >Z]h\hjyl_s_dZdb_ G_^Zjhfihfgbl\kyJhkkby Ijh^_gv;hjh^bgZ ?keb dlhlh ba \Zk aZibku\Zy wlb kljhdb ih iZfylb g_ klZ\bl \hijhkbl_evguc b \hkdebpZl_evguc agZdb \ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gbc Z wlh kemqZ_lky ^hklZlhqgh qZklh agZqbl ibrmsbc g_ \^mfZeky \ \hijhk aZdexq_gguc \ klbohl\hjguo kljhqdZo E_jfhglh\Z g_ hlha\Zeky gZ \ujZ`_ggu_\gboqm\kl\Z Ke_^kl\b_f ©g_qm\kl\bl_evghklbª d kfukeh\hc b wfhpbhgZevghc klhjhg_l_dklZy\ey_lky©g_qm\kl\bl_evghklvªdbglhgZpbb<f_kl_kl_f bglhgZpbyijbkmlkl\m_l\ex[hcnhjf_j_qbb\mklghcb\ibkvf_gghc ?_ gm`gh lhevdh gZmqblvky ©keurZlvª hkhagZ\Zlv B lh]^Z l_dkl [m^_l ©a\mqZlvª \ \Zr_f khagZgbb H[ wlhf ibkZe ba\_klguc ikboheh] G B @bgdbg ©Dh]^Z fu qblZ_f ih\_klb jhfZgu beb ^jZfZlbq_kdb_ ijhba\_^_gbyfu\gmlj_gg_keurbf]hehkZ^_ckl\mxsboebpbZ\lhjZ< lhc f_j_ \ dZdhc wlb ijhba\_^_gby hlh[jZ`Zxl `bagv hgb ijhgbdgmlu `b\hc bglhgZpb_cª BlZd \gbfZgb_ b \hkijbbfqb\hklv d kfukem qm\kl\Zf b \ujZ`Zxs_c bo bglhgZpbb ² \hl qlh g_h[oh^bfh ^ey ijZ\bevghcihklZgh\dbagZdh\ij_ibgZgby\dhgp_ij_^eh`_gby Ijh\_jvl_ k_[y _klv eb m \Zk wlZ \hkijbbfqb\hklv" GZibrbl_ ih iZfylb lh qlh \u emqr_ ihfgbl_ ihke_^gxx kljhnm ©JZafure_gbc m iZjZ^gh]hih^t_a^ZªG:G_djZkh\Zbeb^\_kljhnubaklbohl\hj_gbyF XE_jfhglh\Z©Kf_jlvihwlZªghg_kgZqZeZZkhkeh\Zm[bl Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 25). ?keb\k_gm`gu_agZdbgZf_kl_agZqbl^_eZg_lZdm`iehobGhg_ hq_gv]hj^bl_kv<ujZ[hlZeb\ev]hlguo 23 mkeh\byodh]^Z\Zr_\gbfZgb_m`_[uehh[jZs_ghgZgm`gu_agZdb L_i_jv fu i_j_c^_f d ih^jh[ghfm jZa]h\hjm h \hijhkbl_evguo b \hkdebpZl_evguoij_^eh`_gbyo AgZdihegucaZ]Z^hd ©Qlh lZdh_ \hijhkbl_evguc agZd" ² ihrmlbe h^gZ`^u ihwl F : K\_leh\²WlhkhklZjb\rbcky\hkdebpZl_evgucª FuihgbfZ_f]em[hdbckfukeaZdexq_gguc\wlhcrmld_ghgbdZd g_ fh`_f kh]eZkblvky k ij_^klZ\e_gb_f h \hijhkbl_evghf agZd_ dZd h k]hj[e_gghf klZjbd_ <hijhkbl_evguc agZd \_qgh fheh^ b ihehg kbeu ohlybkms_kl\m_lklhevdh`_kdhevdhkms_kl\m_lq_eh\_q_kl\h Ex^bihklhygghaZ^Zxl^jm]^jm]mbkZfbk_[_fgh`_kl\h\hijhkh\ Wlh g_m^b\bl_evgh \hijhku ² ^\b]Zl_ev q_eh\_q_kdh]h ihagZgby Q_eh\_dm ijbkmsZ ]em[hqZcrZy ihlj_[ghklv hldju\Zlv magZ\Zlv b h[tykgylvg_ihgylgu_^eyg_]hk\hckl\Zby\e_gbyhdjm`Zxs_]hfbjZ ;hevr_ \k_]h aZ^Zxl \hijhkh\ fZe_gvdb_ ^_lb ^ey dhlhjuo \k_ hdjm`Zxs__bogh\hbaZ]Z^hqghG_kemqZcghibkZl_ev;@bldh\gZa\Ze bo ©ihq_fmqdZfbª Hkljh b iuleb\h kijZrb\Zxl ih^jhkldb <kx `bagv klZ\yl \hijhku b bsml hl\_lu gZ gbo mq_gu_ Ihklhyggh kijZrb\Zxl h q_flh ^jm] ^jm]Z ex^b \ ih\k_^g_\ghf h[s_gbb \ [ulm <k_ wlh fgh`_kl\h\hijhkh\fh`ghjZa^_eblvihkfukemgZq_luj_]jmiiu I_j\Zy ]jmiiZ ² wlh \hijhku dhlhju_ aZ^Zxl dh]^Z ohlyl qlhlh magZlv Dlhijba\_a^Zobijbemg_ LZdiha^gh_^_lgZdhg_" :KImrdbg Q_cdhgvijbfqZekyaZiZe_gguc BiZegZdZfgbm\hjhl" FXE_jfhglh\ <lhjZy]jmiiZ²wlh\hijhkugZdhlhju_^Zxlml\_j^bl_evgucbeb hljbpZl_evguchl\_l DmfmrdZfg_kljZgghwlh >ZjZ[hlZeZevlu\e_lh" B:Djueh\ 24 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 23. =^_gZjh^lZfbklhgWok_j^_qguc Qlh`_agZqbll\hcklhg[_kdhg_qguc" Luijhkg_rvkyevbkiheg_gguckbe Bevkm^_[ih\bgmykvaZdhgm <k_qlhfh]lum`_kh\_jrbe² Kha^Zei_kgxih^h[gmxklhgm B^moh\ghgZ\_dbihqbe" G:G_djZkh\ M[blDq_fml_i_jvju^Zgvy Imkluoiho\Zeg_gm`gucohj B`Zedbce_i_lhijZ\^Zgvy" Km^v[uk\_jrbekyijb]h\hj G_\uevki_j\ZlZdaeh[gh]gZeb ?]hk\h[h^guckf_euc^Zj B^eyihl_objZa^m\Zeb QmlvaZlZb\rbckyih`Zj" FXE_jfhglh\ *** Bebfuom`_^jm]bomjh^bebkv" Bebg_^jm`ghp\_ebdhehkbebkv" G:G_djZkh\ Lj_lvy ]jmiiZ \hijhkh\ Zevl_jgZlb\gu_ lj_[m_l hl\_lZ gZ \u[hj kijZrb\Zxsbc gZau\Z_l ^\Z ij_^f_lZ beb [hevr_ Z hl\_qZxsbc ^he`_g\u[jZlvqlhlhh^gh <b^yl²fZe_gvdZylhqdZ IhdZaZeZkv\^Ze_d_ LhebqmjdZlheb[hqdZ Ijhieu\Z_lihj_d_" :LL\Zj^h\kdbc Q_l\_jlZy ]jmiiZ ² wlh \hijhku gZ dhlhju_ g_ h`b^Zxl hl\_lZ Q_eh\_d aZ^Z_l bo dZd [u jZafureyy k kZfbf kh[hc \kihfgbl_ agZf_gblh_ ©;ulv beb g_ [ulv"ª ]eZ\gh]h ]_jhy ljZ]_^bb < R_dkibjZ ©=Zfe_lª beb`_ijb\e_dZyhkh[_g 25 gh_ \gbfZgb_ d lhfm h q_f b^_l j_qv LZdb_ \hijhku gZau\Zxlky jblhjbq_kdbfb M\b`mevh^jmavygZjh^g_m]g_l_gguc BjZ[kl\hiZ^r__ihfZgbxpZjy BgZ^hl_q_kl\hfk\h[h^uijhk\_s_gghc <ahc^_lebgZdhg_pij_djZkgZyaZjy" :KImrdbg H<he]Zdheu[_evfhy Ex[beebdlhl_[ydZdy" G:G_djZkh\ KZfu_jZaghh[jZagu_\hijhkufh]ml\klj_lblvky\f_kl_©ih^h^ghc djur_cª \ h^ghf b lhf `_ om^h`_kl\_gghf l_dkl_ Ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblv dZdb_ \hijhku bkihevah\Ze : K Imrdbg \ klbohl\hj_gbb ©P\_lhdª P\_lhdaZkhorbc[_amoZgguc AZ[uluc\dgb]_\b`my B\hlm`_f_qlhxkljZgghc >mrZgZihegbeZkvfhy =^_p\_e"dh]^Z"dZdhc\_kghx" 26 B^he]hevp\_e"bkhj\Zgd_f² Qm`hcagZdhfhcebjmdhx" Biheh`_gkx^ZaZq_f" GZiZfylvg_`gh]hevk\b^Zgvy BebjZaemdbjhdh\hc Bevh^bghdh]h]meygvy <lbrbihe_c\l_gbe_kghc" B`b\eblhlblZ`b\Zeb" Bgugq_]^_bom]hehd" Bebm`_hgbm\yeb DZdk_cg_\_^hfucp\_lhd" Dh]^Z \u gZmqbl_kv e_]dh hlghkblv \hijhk d lhc beb ^jm]hc kfukeh\hc]jmii_\Zf[m^_le_]dh\u^_eylv\hijhkuihkfukem\ex[hf l_dkl_ G_j_^dh \hijhkbl_evgu_ ij_^eh`_gby \dexqZxl Keh\Z ki_pbZevgu_ \hijhkbl_evgu_ keh\Z dhlhju_ dhlhju_ kb]gZebabjmxl \hijhk_ dlh qlh g_m`_eb jZa\_ eb b ihfh]Zxl l^ kijZrb\Zlv Fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb \ wlhc dgb]_ h keh\Zokb]gZeZo hgb^Zxl\hafh`ghklv\dZdhclhkl_i_gbij_^m]Z^u\Zlv bfukevbbglhgZpbxbagZdbij_ibgZgby Ex^bdhlhju_gZmqbebkvqblZlvkb]gZeuyaudZlZd`_\gbfZl_evgh dZd hohlgbd qblZ_l ke_^u a\_j_c b ilbp ijb \klj_q_ k lZdbf kb]gZehf kjZamij_^m]Z^u\Zxl\hijhkbl_evgucoZjZdl_jij_^eh`_gby Hkeh\Zodhlhju_ihfh]ZxlkijZrb\ZlvjZkkdZaZgh\klbohl\hj_gbb KYFZjrZdZ ?klvmf_gyr_kl_jdZkem] Ijh\hjguom^Zeuo B\k_qlh\b`my\hdjm]² <k_agZxyhlgbo HgbihagZdmfh_fm Y\eyxlky\gm`^_ Ah\mlboDZdbIhq_fm DlhQlhDh]^Zb=^_ GZkZfhf^_e_wlbokeh\g_r_klvZ]hjZa^h[hevr_Ihijh[mcl_bo \kihfgblv <kemqZ_aZljm^g_gby\hkihevamcl_kvke_^mxs_cih^kdZadhc 27 GZah\bl_ keh\Z ihfh]Zxsb_ kijhkblv \ dZdhf f_kl_ qlhlh gZoh^blky magZlv \ dZdh_ f_klh gZ^h ijhclb beb ijh_oZlv \uykgblv ba dZdh]h ]hjh^Z ijb_oZe q_eh\_d magZlv h \j_f_gb dZdh]hlh kh[ulby \uykgblv ijbqbgmlh]hbebbgh]hy\e_gby GZah\bl_ dhjhl_gvdh_ keh\h ihfh]Zxs__ aZ^Zlv \hijhk gZ dhlhjuc hl\_qZxl^Zbebg_l <kihfgbl_ keh\Z iha\heyxsb_ kijhkblv h `b\hf kms_kl\_ h g_h^mr_\e_gghfij_^f_l_hqbke_ij_^f_lh\boihjy^dh\hfghf_j_ijb kq_l_ GZah\bl_ keh\h ijb ihfhsb dhlhjh]h fh`gh magZlv h dZq_kl\_ ijh^_eZgghcjZ[hlu <kihfgbl_ dZdb_ keh\Z ihfh]Zxl kijhkblv h ijbagZdZo ij_^f_lh\ boijbgZ^e_`ghklbdhfmgb[m^vhlhfkdZdhcp_evxqlhlh^_eZ_lky :l_i_jvkZfh_ljm^gh_gZah\bl_keh\Z\ujZ`Zxsb_h^gh\j_f_ggh \hijhkbm^b\e_gb_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 41). Bgh]^Z \hijhkbl_evgu_ ij_^eh`_gby kljhylky [_a \hijhkbl_evguo keh\BomagZxlihkfukembbglhgZpbb ;_kihdhcgucagZd ;_kdhg_q_g fbj q_eh\_q_kdbo qm\kl\ jZ^hklv ]g_\ BmagZdh\ [u\Z_l kljZoi_qZev<mklghcj_qbwlbqm\kl\Zi_j_^Zxlg_lhevdh gZkljh_gb_ keh\Z gh b \ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ `_klu a\mqZgb_ ]hehkZ < ibkvf_gghc j_qb ©ghkbl_e_fª kZfuo jZaghh[jZaguo qm\kl\ kem`bl\hkdebpZl_evgucagZd GZrZj_qvfh`_l\ujZ`Zlvfgh]hohjhrboqm\kl\jZ^hklv]hj^hklv lhj`_kl\h h^h[j_gb_ Mkeh\bfky gZau\Zlv ij_^eh`_gby \ujZ`Zxsb_ wlb qm\kl\Z ©jZ^hklgufbª Ijhqlbl_ ijbf_ju b ihijh[mcl_ hl\_lblv k_[_dZdh_bf_gghbaqm\kl\\ujZ`_gh\dZ`^hfbagbo IDjZkmcky]jZ^I_ljh\bklhc G_dhe_[bfhdZdJhkkby >Za^jZ\kl\mxlfmau^Za^jZ\kl\m_ljZamf Lukhegp_k\ylh_]hjb DZdwlZeZfiZ^Z[e_^g__l Ij_^ykguf\hkoh^hfaZjb LZdeh`gZyfm^jhklvf_jpZ_lble__l 28 Ij_^khegp_f[_kkf_jlgufmfZ >Za^jZ\kl\m_lkhegp_^Zkdjh_lkylvfZ >jmavyfhbij_djZk_ggZrkhxa HgdZd^mrZg_jZa^_ebfb\_q_g MjZFuehfbf]gmlkyr\_^u HkeZ\gucqZkhkeZ\guc\b^ ?s_gZihj²b\jZ][_`bl :KImrdbg ,,=hjh^qm^guc]hjh^^j_\gbc Lu\f_klbe\k\hbdhgpu BihkZ^ub^_j_\gb BiZeZlub^\hjpu NG=ebgdZ Dkh`Ze_gbx\gZr_cj_qbbgh]^Z\ujZ`Zxlkybg_^h[ju_qm\kl\Z Lh]^Z\\hkdebpZl_evguoij_^eh`_gbyoa\mqZlg_m^h\e_l\hj_gb_mij_db m]jhau gZkf_rdZ hkdhj[e_gb_ Wlh ©k_j^blu_ª ij_^eh`_gby Ijhqlbl_ ijbf_jubaihwabb:KImrdbgZbhij_^_ebl_dZdb_qm\kl\Z\ujZ`_gu \gbo >mjZqbgZluijhklhnbey G_mf_elu\aylv\udmiZkju[db :oluf_jadh_kl_deh Wlh\j_rvlufg_gZaeh B\ke_^jZa^Zeky]hehkrmfguc ©Dm^Zlu\blyavg_jZamfguc" KlmiZcgZaZ^yg_rmqm DZdjZagZoZeZijh]ehqmª Gh\blyavagZf_gbluc MkeurZ]jm[u_keh\Z <hkdebdgmek\Z`ghklvxk_j^blhc ©FheqbimklZy]heh\Z KeuoZeybklbgm[u\Zeh Ohlveh[rbjhd^Zfha]mfZeh Y_^m_^mg_k\bsm :dZdgZ_^mg_kimsmª <hkdebpZl_evgu_ ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml \ujZ`Zlv lj_\h]m kljZo ij_^mij_`^_gb_ h[ hiZkghklb ©a\Zlvª gZ ihfhsv Ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblvdZdb_qm\kl\Z\ujZ`_gu\ijbf_jZo 29 HkZ^ZijbklmiAeu_\hegu DZd\hjue_aml\hdgZQ_egu KjZa[_]Zkl_deZ[vxldhjfhc :KImrdbg Wc[_j_]bl_kvLheklydb Ijbrebihke_^gb_^_gvdb Moh^bl_[_]bl_kiZkZcl_ky Wcih`Zjgu_[_]bl_ Ihfh]bl_ihfh]bl_ XDHe_rZ DBQmdh\kdbc < \hkdebpZl_evguo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh`_l \ujZ`Zlvky lZd`_ b ]hj_ i_qZev kh`Ze_gb_ `Zeh[Z <kihfgbl_ kp_gm ba imrdbgkdhc ©KdZadb h ahehlhfi_lmrd_ªpZjv>Z^hg\b^blk\hbof_jl\uokugh\_c\hgab\rbo f_qb^jm]\^jm]Z PZjvaZ\ue©Ho^_lb^_lb =hj_fg_ihiZebkv\k_lb H[ZgZrbkhdheZ =hj_kf_jlvfhyijbreZª ?kebq_eh\_d\b^blqlhlhkljZggh_ g_h`b^Zggh_g_h[uqgh_ lh hg \ujZ`Z_l kbevgh_ m^b\e_gb_ < lZdbo kemqZyo hg ijhbaghkbl ©m^b\e_ggu_ª ij_^eh`_gby Hkh[_ggh qZklh b kbevgh m^b\eyxlky ^_lb Wlhohjhrh\ujZ`_gh\^_lkdhcihwabb<hlijbf_jlZdh]hij_^eh`_gby :oihkfhljbl_klj_dhaZe_lblgZ\_jlhe_l_ : l_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblv dZdb_ qm\kl\Z \ujZ`_gu \ dZ`^hf baijb\_^_gguoij_^eh`_gbc ,Qlhkemqbehkv"QlhaZdjbd" ²Wlhlhg_lmq_gbd HgmiZekh[ju\Z \j_dm² Ihfh]bl_q_eh\_dm >y^yKl_iZ\wlhljZa MlhiZxs_]hkiZk K<FboZedh\ ,, <hevdZ Dhkluevdh\ gZr_e gZ ^g_ Fhkd\uj_db g_h[udgh\_gguc ]ebgyguckhkm^DeZ^DeZ^khklZjbg 30 gufb\_sZfbbf_xsbfbgZmqgh_agZq_gb_<hlwlha^hjh\h Ih EBEZ]bgm ,,,©:oluh[`hjZ:oaeh^_cª² Lml<ZkvdmIh\Zjmdhjy_l IkZjbdjbqZl©:olbj_[ylZ\hjª DZdboa\_j_cdZdbolZfilbpyg_\b^Ze DZdb_[Z[hqdb[mdZrdb Dhay\dbfmrdblZjZdZrdb H^gbdZdbamfjm^^jm]b_dZddhjZee B:Djueh\ <hkdebpZl_evgufbfh]ml[ulvg_lhevdh ij_^eh`_gby\ujZ`Zxsb_qm\kl\Z<kihfgbfh ij_^eh`_gbyodhlhju_gZau\Zxlky ih[m^bl_evgufbhgb\ujZ`ZxlijbdZadhfZg ^mlj_[h\Zgb_bebijhkv[mGZijbf_j) FheqbmklZeykemrZlv. B : Djueh\ Kfbemcky ]hkm^Zjugy ju[dZ : K Imrdbg Wlb ij_^eh`_gby fu fh`_f ^ey k_[y gZau\Zlv ij_^eh`_gbydhfZg^bjuª b ij_^eh`_gby©ihijhrZcdbª <ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo\u[_aljm^Zkfh`_l_bojZaebqblv <klZgvihjZgvr_\klZgvihjZgvr_ \klZgvihjZgvr_ dh]^Z^\hjgbdbfZyqZlm\hjhl Lum\b^brvlum\b^brv dZd\_k_euc[ZjZ[Zgsbd \jmdbiZehqdbde_gh\u_[_j_l >Z\Zcl_\hkdebpZlv ^jm]^jm]hf \hkobsZlvky <ukhdhiZjguokeh\g_gZ^hhiZkZlvky ;Hdm^`Z\Z ,, GZrdeZkkaZgyeemqrb_f_klZ\i_j\hfjy^mihlhf\ aZe_ klZeh l_fg_lv b gZqZeZkv dZjlbgZ Hldm^Z gb \havfbkv ihy\bebkv [_eu_ hnbp_ju bo [ueh hq_gv fgh]h b hgb gZqZeb klj_eylv b djZkgu_ klZeb aZsbsZlvky M f_gy ijyfh aZs_fbeh k_j^p_ y g_ \u^_j`Ze \uo\Zlbek\hcibklhe_lbaZdjbqZeqlh[uehkbe©I_j\ucdeZkk 31 ©<ªH]hgvªB\k_j_[ylZ^hklZebim]Zqbkijh[dZfbb^Z\Zc[ZoZlv JZbkZ B\Zgh\gZ b ?e_gZ Kl_iZgh\gZ [_]Zeb ih jy^Zf b djbqZeb ©I_j_klZgvl_[_ah[jZagbqZlvIj_djZlbl_ª >y^_gvdZ k eukbghc aZdjbqZe ©Mkihdhcl_ \Zr kmfZkr_^rbc ^hfª Dh]^Z[_euog_klZeh\b^ghydjbdgme ©Ij_djZlblvh]hgvª :\ihg_^_evgbddh]^Zfuijbreb\rdhemgZk\k_ofZevqbr_ddlh [ue \ dbgh kh[jZeb \ [hevrhf aZe_ >bj_dlhj \klZe b kdZaZe ©K^Z\Zchjm`b_ª Ih<X>jZ]mgkdhfm <hkdebpZl_evgu_ ij_^eh`_gby mihlj_[eyxlky \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z ex^b h[jZsZxlky ^jm] d ^jm]m ah\ml ^jm] ^jm]Z klZjZxlky ijb\e_qv d k_[_ \gbfZgb_ ijb\_lkl\mxl dh]hgb[m^v a^hjh\Zxlky ijhsZxlky \ukdZau\Zxl jZaebqgu_ ^h[ju_ ih`_eZgby Hij_^_ebl_ qlh \ujZ`_gh \ ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo 1.1. A^jZ\kl\mcie_fy FeZ^h_g_agZdhfh_ IjhsZc`_fhj_G_aZ[m^m L\h_clhj`_kl\_gghcdjZku KdZ`bfg_dm^_kgbdex[bf_p[h]h\ Qlhk[m^_lky\`bagbkhfghx" A^jZ\kl\mcdgyavlufhcij_djZkguc Qlh`lulbodZd^_gvg_gZklguc" :KImrdbg ,,Ijb^bl_dgZfHlm`Zkh\\hcgu Ijb^bl_\fbjgu_h[tylvy IhdZg_iha^gh²klZjucf_q\gh`gu Lh\ZjbsbFuklZg_f[jZlvy ::;ehd ,,,A^jZ\kl\mc]hklvyabfZ ,9Yex[exdh]^Zijb\klj_q_ FuagZdhfufbjh^guf ©K^h[jufmljhfª ©>h[juc\_q_jª ©>h[jhcghqbª²]h\hjbf 32 BKGbdblbg ?kebdqZxbevdh[_^m <^hf\hc^_f² G_ex[hqlhev IhdehgykvkdZaZlvkhk_^yf ©QZc^ZkZoZjª ©Oe_[^Zkhevª >Z`_klZ_`mjZ\ebghc Me_lZxs_chlgZk Ihh[uqZyfklZjbgguf Fudjbqbf ©<kqZkleb\ucqZkª :YYrbg Bgh]^Z \ ij_^eh`_gbyo \klj_qZxlky ©\hkdebpZl_evgu_ª keh\Z LZdb_ keh\Z ² kb]gZe d ihklZgh\d_\hkdebpZl_evgh]hagZdZ<hlhgbZohcZcwc ZmhowoZ]ZmjZmnh]hm\uZcZcZc >Z\Zcl_ jZa[_j_fky dh]^Z hgb mihlj_[eyxlky <kihfgbl_ dZdh_ ba wlbokeh\\ujZ`Z_lkbevgmxjZ 33 «< hk de bp Zl _e v g u_ ke h\ Zª ^hklv lhj`_kl\h dZdb_ keh\Z ihfh]Zxl \ujZablv m^b\e_gb_ bkim] h]hjq_gb_kh`Ze_gb_`Zeh[mgZ[hevbebmklZehklv GZah\bl_keh\Zihfh]Zxsb_a\Zlvex^_cH^ghbagbobkihevam_lky qlh[u hdebdgmlv q_eh\_dZ dhlhjh]h \u \b^bl_ ^jm]h_ ² qlh[u iha\Zlv q_eh\_dZdhlhjh]h\ug_\b^bl_ gZijbf_j\e_km <kihfgbl_ dZdh_ keh\h \ujZ`Z_l h^gh\j_f_ggh m^b\e_gb_ b \hkobs_gb_ GZah\bl_ f_`^hf_lb_ mihlj_[ey_fh_ qlh[u ijbklu^blv j_[_gdZ b f_`^hf_lb_dhlhjh_bkihevam_lkyqlh[ukdZaZlvqlhlhaehjZ^gh_ \jh^_ IhiZeky Bgh]^Z \ dZq_kl\_ f_`^hf_lbc mihlj_[eyxlky bf_gZ kms_kl\bl_evgu_DZjZme;Zlxrdbb ^j ©<hkdebpZl_evgufbª bgh]^Z fh]ml [ulv keh\Z k dhlhjufb fu m`_ klZedb\Zebkv dZd k \hijhkbl_evgufb dZdhc dZd qlh Wlb keh\Z dZd Zdl_ju kihkh[gu b]jZlv jZagu_ jheb \ \hijhkbl_evguo ij_^eh`_gbyo hgb ihfh]Zxl kijZrb\Zlv Z \ \hkdebpZl_evguo ihdZau\Zxl qlh kh^_j`Zgb_ ij_^eh`_gby hdjZr_gh kbevguf qm\kl\hf GZijbf_j \ ij_^eh`_gbb DZd fu \Zk `^Zeb qm\kl\h h`b^Zgby `_eZgby \klj_qb a\mqbl]hjZa^hkbevg__q_f\ij_^eh`_gbbFu\Zk`^Zeb<ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo \u e_]dh aZf_lbl_ wlh mkbe_gb_ qm\kl\Z [eZ]h^Zjy bkihevah\Zgbxkeh\dZdqlhbdZdhc =hem[mrdZdZdohjhrZ GmqlhaZr_cdZqlhaZ]eZadb B:Djueh\ DZdhc[hevrhc\_l_j HoDZdhc\bojv GGFZl\__\Z BlZdfu\klj_lbebkvkbgl_j_kgufyaudh\ufy\e_gb_fh^gbbl_`_ keh\Z fh]ml b]jZlv jZagu_ jheb b kem`blv kb]gZeZfb jZaguo agZdh\ \ dhgp_ij_^eh`_gbyIhwlhfmgZqZ\ibkZlvij_^eh`_gb_khkeh\ZdZdbeb dZdh_ g_ gZkljZb\Zcl_kv Z\lhfZlbq_kdb gZ ihklZgh\dm \hijhkbl_evgh]h agZdZ \ dhgp_ Z \^mfZcl_kv \ kfuke b ijhgbdgbl_ \ gZkljh_gb_ \ujZ`_ggh_\h\k_fij_^eh`_gbbp_ebdhf 34 IhklZ\bflhqdm ©Lhqdm ihklZ\blv e_]q_ \k_]hª ² gZ\_jgh_ ^mfZ_l_ \u b k ©e_]dhklvx \ fukeyo g_h[udgh\_gghcª klZ\bl_ __ qZklh ^Z`_ \f_klh \hijhkbl_evgh]h b \hkdebpZl_evgh]h agZdZ IhklZ\blv lhqdm b \ kZfhf ^_e_g_ljm^ghghlhevdhlh]^Zdh]^Z\ZfaZjZg__ba\_klgh]^_dhgqZ_lky ij_^eh`_gb_ =hjZa^h ljm^g__ _keb dhg_p ij_^eh`_gby gZ^h gZclb Ihijh[mcl_ jZkklZ\blv lhqdb \ klbohl\hjghf l_dkl_ ba dgb]b : L :jkbjbyb=F>fbljb_\hc©AZgbfZl_evgZy]jZffZlbdZª «Dbk_evlZf\Zjylbaj_abgu lZfrbgu^_eZxlba]ebgu dbjibqlZf`]mlbafhehdZ l\hjh]]hlh\ylbai_kdZ kl_dehlZfieZ\ylba[_lhgZ iehlbgukljhylbadZjlhgZ h[eh`dblZfbaqm]mgZ lZf\ZjylklZevbaihehlgZ djhyljm[ZobbaieZklfZkku ihkm^m^_eZxlbafykZdhle_lu kljyiZxlbakZ`b lZf\Zdkm^_eZxlbaijy`b ijy^mllZfgbldbbakmdgZ dhklxfurvxlbalhehdgZ dbk_evlZf\Zjyl M^Zehkveb\ZfihklZ\blvlhqdblZdqlh[ul_dklklZeihgylguf" Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 41). L_i_jvdh]^Z\Zfyk_gwlhl©nhdmkklhqdZfbªihijh[mcl_ijh^_eZlv _]hkZfbgZ^jm]bol_dklZo ?^yllZf\bedZfbdhfihl lZfivxlbaqZr_d[ml_j[jh^ baoe_[ZkkujhflZfdhle_lu bafykZk\_`_]hdhgn_lu kgZqbgdhckeZ^dhckmiknZkhevx \lZj_edZo\k_lZf\Zjylkkhevx <j_d_lZfju[ZgZ[m]j_ fuqbldhjh\Z\dhgmj_ 35 kh[ZdZeZ_lgZaZ[hj_ ih_lkbgbqdZ\dhjb^hj_ b]jZxl^_lbgZkl_g_ \bkbldZjlbgZgZhdg_ mahjubg_y\i_qmjd_ ]hjyl^jh\Z\jmdZo^_\qmjdb gZjy^gZylZfdmdeZ\de_ld_ jmqghcs_]heih_lkZen_ldb lZfgZklhe_e_`Zldhgvdb dabf_]hlh\yllZfhqdb e_`Zl^ey[Z[mrdbl_ljZ^db \k_]^Zkh^_j`Zlky\ihjy^d_ ?keb \Zf m^Zehkv jZkklZ\blv lhqdb lZd qlh l_dkl klZe ihgylguf agZqblfufh`_fkihdhcghdhgqblvwlm]eZ\mbihklZ\blvlhqdm <hl fu k \Zfb b \kihfgbeb ©kZfu_ e_]db_ª agZdb ij_ibgZgby <u ^mfZ_l_qlhwlhg_lZdm`\Z`ghqlhwlhimklydb"GhgZ\klmibl_evguo wdaZf_gZo aZ wlb ©imklydbª kgb`Zxl hp_gdb : dZd h[b^gh ih]hj_lv gZ ©imklydZoªEmqr_m`\k_jv_akgbfbiheZ^blv 36 =eZ\Z III GZq_f^_j`blkyij_^eh`_gb_ <ihbkdZo]jZffZlbq_kdhchkgh\u QblZy ij_^u^msmx ]eZ\m \u m[_^bebkv qlh jZkklZ\blv ^Z`_ kZfu_ e_]db_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gby g_ lZd m` e_]dh gZ^h \^mfu\Zlvky \ kfuke l_dklZ Gh _s_ [he__ gZijy`_ggh ijboh^blky jZ[hlZlvgZ^imgdlmZpb_c\k_j_^bg_ij_^eh`_gbyA^_kvgZ^h\uqe_gylv fuke_ggh[ehdbbkdZlvbo]jZgbpu\khhl\_lkl\bbkijZ\beZfb\u[bjZlv gm`gu_agZdbHklZgh\bfkyij_`^_\k_]hgZhkgh\guo[ehdZo²ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbyo\oh^ysbo\khklZ\keh`gh]h Ba q_]h khklhbl lZdhc [ehd" ?]h k_j^p_\bghc y\ey_lky _^bgkl\h kdZam_fh]h b ih^e_`Zs_]h ²] j Z f f Z l b q _ k d Z y h k g h \ Z ij_^eh`_gby <hdjm] g__ ]jmiibjmxlky \lhjhkl_i_ggu_ qe_gu h[hkh[e_ggu_bg_h[hkh[e_ggu_ 37 =jZffZlbq_kdZyhkgh\Z\_^_lk_[y\ij_^eh`_gbbdZd\hd_Zg_qm^hx^h ju[Zdbl gZ dhlhjhf \k_ ^_j`blky ?keb \u gZmqbl_kv [ukljh gZoh^blv ]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u \Zf e_]dh [m^_l jZkklZ\eylv l_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby dhlhju_©ihk_eyxlkyªf_`^mijhklufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\khklZ\_keh`gh]h\ wlhf kemqZ_ ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby klZgh\ylky qZklyfb keh`gh]h JZkkfhljbf oh^jZkkm`^_gbc BlZd _keb hkgh\Z h^gZ ij_^eh`_gb_ ijhklh_ ?keb ^\_ beb [hevr_ ²keh`gh_ : \_ebdZ eb ij_fm^jhklv ² gZclb ]jZffZlbq_kdmx hkgh\m ij_^eh`_gby" < g__ \oh^yl kdZam_fh_ b ih^e_`Zs__ ba\_klgu_ k gZqZevghcrdheu©Wlhkh\k_fg_ljm^ghª²kdZ`mlfgh]b_ba\Zk Ihkfhljbl_ lZd eb wlh <uibrbl_ ]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u ba ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbc ,<k_ihgylghklZjbdm KlZjbdmqZkh\sbdm Bahdhr_qdZj_agh]h Kgh\Zkeurblky©dmdmª 38 K<FboZedh\ ,,Ohaybgl\hcbfbebagZf_gbl Bmg_]h]hkl_c[u\Z_l\^hf_fgh]h BdZ`^ucmeu[Zykvghjh\bl L_[yihr_jklb[ZjoZlghcihljh]Zlv K:?k_gbg ,,,>_j_\gy]^_kdmqZe?\]_gbc ;ueZij_e_klgucm]hehd G_fh]hgyf[Zhlohj_y DZdfugb[bebkvhlebqblv :KImrdbg ,9<_q_jIhe_H]hgvdb >Zevgyy^hjh]Z <<FZydh\kdbc 9H\jZ]]^_ijhl_dZeZj_dZ[uelZd]em[hdqlhj_[ylZg_fh]eb \b^_lve_kZGZrex[bfuc]hjh^mdjZrZ_la_e_guciZjdIh^gy\rbc f_qhlf_qZbih]b[g_l Ihkeh\bpZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 43). ?keb \u kijZ\bebkv k wlhc jZ[hlhc [_a hrb[hd fh`_l_ k iheguf ijZ\hf kqblZlv k_[y fheh^phf <Zf ij_^hklZ\ey_lky \hafh`ghklv ijhimklb\ \ wlhc ]eZ\_ k ² gZqZlv qblZlv ©EmdZ\u_ª qe_gu ij_^eh`_gbyª ?keb hrb[db [ueb g_ \iZ^Zcl_ \ mgugb_ hrb[db ² ©^_eh `bl_ckdh_ª dZd kdZaZe [u DZjekhg dhlhjuc `b\_l gZ djur_ Hgb ^ey lh]hbkms_kl\mxlqlh[uboij_h^he_\Zlv M g_dhlhjuo ba \Zk \klj_qZxlky lZdb_ hrb[db ]^_lh g_ hdZaZehkv ih^e_`Zs_]h]^_lh©ihl_jyehkvªkdZam_fh_]^_lh \f_klh ih^e_`Zs_]h ih^q_jdgmlh^hiheg_gb_Z\dZdbolhkemqZyoaZ]jZffZlbq_kdmxhkgh\m ij_^eh`_gbyijbgylukeh\Zg_bf_xsb_gbfZe_cr_]hhlghr_gby^jm]d ^jm]m ©LZd eb m` wlh kljZrgh"ª ² kijhkbl_ \u Dhg_qgh kf_jl_evghc hiZkghklb lZdb_ hrb[db g_ lZyl Gh dh]^Z g_\_jgh gZc^_gZ ]jZffZlbq_kdZy hkgh\Z ij_^eh`_gby g_evay ijZ\bevgh m\b^_lv [ehdb Lh]^ZbihemqZ_lkyqlhijhklu_ij_^eh`_gbyhrb[hqghijbgbfZxlkyaZ keh`gu_Z\keh`guog_ijZ\bevghhp_gb\Z_lkydheb 39 q_kl\h qZkl_c qlh ijb\h^bl d hrb[dZf \ ihklZgh\d_ agZdh\ bo hdZau\Z_lky[hevr_bebf_gvr_q_fgm`ghIhke_^kl\bywlh]hhibkZgu\ klbohl\hj_gbbKYFZjrZdZhagZdZoij_ibgZgby BaaZgZkdZjZxlkljh]h =jZfhl__\fheh^uo² L_odlhklZ\blkebrdhffgh]h BebfZehaZiyluo KZfuc gZ^_`guc imlv ijb ihbkd_ ]jZffZlbq_kdhc hkgh\u ij_^eh`_gby lZdh\ kgZqZeZ gZ^h gZclb kdZam_fh_ ihlhf aZ^Zlv hl g_]h ^\hcghc\hijhkdlh"qlh"Keh\hdhlhjh_©hldebdg_lkyªgZwlhl\hijhk² ih^e_`Zs__?keb\u[m^_l_aZ^Z\Zlv^\hcghc\hijhkg_k\yau\Zy_]hkh kdZam_fuflhfh`_l_e_]dhihiZklv\eh\mrdmbijbgylvaZih^e_`Zs__ ijyfh_^hiheg_gb_ Ihijh[mcl_ ©g_ aZ[em^blvkyª f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b ^hiheg_gb_f \ ij_^eh`_gbyo JZgvr_ \k_o [_j_] m\b^_e xg]Z b NZkZ^ ^hfZ mdjZrZeb dhehggu Ijhke_^bl_ aZ l_f dZd bf_ggh \u reb d ih^e_`Zs_fm b ihcf_l_qlh\Zk©\_ehªkdZam_fh_BgZq_bg_fh`_l[ulvihlhfmqlh 40 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) Kf\hijhkgZk JZa\_g_m`_eb 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk Dbk_evlZf\ZjylBaj_abgu lZfrbgu^_eZxlBa]ebgu dbjibqlZf`]mlBafhehdZ l\hjh]]hlh\ylBai_kdZ kl_dehlZfieZ\ylBa[_lhgZ iehlbgukljhylBadZjlhgZ h[eh`dblZfBaqm]mgZlZf \ZjylklZevBaihehlgZ djhyljm[ZobBaieZklfZkku ihkm^m^_eZxlBafykZ dhle_lukljyiZxlBakZ`b lZf\Zdkm^_eZxlBaijy`b ijy^mllZfgbldbBakmdgZ dhklxfurvxlBalhehdgZ dbk_evlZf\Zjyl *** lhevdh ih^e_`Zs__ gZau\Z_l lhl ij_^f_l h dhlhjhf jZkkdZau\Z_l kdZam_fh_ Wlh hq_gv ohjhrh h[tykgbeZ h^gZ fZe_gvdZy ^_\hqdZ dhlhjmx kijhkbeb ©=^_ ih^e_`Zs__ \ ij_^eh`_gbb EbkbpZ \b^bl kuj — ebkbpZ bebkuj?» ²Gmdhg_qghebkbpZ²hl\_lbeZ^_\hqdZ²Kujg_fh`_l\b^_lv mg_]h]eZadh\g_lm LZd qlh hlukdb\Zy ih^e_`Zs__ \ ij_^eh`_gbyo h xg]_ b h nZkZ^_ ^hfZ\u^he`gu[uebjZkkm`^ZlvlZd m\b^_e d l h " q l h " ² xg]Z AgZqbl xg]Z ² ih^e_`Zs__ MdjZrZebd l h " q l h " ² dhehggudhehggu²ih^e_`Zs__ GZc^bl_]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\u\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZoIhijh[mcl_ g_i_j_imlZlvih^e_`Zs__b^hiheg_gb_ 41 1. JZkklhygb_ ij_h^he_\Z_l dhgv ij_iylkl\b_ ij_h^he_\Z_l \hey 2. FZeZy e_gv [hevrh_ ]hj_ ijbghkbl 3. Bghc yaud f_^ ijbg_k_l ^jm]hc[_^mgZdebq_l 4.>_j_\hq_j\vbagmljblhqbl 5.DhjZ[_evgh_ ^_eh dhjZ[_evsbd agZ_l 6. >\_jb ihjh`^Zxl kd\hagydb [helmgu ihjh`^Zxl [_^u 7. Ohjhr__ g_ aZ[u\Z_lky ohjhr__ b \h^Z g_ mg_k_l Ihkeh\bpu Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 43). Fgh`_kl\hh[ebqbcih^e_`Zs_]h JZkkfhljbl_ ke_^mxsb_ ij_^eh`_gby dmjkb\hf ih^e_`Zs__ \u^_e_gh 1MlhiZxsbco\ZlZ_lkyaZkhehfbgdm Ihkeh\bpZ 2. Ihevah\Zlvky j_amevlZlZfb ljm^Z lh\ZjbsZ [_kq_klgh < : Kmohfebgkdbc H^bg g_ ih^gbf_l ijhklh_ iylb\_jrdh\h_ [j_\gh < < FZydh\kdbc Ihq_fm kemqbehkv wlh" < < FZydh\kdbc Qlhkljykehkvml_lb<Zeb" K<FboZedh\ <k_ b^ml l_i_jv \ iZeZlu : K Imrdbg <gh\v ©k_]h^gyª gZklZeh k mljZ b m`_ g_ \_jg_lky ©\q_jZª K Y FZjrZd AZkf_ylvky ^h[jufk\_leufkf_ohffh`_llhevdh]em[hdZy^h[jZy^mrZ G< =h]hev L_i_jv \Zf g_ljm^gh khh[jZablv dZdbfb qZklyfb j_qb fh`_l [ulv \ujZ`_ghih^e_`Zs__<u[m^_l_ijZ\u_kebhl\_lbl_kZfufbjZagufb _kebhgbhl\_qZxlgZ\hijhkudlh"qlh"aZ^Zggu_hlkdZam_fh]h L_ dlh mimkdZ_l wlh ba \b^m jbkdmxl ©g_ magZlv ijb \klj_q_ª [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h ih^e_`Zsbo Z \ j_amevlZl_ g_ m\b^_lv [ehdb b ©ihl_jylvªg_dhlhju_agZdbij_ibgZgby DZdb_ `_ bf_ggh ih^e_`Zsb_ qZs_ \k_]h g_ magZxlky ijb \klj_q_" DZd ijZ\beh bfb hdZau\Zxlky f_klhbf_gby g_ hlghkysb_ky d jZajy^m ebqguo \hijhkbl_evgu_ b hlghkbl_evgu_ dlh qlh mdZaZl_evgu_ lZ l_ lhl hljbpZl_evgu_ gbdlh gbqlh g_hij_^_e_ggu_ dlhlh g_dlh b l ^ LZdb_ ih^e_`Zsb_ e_]dh fh]ml \uiZklv ba ihey aj_gby ©ijhiZklvªZwlhkg_ba[_`ghklvx\_^_laZkh[hc©ihl_jxª 42 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1)KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 38.<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uij_^eh`_gbc ih^e_`Zs__\u^_e_ghdmjkb\hf I. <k_ ihgylgh keurblky ©dmdmª II. Ohaybg b fbe b agZf_gbl ]hkl_c [u\Z_lfgh]h dZ`^uc ghjh\bl ihljh]Zlv ,,, >_j_\gy [ueZij_e_klgucm]hehdkdmqZe?\]_gbcG_fh]hghlebqblv fu [bebkv ,9 <_q_j ihe_ h]hgvdb ^hjh]Z V. 1. H\jZ] [ue ]em[hd ijhl_dZeZ j_dZ; j_[ylZ g_ fh]eb \b^_lv MdjZrZ_l iZjd. 3. Ih^gy\rbcih]b[g_l 2)KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 41.<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uih^e_`Zs__\u^_e_gh dmjkb\hf 1. Ij_h^he_\Z_ldhgvij_h^he_\Z_l\hey. 2. E_gvijbghkblYaud ijbg_k_l^jm]hcgZdebq_lQ_j\vlhqblDhjZ[_evsbdagZ_l 6. >\_jb ihjh`^Zxl [helmgu ihjh`^Zxl Ohjhr__ g_ aZ[u\Z_lky\h^Zg_mg_k_l *** ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbc \ khklZ\_ keh`gh]h b khhl\_lkl\_ggh \u^_eyxsboboagZdh\ Qlh[u h]jZ^blv k_[y hl ih^h[guo ©ijhiZ`ª ihijh[mcl_ gZclb ]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\u\ke_^mxsbo^Zgguogb`_ij_^eh`_gbyo WlhlfZevqbdex[blljm^ Wlhlqbklbl\Ze_gdb <<FZydh\kdbc 2. <k_djbqZl_fmkfhklZ <k_khk_^bagZxlgZk K<FboZedh\ Lhllmjbkl[eZ]hihemqghi_j_ijZ\bekyq_j_aj_dmWlhlmiZe\\h^m \f_kl_ k jxdaZdhf <k_ `b\h_ lyg_lky d khegpm <k_ klboeh Wlh i_gb_ jZaghkbehkv ^Ze_dh^Ze_dh Wlh fg_ hq_gv gjZ\behkv Qlh f_^ e_gghjZa]hjZ_lkylh`Zjq_]hjblOhjhrhkf__lky 43 lhldlhkf__lkyihke_^gbcDlhhohlbekygZhe_gylhlgZaZcpZg_ kfhljbl Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 45). Hkh[_ggh qZklh ©ijhiZ^Zxlª l_ ih^e_`Zsb_ \ keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbyodhlhju_©jZ[hlZxlªkhxagufbkeh\Zfbl_h^gh\j_f_ggh b ijbkh_^bgyxl ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ d ]eZ\ghfm b y\eyxlky ih^e_`Zsbfb <hl ijbf_j lZdhc ijhiZ`b :e_dk_c ;hqZjh\ ki_rbe \ ahhiZjdd[_]_fhlm Ghkbdmdhlhjuc [he_e A^_kvih^e_`Zs__\h\lhjhc ]jZffZlbq_kdhc hkgh\_ ² dhlhjuc [he_e ² g_j_^dh l_jy_lky Z \u^_ey_lky eh`gZy hkgh\Z ² :e_dk_c ;hqZjh\ ki_rbe [he_e qlh fh`_l ijb\_klbdihl_j_aZiylhci_j_^dhlhjuc Ihijh[mcl_ [_a ihl_jv gZclb ]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u \ ke_^mxsbo ij_^eh`_gbyo Lhldlhh[ma^Ze]g_\ih[_^bekbevgh]h\jZ]Z 2. Ebrvlhldlhghqvxi_j_ijZ\eyekyq_j_aj_dmhp_gblykguc^_gv ?klv g_[hevrZy ilbqdZ dhlhjZy fbjgh khkms_kl\m_l k djhdh^behfHgZ\ude_\u\Z_lhklZldbibsbdhlhju_aZklj_\Zxlm g_]hf_`^mam[h\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 45). Ih^e_`Zs__fh`_l[ulv\ujZ`_ghkhq_lZgb_fkeh\ :ldZqboZkih\Zjbohc Kk\Zlv_c[Z[hc;Z[Zjbohc HdhehpZjykb^yl :KImrdbg A^_kvih^e_`Zs__khklhblbak_fbkeh\hghaZgyeh^\_klbohl\hjgu_ kljhqdb L_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ kZfhklhyl_evgh h[gZjm`blv lZdb_ ih^e_`Zsb_ Gh[m^vl_[^bl_evgu<ijbf_jZokdhlhjufb\uk_cqZk[m^_l_jZ[hlZlv fgh]h©eh\mr_dª Bljb^pZlv\blya_cij_djZkguo Qj_^hcba\h^\uoh^ylykguo :KImrdbg >_kylvghq_cih^jy^ Hge_qblg_kqZklguoa\_jyl DBQmdh\kdbc :rd\Zemg_k\fhj_ >_kyldZ^\Zrexihd GGFZl\__\Z 44 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 43.<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uih^e_`Zs__ \u^_e_ghdmjkb\hf 1. FZevqbdex[blWlhlqbklbl <k_djbqZl Khk_^bagZxl Lmjbkli_j_ijZ\bekyWlhlmiZe@b\h_lyg_lky<k_klboeh I_gb_jZaghkbehkvWlhgjZ\behkvQlhjZa]hjZ_lkylh]hjbl Kf__lkylhl; dlhkf__lkyDlhhohlbekylhlg_kfhljbl 2 KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uih^e_`Zs__\u^_e_gh dmjkb\hf 1. Lhl ih[_^be dlh h[ma^Ze Lhl hp_gbl dlh i_j_ijZ\eyeky ?klv ilbqdZ dhlhjZy khkms_kl\m_l HgZ \ude_\u\Z_l dhlhju_ aZklj_\Zxl 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 44.<uibkZguih^e_`Zsb_ Ljb^pZlv\blya_cHgRd\ZeHgZLukyqb]eZalukyqb eZ^hr_d>h`^b>_kylv^g_cYLjbdZieb *** Hqdh\kihe^x`bgu HgZk_[_^hklZeZ B:Djueh\ F_gyhdjm`Zllukyqbm^b\e_gguo]eZa Bijhlygmlkydhfg_lukyqbl_ieuoeZ^hr_d HH>jba >_kylv^g_creb^h`^bWlb^_kylv^g_clygmebkvhq_gv^he]h Y m\b^_e gZ kl_de_ ljb dZieb ^h`^y M iZiu ljb dZieb miZeb kh reyiu <:E_\bg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 3 gZk 45). G_[hevrh_hlklmie_gb_\aZsblmriZj]Zehd <h \k_ \j_f_gZ b m \k_o gZjh^h\ rdhevgbdb b klm^_glu ^_eZxl riZj]Zedb b bah[j_lZxl jZaebqgu_ kihkh[u ih^kdZahd B k lZdbf `_ mihjkl\hfohlvb[_aj_amevlZlghij_ih^Z\Zl_eb[hjxlkykwlbf:fug_ [hj_fkyfugZ\Zr_c 45 klhjhg_ b ohlbf \Zf ihfhqv Ihlhfm qlh g_mf_eh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ ©kiZkZl_evguokj_^kl\ªfh`_l^Zlvh[jZlgucj_amevlZl G_\_jbl_"<hl\Zf ijbf_j ba dgb]b D B Qmdh\kdh]h ©K_j_[jyguc ]_j[ª M ]_jhy dgb]b [ueZ Z[khexlgZy ]jZfhlghklv q_]h g_evay [ueh kdZaZlv h _]h h^ghdeZkkgbdZo GZ^\b]Zeky ^bdlZgl dhlhjh]h h`b^Zeb k m`Zkhf =_jhc j_rbe \ujmqblv k\h_]h lh\ZjbsZ Lbfhrm Hg ijb\yaZe d k\h_fm[hlbgdm\_j_\hqguco\hklhl[mfZ`gh]haf_yZ^jm]hc_]hdhg_p ²dgh]_lh\ZjbsZ©>_jgmjZa²aZiylZy>\Z²\hkdebpZl_evgucLjb ²\hijhkbl_evgucQ_luj_²^\h_lhqb_Ihgye"ª²ihykgbehg <u^mfdZ bf_eZ mki_o Ke_^mxsbc ©]jZfhl_cª ijhlygme kb]gZebaZpbxhllbfhrbghcgh]bdk\h_cDg_fmijbkh_^bgbekylj_lbc bkdhjhwlhl©l_e_nhgªho\Zlbeg_fZemxqZklvdeZkkZ GZ ijhly`_gbb \k_]h ^bdlZglZ ]_jhc \hkihfbgZgbc ^_j]Ze ^_j]Ze b ^_j]Zegh]hclZdqlh^Z`_\]eZaZol_fg_ehbwlbkb]gZeui_j_^Z\Zebkv ^Zevr_hlh^gh]hmq_gbdZd^jm]hfm B\hlijbf_jujZ[hlml_odlhihevah\Zekywlbfbih^kdZadZfb©<hl ^_gv dh]^Z ^h[e_klguc B]hjv \_^msbc" \hckdZ ba e_kh\ b [hehl m\b^_e qlh\ihe_]^_"klhyeb\jZ]bih^gyehkv"aeh\_s__h[eZdhiueb"ª B^Z`_lZd©<lhl^_gvdh]^Z^h[e_klgucB]hjv\_^msbc\hckdZba e_kh\b[hehlm\b^_eqlh\ihe_]^_klhyeb\jZ]bih^gyehkvaeh\_s__ h[eZdhiu"ebhgkdZaZedZdkeZ^dhmf_j_lvaZhlqbagmª >h]Z^Zebkveb\u\q_f[uehg_kh\_jr_gkl\hwlhcih^kdZadb" =jZfhlguc fZevqbd ibkZe f_^e_ggh b ih^Z\Ze kb]gZeu \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh k\hbf l_fihf ibkvfZ ^jm]b_ ibkZeb [uklj__ gh g_ ^mfZyZagZdbklZ\beblZf]^_boaZklZ\Zekb]gZe Ijbf_jgh lZd \Zk fh`_l ih^\_klb b g_m^Zqgh khklZ\e_ggZy riZj]ZedZ RiZj]ZedZ ^Z_l iheh`bl_evguc wnn_dl ijb lj_o mkeh\byo <h i_j\uogZ^hmf_lvkbkl_fZlbabjh\ZlvfZl_jbZebmeh`blv_]h\djZldmx q_ldmxaZibkv<h\lhjuogZ^hmf_lvkhklZ\blvgZhkgh\ZgbbwlhcaZibkb jZa\_jgmluc jZkkdZa <lj_lvbo emqrZy riZj]ZedZ g_ lZ dhlhjZy \ dZjfZg_ZlZdhlhjZy\]heh\_ 46 H^bgbagZb[he__m^h[guo\b^h\riZj]Zedb²wlhlZ[ebpZ K_cqZk fu ih^jh[g__ jZkkdZ`_f \Zf h khklZ\guo kdZam_fuo : ih oh^mjZkkdZaZ[m^_fmqblvkykhklZ\eylvriZj]Zedm <fbj_kdZam_fuo DZdmxbgnhjfZpbx\ufh`_l_ba\e_qvbah^gh]h]eZ]heZ G_kh\k_f gZijbf_jba]eZ]heZijhqblZeZ">hklZlhqghkms_kl\_ggmx<h ijhklh_ i_j\uokfukeh\mx e_dkbq_kdmx bf_gghijhqblZeZZg_miZeZ ijhklh_ bebg_aZfmjeudZeZ<h\lhjuo^_ckl\b_ijhbahreh\ijhrehf ]eZ]hevgh_ <lj_lvbowlhk^_eZeZhgZl_g_dlh`_gkdh]hjh^Zb^_ckl\b_ kdZam_fh_ kh\_jr_gh_xh^ghc 1 g_k_l gZ k_[_^hklZlhqgh BlZd ]eZ]he \ ex[hfba lj_o gZdehg_gbc1 [hevrhc ]jma kfukeh\mx e_dkbq_kdmx gZ]jmadm b ]jZffZlbq_kdmx ² bgnhjfZpbx h \j_f_gb qbke_ ebp_ Z lZd`_ jh^_ _keb ]eZ]he klhbl \ ijhr_^r_f \j_f_gb Ihbklbg_ jmkkdbc ]eZ]he ² fZkl_j ih ih^gylbx ly`_kl_c Gh \ ^jm]bo yaudZo fh`gh gZclb b g_ lZdh_ LZd \ yaud_ bg^_cp_\ie_f_gbgmldZ]eZ]hedjhf_\k_]hlh]hqlhkhh[sZ_lgZrg_k_l bgnhjfZpbx h lhf \ukhdbc q_eh\_d beb gbadbc eukuc hg beb g_l b kljZ^Z_lebgZjmr_gbyfbaj_gby BlZd]eZ]he\ex[hfbalj_ogZdehg_gbc\jmkkdhfyaud_g_k_l^\_ gZ]jmadbkfukeh\mxb]jZffZlbq_kdmx __________________________ 11=eZ]hefh`_lklhylveb[h\g_hij_^_e_gghcnhjf_eb[h\h^ghfba lj_o gZdehg_gbc baty\bl_evghf mkeh\ghf khkeZ]Zl_evghf beb ih\_eb l_evghf =eZ]heu \ baty\bl_evghfgZdehg_gbbh[hagZqZxl ^_ckl\by dhlhju_ ijhbkoh^beb ijhbkoh^yl beb [m^ml ijhbkoh^blv gZ kZfhf ^_e_ baf_ gyxlkyih\j_f_gZfbfh]mlklhylv\gZklhys_fijhr_^r_fb [m^ms_f \j_f_gb =eZ]heu \ mkeh\ghf khkeZ]Zl_evghf gZdehg_gbb h[hagZqZxl ^_ckl\by dhlhju_ j_Zevgh g_ ijhbkoh^yl gh fh]eb [u ijhbkoh^blv ijb hij_^_e_gguomkeh\byo =eZ]heu \ ih\_ebl_evghf gZdehg_gbb h[hagZqZxl ^_ckl\by kh^_j`Zsb_ijbdZaZgb_bebijhkv[m 47 Dh]^Z hg aZgbfZ_l k\h_ f_klh \ ij_^eh`_gbb lh klZgh\blky i j h k l u f ] e Z ] h e v g u f k d Z a m _ f u f bkijZ\ey_lky k ^\mfy gZ]jmadZfb GZqbgZ_fkhklZ\eylvriZj]Zedm DZdmxbgnhjfZpbx\ufh`_l_ba\e_qvba h^gh]h ]eZ]heZ gZijbf_j ba]eZ]heZijhqblZeZ">hklZlhqghkms_kl\_ggmx<hi_j\uokfukeh\mx e_dkbq_kdmx bf_ggh ijhqblZeZ Z g_ miZeZ beb g_ aZfmjeudZeZ <h \lhjuo^_ckl\b_ijhbahreh\ijhrehf<lj_lvbowlhk^_eZeZhgZl_ g_dlh`_gkdh]hjh^Zb^_ckl\b_kh\_jr_gh_xh^ghc Ijhklh_]eZ]hevgh_kdZam_fh_g_\k_]^Ze_]dh^Z_lky\jmdb:\q_f ijbqbguwlboljm^ghkl_c" <hi_j\uo \ g_^hhp_gd_ lh]h qlh kdZam_fuf [u\Z_l ]eZ]he \ e x [ h f g Z d e h g _ g b b G_dhlhju_ ba \Zk e_]dh gZoh^yl \ ij_^eh`_gbb kdZam_fu_ lhevdh \ lhf kemqZ_ _keb hgb \ujZ`_gu ]eZ]heZfb \ baty\bl_evghf gZdehg_gbb Z ijb \klj_q_ k ]eZ]hehf \ ih\_ebl_evghf gZdehg_gbb g_ \hkijbgbfZxl _]h dZd kdZam_fh_ GZijbf_j \klZ_l beb \klZe kqblZxlky kdZam_fufb Z \klZgv g_ kqblZ_lky <h\lhjuo\g_magZ\Zgbb]eZ]heh\fZexlhd_klv[uedhlhju_lh`_ \uklmiZxl\jhebkdZam_fuo Ihijh[mcl_ gZclb \ ^Zgguo ij_^eh`_gbyo ijhklu_ ]eZ]hevgu_ kdZam_fu_bh[tykgbl_agZdbij_ibgZgby Mf bf_c ohlv fZe_gvdbc ^Z k\hc F =hjvdbc G_ kemrZcl_ gbdh]^Zl_odlh]h\hjbl^mjghh^jm]bobohjhrhh\Zk EGLheklhc AgZcwlhlieZf_gvkxguo^g_c 48 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 48.<uibkZgukdZam_fu_ Bf_cG_kemrZcl_]h\hjblAgZc`be;ue klhyeh 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 49.<uibkZgukeh\Zihke_dhlhjuoklhylaZiylu_ 1. Ih]h^bH[jhdIhkfhljb<e_kmL_[y *** lZyky`be\]jm^bfh_c FXE_jfhglh\ ;ueihe^_gvbkhegp_ klhyehijyfhgZ^]heh\hc <<;bZgdb Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 49). :l_i_jvjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbykZfhklhyl_evghG_©l_jycl_ª kdZam_fuobaZiyluo Ih]h^b\urexdl_[_\gmdZ;m^_ll_[_h[jhddhebaZohq_rv IhkfhljbdZdhgoehihq_l=^_lh_klv_ev\e_kmih^_evx[_edZ H[b^_edlhl_[ykdZ`b :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 49). Dh]^Z fu fh`_f k m\_j_gghklvx kdZaZlv qlh fZexldZ [ue — kZfhklhyl_evgh_kdZam_fh_"Lh]^Zdh]^Z_]hfh`ghaZf_gblvkbghgbfhf GZijbf_j I_j_^ ^hfhf [ueb p\_lu gZoh^bebkv p\_lu jhkeb p\_lu ?s_ijbf_j;ueZ`ZjZ@ZjZieueZGZ^Zq_[uehwlh <FZydh\kdbc AZf_gZ fh`_l \u]ey^_lv lZd KlhyeZ `ZjZ Ijhbahreh wlh Kemqbehkv wlh LZdZy aZf_gZ dZd eZdfmkh\Zy [mfZ`dZ ihdZau\Z_l qlh fZexldZ ]eZ]he²kZfhklhyl_evgh_kdZam_fh_ Bgh]^Z dh]^Z ]eZ]he jZ[hlZ_l \ ij_^eh`_gbb kdZam_fuf hg gb \ baty\bl_evghf gb \ mkeh\ghf gb \ ih\_ebl_evghf gZdehg_gbb \ h^bghqdm ^\mo gZ]jmahd hkbeblvg_fh`_l Ihijh[mcl_\uibkZlvkdZam_fu_gZijbf_jbalZdh]h l_dklZ 49 Lh`_ ]eZ]hevgh_ kdZam_fh_ ghg_ijhklh_ ZkhklZ\gh_ <h \j_fy wib^_fbb ]jbiiZ aZ[he_eb dblu dhlhju_ gZoh^bebkv gZ dZebnhjgbckdhchd_Zgbq_kdhcklZgpbbKZg>b_]h E_q_gb_ dblh\ bf__l fgh]h ljm^ghkl_c fhjkdb_ ]b]Zglu g_ mf_xl iblvfbdklmjmbaeh`_qdbhgbg_kh]eZrZxlkykihdhcgh`^ZlvihdZ \jZq ihklZ\bl bf ]hjqbqgbd Dblu g_ ih^ieu\Zxl d f_^k_klj_ dhlhjZy^_j`bl\jmdZorijbpki_gbpbeebghfZlZ[e_ldbZkibjbgZ hgbg_`_eZxl]ehlZlv <jZqb ^he]h ^mfZeb dZdmx ihfhsv fh]ml ijbgylv hl gbo wlb h]jhfgu_ `b\hlgu_ b kdhjh \uoh^ gZr_eky Khljm^gbdb hd_Zgheh]bq_kdhc klZgpbb klZeb ijylZlv e_dZjkl\h \ fZe_gvdbo ju[hd dhlhjuo ex[yl ih_^Zlv dblu b dblu ih]ehsZeb e_dZjkl\h k h]jhfgufm^h\hevkl\b_fKdhjh`b\hlgu_klZeb\ua^hjZ\eb\Zlv Ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 53). Ijhkfhljbl_ \uibkZggu_ \Zfb khklZ\gu_ kdZam_fu_ b kdZ`bl_ \ dZdhcnhjf_klhyl]eZ]heug_kmsb_hkgh\gmxkfukeh\mxgZ]jmadm ?keb \ZrZ gZ[ex^Zl_evghklv b khh[jZabl_evghklv \Zf ihfh]eb \u ^h]Z^Zebkv q l h h k g h \ g m x k f u k e h \ m x g Z ] j m a d m g _ k m l ] e Z ] h e u \ g _ h i j _ ^ _ e _ g g h c n h j f _ bgh]^Z wlm nhjfm gZau\Zxlb g n b g b l b \ : qlh ^_eZ_l ^jm]hc ]eZ]he" Hg ihfh]Z_l kdZam_fhfm [_j_l gZ k_[y ] j Z f f Z l b q _ k d m x g Z ] j m a d m b g_dhlhjmx qZklv kfukeh\hc ?fm dZdihfhsgbdmb^ZghgZa\Zgb_\ k i h f h ] Z l _ e v g u c LZdbf h[jZahf k h k l Z \ g h _ ] e Z ] h e v g h _ k d Z a m _ f h _ h[t_^bgy_l ^\Z ]eZ]heZ ]eZ]he \ g_hij_^_e_gghc nhjf_ b \kihfh]Zl_evguc]eZ]he <uibrbl_]eZ]heu\oh^ysb_\khklZ\gh_]eZ]hevgh_kdZam_fh_\^\Z klhe[bdZ \ i_j\uc klhe[bd \kihfh]Zl_evgu_ ]eZ]heu \h \lhjhc ² ]eZ]heu\g_hij_^_e_gghcnhjf_ ,Mf__l\hegZ\^Ze_d_hla_feb Kihdhcgh^_j`ZlvgZk_[_dhjZ[eb Ylh`_ohl_egZ\heg_ihe_`Zlv Ghfhj_g_fh`_lf_gym^_j`Zlv <Hjeh\ 50 ,,H^gZiehoZy]jmrZfh`_lbkihjlblv\kxdhjabgmBohjhrbc dhgvfuqZlvg_fh`_l Ihkeh\bpu Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 53). :l_i_jvihijh[mcl_\uibkZlvhkgh\ubake_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbc KlZy khjhd fh`_l aZ]gZlv he_gy Q_eh\_d klj_fblky ih^gylvky \\_jo \h^Z klj_fblky l_qv \gba ?keb lu ihjmqbrv ^_eh [_a^_evgbdm hg l_[y `_ mqblv gZqg_l B hl fZehc hrb[db [_^Z fh`_l ijbdexqblvky Dlh ijb\ud dmlZlvky lhl ay[g_l Dheh^_agZyey]mrdZg_fh`_l]h\hjblvhg_[_KlZyfur_cfh`_l bkdmkZlvlb]jZH^bg^mjZdaZ[jhkbldZf_gv\dheh^_pklhmfguo g_ kmf_xl ^hklZlv Qlh dhl ijh]ehlbe lh]h kZf e_\ \_jgmlv g_ kfh`_l Ihkeh\bpu Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk IhagZdhfvl_kv [he__ [ebadh k \kihfh]Zl_evgufb ]eZ]heZfb DZdmx qZklv kfukeh\hc gZ]jmadb hgb g_kml" Qlh[u ihgylv wlh kgZqZeZ \gbfZl_evghijhqlbl_gZa\ZgbydhehghdlZ[ebpu GZqZehdhg_p bebijh^he`_gb_ ^_ckl\by Kihkh[ghklvbeb g_kihkh[ghklv kh\_jrblv ^_ckl\b_ GZf_j_gb_ `_eZgb_beb g_`_eZgb_ kh\_jrblv ^_ckl\b_ I_j_`b\Zgby bfukeb ihih\h^m ^_ckl\by 1 2 3 4 L_i_jv ijhqlbl_ kibkhd ]eZ]heh\ b ihijh[mcl_ kZfhklhyl_evgh jZkij_^_eblvboihdhehgdZflZ[ebpu @_eZlv ^mfZlv fhqv mf_lv gZqZlv klZlv `Z`^Zlv gZ^_ylvky [hylvky dhgqblv kmf_lv jZamqblvky mobljblvky ijbgylvky klZjZlvkyijh^he`blvklu^blvkykh[bjZlvkygZf_j_\Zlvkyj_rblv imklblvkyij_djZlblv]hlh\blvkygZmqblvkyf_qlZlvohl_lv 51 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Bgh]^Z khklZ\gh_ ]eZ]hevgh_ kdZam_fh_ fh`_l h[oh^blvky b [_a ihfhsb \kihfh]Zl_evgh]h ]eZ]heZ Lh]^Z \ _]h khklZ\ \oh^yl g_dhlhju_ djZldb_ ijbeZ]Zl_evgu_ dhlhju_ \iheg_ kijZ\eyxlky k jZ[hlhc \kihfh]Zl_evgh]h]eZ]heZ GZijbf_j ^he`_g ijb_oZlv \ugm`^_g mclb kihkh[_g jZ[hlZlv ]hlh\hlijZ\eylvkyh[yaZgy\blvkyjZ^\b^_lv IjhqblZcl_l_dkl<uibrbl_baij_^eh`_gbckdZam_fu_ H[_avygu kihkh[gu ih^he]m kfhlj_lv dbghnbevfu h `b\hlguo Nbevfuijhh[_avyghgb ]hlh\u kfhlj_lv p_eufb qZkZfb H^gZ`^u ijb ^_fhgkljZpbb nbevfZ h `b\hlguo gZ wdjZg_ ihy\bebkv af_b b h[_avygu lZd i_j_im]Zebkv qlh ex^b \ugm`^_gu [ueb ij_djZlblv nbevfH^gZfZe_gvdZyh[_avygdZlZd[hyeZkvkfhlj_lvgZwdjZgqlh hgZ ^Z`_ kijylZeZkv \ m]he ;_^gy`dZ [ueZ jZ^Z aZe_alv gZ jmdb d i_j\hfm`_ih^hr_^r_fmq_eh\_dm Ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 55). :l_i_jv\uibrbl_bal_dklZhkgh\uij_^eh`_gbc I_j\hdeZkkgbd ^he`_g y\blvky \ rdhem gZ oh^meyo Hg \ugm`^_g ^_eZlv wlh \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\beZfb ijb_fZ \ rdhem E_ck_jZ \ Ehg^hg_Fu]hlh\uihgylvwlhlj_[h\Zgb_\rdhe_mqZlky[m^msb_ Zjlbklu pbjdZ Ijb ihklmie_gbb \h \lhjhc deZkk rdhevgbd h[yaZg \hclb\rdhemgZjmdZo>bj_dlhj]hlh\ijbgylv\lj_lbcdeZkkl_o dlhfh`_l\hclb\_]hdZ[bg_lihgZlygmlhfmdZgZlm Ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 3 gZk 55). <uibrbl_ ba l_dklZ hkgh\u ij_^eh`_gbc MdZ`bl_ f_klh agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby Ex^bgZqZebmqblvkykqblZlv\g_aZiZfylgu_\j_f_gZZmqbeZbokZfZ `bagv>j_\gb_ex^b^he`gu[ueb^h[u\Zlvk_[_ibsmhohlhcHgb kh[bjZebkv hohlblvky gZ djmigh]h a\_jy \k_f ie_f_g_f ihlhfm qlh gbdlh g_ kfh] [u kijZ\blvky k gbf \ h^bghqdm Qlh[u ^h[uqZ g_ mreZex^b^he`gu[uebhdjm`blv`b\hlgh_kh\k_oklhjhg 52 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k KdZam_fu_ jZaguo ij_^eh`_gbc hl^_e_gu lhqdhc k aZiylhc. AZ[he_ebgZoh^bebkvbf__l g_ mf_xl iblv g_ kh]eZrZxlky `^Zlv ihklZ\bl g_ ih^ieu\Zxl ^_j`bl g_ `_eZxl ]ehlZlv ^mfZeb fh]ml ijbgylv gZr_eky klZeb ijylZlv ex[yl ih_^Zlv ih]ehsZeb klZeb \ua^hjZ\eb\Zlv 2) 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 50. ,Mf__l ohl_e g_fh`_l ^_j`Zlv ihe_`Zlv m^_j`Zlv ,,Fh`_l G_fh`_l bkihjlblv fuqZlv KfaZ^ZgbygZk 51. 1. KlZy fh`_l aZ]gZlv Q_eh\_d klj_fblky ih^gylvky \h^Z klj_fblky l_qv Lu ihjmqbrv hg mqblv gZqg_l ;_^Z fh`_l ijbdexqblvky Dlh ijb\ud dmlZlvky lhl ay[g_l Ey]mrdZ g_ fh`_l ]h\hjblv KlZy fh`_l bkdmkZlv H^bg ^mjZd aZ[jhkbl klh mfguo g_ kmf_xl ^hklZlv Dhl ijh]ehlbe e_\ \_jgmlv g_ kfh`_l *** Lmlhgbg_fh]ebh[hclbkv[_akq_lZ>j_\gb_g_mf_ebkqblZlvijb ihfhsb pbnj gh hgb fh]eb ihdZaZlv qbkeZ gZ iZevpZo jmd ?klv b k_cqZk gZ a_fe_ ie_f_gZ dhlhju_ ijb kq_l_ g_ fh]ml h[hclbkv [_a ihfhsbiZevp_\ Ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 57). <uibrbl_ ba ^Zgguo keh\hkhq_lZgbc lhevdh l_ dhlhju_ \ ij_^eh`_gbbfh]ml[ulvkhklZ\gufb]eZ]hevgufbkdZam_fufb I_j_klZermf_lv[m^mibkZlvij_djZlbermfgZqbgZxsbcbamqZlv gZqZebamqZlvgbq_]hg_^he`_g^he 53 `_g ih^gylvky jZ^ \klj_q_ jZ^ ihfhqv [m^m ijbgbfZlv ]hlh\ ijbgylv Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Kh[_jbl_ ©jZkkuiZggu_ª ij_^eh`_gby b \u^_ebl_ bo hkgh\u KhklZ\vl_bagbok\yagucl_dkl R_dkibjZ\j_f_gZjhebbkihegylvh[uqZc\hfm`qbguaZij_sZe [uebb]jZlv`_gsbgZfb\l_Zlj_`_gkdb_^he`gu b \h\j_fy bgh]^Z gZqbgZeb g_ mki_\Zeb Zdl_ju rmf_lv gZqZlv ki_dlZdevajbl_eb ihlhfm qlh gZ ihl_ji_lv ]eZ\gZy ih[jblvky h^bg lh]^Z im[ebdm ]_jhbgy kp_gm ijhkbe g_ mki_eZ dhlhjuc ba Zdl_jh\ \uoh^be g_fgh]h_s_b Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZ\_jgh_ dlhlh ba \Zk \u^_ebe hkgh\u h[uqZc aZij_sZe b]jZlvbbh^bg ba Zdl_jh\ \uoh^be b ijhkbe ihl_ji_lv b k\_jb\ k\hx jZ[hlm k hl\_lhf ijbr_e \ g_^hmf_gb_ >Z\Zcl_ jZa[_j_fky k wlbfb ijbf_jZfb \f_kl_ =eZ]he aZij_sZe hlghkblky d ih^e_`Zs_fm h[uqZc Z ]eZ]he b]jZlv h[hagZqZ_l ^_ckl\b_ dhlhjh_ fh]eb kh\_jrZlv `_gsbgu LhqghlZd`_h[klhbl^_ehb\h\lhjhfijbf_j_H^bgbaZdl_jh\\uoh^be bijhkbeghihl_ji_lv^he`gZ[ueZim[ebdZL_i_jvgZ^__fky\k_fykgh ihq_fm\wlboijbf_jZokdZam_fu_ijhklu_Zg_khklZ\gu_]eZ]hevgu_ : l_i_jv ihlj_gbjm_fky Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf \uibkZlv ba ij_^eh`_gbc kdZam_fu_ Ihfgbl_ qlh wlh aZ^Zgb_ k eh\mrdhc dhlhjZy khklhbl \ lhf qlhkdZam_fu_^Ze_dhg_\dZ`^hfij_^eh`_gbbkhklZ\gu_]eZ]hevgu_ Yijb]eZkbelh\ZjbsZihb]jZlvkhfghc\rZofZlu 2. GZ dZgbdmeu fu kh[jZebkv ih_oZlv d [Z[mrd_ K [hevrbf ljm^hf hl_p aZklZ\be Xjm k_klv aZ mjhdb OhaycdZ ihijhkbeZ ]hkl_c k_klv d klhem DZdhc ih^jhklhd g_ f_qlZ_l ihe_l_lv \ dhkfhk[Ym]h\hjbehlpZdmiblvfg_nhlhZiiZjZl Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 4 gZk 57). : l_i_jv ihkfhljbl_ dZd fh`gh meh`blv \ riZj]ZedmlZ[ebpm \k_ kZfh_]eZ\gh_qlhfumagZebhkhklZ\ghf]eZ]hevghfkdZam_fhf 54 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 51.Ghf_jZkhhl\_lkl\mxl]jZnZflZ[ebpu GZqZlv klZlv dhgqblv ijbgylvky ijh^he`blv imklblvky ij_djZlblv Fhqvmf_lvkmf_lvgZmqblvkyjZamqblvky mobljblvky @_eZlv `Z`^Zlv f_qlZlv ohl_lv klZjZlvky kh[bjZlvky gZf_j_\Zlvky j_rblv]hlh\blvky>mfZlvgZ^_ylvky[hylvkyklu^blvky 2) KfaZ^Zgb_ 2 gZk 52.KdZam_fu_jZaguoij_^eh`_gbchl^_e_gulhqdhck aZiylhc Kihkh[gu kfhlj_lv ]hlh\u kfhlj_lv ihy\bebkv i_j_im]Zebkv \ugm`^_gu [ueb ij_djZlblv [hyeZkv kfhlj_lv kijylZeZkv [ueZ jZ^Z aZe_alv 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 52.Hkgh\ujZaguoij_^eh`_gbcjZa^_e_gulhqdhck aZiylhc I_j\hdeZkkgbd ^he`_g y\blvky hg \ugm`^_g ^_eZlv fu ]hlh\u ihgylv mqZlky Zjlbklu rdhevgbd h[yaZg \hclb^bj_dlhj ]hlh\ ijbgylv dlhfh`_l\hclb *** 55 >Z\Zcl_\kihfgbfi_k_gdm;Hdm^`Z\u H^bgkhe^ZlgZk\_l_`be DjZkb\ucbhl\Z`guc Ghhgb]jmrdhc^_lkdhc[ue <_^v[uekhe^Zl[mfZ`guc Qlh khh[sZ_lky h khe^Zl_ \ ihke_^gbo ^\mo kljhqdZo qlh hg [ue beb qlh hg [ue b]jmrdhc" Qlh khe^Zl [ue beb qlhkhe^Zl[ue[mfZ`guc? Fu gZ^__fky qlh \uhl\_lbeb lZd h[ wlhfkhe^Zl_ khh[sZ_lky qlh hg[ueb]jmrdhcqlhhg[ue[mfZ`guc Keh\hkhq_lZgby [ue b]jmrdhc, [ue [mfZ`guc g_kml kfukeh\mx gZ]jmadm\f_kl_h[t_^bgb\rbkv\kdZam_fh_dhlhjh_khklZ\e_ghba^\mo beb lj_o [u\Z_l b [hevr_ keh\ ?kl_kl\_ggh qlh hgh gZau\Z_lky khklZ\gufGh\hlebqb_hlkhklZ\gh]h]eZ]hevgh]hkdZam_fh]hhkgh\gmx gZ]jmadmg_kmlbf_ggu_qZklbj_qbMHdm^`Z\uwlh\i_j\hfkemqZ_bfy kms_kl\bl_evgh_ Z \h \lhjhf ² ijbeZ]Zl_evgh_ < wlhc jheb fh`_l hdZaZlvkyex[ZyqZklvj_qbdhlhjZy\uklmiZ_l\jhebbf_gbkms_kl\b ?s_h^gh khklZ\gh_ kdZam_fh_ ghg_ ]eZ]hevgh_ Zbf_ggh_ 56 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 52. Ex^b gZqZeb mqblvky kqblZlv \j_f_gZ Z mqbeZ `bagv Ex^b ^he`gu [ueb ^h[u\Zlv Hgb kh[bjZebkv hohlblvky ie_f_g_f ihlhfm qlh gbdlh g_ kfh] [u kijZ\blvky Qlh[u ^h[uqZ g_ mreZ ex^b ^he`gu [ueb hdjm`blv Hgb g_ fh]eb h[hclbkv >j_\gb_ g_ mf_eb kqblZlv pbnjghhgbfh]ebihdZaZlv?klvie_f_gZdhlhju_g_fh]mlh[hclbkv 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 53. I_j_klZermf_lvgZqZebamqZlv^he`_gih^gylvkyjZ^ihfhqv]hlh\ ijbgylv 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk <h\j_f_gZR_dkibjZh[uqZcaZij_sZe`_gsbgZfb]jZlv\l_Zlj_b `_gkdb_ jheb ^he`gu [ueb bkihegylv fm`qbgu Bgh]^Z Zdl_ju g_ mki_\ZebgZqZlvki_dlZdev\h\j_fybajbl_ebgZqbgZebrmf_lvLh]^ZgZ kp_gm \uoh^be h^bg ba Zdl_jh\ b ijhkbe im[ebdm ihl_ji_lv g_fgh]h ihlhfmqlh]eZ\gZy]_jhbgy_s_g_mki_eZih[jblvky 4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 54. Ijb]eZkbe Kh[jZebkv ih_oZlv AZklZ\be IhijhkbeZ F_qlZ_lihe_l_lvM]h\hjbe *** l_evgh]h beb ijhbahreZ hl bf_gb kms_kl\bl_evgh]h Z lZd`_ bfy qbkebl_evgh_<wlhc`_jhebfh`_l\uklmiblvbijbqZklb_lZd dZdhgh hnhjfe_ghdZdijbeZ]Zl_evgh_ DZd^_eylgZ]jmadmkeh\Z\wlbokdZam_fuo" ;ueg_k_l]jZffZlbq_kdmxgZ]jmadmAZlhkfukeh\hckh\k_fg_g_k_l : bf_ggu_qZklb j_qb ²b kfukeh\mx b qZklv ]jZffZlbq_kdhc lZd dZd mdZau\ZxlgZqbkehbjh^ih^e_`Zs_]h Ihwlhfm kdZam_fh_ khklZ\e_ggh_ ba wlbo qZkl_c gZau\Z_lky k h k l Z \ g u f b f _ g g u f k d Z a m _ f u f , Z _]h qZklb ² ] e Z ] h e k\yadZbbf_ggZyqZklv. Ijh^he`Z_fkhklZ\eylvriZj]Zedm kfk 57 <uibrbl_ ba keh\hkhq_lZgbc lhevdh l_ dhlhju_ \ ij_^eh`_gbb fh]ml[ulvkhklZ\gufbbf_ggufbkdZam_fufb AZ\ljZ ijb_^m [m^m ]hkl_f gZqZe ^mfZlv [ue aZ^mfqb\uf ohqm ^hfhcmg___klv_klvfh_gZb\ukr__^hklb`_gb_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 61). <_jg_fkydgZr_fm[mfZ`ghfmkhe^Zlbdmb\uibr_f\k_kdZam_fu_ ba kljhq_d dhlhju_ ijb\_^_gu gb`_ <hae_ dZ`^h]h kdZam_fh]h gZibrbl_dZdh_hgh Hgi_j_^_eZlvfbjohl_e Qlh[[uekqZkleb\ufdZ`^uc :kZfgZgblhqd_\bk_e <_^v[uekhe^Zl[mfZ`guc ;Hdm^`Z\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 61). <uibrbl_bal_dklZhkgh\uMdZ`bl_f_klhagZdh\ij_ibgZgby < ^Ze_dmx^Ze_dmx ihjm jmqgu_ @b\hlgu_ [ueb @b\hlgufb >bdbfbKh[ZdZ[ueZ^bdZybDhjh\Z[ueZ^bdZybH\pZ[ueZ^bdZyb \k_hgb[ueb^bdb_ij_^bdb_Hgb^bdh[em`^Zebihfhdjuf>bdbf E_kZf Gh kZfZy ^bdZy [ueZ >bdZy DhrdZ HgZ [jh^beZ ]^_ lhevdh hgZohl_eZihlhfmqlhhgZ]meyeZkZfZihk_[_Q_eh\_dlh`_[ue^b dbcHggbdh]^Zg_[ue[ujmqguf_keb[u_fmg_ihfh]eZ@_gsbgZ IhJDbiebg]m Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 3 gZk 61). HohlZaZkhklZ\gufbkdZam_fufbbf__lh^gm[hevrmxljm^ghklv_]h qZklbfh]mlklhylvg_jy^hf_kebbojZa^_eyxl^jm]b_keh\ZHgbfh]ml ^Z`_hdZaZlvky\jZaguodhgpZoij_^eh`_gbyB^eylh]hqlh[u\ueh\blv bo gm`gh ykghihgbfZlv qlhbf_ggh khh[sZ_lkyh ih^e_`Zs_f b dZdh_ keh\hkgbfkbglZdkbq_kdbk\yaZghIjb\_^_fijbf_ju Hlebqbl_evghchkh[_gghklvxijhn_kkhjZ[ueZ_]hex[h\vd^_lyf J_amevlZlhfwlhcex[\bd^_lyf[ueZkdZadZ©:ebkZ\KljZg_qm^_kª 58 B \ i_j\hf b \h \lhjhf ij_^eh`_gbb qZklb bf_ggh]h khklZ\gh]h kdZam_fh]h [ueZ hkh[_gghklvx [ueZ j_amevlZlhf hl^_e_gu ^jm] hl ^jm]Z QZklbkhklZ\gh]hkdZam_fh]hfh]ml[ulvjZa^_e_gub[he__k_jv_aghc ij_]jZ^hc ?keb \gmljv ij_^eh`_gby aZ[jZeZkv ©fZlj_rdZª lh qZklb khklZ\gh]h kdZam_fh]h fh]ml hdZaZlvky ih jZagu_ __ klhjhgu GZijbf_j lZdEmqrbfqlhgZoh^behkv\dhfgZl_[uefZd_liZjmkghcyolu I_j_ibrbl_ ij_^eh`_gby jZkklZ\eyy agZdb ij_ibgZgby b ih^q_jdb\Zyhkgh\u I KZfufb hqZjh\Zl_evgufb kms_kl\Zfb k dhlhjufb fg_ ijboh^behkv \klj_qZlvky [ueb [_eho\hklu_ ]gm I_j\uf qlh y ihiulZeky k^_eZlv \ dZq_kl\_ ijb_fghc fZl_jb [ueh \kdZjfeb\Zgb_ q_luj_ogh\hjh`^_gguo_`Zl Ih>`>Zjj_eem ,,K_^vfhcieZg_lhcdhlhjmxihk_lbeFZe_gvdbcijbgp[ueZA_fey Ih:K_glWdaxi_jb Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 4 gZk 61). Jhevk\yahdfh`_lb]jZlvg_lhevdh]eZ]he[ulvghb^jm]b_]eZ]heu gZijbf_j ^_eZlvky klZlv klZgh\blvky y\eylvky kqblZlvky dZaZlvky[u\ZlvgZau\ZlvkyhdZau\ZlvkyhklZlvky Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\u\ij_^eh`_gbyoJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. < kheg_qgu_ hdly[jvkdb_ ^gb fu qZklh klZgh\bfky k\b^_l_eyfb hk_gg_]h ihe_lZ iZmlbgu Wlb e_lysb_ gblb y\eyxlky kj_^kl\hf i_j_^\b`_gby ih \ha^mom ^ey f_edbo iZmqdh\ Ba `mjgZeh\ >\Z^pZlv iylv heh\ygguo khe^Zlbdh\ ijboh^bebkv ^jm] ^jm]m jh^gufb [jZlvyfb = ; :g^_jk_g Ijbgp_kkZ k^_eZeZkv dhjhe_\hc q_f hgZ [ueZ hq_gv ^h\hevgZ = ; :g^_jk_g Kg_`gZydhjhe_\Zm`_g_dZaZeZkvDZxe_^yghcl_i_jvhgZij_^ klZ\eyeZkv _fm kh\_jr_gkl\hf <h \j_f_gZ I_ljZ , kZfhe_lhf gZau\ZekyiZjhfdhlhjucoh^beihi_j_dj_dbihljhkm<ijhrehf \_d_keh\h©kZfhe_lªklZehgZa\Zgb_fldZpdh]hq_eghdZZkdhgpZ ijhreh]h klhe_lby hgh y\ey_lky gZbf_gh\Zgb_f e_lZl_evgh]h ZiiZjZlZ Ba`mjgZeh\ 59 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk =eZ]heu dhlhju_ fu i_j_qbkebeb gZ k \ jZaguo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh]mlb]jZlvjZagu_jheb\h^gbo²ijhklh]h]eZ]hevgh]hkdZam_fh]h\ ^jm]bo²]eZ]heZk\yadb\khklZ\ghfbf_gghfkdZam_fhf <uibrbl_kdZam_fu_baij_^eh`_gbc <bkys__ \ m]em iZevlh \ kmf_jdZo ihdZaZehkv q_eh\_dhf AZ ih\hjhlhf ^hjh]b ihdZaZeky klZjuc ^hf Ihke_ hle_lZ klZb gZ [_j_]m hklZeky `mjZ\ev k ihehfZgguf djuehf Hg hklZeky h^bghdbf KgZqZeZ FbrdZ k [hevrhc hklhjh`ghklvx klZgh\beky gZoh^mebGhkh\j_f_g_fhgklZgh\bekym\_j_gg__ <x`ghf]hjh^_dZ`^mx\_kgm[u\Z_ldZjgZ\Ze WlhlijZa^gbd[u\Z_lhq_gvdjZkhqgufKlZjrbc[jZlkem`be\h nehl_RZeZrkem`begZ^_`gufm[_`bs_fhl^h`^y Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 6 gZk 61). ©Ihkljhcl_\iZjuª]eZ]heuk\yadbbbf_ggu_qZklb KlZe[u\Z_lhklZekyhq_gvohjhrmq_guf^jm]hf 2. ;uey\ey_lky_klvgZr^he]aZgyljmdh\h^bl_e_f 3. HdZaZeky gZau\Z_lky [m^_l keZ\guf lh\Zjbs_f ©H]hg_dª \ajhkeuf Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 1 gZk 65). FZe_gvdZyih\_klvhkh\k_ffZe_gvdhf]eZ]he_[ulv, dhlhjuc[u\Z_lg_ihoh`gZkZfh]hk_[y DZd wlh lZd ² ]eZ]he g_ ihoh` gZ kZfh]h k_[y" Qlhlh g_ \_jblky fh`_l_ kdZaZlv \u Gh fu m\_j_gu qlh \u kfh`_l_ _]h h[gZjm`blv GZc^bl_ \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo b \uibrbl_ h^bg b lhl `_ ]eZ]he \ jZaguoh[ebqbyo H[eZdZ[_]mlgZ^fhj_f Dj_ig_l\_l_jau[vq_jg_c ;m^_l[mjy²fuihkihjbf Bihfm`_kl\m_fkg_c 60 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 58. ;m^m]hkl_f[ueaZ^mfqb\uf_klvgZb\ukr__^hklb`_gb_ 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 58. Ohl_e i_j_^_eZlv khkl ]eZ] [ue kqZkleb\uf khklbf \bk_e ijhkl]eZ] [ue[mfZ`guc khklbf 3) Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k . Jmqgu_ @b\hlgu_ [ueb @b\hlgufb >bdbfb Kh[ZdZ [ueZ ^bdZy b Dhjh\Z [ueZ ^bdZy b H\pZ [ueZ ^bdZy b \k_ hgb [ueb ^bdb_ij_^bdb_ Hgb [em`^Zeb >bdZy DhrdZ [ueZ kZfZy ^bdZy HgZ [jh^beZ ]^_ hgZ ohl_eZ ihlhfm qlh hgZ ]meyeZ Q_eh\_d lh`_ [ue ^bdbc Hg g_ [ue [u jmqguf_keb[ug_ihfh]eZ`_gsbgZ 4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 59.<uibkZguhkgh\ubihdZaZghf_klhaZiyluo 1.1. ;_eho\hklu_ ]gm [ueb kms_kl\Zfb ijboh^behkv \klj_qZlvky « kms_kl\Zfb k dhlhjufb « [ueb « <kdZjfeb\Zgb_ [ueh i_j\ufyihiulZekyk^_eZlvI_j\ufqlh «[ueh«,,A_fey[ueZ ieZg_lhcFZe_gvdbcijbgpihk_lbe«ieZg_lhcdhlhjmx«[ueZ« 5) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 59.<uibkZguhkgh\umdZaZghf_klhagZdh\ij_ibgZgby 1. Fu klZgh\bfky k\b^_l_eyfb Gblb y\eyxlky kj_^kl\hf i_j_^\b`_gby>\Z^pZlviylvkhe^Zlbdh\ijboh^bebkv[jZlvyfb Ijbgp_kkZ k^_eZeZkv dhjhe_\hc q_f hgZ [ueZ ^h\hevgZ Kg_`gZy dhjhe_\Zg_ dZaZeZkv e_^yghc hgZij_^klZ\eyeZkv kh\_jr_gkl\hf IZjhf gZau\Zeky kZfhe_lhf « dhlhjuc oh^be Keh\h klZeh gZa\Zgb_fZ«hghy\ey_lkygZbf_gh\Zgb_f 6) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 60. 1. IhdZaZehkv q_eh\_dhf IhdZaZeky HklZeky HklZeky h^bghdbf KlZgh\beky KlZgh\beky m\_j_gg__ ;u\Z_l ;u\Z_ldjZkhqgufKem`beKem`bem[_`bs_f *** 61 LZfaZ^Zevxg_ih]h^u ?klv[eZ`_ggZykljZgZ G_l_fg_xlg_[Zk\h^u G_ijhoh^bllbrbgZ GYaudh\ Dh]^Z\kl_iyoaZklZghfklZg ;jh^bebhj^udhq_\u_ ;ueoZgHljhdboZgKujqZg >\Z[jZlZ[Zlujbebob_ :GFZcdh\ ?keb\u^h]Z^Zebkv\q_fkmlv^_eZlh\u\uibkZeb]eZ]heu [m^_l, _klv b [ue Wlh h^bg b lhl `_ ]eZ]he dhlhjuc \ jZaguo \j_f_gZo \u]ey^blihjZaghfm Bgl_j_kgh qlh wlhl ]eZ]he g_ lhevdh baf_gy_lky \ jZaguo \j_f_gZo ^h g_magZ\Z_fhklb Hg b]jZ_l jZagu_ jheb \ jZaguo ij_^eh`_gbyo dZd Zdl_j \ jZaguo ki_dlZdeyo \ h^ghf ² wlh ]eZ]hek\yadZ \ khklZ\ghf ]eZ]hevghfbkhklZ\ghfbf_gghfkdZam_fhf\^jm]hf²kZfhklhyl_evgh_ kdZam_fh_ijhklh_]eZ]hevgh_ DZd `_ bo jZaebqblv" <u ihfgbl_ qlh ]eZ]he [u\Z_l kZfhklhyl_evguf kdZam_fuf _keb hg \ h^ghf ba lj_o gZdehg_gbc kijZ\ey_lkyh^bgk^\mfygZ]jmadZfb kfukeh\hcb]jZffZlbq_kdhcIhdZaZl_e_f_]h^\hcghc\ughkeb\hklb y\ey_lky kihkh[ghklv d kbghgbfbq_kdhc aZf_g_ GZijbf_j ;m^m \_q_jhf hq_gve_]dhaZf_gblvgZIjb^m\_q_jhfIhy\exkv\_q_jhfbl^?keb`_ ]eZ]heg_kijZ\ey_lkykZfk^\mfygZ]jmadZfblhhgg_fh`_l\h^bghqdm [ulv kdZam_fuf Z [u\Z_l lhevdh ]eZ]hehfk\yadhc <u wlh \b^_eb gZ ijbf_j_[mfZ`gh]hkhe^ZlbdZdhlhjucg_ijhklh[ueZ[ue [mfZ`guc, g_ijhklh[ueZ[ueb]jmrdhc LZdqlh_keb]eZ]he[ueh^bgkijZ\ey_lkykhkfukeh\hcgZ]jmadhcl _ khh[sZ_l h ih^e_`Zs_f \k_ g_h[oh^bfh_ lh wlh i j h k l h _ ] e Z ] h e v g h _ k d Z a m _ f h _ Z _keb fh`_l khh[sZlv \k_ g_h[oh^bfh_ lhevdh\f_kl_k^jm]bfkeh\hflhwlh] e Z ] h e k \ y a d Z DZd \u ^mfZ_l_ ihq_fm fu lZd k_jv_agh aZgbfZ_fky kh\k_f fZe_gvdbf ]eZ]hehf" Bf_ggh ihlhfm qlh hg lZdhc fZe_gvdbc <u qZkl_gvdhg_h[jZsZ_l_\gbfZgbygZfZexlhd[ulv[ue_klvdZd[m^lh hgb\h\k_bg_]eZ]heug_kdZam_fu_:ihl_jy\boba\b^m\ul_jy_l_b ihgbfZgb_ 62 \k_c kbglZdkbq_kdhc dhgkljmdpbb qlh \_^_l d g_ijZ\bevghc jZkklZgh\d_agZdh\:wlh\k\hxhq_j_^vg_ih\urZ_l\ZrborZgkh\gZ wdaZf_gZo Ba ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jh\ \uibrbl_ ]eZ]heu g_ ihoh`b_ gZ kZfbo k_[yHij_^_ebl_dZdbfbkdZam_fufbhgby\eyxlky ?klv\hk_gbi_j\hgZqZevghc DhjhldZygh^b\gZyihjZ² <_kv^_gvklhbldZd[uojmklZevguc Bemq_aZjgu\_q_jZ NBLxlq_\ G_lbg_ih^qm`^ufg_[hk\h^hf Bg_ih^aZsblhcqm`^uodjue² Y[ueZlh]^ZkfhbfgZjh^hf LZf]^_fhcgZjh^dg_kqZklvx[ue :::ofZlh\Z ;m^mlahjbkf_gylvkyaZdZlZfb ;m^_lkhegp_dZlblvky\a_gbl² MfbjZlvgZfkhe^ZlZfkhe^ZlZfb <hkdj_kZlvgZf²h^_luf\]jZgbl ::=Zebq ?klv\j_fyijbjh^uhkh[h]hk\_lZ G_ykgh]hkhegpZg_`g_cr_]haghy HghgZau\Z_lky[Z[v_e_lh B\ij_e_klbkihjblkkZfhx\_kghx HN;_j]]hevp Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 2 gZk 65). < hlju\d_ ba klbohl\hj_gby BhkbnZ ;jh^kdh]h gZr g_ ihoh`bc gZ kZfh]h k_[y ]eZ]he \klj_qZ_lky b \ ijhklhf ]eZ]hevghf b \ khklZ\ghf bf_gghfkdZam_fuo IjhsZc IhaZ[m^v Bg_h[_kkm^v :ibkvfZkh`]bdZdfhkl >Z[m^_lfm`_kl\_ggufl\hcimlv >Z[m^_lhgijyfbijhkl 63 64 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 60. KlZemq_guf[u\Z_lhq_gvohjhrhklZeky^jm]hf ;ueaZgyly\ey_lkyjmdh\h^bl_e_f_klvgZr^he] 3. HdZaZeky keZ\guf lh\Zjbs_f gZau\Z_lky ©H]hg_dª [m^_l \ajhkeuf 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 63. 1. ?klv;ueZ[ue;m^mlkf_gylvky[m^_ldZlblvky?klv. Wlhijhklu_]eZ]hevgu_kdZam_fu_ 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 63. 1. >Z [m^_l fm`_kl\_gguf ^Z [m^_l ijyf b ijhkl ² bf_ggu_ khklZ\gu_kdZam_fu_>Z[m^_l]hj_lv^Z[m^_l]j_lv>Z[m^ml ^Z[m^_l²ijhklu_]eZ]hevgu_kdZam_fu_ *** >Z[m^_l\hf]e_ >eyl_[y]hj_lv A\_a^gZyfbrmjZ >Z[m^_lgZ^_`^Z EZ^hgb]j_lv Ml\h_]hdhkljZ >Z[m^mlf_l_eb Kg_]Z^h`^b B[_r_gucj_\h]gy >Z[m^_lm^Zqml_[y\i_j_^b ;hevr_q_fmf_gy Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_l 3 gZk 65). Gm\hlfubijhieuebq_j_al_fm©KdZam_fu_ª:wlh\ZfriZj]ZedZ kf k QblZy khihklZ\eycl_ __ fuke_ggh k l_fb agZgbyfb dhlhju_ hleh`bebkv\\Zr_c]heh\_?keb\uh[gZjm`bl_qlhg_mk\hbebq_]hlh \_jgbl_kvdwlhfmjZa^_embih\lhjbl__]h 65 ©EmdZ\u_ªqe_guij_^eh`_gby Bgh]^Z kdZam_fuf ih^e_`Zsbf beb ^jm]bf qe_ghf ij_^eh`_gby fh`_l hdZaZlvky mklhcqb\h_ g_jZaeh`bfh_ khq_lZgb_ keh\ dhlhjh_ gZau\Z_lky n j Z a _ h e h ] b a f h f DZ`^uc ba \Zk gZ\_jgydZ agZ_l k ^_lkl\Zbmihlj_[ey_l\k\h_cj_qbg_fZehnjZa_heh]bafh\ih\_kblvghk aZ^jZlvghkkehfy]heh\m[_aaZ^gbogh]bl^ NjZa_heh]bafu hq_gv \ujZabl_evgu Hgb qZklh ijhbaghkylky k oblj_phc k emdZ\kl\hf Bo mihlj_[e_gb_ ^_eZ_l j_qv g_ lhevdh [he__ h[jZaghcghb\_k_ehchahjghc<umqblv`_bo\k_g_\hafh`ghiheguc i_j_q_gvnjZa_heh]bafh\fh`_lkhklZ\blvlhekluclhfIhwlhfmihoh^m jZ[hlu fu ijhklh g_fgh]h ihlj_gbjm_fky \ mf_gbb jZkihagZ\Zlv b ihgbfZlvnjZa_heh]bafu Ihijh[mcl_ ih^h[jZlv d dZ`^hfm ba njZa_heh]bafh\ i_j\h]h klhe[bdZih^oh^ys__ihkfukemkeh\h\h\lhjhfklhe[bd_ , de_\Zlvghkhf dZdkg_]gZ]heh\m \ue_l_ehba]heh\u \qZkihqZcghceh`d_ g_h`b^Zggh f_^e_ggh ^j_fZlv aZ[ue ©Ihkljhcl_ \ iZjuª njZa_heh]bafu b ]eZ]heu bf_xsb_ lhl `_ kfuke II. 1) ih\_kbeghk 2) ^_j`ZeyaudaZam[Zfb 3) \klZ\ey_liZedb\dhe_kZ 4) gZ^me]m[u 5) imkdZeiuev\]eZaZ 6) gZklmiZegZiyldb 7) \lbjZehqdb am[gZam[g_ihiZ^Z_l 9) k^_eZebafmobkehgZ \am[ZogZ\yaeh 11) gZr_e^hjh]mdk_j^pm h[fZgu\Ze ijbmgue ihfZedb\Ze ^h]hgye h[b^_eky o\ZklZeky f_rZ_l ihgjZ\beky gZ^h_eh ij_m\_ebqbe aZf_ja Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 69). NjZa_heh]bafu fh]ml [ulv b ih^e_`Zsbfb b kdZam_fufb b \lhjhkl_i_ggufbqe_gZfb LZd dZd keh\Z \h njZa_heh]baf_ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc _^bgh_ p_eh_ ijbjZa[hj_ij_^eh`_gbybih^e_`Zs__njZa_h 66 eh]baf b kdZam_fh_njZa_heh]baf ih^q_jdb\Zxlkyp_ebdhf hgb \u^_e_gu dmjkb\hf) 1. Wlhl q_eh\_d g_ e_a_l aZ keh\hf \ dZjfZg Hiylv gZqbgZ_lky kdZadZ ijh [_eh]h [uqdZ Gbdblm dZd \_ljhf k^meh k \_jZg^u <DD_lebgkdZy Bgh]^Z njZa_heh]bafhf [u\Z_l \ky ]jZffZlbq_kdZy hkgh\Z p_ebdhf < ^Zgguo keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbyo lZdb_ njZa_heh]bafu \u^_e_gu dmjkb\hf 1. Mf_gy\_jhylghaZr_emfaZjZamfbygZibkZekh\k_fg_lhqlh ohl_e :IQ_oh\ DZd]eygmehgqlh^_eZ_lkygZmebp_]eZaZ mg_]hgZeh[ihe_aeb\ba]ohohldjbdb :KGh\bdh\Ijb[hc MIZ\eZk_j^p_aZf_jeh \hehku klZeb ^u[hf ijb wlhc fukeb :NIbk_fkdbc DZd \b^bf agZgb_ njZa_heh]bafh\ ihfh]Z_l gZoh^blv ]jZffZlbq_kdmxhkgh\mij_^eh`_gbyZagZqblb\_jghjZkklZ\eylvagZdb ij_ibgZgby \ keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbyo dhlhju_ khklhyl ba ^\mo beb g_kdhevdboijhkluo Ihlj_gbjm_fky _s_ g_fgh]h \ ihbkdZo ©emdZ\uoª qe_gh\ ij_^eh`_gby 67 Hlju\db ij_^eh`_gbc “ihl_jyeb ^jm] ^jm]Z”Ihfh]bl_ dZ`^hfm gZclbk\hxiZjm Hq_eh\_d_dhlhjuckbevgh]hjZkie_q bkim]Zeky]h\hjylqlhmg_]h«k\ZebeZkv Hlhfdlhhq_gv[ukljham[gZam[ m^bjZ_l]h\hjylqlhmg_]h«g_ihiZ^Z_l Hq_eh\_d_^jh`Zs_fhliyldb oheh^Z]h\hjylqlhmg_]h«k\_jdZxl ?kebq_eh\_dbkiulu\Z_l[hevrh_^mrZ\iyldb h[e_]q_gb_lh]h\hjylqlhmg_]h«mreZ ?kebq_eh\_dihiZe\g_eh\dh_ iheh`_gb_lh]h\hjylqlhhgk[bekykgh] ?kebq_eh\_dmlhfbekyhloehihl b[_]hlgblh]h\hjylqlhhg«k_e\dZehrm Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk BkijZ\vl_i_j_imlZggu_njZa_heh]bafu <jZlZjvgZr_cdhfZg^ug_m^Zjbe\dZehrm <jZlZjvijhlb\gbdZk_eebphf\]jyav FhcfeZ^rbc[jZlkh\k_fhl[bekyhlgh] BaaZg_]hfuk_]h^gyk[bebkvkjmd ©EmdZ\u_ª qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml [ulv g_ lhevdh ]eZ\gufb gh b \lhjhkl_i_ggufb Hkh[_gguc bgl_j_k k lhqdb aj_gby imgdlmZpbb ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hch[klhyl_evkl\Z\ujZ`_ggu_njZa_heh]bafZfbkimkly jmdZ\Z kehf ]heh\m keh`Z keh`b\ jmdb dZd \_ljhf k^meh b l ^ < hl ebqb_hlihoh`bogZgbokjZ\gbl_evguob^__ijbqZklguoh[hjhlh\hgbg_ \u^_eyxlkyaZiylufbGZijbf_j\ij_^eh`_gbbKeh`b\\_sb\q_fh^Zg iZkkZ`bj \ur_e ba dmi_ \u^_e_g aZiylhc ^__ijbqZklguc h[hjhl : \ ij_^eh`_gb_<k_ex^bdhlhju_h[kem`b\ZeblhidbdhleubfZrbgu g_ klhyeb keh`b\ jmdb : Gh\bdh\Ijb[hc keh`b\ jmdb — njZa_heh]baf hgaZiylhcg_\u^_ey_lky < ij_^eh`_gbb B dm^jb bo [_eu dZd mlj_ggbc kg_] : K Imrdbg ihklZ\e_gZaZiylZyi_j_^kjZ\gbl_evguªh[hjhlhfdZdmlj_ggbckg_]:\ ij_^eh`_gbbG_ijbkeZ\ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]hibkvfZgbdh]hg_ij_^mij_^b\ k\ZebekyhgdZdkg_]gZ]heh\m BKLmj]_g_\ h[klhyl_evkl\hdZdkg_gZ ]heh\maZiylhcg_\u^_ey_lkylZddZdhgh\ujZ`_ghnjZa_heh]bafhf 68 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZk I de_\Zlvghkhf^j_fZlv dZdkg_]gZ]heh\mg_h`b^Zggh 3)\ue_l_ehba]heh\uaZ[ue \qZkihqZcghceh`d_f_^e_ggh II.1)ih\_kbeghkijbmgue 2)^_j`ZeyaudaZam[ZfbihfZedb\Ze 3)\klZ\ey_liZedb\dhe_kZf_rZ_l 4)gZ^me]m[uh[b^_eky 5)imkdZeiuev\]eZaZo\ZklZeky 6)gZklmiZegZiyldb^h]hgye 7)\lbjZehqdbh[fZgu\Ze 8)am[gZam[g_ihiZ^Z_laZf_ja 9)k^_eZebafmobkehgZij_m\_ebqbe \am[ZogZ\yaehgZ^h_eh 11)gZr_e^hjh]mdk_j^pmihgjZ\beky *** : l_i_jv ihlj_gbjmcl_kv Ijh\_jvl_ kmf__l_ eb \u gZclb njZa_heh]bafu \ ij_^eh`_gbyo < kemqZ_ aZljm^g_gbc ihevamcl_kv ©RdhevgufnjZa_heh]bq_kdbfkeh\Zj_fjmkkdh]hyaudZª<I@mdh\Zb : < @mdh\Z Ihfgbl_ qlh h[klhyl_evkl\Z q_f [u hgb gb [ueb \ujZ`_gu ihqlb \k_]^Z hlghkylky d kdZam_fhfm Ihwlhfm jZkkfhlj_gb_ ij_^eh`_gbcgZqbgZcl_kihbkdh\]jZffZlbq_kdhchkgh\u <^Zgguogb`_ij_^eh`_gbyogZc^bl_njZa_heh]bafu JZkdju\jhlhgih^klZ\be_]hih^kljmx\h^u =h\hjbehgeZ^ghbkdeZ^ghb\k_kemrZeb_]hjZkdju\jhl AgZ_rvebluaZq_fyijbkdZdZekx^Zkehfy]heh\m\q_jZihmljm" B KLmj]_g_\ IjhqblZcl_ ljb ij_^eh`_gby Ihq_fm \ i_j\hf ba gbo aZkmqb\ jmdZ\Z \u^_e_ghaZiylufbk^\moklhjhg\h\lhjhf²aZiylZyklhbllhevdhi_j_^ wlbfbkeh\Zfb\lj_lv_f²\hh[s_g_klhbl" ,,Hl_phldjuedjZgbaZkmqb\jmdZ\ZklZefulv jmdb 69 Lu^he`_g\uclb\ihe_aZkmqb\jmdZ\Zljm^blvky Fu^he`guaZkmqb\jmdZ\Zijbgylvkyg_f_^e_gghaZkha^Zgb_gh\h]h ijh_dlZ IjhqblZcl_ ij_^eh`_gby GZc^bl_ \ujZ`_gby k khxahf dZd Ihq_fm h^gbbagbo\u^_e_guaZiylufbZ^jm]b_²g_l" ,,,=eZaZm\heqbpuk\_lbebkvdZd^\Zh]hgvdZ :IQ_oh\ L_ly GZlZrZ aZf_lbeZ qlh fu h[Z oh^bf dZd \ \h^m hims_ggu_ b klZeZ m]h\Zjb\Zlv fZfm qlh[ fu k Fbrdhc hklZebkv _s_ ih`blv G G Ghkh\ =mkZju \havfbl_ _]h >Z kdZaZlv gZr_fm e_dZjx qlh[ hg i_j_\yaZe_fmjZgmb[_j_]_]hdZda_gbpmhdZ :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk IhklZjZcl_kv g_ i_j_imlZlv h[klhyl_evkl\Z \ujZ`_ggu_ kjZ\gbl_evgufb^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfbbnjZa_heh]bafZfb YkdZdZeZkehfy]heh\mkebrdhfklh\_jklqlh[um\b^_lvkyk\Zfb I : IeZ\bevsbdh\ Hgb iju]Zeb ih \_jldbf [j_\gZf jbkdmy k\Zeblvkyghgbdlhg_k\Zeb\Zeky <DD_lebgkdZy JZa\_fukimkly jmdZ\Z`b\_f" >BNhg\babg ?]h`_\dZ`^hfk_e_agZxldZdh[ emie_ggh]h : B Dmijbg Y gZ^_yeky gZ wlb ljhibgdb dZd gZ dZf_ggmx ]hjm y ^mfZe qlh gZklZg_l dZd \ :leZglbq_kdhf hd_Zg_ mf_j_gguc`Zjjh\gucbihklhygguc\_l_j B:=hgqZjh\ Gbdlh g_kb^_ekeh`Zjmdb\k_]j_[eb <D:jk_gv_\ B\ZgI_ljh\bqg_ kZ^bl_kvgZk\h_]hex[bfh]hdhgvdZgZfg_dh]^Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZg_ihgylghfyaud_ H^gZ`^u ZdZ^_fbd E < S_j[Z ij_^eh`be klm^_glZf jZah[jZlv lZdh_ ij_^eh`_gb_=ehdZydma^jZrl_dh[m^eZgmeZ[hdjZbdmj^yqbl[hdj_gdZ KgZqZeZ klm^_glu gbq_]h g_ ihgyeb Gh E_\ <eZ^bfbjh\bq ihdZaZe bf qlh ba wlh]h ij_^eh`_gby fh`gh ba\e_qv fZkkm bgnhjfZpbb <hi_j\uo \uykgblvdZdb_^_ckl\bykh\_jrZebkvl_gZclbkdZam_fu_>_ckl\by\ wlhf ij_^eh`_gbb h[hagZq_gu keh\Zfb [m^eZgmeZ b dmj^yqbl : dlh wlh k^_eZeb^_eZ_l"²Dma^jZDZdZy"²=ehdZyWlhy\gh`b\h_kms_kl\h\ _^bgkl\_gghfqbke_`_gkdh]hjh^ZDma^jZ[hevrZy beb\ajhkeZy [hdj \b^bfhlh`_aZlh[hdj_ghd²y\ghfZe_gvdh_`b\h_kms_kl\h 70 K[hdjhfhgZmijZ\beZkv©\h^bgijbk_klª²rl_dh[m^eZgmeZAZlhk [hdj_gdhf\hablky²dmj^yqbl<kxwlmkfukeh\mxbgnhjfZpbxbakeh\ k dhjgyfb g_ kms_kl\mxsbfb \ jmkkdhf yaud_ fu ©ihq_jigmebª ba kmnnbdkh\ b hdhgqZgbc keh\ Z lZd`_ ba kbglZdkbq_kdbo k\ya_c f_`^m gbfbIj_^klZ\vl_k_[_qlhkms_kl\m_llZdhcyaud\dhlhjhfijbklZ\db kmnnbdku b hdhgqZgby jmkkdb_ kbglZdkbk lh`_ jmkkdbc Z dhjgb \Zf g_ba\_klgu >Z^bf wlhfm g_kms_kl\mxs_fm yaudm mkeh\gh_ gZa\Zgb_ ©]ehdbcª Kmf__l_ eb \u jZa[bjZlv ij_^eh`_gby gZ ©]ehdhfª yaud_" Ihijh[mcl_gZclbih^e_`Zs__bkdZam_fh_\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo Fheykguc [heh^bevgbd i_j_f_oZe dm\bpm Ih fZe__ ijh\_dgmeb i_j_lyxsb_ky [j_^heZ]b <_e_gsbd mfZsbe i_j_dmiZxsmx ijhmlx`bevgbpm Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk FugZ^__fkyqlhbgZ©]ehdhfªyaud_m\Zk\k_ihemqbehkvijZ\bevgh 71 =eZ\Z IV Lbj_\gmljbij_^eh`_gby F_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fuf Ih^e_`Zs__ b kdZam_fh_ k\yaZgu l_kg_crbfb Ke_^ bkq_agm\r_c ©jh^kl\_ggufbª hlghr_gbyfb ² kfukeh\ufb b k\yadb ]jZffZlbq_kdbfb KdZam_fh_ ihlhfm b gZau\Z_lky kdZam_fuf qlh hgh ©kdZau\Z_lª ² jZkkdZau\Z_l khh[sZ_lhih^e_`Zs_fH[Z]eZ\guoqe_gZij_^eh`_gby ©^\b`mlky\h^ghcmijy`d_ªbg_kmlhkgh\ghckfuke_]h Kms_kl\mxl eb dZdb_eb[h ljm^ghklb \h \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo f_`^m ih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fuf"Kms_kl\mxlBij_`^_\k_]h²ijbbf_gghf khklZ\ghfkdZam_fhfHghdZd\uihfgbl_khklZ\e_ghba]eZ]heZk\yadbb bf_gghc qZklb < jheb ]eZ]heZk\yadb h[udgh\_ggh \uklmiZ_l ]eZ]he [ulv < bf_gghf khklZ\ghf kdZam_fhf hg ijbkmlkl\m_l qZs_ \k_]h \ ijhr_^r_f \j_f_gb GZijbf_j Hlebqbl_evghc hkh[_gghklvx ijhn_kkhjZfZl_fZlbdb[ueZ_]hex[h\vd^_lyf < gZklhys_f \j_f_gb ]eZ]hek\yadZ ihqlb \k_]^Z himkdZ_lky b ih^e_`Zs__ hklZ_lky gZ_^bg_ k bf_gghc qZklvx GZijbf_j GZ^_`^Z ² fhcdhfiZka_fghc Bai_kgb Lhevdh \ hq_gv j_^dbo kemqZyo ]eZ]hek\yadZ [ulv mihlj_[ey_lky \ gZklhys_f \j_f_gb Wlh [u\Z_l \ dgb`ghc gZmqghc j_qb GZijbf_j D\Z^jZl _klv jZ\ghklhjhggbc ijyfhm]hevgbd < h[uqghc j_qb ]eZ]he k\yadZ[ulv\gZklhys_f\j_f_gbebrgbcg_gm`gucGbdhfmba\Zk^Z`_ \ ]heh\m g_ ijb^_l kdZaZlv qlhgb[m^v \jh^_ ©GZ^_`^Z _klv fhc dhfiZk a_fghcªGh]eZ]hek\yadZg_\k_]^Zbkq_aZ_l[_kke_^ghBgh]^ZgZf_kl_ _]h bkq_agh\_gby hklZ_lky lbj_ Hgh klZ\blky f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b kdZam_fuf : ljm^ghklb \hagbdZxl hllh]h qlh h ihklZgh\d_ wlh]h agZdZ ij_ibgZgby ©]jZffZlbdZ gZ^\h_ kdZaZeZª \ h^gbo kemqZyo _]h klZ\blv gm`ghZ\^jm]bog_l ?keb \u ohjhrh ihfgbl_ dh]^Z klZ\blky lbj_ f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b kdZam_fufijbklmiZcl_dlj_gbjh\d_ kfkZ[ac ?kebaZ[ueblhihkfhljbl_q_f\ujZ`_gu]eZ\gu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby \^Zgguoijbf_jZo 72 >h[jh_gZqZeh²iheh\bgZ^_eZ Ihkeh\bpZ K_fv ² aZ]Z^hqgh_ qbkeh KZ^u kZ`Zlv ² `bagv mdjZrZlv Ihkeh\bpZ G_mf_lvohjhrh\ujZ`Zlvk\hbofuke_c²g_^hklZlhd D>Mrbgkdbc GZ^__fky qlh \u \kihfgbeb hkgh\gh_ ijZ\beh h ihklZgh\d_ lbj_ L_i_jvihiulZcl_kvjZkklZ\blvagZdb\^Zgguoij_^eh`_gbyo Ihfhqv[eb`g_fmba\_^ZlvjZ^hklv<k_^_kylviZevp_\g_fh]ml [ulv h^bgZdh\hc ^ebgu H^bg ^h[uluc hiul \Z`g__ k_fb fm^juo ihmq_gbc Ohl_lv agZqbl fhqv Imklhc dhehk \k_]^Z d\_jom ghk ^_j_l GZkdhjh ^_eZlv i_j_^_eu\Zlv Klh ljmkh\ [m^ml `_jl\hc h^gh]h ojZ[j_pZ <_d ijh`blv \kydh_ i_j_`blv M e`b gh]b dhjhldbAZ\k_[jZlvkygbq_]hg_k^_eZlv Ihkeh\bpu ,, =em[hdZy j_qv lboZ agZxsbc q_eh\_d kdjhf_g Mf h^_`^Z dhlhjZy gbdh]^Z g_ baghkblky AgZgb_ jh^gbd dhlhjuc gbdh]^Z g_ bkq_jiZ_rv Fgh]h a\_a^ mdjZr_gb_ g_[Z fgh]h agZgbc mdjZr_gb_ mfZAZ]hjhx_klv_s_]hjuaZfm^j_phf_klv_s_fm^j_p>jm`[Z k ohjhrbf q_eh\_dhf emgguc k\_l ^jm`[Z k iehobf af_bguc y^ LmqZfkhegpZg_aZdjulv\hcg_fbjZg_ih[_^blv Ihkeh\bpu ,,,Bfyl\h_ilbpZ\jmd_ Bfyl\h_ev^bgdZgZyaud_ H^gh_^bgkl\_ggh_^\b`_gb_]m[ 73 Bfyl\h_iylv[md\1 FyqbdihcfZggucgZe_lm K_j_[jyguc[m[_g_p\hjlm FBP\_lZ_\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd ijbklmiZcl_ d ql_gbx fZl_jbZeZ ih^ aZ]heh\dhf©Ke_^hklZ_lkyg_\k_]^Zª ?kebihklZgh\dZlbj_aZljm^gy_l\Zkijh^he`bl_lj_gbjh\dm ,<kljZgZo<hklhdZk[hevrbfm\Z`_gb_fhlghkylkydklZjbdZf;ulv klZjbdhf [hevrZy q_klv GZa\Zlv dh]hgb[m^v klZjbdhf agZqbl hdZaZlv _fmm\Z`_gb_,,;ulv\_`eb\ufh[yaZgghklvdZ`^h]hq_eh\_dZHq_gv \Z`gh_ ijhy\e_gb_ \_`eb\hklb iha^hjh\Zlvky i_j\uf G_ hl\_qZlv gZ ijb\_lkl\b_\_jog_\hkiblZgghklb,,, >_eh ibkZl_eyijhlb\hklhylv kljZ^Zgbx \k_fb kbeZfb \k_f lZeZglhf >_eh om^h`gbdZ jh`^Zlv jZ^hklv D = IZmklh\kdbc =eZ\gZy aZ^ZqZ bkdmkkl\Z ih^gbfZlv \ ex^yoqm\kl\hkh[kl\_ggh]h^hklhbgkl\Z <DD_lebgkdZy Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk KlZ\blv beb g_ klZ\blv lbj_ f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b kdZam_fuf ² wlh aZ\bkbl _s_ b hl keh\ dhlhju_ fh]ml klhylv i_j_^ kdZam_fuf ?keb gZ wlhc l_jjblhjbb hdZau\Zxlky lZdb_ keh\Z dZd \hl beb wlh i_j_^ gbfb h[yaZl_evghklZ\blkylbj_GZijbf_j >_j_\_gkdb_^_lb ² wlh hq_gv ex[hiulgu_ kms_kl\Z 2) F_edbc hk_ggbc ^h`^v²\hlkms__[_^kl\b_^eyju[heh\Z H^gZdh _klv keh\Z dhlhju_ hlghkylky d lbj_ g_ijbyag_ggh b \ bo ijbkmlkl\bbwlhlagZdg_klZ\blky IjhqblZcl_ ke_^mxsb_ ijbf_ju b k^_eZcl_ \u\h^ i_j_^ dZdbfb keh\Zfbf_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fufg_klZ\blkylbj_ Ke_^ hklZ_lky g_\k_]^Z =heh\Z[_aagZgbcdZdnhgZjv[_ak\_qb Ihkeh\bpZ Q_eh\_dg_mq_gucqlhlhihjg_lhq_guc Ihkeh\bpZ ________________________________________ 1FP\_lZ_\ZibkZeZwlhklbohl\hj_gb_ijb^_j`b\ZykvklZjhchjnh]jZnbb;ehdt 74 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1)Kf.aZ^Zgb_gZk 68. 1. H q_eh\_d_ dhlhjuc kbevgh bkim]Zeky ]h\hjyl qlh m g_]h ^mrZ \ iyldbmreZ 2.lhfdlhhq_gv[ukljhm^bjZ_l]h\hjylqlhmg_]hiyldbk\_jdZxl 3.0 q_eh\_d_ ^jh`Zs_f hl oheh^Z ]h\hjyl qlh m g_]h am[ gZ am[ g_ ihiZ^Z_l 4.?kebq_eh\_dbkiulu\Z_l[hevrh_h[e_]q_gb_lh]h\hjylqlhmg_]h ]hjZkie_qk\ZebeZkv 5. ?keb q_eh\_d ihiZe \ g_eh\dh_ iheh`_gb_ lh ]h\hjyl qlh hg k_e \ dZehrm 6.?kebq_eh\_dmlhfbekyhloehihlb[_]hlgblh]h\hjylqlhhgk[beky kgh] KfaZ^Zgb_gZk²MdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc ,NjZa_heh]bafu ,,>__ijbqZklguch[hjhl NjZa_heh]bafuAZiylhc\h\lhjhfij_^eh`_gbbjZa^_e_gu h^ghjh^gu_qe_gu\uclbljm^blvky. ,,,NjZa_heh]bafu KjZ\gbl_evgu_h[hjhlu KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 1. Y kdZdZeZ kehfy ]heh\m k ebrdhf klh \_jkl qlh[u m\b^_lvky k \Zfb I:IeZ\bevsbdh\ Hgbiju]Zebih\_jldbf[j_\gZf jbkdmy k\Zeblvky gh gbdlh g_ k\Zeb\Zeky < D D_lebgkdZy JZa\_ fu kimkly jmdZ\Z `b\_f" > B Nhg\babg ?]h `_ \ dZ`^hf k_e_ agZxl dZd h[emie_ggh]h : B Dmijbg Y gZ^_yeky gZ wlb ljhibgdb dZd gZ dZf_ggmx ]hjm y ^mfZe qlh gZklZg_l dZd \ :leZglbq_kdhf hd_Zg_ mf_j_gguc `Zj jh\guc b ihklhygguc\_l_j B:=hgqZjh\ Gbdlhg_kb^_ekeh`Zjmdb \k_ ]j_[eb < D :jk_gv_\ B\Zg I_ljh\bq g_ kZ^bl_kv gZ k\h_]hex[bfh]hdhgvdZ gZfg_dh]^Z 4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgu]eZ\gu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby ;heh^bevgbd i_j_f_oZe Ijh\_dgmeb [j_^heZ]b <_e_gsbd mfZsbe *** 75 ;_j_adb\e_kmlhqgh^_\mrdb\kZjZnZgZo>_lkdb_ ]eZa_gdb[m^lhp\_lu\ihe_K_j^p_g_dZf_gv(Ihkeh\bpZ Dmj]Zgu\kl_ibkeh\ghki_eu_Zj[mau F:Rhehoh\ Ihijh[mcl_jZkklZ\blvagZdb\ke_^mxsbo©hlj_adZoªij_^eh`_gbc bgl_j_kgZyhkh[_gghklv`bjZnZwlh_]h^ebggZy H]jhfgucdbl\h\k_g_?]hh]jhfgZyiZklvg_ hdjZkdZoZf_e_hgZwlhkj_^kl\h;uklju_gh]b aZcpZ_]h_^bgkl\_ggh_Fgh]b_af_bkh\k_fg_ jZkkdZaZeqlh\medZgwlhhq_gvhiZkghklv ihlhfmqlhghkhjh]wlh\_kvfZagZebqlhkehg kZfuc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk BlZd klhedgm\rbkv k khklZ\guf bf_gguf kdZam_fuf \u ^he`gu hij_^_eblv ijZ\bevgucimlv j_r_gby aZ^Zqbh ihklZgh\d_ lbj_ GZ wlhf imlb[m^_lg_kdhevdhrZ]h\dZ`^ucbadhlhjuogZ^hh[^mfZlvWlhlimlv bwlbrZ]bfh`ghbah[jZablv\\b^_ko_fu kfk H^gZdh keh\Z dZd [m^lh lhqgh keh\gh klhysb_ i_j_^ bf_gguf khklZ\guf kdZam_fuf ij_^klZ\eyxl hiZkghklv b fh]ml kijh\hpbjh\Zlv hrb[dmWlhijhbkoh^blbaaZlh]hqlhhgbg_j_^dhijbkh_^bgyxllZdb_ kbglZdkbq_kdb_ dhgkljmdpbb dhlhju_ \u^_eyxlky agZdZfb ij_ibgZgby ² kjZ\gbl_evgu_ h[hjhlu b ijb^Zlhqgu_ ij_^eh`_gby GZijbf_j \ ij_^eh`_gbb <ha^mo qbkl b k\_` dZd ihp_emc j_[_gdZ aZiylZy h[yaZl_evgh gm`gZ Z \ ij_^eh`_gbyo ;ue e_k dZd khg b Kg_] dZd khg aZiylmx klZ\blv gb \ dh_f kemqZ_ g_ ke_^m_l ihlhfm qlh \ i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbbhgZhl^_ey_lkjZ\gbl_evguch[hjhlZ\^jm]bog_lh[hjhlZ <ij_^eh`_gbbH^m\Zgqbdkeh\gh`b\h_ahehlhaZiylZyg_gm`gZlZddZd fubf__f^_ehkhkdZam_fuf<ij_^eh`_gbb=jhfijh]jhohlZeihg_[m keh\gh dhe_kZ ih [meu`ghc fhklh\hc aZiylZy klZ\blky \ h[yaZl_evghf ihjy^d_lZddZdwlhkjZ\gbl_evguch[hjhl < ibkvf_gghc j_qb kjZ\gbl_evgu_ h[hjhlu b ijb^Zlhqgu_ ij_^eh`_gby k wlbfbkeh\Zfb \klj_qZxlky ]hjZa^hqZs_ q_f kdZam_fu_ ihwlhfmm\Zkh[jZam_lkymklhcqb\Zyijb\uqdZdihklZgh\d_aZiylhci_j_^ dZd qlh [m^lh b l i Wlb keh\Z dZd [u ©ijbly]b\Zxlª d k_[_ aZiylmx Ijb 76 77 \klj_q_khkdZam_fufb©hkgZs_ggufbªlZdbfbkeh\Zfb ijb\uqdZfh`_lkjZ[hlZlvijhlb\\Zkblh]^Z\u[_a^mfgh ihklZ\bl_aZiylmxf_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fufZwlh g_^himklbfhIhwlhfmm\b^_\khxaudZdqlhlhqgh keh\gh[m^lhdZd[m^lhk^_eZcl_hklZgh\dmb aZ^mfZcl_kvqlhijbkh_^bg_ghwlbfbkeh\ZfbkjZ\gbl_evguc h[hjhlijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gb_bebkdZam_fh_ <u[hjijZ\bevgh]himlbfh`ghbah[jZablvlZd Ihijh[mcl_ihlj_gbjh\Zlvky\wlhfmf_gbb ,<_j[ex^g_agZ_lqlhhg]hj[ZlOjZ[jhklv[_amfZqlhdhjZ[ev [_a ]jmaZ LZ _^Z ohjhrZ qlh k\hbf ljm^hf aZjZ[hlZgZ Q_eh\_d g_mq_guc qlh lhihj g_lhq_guc KlZ^h [_a iZklmoZ qlh kZ^ [_a kZ^h\gbdZ Lh qlh fZeh \Zjbehkv hklZ_lky kujuf Mq_guc [_a^_evgbd qlh lmqZ [_a ^h`^y ?` kqblZ_l qlh m _]h kugZ r_jkldZ fy]dZy G_j_rbl_evguc q_eh\_d qlh g_aZdZe_gguc f_q Jhl [_a am[h\ qlh f_evgbpZ [_a `_jgh\h\ Iehohc ^jm] qlh ^ujy\Zy rm[Z KdZaZggh_keh\hqlh\uims_ggZyklj_eZ Ihkeh\bpu IIL_i_jvEmgZ[ueZ\b^gZlZddZdhgZ[u\Z_l\b^gZ\l_e_kdhikA_feb HgZ [ueZ dZdh]jhfguc k\_jdZxsbc djm] G_agZcdZ b kZf g_ agZe dZd ijhbahc^_l ihkZ^dZ gZ Emgm Ihgqbd ohl_e qlhlh kdZaZlv gh yaud keh\gh h^_j_\_g_e \h jlm Z ]heh\Z klZeZ dZd imklh_ \_^jh DZ`^uc ohl_ek\hbfb]eZaZfbm\b^_lvdZdk\_lblky\l_fghl_emggucdZf_gv IhGGGhkh\m 78 ,,, =eZaZ m kh[Zdb dZd qZcgu_ qZrdb gh lu g_ [hcky G_ mki_e khe^Zl hihfgblvkydZdkh[ZdZ\_jgmeZkvkijbgp_kkhc Ih=;:g^_jk_gm Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk BlZd fu k \Zfb \kihfgbeb ijZ\beh h ihklZgh\d_ lbj_ f_`^m ih^e_`Zsbf b kdZam_fuf \kihfgbeb b p_euc jy^ ^hiheg_gbc d wlhfm ijZ\bemL_i_jvfukh[jZeb\f_kl_\k_kemqZbhdhlhjuoreZj_qv<ZrZ aZ^ZqZ ² gbq_]h gb k q_f g_ i_j_imlZlv b ijZ\bevgh jZkklZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgby Dhj_gvmq_gby]hj_dZieh^u_]hkeZ^dbIjb\uqdZ\lhjZygZlmjZ G_aZdhgq_ggh_ ^_eh qlh dhgv h lj_o ih^dh\Zo G_ bkijZ\blv hrb[dm agZqbl kh\_jrblv gh\mx I_rbc dhgghfm g_ lh\Zjbs B ohjhr__keh\hohjhrhh^bgjZa>eyfmjZ\vy^Z`_eh`dZ\h^uhd_Zg IhiuldZg_iuldZJh^bgZfZlvqm`[bgZfZq_oZ H^gZabfZgZjh^bg_emqr_klZ\_k_ggZqm`[bg_ DjmlZy]hjZfmq_gv_^eydhgydjmlhcq_eh\_dfmq_gv_^eyex^_c >himklblvhrb[dmijhklmihdg_ijbagZlvhrb[dmij_klmie_gb_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Ihkeh\bpu :_kebkdZam_fh_ijhiZeh DZd \u m`_ m[_^bebkv bkq_agh\_gb_ ]eZ]heZk\yadb ijbqbgy_l fgh`_kl\h oehihl Qlh[u j_rblv [ulv beb g_ [ulv lbj_ gZ f_kl_ ©ijhiZ`bª gm`gh mq_klv fgh`_kl\h k_jv_aguo h[klhyl_evkl\ : qlh ijhbkoh^bl_kebbkq_aZ_lg_k\yadZZkZfhkdZam_fh_"BebdZdhcgb[m^v ^jm]hcqe_gij_^eh`_gby" Ij_^eh`_gb_ klZgh\blky g _ i h e g u f GZijbf_j L_jdbg ² ^Zevr_ :\lhj — \ke_^ : L L\Zj^h\kdbc A^_kv hlkmlkl\mxl kdZam_fu_ lbiZ _^_l^\b`_lkybebhlijZ\ey_lkyIhq_fm`_hgbhlkmlkl\mxl"Bf_ggh ihlhfm qlh hgb e_]dh \hkklZgZ\eb\Zxlky ih kfukem bo [_a ms_j[Z ^ey ihgbfZgbyfh`ghhimklblv HklZ_lkyebgZf_kl_©ijhiZ`bªke_^\\b^_lbj_"Bgh]^ZhklZ_lkyQlh gm`ghqlh[u_]hijZ\bevghihklZ\blv" 79 Ljb \_sb gZ[ex^Zl_evghklv ohjhr__ ihgbfZgb_ kfukeZ qblZ_fh]h b \hh[jZ`_gb_ GZ[ex^Zl_evghklv ² ^ey lh]h qlh[u aZf_lblv hlkmlkl\b_ keh\Z\ij_^eh`_gbbIjhgbdgh\_gb_\kfuke²qlh[uiheghklvxihgylv ij_^eh`_gb_g_kfhljygZijhimkdkeh\<hh[jZ`_gb_²qlh[ufuke_ggh ©mkeurZlvªdZd a\mqbl ij_^eh`_gb_ k dZdhc bglhgZpb_c hgh ijhbaghkblkygZdZdbokeh\Zo^_eZ_lkykfukeh\h_m^Zj_gb_bdZda\mqZl wlb \u^_e_ggu_ ih kfukem keh\Z ?keb ]h\hjysbc q_eh\_d ohq_l ijhbag_klb k hkh[uf agZq_gb_f l_ keh\Z dhlhju_ ke_^mxl aZ ijhims_ggufb hg ^_eZ_l iZmam ih^q_jdb\Zxsmx agZqbl_evghklv ihke_^mxsbokeh\<ujZablv__ijbibkvf_ihfh]Z_llbj_ H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_<ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyoijhims_gukdZam_fu_ bihklZ\e_gu\f_klhgbolbj_i_j_^kZfufbagZqbl_evgufbkeh\Zfb >_j_\h keZ\blky ieh^Zfb q_eh\_d ² ljm^Zfb KlbjdZ hqbsZ_l h^_`^mjZa]h\hj²k_j^p_<[_^_ojZgbfm`_kl\hZ\^h\hevkl\_ ²kdjhfghklv Ijhqlbl_\ujZabl_evgh \kemobeb ijh k_[y ke_^mxsb_ klbohl\hjgu_ hlju\db aZf_lvl_ ]^_ \ gbo ijhims_gu keh\Z ©IjbkemrZcl_kvª d iZmaZfJZkklZ\vl_\hlju\dZoagZdbij_ibgZgby F_^vhldebdZ_lkyDhjhqdZoe_[Z A\hghfOjmklhf >_j_\h>h`^bd Rmfhfa_e_gufE_i_lhf]jmklguf (HH>jba Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZk\_l_\k_@mjZ\ev GZ\k_ GZlhsbc Ihoh`_DjZgih^t_fguc Af_yDhlihehkZluc GZj_f_rhd GZib`Zfm Badh`bYgZl_[y EmgZ :lu GZdjm]euc]eZaGZfZfm H]jhfguc (JK_n Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 80 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc ,Lbj_klZ\blky Lbj_g_klZ\blky ,, =em[hdZy j_qv lboZ agZxsbc q_eh\_d kdjhf_g Mf ² h^_`^Z dhlhjZy gbdh]^Z g_ baghkblky AgZgb_ ² jh^gbd dhlhjuc gbdh]^Z g_ bkq_jiZ_rvFgh]ha\_a^²mdjZr_gb_g_[Zfgh]hagZgbc²mdjZr_gb_mfZ AZ]hjhx_klv_s_]hjuaZfm^j_phf_klv_s_fm^j_p>jm`[Zkohjhrbf q_eh\_dhf²emgguck\_l^jm`[Zkiehobf²af_bgucy^LmqZfkhegpZg_ aZdjulv\hcg_fbjZg_ih[_^blv III. Bfyl\h_²ilbpZ\jmd_ Bfyl\h_²ev^bgdZgZyaud_ H^gh_^bgkl\_ggh_^\b`_gb_]m[ Bfyl\h_²iylv[md\ FyqbdihcfZggucgZe_lm K_j_[jyguc[m[_g_p\hjlm 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkJbfkdbfbpbnjZfbmdZaZgughf_jZl_dklh\ , Lbj_ \h \lhjhf b lj_lv_f ij_^eh`_gbyo ,, ,,, Lbj_ \h \k_o ij_^eh`_gbyo 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk bgl_j_kgZyhkh[_gghklv`bjZnZ²wlh_]h^ebggZyH]jhfgucdbl \h\k_g_?]hh]jhfgZyiZklvg_«hdjZkdZoZf_e_hgZ²wlhkj_^kl\h ;uklju_ gh]b aZcpZ ² _]h _^bgkl\_ggh_ Fgh]b_ af_b kh\k_f g_ «jZkkdZaZeqlh\medZg²wlhhq_gv«hiZkghklvihlhfmqlhghkhjh]² wlh\_kvfZ …agZebqlhkehg²kZfuc *** L_i_jvdh]^Z\Zfijb^_lkyibkZlvk\hckh[kl\_ggucl_dkl khqbg_gb_beb ibkvfh \u fh`_l_ ihevah\Zlvky _s_ h^gbf kj_^kl\hf \ujZabl_evghklb ² lbj_ gZ f_kl_ ijhims_ggh]h keh\Z Hgh ihfh`_l \Zf i_j_^Zlv b iZmam b agZqbl_evghklvke_^mxsboaZiZmahckeh\ 81 JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\l_dklZo G_mf_euc gZ^__lky gZ ^jm]bo mf_euc gZ k_[y IZ\ebg h]ey^u\Z_lky gZ k\hc o\hkl q_eh\_d gZ k\hb ihklmidb JZ[hlysbc ijbghkblihevam\k_fe_gb\ucgbdhfm JZ[hlmij_h^he_\Zxlmf_gb_fljm^ghklbkh]eZkb_f =\ha^v[_j_`_lih^dh\mih^dh\ZdhgydhgvojZ[j_pZojZ[j_phlqbagm <_sv ohjhrZ gh\Zy Z ^jm] klZjuc Kbeu fh]ml bkkydgmlv agZgby gbdh]^ZDjZkhlZdhgy\[_]_djZkhlZq_eh\_dZ\ijZ\^_ Ihkeh\bpu ,,Ih^ZknZevlh\hcfhklh\hcFhkd\ue_`bl[jmkqZlZyfhklh\Zyih^g_c [meu`gZy ih^ [meu`ghc [j_\_gqZlZy GZ h^ghc ba p_gljZevguo mebp Fhkd\u f_ljhkljh_\pu h[gZjm`beb ©keh_guc ibjh]ª ba ^_\ylb fhklh\uodhlhju_e_`Zlh^gZih^^jm]hc ,,, KZfh_ [hevrh_ [ex^h gZ k\_l_ `Zj_guc \_j[ex^ Wlh eZdhfkl\h h[uqgh_ mdjZr_gb_ k\Z^_[gh]h ibjZ [_^mbgh\ >ey _]h ijb]hlh\e_gby \Zj_gu_ycpZ lmrZlky \ ju[_ ju[Z \ \Zj_ghc dmjbp_ dmjbpZ \ `Zj_ghf [ZjZg_Z[ZjZgaZi_dZ_lky\\_j[ex`v_clmr_ ,9 M fgh]bo gZjh^h\ p\_lu bf_xl kbf\hebq_kdbc kfuke H^gb p\_lu hebp_l\hjyxl kqZklv_ ^jm]b_ i_qZev G_dhlhju_ p\_lu k\yaZgu k ihwlbq_kdbf ij_^klZ\e_gb_f h p_ehc kljZg_ OjbaZgl_fu \uau\Zxl \ \hh[jZ`_gbbYihgbxehlhkBg^bxZlxeviZgu=heeZg^bx Ba]Za_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 82 =eZ\Z V ©B]jZffZlbdZimklbeZkv kZjbnf_lbdhcieykZlvª KbglZdkbq_kdbckq_l Qlh[u ih oh^m ibkvfZ [ukljh ©meZ\eb\Zlvª ^_e_gb_ Ljm^gheb ij_^eh`_gbc gZ hkgh\gu_ [ehdb gZ^h g_ lhevdh ©\b^_lvª kqblZlv dZ`^uc [ehd gh b kjZam hij_^_eylv kdhevdh bo \ ^hiylb ? ij_^eh`_gbb Ihwlhfm mf_gb_ hkms_kl\eylv kbglZdkbq_kdbc ©kq_l \ mf_ª ² h^gh ba hkgh\guo ©khklZ\eyxsboª]jZfhlghklb©ijbjhkr_cddhgqbdmi_jZª DZdkhkqblZlvkdhevdhijhkluoij_^eh`_gbc\keh`ghf"DZd[m^lh[u kh\k_fijhklhkdhevdh]jZffZlbq_kdbohkgh\klhevdhbij_^eh`_gbcGh \ imgdlmZpbhgguo aZ^ZqZo kq_l ^h ^\mo lj_o beb iylb fh`_l hdZaZlvky ]hjZa^hljm^g__q_f\fZl_fZlbq_kdbo Ihijh[mcl_ khkqblZlv dhebq_kl\h ij_^eh`_gbc \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo l_dklu^Zgu[_aagZdh\ij_ibgZgby J_\_leba\_jv\e_km]emohf Ljm[blebjh]]j_fbleb]jhf Ih_leb^_\ZaZohefhf GZ\kydbca\md K\hchldebd\\ha^mo_imklhf Jh^brvlu\^jm] :KImrdbg GZwlmdZjlbgmlZdkhegp_k\_lbeh J_[_ghd[uelZdmfhjbl_evghfZe DZd[m^lh\k_wlhdZjlhggh_[ueh DZd[m^lh[u\^_lkdbcl_ZljyihiZe G:G_djZkh\ DZdlhjZai_j_^lheihx Khie_f_gguo]hj MDZa[_dZkRZl]hjhx ;ue\_ebdbckihj HggZkljhbl^ufguod_ebc IhmklmiZf]hj <]em[bg_l\hboms_ebc 83 AZ]j_fbllhihj B`_e_agZyehiZlZ <dZf_ggmx]jm^v >h[u\Zyf_^vbaeZlh <j_`_lkljZrgucimlv M`ijhoh^yldZjZ\Zgu Q_j_al_kdZeu =^_ghkbebkvebrvlmfZgu >ZpZjbhjeu FXE_jfhglh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk =jZffZlbq_kdbc kq_l \ mf_ lZd `_ dZd b fZl_fZlbq_kdbc lj_[m_l lj_gbjh\db JZa\blv \ k_[_ kihkh[ghklv kqblZlv ij_^eh`_gby fh`gh ^\mfy imlyfb I_j\uc imlv ² kZfbf qblZlv ih dgb]_ b jZa[bjZlv keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gby\_^vjZa[hj\i_j\mxhq_j_^vlj_[m_l\uykg_gby ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ beb keh`gh_ Z _keb keh`gh_ lh kdhevdh \ g_f ijhkluo <lhjhc imlv ² kq_l ij_^eh`_gbc \hkijbgbfZ_fuo gZ kemo dh]^ZqblZ_ldlhlh^jm]hcWlhb_klvkh[kl\_gghkq_l\mf_ DZdh\u ij_bfms_kl\Z kq_lZ \ mf_" <k_ mf_gby dhlhju_ \u ijbh[j_lZ_l_ jZ[hlZy k l_dklhf gZoh^ysbfky i_j_^ ]eZaZfb ohjhrb lhevdh lh]^Z dh]^Z \u jZkklZ\ey_l_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ mijZ`g_gbyo \ dhlhjuo hgb ki_pbZevgh ijhims_gu Gh agZqbl_evgh \Z`g__ gZmqblvky ]jZfhlgh aZibku\Zlv l_dkl khklZ\e_gguc \Zfb kZfhklhyl_evgh : d wlhc ]jZfhlghklb ]hjZa^h gZ^_`g__ ijb\h^bl bf_ggh kq_l \ mf_ Fuke_ggh jZa[bjZy ij_^eh`_gb_ \u ihg_\he_ ^he`gu m^_j`b\Zlv _]h \ iZfylb ^h l_oihjihdZg_kijZ\bl_kvkjZ[hlhc:lZdh_m^_j`Zgb_\iZfylbdZd\u ihfgbl_ ² h^gh ba hkgh\guo mkeh\bc e_]dh]h b _kl_kl\_ggh]h ]jZfhl gh]h ibkvfZ LZd qlh lj_gbjmykv \ kq_l_ ij_^eh`_gbc gZ kemo \u jZa\b\Z_l_k\hxiZfylv²p_gg_cr__k\hckl\h^eyex[h]h^_eZdhlhjuf \Zfijb^_lkyaZgbfZlvky\`bagb Ihijh[mcl_ijh^_eZlvwlmjZ[hlmkhke_^mxsbfbij_^eh`_gbyfb ,Ghi_kgxbgmx H^Zevg_ca_fe_ <habefhcijbyl_ev Kkh[hx\k_^e_ F:K\_leh\ 84 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc ,G_laZiyluo <_j[ex^ g_ agZ_l qlh hg ]hj[Zl LZ _^Z ohjhrZ qlh k\hbf ljm^hf aZjZ[hlZgZLhqlhfZeh\ZjbehkvhklZ_lkykujuf?`kqblZ_lqlhm_]h kugZr_jkldZfy]dZy ,,L_i_jvEmgZ[ueZ\b^gZlZddZdhgZ[u\Z_l\b^gZ\l_e_kdhikA_feb HgZ [ueZ dZd h]jhfguc k\_jdZxsbc djm] G_agZcdZ b kZf g_ agZe dZd ijhbahc^_l ihkZ^dZ gZ Emgm Ihgqbd ohl_e qlhlh kdZaZlv gh yaud keh\gh h^_j_\_g_e \h jlm Z ]heh\Z klZeZ dZd imklh_ \_^jh DZ`^uc ohl_e k\hbfb ]eZaZfbm\b^_lvdZdk\_lblky\l_fghl_emggucdZf_gv IhGGGhkh\m ,,, =eZaZ m kh[Zdb dZd qZcgu_ qZrdb gh lu g_ [hcky G_ mki_e khe^Zl hihfgblvkydZdkh[ZdZ\_jgmeZkvkijbgp_kkhc Ih=;:g^_jk_gm KfaZ^Zgb_gZk Dhj_gvmq_gby]hj_dZieh^u_]hkeZ^dbIjb\uqdZ²\lhjZygZlmjZ G_aZdhgq_ggh_ ^_eh qlh dhgv h lj_o ih^dh\Zo G_ bkijZ\blv hrb[dm ² agZqbl kh\_jrblv gh\mx I_rbc dhgghfm g_ lh\Zjbs B ohjhr__ keh\h ohjhrh h^bg jZa >ey fmjZ\vy ^Z`_ eh`dZ \h^u ² hd_Zg IhiuldZ g_ iuldZJh^bgZ²fZlvqm`[bgZ²fZq_oZH^gZabfZgZjh^bg_emqr_ klZ\_k_ggZqm`[bg_DjmlZy]hjZ²fmq_gv_^eydhgydjmlhcq_eh\_d² fmq_gv_^eyex^_c >himklblv hrb[dm ² ijhklmihd g_ ijbagZlv hrb[dm ²ij_klmie_gb_ Ihkeh\bpu KfaZ^Zgb_gZk F_^vhldebdZ_lkyDhjhqdZoe_[Z A\hghfOjmklhf >_j_\h²>h`^bd² Rmfhfa_e_gufE_i_lhf]jmklguf (HH>jba *** 85 ,,BaEb\_jimevkdhc]Z\Zgb <k_]^Zihq_l\_j]Zf Km^Zmoh^yl\ieZ\Zgv_ D^Ze_dbf[_j_]Zf <ur_eklhjh`baklhjh`db Ih^f_lZ_lhg^hjh`db KYFZjrZd Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk >hdZdboij_^_eh\gZ^hjZa\b\Zlvk\h_mf_gb_kqblZlv LZbgkl\_ggh_ qbkehk_fv ij_^eh`_gby\mf_"Kdhevdh]jZffZlbq_kdbohkgh\gZ^h \u^_eylvgZkemobi_j_kqblu\Zlv©h^gbffZohfª" Mq_gu_^Z\ghh[jZlbeb\gbfZgb_gZkljZggh_ijbkljZklb_q_eh\_q_kl\Z d qbkem k_fv Ihq_fm ex^yf m^h[g__ \k_]h qlh[u \ g_^_e_ [ueh k_fv ^g_c" Hlq_]h \her_[guc p\_lhd gZau\Zxl p\_lbdk_fbp\_lbd" Ihq_fm \ kdZadZomdhjhey[u\Z_lk_fv^hq_j_cZ\i_kg_²ml_sbk_f_jhaylv_\" Ihq_fm wlh qbkeh lZd qZklh ih\lhjy_lky \ ihkeh\bpZo K_fv [_^ ² h^bg hl\_l K_f_jh h^gh]h g_ `^ml M k_fb gyg_d ^bly [_a ]eZam AZ k_fv \_jkldbk_eyoe_[Zlvbl^" Kihkh[ghklv aZihfgblv kjZam ohly fh`_l [ulv b g_gZ^he]h hij_^_e_ggh_ dhebq_kl\h dZdbogb[m^v ij_^f_lh\ ^ey jZaguo ex^_c khklZ\ey_l l_ hl iylb ^h ^_\ylb_^bgbp >ey q_eh\_dZ _kl_kl\_ggh jZ[hlZlv g_dhlhjh_ dhjhldh_ \j_fy \ mf_ k lZdbf dhebq_kl\hf fZl_jbZeZIhwlhfm_keb\u^h[v_l_kvlh]hqlh[m^_l_ijZ\bevghkqblZlv ijb \hkijbylbb gZ kemo iylv ² k_fv ij_^eh`_gbc \u jZah\v_l_ \ k_[_ ghjfZevguc _kl_kl\_gguc ^ey q_eh\_dZ h[t_f lZd gZau\Z_fhc djZldh\j_f_gghciZfylb : lZd dZd ijZdlbq_kdb \Zf j_^dh ijb^_lky ibkZlv hq_gv ^ebggu_ keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby \dexqZxsb_ [he__ iylb ijhkluo [m^_f kqblZlv qlh ©gZ `bagvª \Zf \iheg_ o\Zlbl mf_gby kqblZlv ^h iylb fgh]b_ agZdhfu_gZfrdhevgbdbgZqbgZxlg_^hkqblu\Zlvij_^eh`_gbydh]^Zbo [hevr_lj_o <ijhq_f_kebkq_lhdZ`_lky^ey\Zkm\e_dZl_evgufaZgylb _f fh`gh \u[bjZlv keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby khklhysb_ ba [hevr_]h dhebq_kl\Zijhkluo ?s_g_fgh]hihlj_gbjm_fky\kq_l_ ,<k_qlhfh`_lkZfZygZbmfg_crZyfZrbgZ\eh`_gh\g__q_eh\_dhf DZ`^Zy\uqbkebl_evgZyfZrbgZkha^Z_lky 86 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk GZk\_l_\k_ GZ\k_ Ihoh`_ Af_y² GZj_f_rhd Badh`b EmgZ² GZdjm]euc]eZa H]jhfguc @mjZ\ev² GZlhsbc DjZgih^t_fguc DhlihehkZluc² GZib`Zfm Y²gZl_[y :lu² GZfZfm JK_n KfaZ^Zgb_gZk G_mf_euc gZ^__lky gZ ^jm]bo mf_euc ² gZ k_[y IZ\ebg h]ey^u\Z_lky gZ k\hc o\hkl q_eh\_d — gZ k\hb ihklmidb JZ[hlysbc ijbghkbl ihevam \k_f e_gb\uc ² gbdhfm JZ[hlm ij_h^he_\Zxl mf_gb_f ljm^ghklb ² kh]eZkb_f =\ha^v [_j_`_l ih^dh\m ih^dh\Z — dhgy dhgv — ojZ[j_pZojZ[j_p ²hlqbagm<_svohjhrZgh\ZyZ^jm] — klZjuc Kbeufh]mlbkkydgmlvagZgby²gbdh]^Z DjZkhlZdhgy²\[_]_djZkhlZ q_eh\_dZ²\ijZ\^_ Ihkeh\bpu II. Ih^ ZknZevlh\hc fhklh\hc Fhkd\u e_`bl [jmkqZlZy fhklh\Zy ih^ g_c ² [meu`gZy ih^ [meu`ghc ² [j_\_gqZlZy GZ h^ghc ba p_gljZevguo mebp Fhkd\u f_ljhkljh_\pu h[gZjm`beb ©kehzguc ibjh]ª ba ^_\ylb fhklh\uodhlhju_e_`Zlh^gZih^^jm]hc ,,,KZfh_[hevrh_[ex^hgZk\_l_ — `Zj_guc\_j[ex^WlheZdhfkl\h² h[uqgh_mdjZr_gb_k\Z^_[gh]hibjZ[_^mbgh\>ey_]hijb]hlh\e_gby\Zj_gu_ ycpZlmrZlky\ju[_ju[Z — \\Zj_ghcdmjbp_dmjbpZ ²\`Zj_ghf[ZjZg_Z [ZjZgaZi_dZ_lky\\_j[ex`v_clmr_ ,9 M fgh]bo gZjh^h\ p\_lu bf_xl kbf\hebq_kdbc kfuke H^gb p\_lu hebp_l\hjyxl kqZklv_ ^jm]b_ ² i_qZev G_dhlhju_ p\_lu k\yaZgu k ihwlbq_kdbf ij_^klZ\e_gb_f h p_ehc kljZg_ OjbaZgl_fu \uau\Zxl \ \h h[jZ`_gbbYihgbxehlhk² Bg^bxZlxeviZgu²=heeZg^bx Ba]Za_l *** 87 ^eylh]hqlh[uh[e_]qblvljm^q_eh\_dZkwdhghfblv\j_fy mkdhjblv j_r_gb_ keh`guo aZ^Zq K_]h^gyrgb_ kZfhe_lu e_lZxl kh k\_joa\mdh\ufbkdhjhklyfbih^gbfZxlky\ukhdh\g_[hblj_[mxlky dhehkkZevgu_ jZkq_lu qlh[u hij_^_eblv dZd \_kv kZfhe_l _]h hl^_evgu_ qZklb [m^ml \_klb k_[y ijb [hevrbo gZ]jmadZo <k_ wlh jZkkqblZlv [_a ijbf_g_gby \uqbkebl_evghc l_ogbdb k_]h^gy g_\hafh`gh ,, Ijh]jZffbjh\Zgb_ \lhjZy ]jZfhlghklv Q_eh\_d mqblky ]jZfhl_ g_ ^ey lh]h ebrv qlh[u jZa[bjZlv \u\_kdb Dgb]b hldju\Zxl i_j_^ gbf h]jhfguc fbj dmevlmju B ijh]jZffbklkdZy ]jZfhlghklv ihe_agZ g_ lhevdh ^ey lh]h qlh[u ijh\h^blv jZkq_lu hgZ ijb\b\Z_l hkh[mx oZjZdl_jgmx ^ey \_dZ dhfivxl_jh\ dmevlmjm fure_gby dhlhjZykihkh[gZk^_eZlvwnn_dlb\g__\kydmx^_yl_evghklvq_eh\_dZ k\h_h[jZaghaZhkljblv_]hfukev ©GZmdZb`bagvª ,,,Bg^b\b^mZevgucdhfivxl_jfZrbgZdhlhjhcfh`_lihevah\Zlvky dZ`^ucba\ZkWlhg_[hevrhcq_fh^Zgqbddhlhjucijbkh_^bgy_lkyd h[uqghfm l_e_\bahjm d we_dljhZiiZjZlZf hg \dexqZ_l b \udexqZ_l bo\aZ^Zggh_\j_fy©aZihfbgZ_lªl_i_j_^Zqbdhlhju_\ug_mki_eb ihkfhlj_lv Ba]Za_l : l_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ ih^kqblZlv dhebq_kl\h qZkl_c b jZkklZ\blv agZdb \ ij_^eh`_gbyogZg_kms_kl\mxs_f©]ehdhfªyaud_ ,9 Lboh fbkbdh\ klZy ]jmkl_eZ \h f]e_ a_e_gZ\db ojxsZeb ihjhc ?keb[Zg^Zfhklijhem`^Z_lij_^dhiZklb_lh\_evqbdbi_j_]j_lZxlqlh hgh[\_g^Z_lf_g_e_fu<q_ibjhq_ebehi_gvybbo]Zj[h\u_lh\_klu bjqZeb gZ \_j[_gqZluo g_kldZo Z \Zj]ZgmrdZ [ueZ g_fhdm^jZy b gb dhfmhgZg_ehfgb\beZkv Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?kebih^e_`Zs__bebkdZam_fh_ g_hldebdgmehkv Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ \u aZ^Zeb hl kdZam_fh]h \hijhku DZdb_[u\Zxl ij_^eh`_gby dlh" qlh" Gh gb h^gh keh\h \ ij_^eh`_gbb g_ hldebdgmehkv gZ gbo LZdbo keh\ ijhklhgZijhklh g_ hdZaZehkvGZijbf_j J_[ylZf g_ kb^_ehkv gZ f_kl_ >jm]hc kljZgguc kemqZc\u 88 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZghdhebq_kl\hij_^eh`_gbc 1) 5. 2) 4. 3) 1; 2; 1; 2. 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZghdhebq_kl\hij_^eh`_gbc I. 1. II. 1) 1; 2) 2. 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk I.2; 2; 4; 1.II. 1; 2; 1; 4. III. 2; 4. IV. 2; 3; 4. *** bs_l_ kdZam_fh_ Z _]h g_l b \ ihfbg_ GZ f_kl_ lhevdh ih^e_`Zs__ gZijbf_j<hlfhy^_j_\gy LZdb_ ij_^eh`_gby ]jZffZlbq_kdZy hkgh\Z dhlhjuo khklhbl lhevdh ba h^gh]h ]eZ\gh]h qe_gZ ih^e_`Zs_]h beb kdZam_fh]h gZau\Zxlky h^ghkhklZ\gufb Hij_^_ebl_dZdb_bawlboij_^eh`_gbch^ghkhklZ\gu_ ,H^gZeZklhqdZg_^_eZ_l\_kguIhke_^jZdbdmeZdZfbg_fZrml Lhjhieb\ufex^yfg_o\ZlZ_lfm^jhklb>_ehfZkl_jZ[hblky Ihkeh\bpu ,, GZc^b k_[_ b^_Ze fm`_kl\Z b g_hlklmigh ke_^mc _fm <:Kmohfebgkdbc GhqvL_fghlZF_jpZxsb_\^Ze_d_h]gb Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk BlZd \ ihbkdZo ih^e_`Zs_]h b kdZam_fh]h \u fh`_l_ \klj_lblvky k ij_^eh`_gbyfb\dhlhjuog_hdZ`_lkylh]hbeb^jm]h]h²kh^ghkhklZ\gufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb JZ[hlZy k ij_^eh`_gbyfb lZdh]h jh^Z [m^vl_ gZq_dm Ijb hlkmlkl\bb ih^e_`Zs_]hhq_gve_]dhijbgylvaZg_]h^hiheg_gb_ H^ghkhklZ\gu_ ij_^eh`_gby \ k\hx hq_j_^v ^_eylky gZ kdZam_fhklgu_bih^e_`Zsgu_. AZibrbl_dZ`^h_ij_^eh`_gb_\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu. 89 KdZam_fhklgu_ij_^eh`_gby Ih^e_`Zsgu_ij_^eh`_gby 1 2 IWfZe_\ucdj_klbd\i_lebp_ Bk_jhclm`mjdbkmdgh DZdb_i_qZevgu_ebpZ BdZdwlh[ueh^Z\gh Kg_]Zkg_]Zkg_]Z :ghqv^he]Z Bg_jZklZxlgbdh]^Zkg_]Z =<B\Zgh\ ,,Ijh^he]h\Zlucbl\_j^uch\Ze Q_jgh]hieZlvyjZkljm[u XgZy[Z[mrdZDlhp_eh\Ze <ZrbgZ^f_ggu_]m[u" LhkdZihjh^bg_>Z\gh JZah[eZq_ggZyfhjhdZ Fg_kh\_jr_ggh\k_jZ\gh =^_kh\_jr_gghh^bghdhc ;ulv«… FBP\_lZ_\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk IhagZdhfvl_kvkhriZj]Zedhcihh^ghkhklZ\gufij_^eh`_gbyf kflZ[e gZ k : l_i_jv jZa\_jg_f wlm riZj]Zedm \ jZkkdZa <_^v kfuke bkihevah\Zgby riZj]Zehd \ lhf b khklhbl qlh[u gZ bo hkgh\_ kha^Zlv kh[kl\_ggucjZa\_jgmlucjZkkdZa Ih gZebqbx ]eZ\guo qe_gh\ ij_^eh`_gby ^_eylky gZ ^\mkhklZ\gu_ b h^ghkhklZ\gu_ H^ghkhklZ\gu_ [u\Zxl kdZam_fhklgufb ]^_ _klv lhevdh kdZam_fh_ b g_l ih^e_`Zs_]h b ih^e_`Zsgufb ]^_ gZh[hjhl _klv ih^e_`Zs__bg_lkdZam_fh]h KdZam_fhklgu_ij_^eh`_gby^_eylkygZ[_aebqgu_bebqgu_Z ebqgu_ ²gZhij_^_e_gghebqgu_bg_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ <i_j\mxhq_j_^vjZkkfhljbf[_aebqgu_ ?s_ gbdhfm g_ m^Z\Zehkv ih^h[jZlv ih^e_`Zsb_ d lZ HgblZdb_ jZagu_wlb dbf kdZam_fuf dZd gZijbf_j jZkk\_eh \_q_j__l [_aebqgu_ kf_jdZehkvohq_lkyMgboih^e_`Zsbog_lhevdhg_lgh ij_^eh`_gby bg_fh`_l[ulvBlZdijbagZdb[_aebqgh]hij_^eh`_gby lZdh\u 90 <b^uij_^eh`_gbc >\mkhklZ\gu_ ij_^eh`_gby ?klv kdZam_fh_ b ?klv ih^e_`Zs__ Ex[ex hlqbagmy« ;_aebqgu_ ?klv kdZam_fh_ b 2.G_lbg_ fh`_l[ulv ih^e_`Zs_]h KdZam_fh_ fh`_l[ulv \ujZ`_gh [_aebqguf ]eZ]hehf Fg_ g_a^hjh\blky keh\Zfbg_l g_[uehg_lm Ghg_lm qm^_k« g_aZ\bkbfuf bgnbgblb\hf ;ulv[uqdmgZ \\_j_\hqd_ keh\hf khklhygby <e_km[ueh lboh ebqguf ]eZ]hehf\ [_aebqghf agZq_gbb IZog_lk_ghf gZ^em]Zfb H^ghkhklZ\gu_ij_^eh`_gby KdZam_fhklgu_ Ebqgu_ Hij_^_e_ggh G_hij_^_e_ggh ebqgu_ ebqgu_ ?klv ?klvkdZam_fh_ kdZam_fh_ b b G_l G_l ih^e_`Zs_]h ih^e_`Zs_]h b b <hdhgqZgbb <hdhgqZgbb kdZam_fh]h kdZam_fh]h ©`b\_lª ©`b\_lª g_hij_^_e_ggh_ hij_^_e_ggh_ ih^e_`Zs__ ih^e_`Zs__ ^_ckl\b_ \uihegy_ldlhlh Ex[ex^ufhd kiZe_gghc Hldjuebhdgh Dlhlh\uihegbe `gb\u« ^_ckl\b_fu\u hgbbl^ Ih^e_`Zsgu_ GZau\gu_ ?klv ih^e_`Zs__ b G_l kdZam_fh]h Ghqv lmfZg« DjZkgZy iehsZ^v H[h[s_gghebqgu_ Ex[brv dZlZlvky± ex[bbkZghqdb \hablv Kheh\vy [Zkgyfbg_ dhjfyl ?klvkdZam_fh_ b G_lbg_fh`_l[ulvih^e_`Zs_]h KdZam_fu_ m [_aebqgh]h ij_^eh`_gby [u\Zxl jZagufb Ihijh[mcl_ baf_gblv ih ebpZf ]eZ]heu jZkk\_eh \_q_j__l kf_jdZehkv ohq_lky G_ ihemqbehkv"?kl_kl\_gghwlh[_aebqgu_]eZ]heu BlZd fu mklZgh\beb kdZam_fuf \ [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh]ml [ulv [_aebqgu_]eZ]heu 91 FugZ^__fkyqlh\uohjhrhwlhihgyebb^Z`_kmf__l_gZclb[_aebqguc ]eZ]he\klbohl\hjghfl_dkl_gZ©]ehdhfªyaud_GZc^bl__]hb\uibrbl_ <ZjdZehkvOeb\db_rhjvdb IujyebkvihgZ\_ BojxdhlZeba_exdb DZdfxfabdb\fh\_ EDwjjheei_j>Hjeh\kdhc :l_i_jvgZc^bl_[_aebqgu_]eZ]heu\ijbf_jZo G_b^_lkybg__^_lky Ihlhfmqlh]hehe_^bpZ GhaZlh HlebqghiZ^Z_lky Ihq_fm`gbdlh G_jZ^m_lky" <Hjeh\ Fg_b^hgug_ Ohq_lky]jualv @Zjdhcjy[bgu =hjvdmxdbklv FBP\_lZ_\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?s_ h^gZ jZagh\b^ghklv kdZam_fh]h \ [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo ² wlh keh\Zg_lbg_[uehGZijbf_j GbdZdh]hg_lj_ahgZ Mk_[y^_j`Zlv[bahgZ ;AZoh^_j G_[ueh]\ha^y² Ih^dh\ZijhiZeZ G_[uehih^dh\u² EhrZ^vaZojhfZeZ KYFZjrZd Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\u\ij_^eh`_gbyo < ^h`^_\hc \h^_ g_l i_kdZ \ ihkeh\bpZo g_l e`b G_l ilbpu dhlhjhc g_ gm`gu djuevy g_l q_eh\_dZ dhlhjhfm g_ gm`_g fbj Dhfmljm^ex[lhfmmij_dZg_lG_lj_dbq_j_adhlhjmxg_[ueh [ui_j_ijZ\uG_[ueh 92 [u lj_lv_]h ^\h_ [u ihfbjbebkv =^_ g_l ^_j_\v_\ b iheugv kqblZ_lky^_j_\hfG_[ueh[ukqZklvy^Zg_kqZklv_ihfh]eh Ihkeh\bpu Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Ijh^he`bf agZdhfkl\h k l_kghc dhfiZgb_c kdZam_fuo [_aebqgh]h ij_^eh`_gbyK_cqZki_j_^\Zfbihy\blkyg_aZ\bkbfucbgnbgblb\ <u ihfgbl_ qlh lZdh_ bgnbgblb\" Wlh g_hij_^_e_ggZy nhjfZ ]eZ]heZ LZd \hl hdZau\Z_lky bgnbgblb\ \ [_aebqghf ij_^eh`_gbb fh`_l [ulv kdZam_fufGZijbf_jG_^h]gZlvl_[_[_r_ghcljhcdb G:G_djZkh\ G_ [jh^blvg_fylv\dmklZo[Z]jyguoE_[_^ubg_bkdZlvke_^Z K:?k_gbg <uibrbl_baijbf_jZ[_aebqgmxqZklvij_^eh`_gby 1. B^hlhc]emohcjZaemdb Qlh[u\Z_lgZ\hcg_ JZkkdZaZlv_s_h^jm]_ Dh_qlhmki_lv[ufg_ :LL\Zj^h\kdbc Hk\bgkl\_ K\bgvbkdehggu_d[_kqbgkl\m GZa_fe_dhg_qgh_klv Ghm\_j_gyqlhk\bgkl\m Q_eh\_q_kl\Zg_kt_klv KYFZjrZd Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Ih^q_jdgbl_kdZam_fu_\ijbf_jZo 1. B[ulvgZ^a_fe_caZdZlZf B[ulvgZ^a_fe_cjZkk\_lZf M^h[jblv__khe^ZlZf H^h[jblv__ihwlZf B;jh^kdbc 2. ;ulv[ugZrbfkljZggbdZfih^jh^ghxdjur_x ?keb[agZlvfh]ebhgbqlhl\hjbehkvk=jbr_x G:G_djZkh\ 3. Jh^blvky[ufg_ihaZdZam Mkbg_]hfhjy\Djufm :LL\Zj^h\kdbc 93 4. GZ\hcg_h^ghcfbgmldb G_ijh`blv[_aijb[Zmldb :LL\Zj^h\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Jhev kdZam_fuo \ [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh]ml b]jZlv keh\Z h[hagZqZxsb_ khklhygb_ oheh^gh ljm^gh \_k_eh Ih^q_jdgbl_ kdZam_fu_ \ ij_^eh`_gbyo 1. G_kdmqgh_c Mk_fb[h]Zluj_c :KImrdbg 2. L_iehgZkhegurd_<_kgZ ;_j_lk\hbijZ\Z ::N_l 3. Iehohq_eh\_dmdh]^Zhgh^bg <<FZydh\kdbc 4. Hq_gvoheh^gh^_\qhgd_ ;v_l^_\qhgdm^jh`v J;_jg_ 5. GZr^hfmkgme GZmebp_l_fgh <ukhdZya\_a^Z]ey^bl\hdgh <Hjeh\ 6. <]hjgbp_fh_ck\_leh Wlhhlghqghca\_a^u GFJm[ph\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk <uibrbl_[_aebqgmxqZklvij_^eh`_gbybaijbf_jZ Bhllhc]ZjfhrdbklZjhc QlhhklZeZkvkbjhlhc DZdlh\^jm]l_ie__klZeh GZ^hjh]_njhglh\hc :LL\Zj^h\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Ijhqlbl_ klbohl\hj_gb_ B N :gg_gkdh]h JZkklZ\vl_ \ g_f agZdb ij_ibgZgbyIh^q_jdgbl_[_aebqgu_qZklbkeh`guoij_^eh`_gbc 94 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc 1. 2, 3. II. 1, 2. 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkI_j\u_bapbnjh[hagZqZxl]jZnulZ[ebpu ²,,Fg_kh\_jr_ggh\k_jZ\gh]^_kh\_jr_gghh^bghdhc[ulv ² , WfZe_\uc dj_klbd \ i_lebp_ b k_jhc lm`mjdb kmdgh DZdb_ i_qZevgu_ebpZ Kg_]Zkg_]Zkg_]Z ,, Ijh^he]h\Zlucb l\_j^uch\Ze q_jgh]hieZlvyjZkljm[uLhkdZihjh^bg_ 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk <ZjdZehkv G_b^_lkybg__^_lkyIZ^Z_lkyOhq_lky]jualv 4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk G_lg_lG_lg_gm`gudjuevyg_lg_gm`_gfbjLjm^ex[g_l G_l g_ [ueh [u G_ [ueh [u ^\h_ [u ihfbjbebkv G_l iheugv kqblZ_lky^_j_\hfG_[ueh[ug_kqZklv_ihfh]eh 5) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk B^hlhc]emohcjZaemdbjZkkdZaZlv_s_h^jm]_dh_qlhmki_lv[ufg_ Qlhk\bgkl\mq_eh\_q_kl\Zg_kt_klv 6) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ;ulv aZdZlZf [ulv jZkk\_lZf M^h[jblv H^h[jblv ;ulv [u Jh^blvky[uG_ijh`blv 7) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgukdZam_fu_ 1. G_kdmqghL_iehIehohOheh^ghL_fghK\_leh *** Kj_^bfbjh\\f_jpZgbbk\_lbe H^ghcA\_a^uyih\lhjyxbfy G_ihlhfmqlh[y?_ex[be :ihlhfmqlhylhfexkvk^jm]bfb B_kebfg_khfg_gv_ly`_eh 95 YmG__h^ghcbsmhl\_lZ G_ihlhfmqlhhlG__k\_leh :ihlhfmqlhkG_cg_gZ^hk\_lZ AZihfgbl_wlbkljhqdbbaZibrbl_ihiZfylbZihlhfijh\_jvl_k_[yih dgb]_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZibrbl_\hae_dZ`^h]hkeh\hkhq_lZgby\dZdh_ij_^eh`_gb_hghfh`_l \hclb\^\mkhklZ\gh_bebh^ghkhklZ\gh_²[_aebqgh_ <hl lZd \h^h\hjhlhf aZdjm`beh ² [_aebqgh_ aZjuqZeh qm^h\bs_... ²^\mkhklZ\gh_ mg_kehl_q_gb_f ihdZaZehkvkhhjm`_gb_ ^_j_\haZdZqZehkv \_ljhfih^gyeh\\ha^mo ^h`^_faZebeh Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk KdZam_fuf[_aebqgh]hij_^eh`_gbyfh`_l[ulvbebqguc]eZ]he_kebhg b]jZ_ljhev[_aebqgh]hl_h^bg[_aih^e_`Zs_]h\ujZ`Z_l\_kvlhlkfuke dhlhjuc^he`gZ\ujZablvhkgh\Zij_^eh`_gbyGZijbf_j Am[Zklhcsmd_\mfijbreh AZdhrZqv_ijbgylvkyj_f_keh B:Djueh\ Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\u\ij_^eh`_gbyo 1. MjZ]Zghfih\Zebeh^_j_\h;_j_]ih^fu\Zeh\h^hc AZ`]eh]jhahx^_j_\h :[uehkheh\vbgh_ GZ^_j_\_]g_a^h G:G_djZkh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZibrbl_\hae_dZ`^h]hkeh\hkhq_lZgby\dZdh_ij_^eh`_gb_hghfh`_l \hclb\^\mkhklZ\gh_beb\h^ghkhklZ\gh_²[_aebqgh_ af_yg_[m^_l ms_gdZg_[ueh 96 g_klZehgbdZdh]hl_ji_gvy g_lf_klZ g_evayljh]Zlv j_qdZg_[ueZ g_[u\Zeh^gy[_a fZeurg_klZe[u Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc ijb]j_abehkv qlh hgZ e_lbl \ukhdh\ukhdh d lhfm aZfdm dhlhjuc fhlgme]heh\hcqlh[uk[jhkblvreyimghhgZbgl_j_kghb]jZlv qlh y b ^mfZlv i_j_klZe ijh dZdb_lh lZf mjhdb Z hdZaZehkv qlh gbdZd g_evay aZ[u\Zlv ijh k\hb ^_eZ ihlhfm qlh ihcf_rv qlh `bagv ebrbeZkv[uh^ghcbak\hbom^b\bl_evguodjZkhd_keb[ug_[ueh h kh[Zd_ qlh _fm klZeh dZaZlvky [m^lh m g_]h gZ ]eZ\gmx ]hjh^kdmx iehsZ^v dhlhjZy gZau\ZeZkv iehsZ^vx A\_a^u ijh_oZlv hdZaZehkv [ueZ lZdZy gba_gvdZy qlh ex^yf ijboh^behkv ijhkgmeZkvb_cihdZaZehkvqlhhgZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk <uibrbl_[_aebqgu_qZklbkeh`guoij_^eh`_gbc GZr_k\ys_ggh_j_f_keh Kms_kl\m_llukyqbe_l Kgbfb[_ak\_lZfbjmk\_leh Gh_s_gbh^bgg_kdZaZeihwl Qlhfm^jhklbg_lbklZjhklbg_l :fh`_lbkf_jlbg_l :::ofZlh\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk :l_i_jvijh\_jvl_k\hxiZfylvi_j_qbkebl_ \k_ agZdhfu_ \Zf kihkh[u \ujZ`_gby kdZam_fuo \ [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo Z ihlhf ijhdhgljhebjmcl_ k_[yihdgb`d_ kfk I_j_c^_fd^jm]bfkdZam_fhklgufij_^eh`_gbyfGZqg_fkhij_^_e_ggh ebqguo 97 IjbagZdbh i j _ ^ _ e _ g g h e b q g u o ij_^eh`_gbclZdh\u ?klvkdZam_fh_ b G_lih^e_`Zs_]h b <hdhgqZgbbkdZam_fh]h©`b\_lªhij_^_e_ggh_ ih^e_`Zs__ Ihijh[mcl_ ih^h[jZlv ih^e_`Zsb_ d ke_^mxsbf ij_^eh`_gbyf G_ i_qZevky 2) <uoh^bf\hldjulh_fhj_. 3) Ex[exwlmi_kgx4) Ohlbl_ihclb \pbjd? Fukh\_jr_gghm\_j_guqlh\uih^h[jZeblZddi_j\hfmij_^eh`_gbx ludh\lhjhfm²fudlj_lv_fm²ybdq_l\_jlhfm²\u:qlh\Zfihfh]eh gZclbhl\_lu" Wlbhl\_luaZeh`_gu\kdZam_fh_²\_]hnhjfmb\uwlhihqm\kl\h\Zeb < ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo ih^q_jdgbl_ hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ ij_^eh`_gby bebhij_^_e_gghebqgu_qZklbkeh`guoij_^eh`_gbc Qlh hij_^_e_ggh]h \hij_^_e_ggh ebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo AZihfgbfhckh\_l @Ze_lvhlhfg_gZ^h Q_]hm`[hevr_g_l KYFZjrZd L_kg_ckZ^bl_kvmh]gy :ygZqgmjZkkdZa Imklv\ug_agZ_l_f_gy :yg_agZx\Zk ;ZeeZ^uhJh[bg=m^_i_jBB\Zgh\kdh]h Fhebl_kvgZghqvqlh[u\Zf <^jm]g_ijhkgmlvkyagZf_gbluf :::ofZlh\Z ?kebyaZ[he_x d\jZqZfh[jZsZlvkyg_klZgm H[jZsZxkvd^jmavyf g_khqlbl_qlhwlh\[j_^m ihkl_ebl_fg_kl_iv aZgZ\_kvl_fg_hdgZlmfZghf \ba]heh\v_ihklZ\vl_ ghqgmxa\_a^m Y<Kf_eydh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 98 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk L_ie__klZeh KfaZ^Zgb_gZk qlhhlG__k\_lehqlhkG_cg_gZ^hk\_lZ KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ;_aebqgu_ mg_keh l_q_gb_f \_ljhf ih^gyeh \ \ha^mo ^h`^_f aZebeh HklZevgu_²^\mkhklZ\gu_ KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 1. Ih\ZebehIh^fu\ZehAZ`]eh KfaZ^Zgb_gZk >\mkhklZ\gu_ af_y g_ [m^_l j_qdZ g_ [ueZ fZeur g_ klZe [u. HklZevgu_²[_aebqgu_ KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 1. … ijb]j_abehkv qlh « aZfdm dhlhjuc « « ]heh\hc qlh[u reyimgh« «b]jZlvqlh«mjhdbZhdZaZehkvqlh«^_eZihlhfmqlh « « ihcf_rv qlh « djZkhd _keb « « h kh[Zd_ qlh « dZaZlvky [m^lh 6. …iehsZ^vdhlhjZy«A\_a^uijh_oZlv« 7. …gba_gvdZyqlh «ijhkgmeZkvb_cihdZaZehkvqlh« KfaZ^Zgb_gZk Kgbfb[_ak\_lZfbjmk\_lehqlhfm^jhklbg_lbklZjhklbg_lZfh`_l bkf_jlbg_l *** : l_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ ih^h[jZlv ih^e_`Zs__ d <g_hij_^_e_g ij_^eh`_gbxGZmebp_ijh^Z\Zebfhjh`_gh_ ghebqguo Ihemqbehkv" Kdhj__ \k_]h g_l <_^v \u g_ agZ_l_ dlh ij_^eh`_gbyo ijh^Z\Zefhjh`_gh_B[he__lh]h\Zfg_[ueh\Z`ghdlh g_ba\_klghdlh bf_ggh_]hijh^Z\Ze\Zf\Z`g__\k_]h[uekZfnZdllh]h ^_ckl\mxs__ qlh _]h ijh^Z\Zeb DZd \b^bl_ [u\Zxl ij_^eh`_gby ebph dhlhju_ khh[sZxl qlh ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^beh beb ijhbkoh^bl gh g_ ykgh beb g_ \Z`gh dlh ^_ckl\mxs__ ebphGZijbf_j H[ty\beblj_\h]m 2) P_gu hiylv ih\ukbeb < lZdbo ij_^eh`_gbyo fh`gh h[hclbkv [_a ih^e_`Zs_]h Wlbij_^eh`_gbygZau\Zxlkyg _ h i j _ ^ _ e _ g g h e b q g u f b 99 BoijbagZdblZdh\u 1. ?klvkdZam_fh_ b 2. G_lih^e_`Zs_]h b < hdhgqZgbb kdZam_fh]h ©`b\_lª g_hij_^_e_ggh_ ih^e_`Zs__ l _ ^_ckl\b_\uihegy_ldlhlh Ijhqlbl_l_dklbhlf_lvl_agZdhfg_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ij_^eh`_gby Fu \k_ agZ_f qlh khegp_ `_elh_ Z ijb aZdZl_ hgh [u\Z_l djZkguf Gh bgh]^Z \b^_eb khegp_ ^jm]bo p\_lh\ < k_gly[j_ ]h^Z gZ^ g_dhlhjufb kljZgZfb ?\jhiu k\_lbeh khegp_ ]hem[h]h p\_lZ Wlh ijhbahreh baaZ h]jhfgh]h ih`ZjZ \ e_kZo DZgZ^u < =b[jZelZjkdhf ijheb\_ ex[h\Zebkv yjdh]hem[uf aZdZlhf Kbg__ khegp_ gZ[ex^Zeb \ ]h^mihke_ba\_j`_gby\medZgZDjZdZlZm:\ ]h^m m\b^_eb gZ g_[_ a_e_gh_ khegp_ Wlh ijhbahreh ihke_ ba\_j`_gby \medZgZ \ Bg ^bckdhfhd_Zg_ IhGGKeZ^dh\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZc^bl_ ij_^eh`_gby \ klbohl\hjghf l_dkl_ g_hij_^_e_gghebqgmx qZklv >eyq_eh\_dZgZpbhgZevghklv bg_aZkem]Z bg_\bgZ ?keb\kljZg_ml\_j`^ZxlbgZq_ agZqbl g_kqZklgZywlhkljZgZ JBJh`^_kl\_gkdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZibrbl_ \hae_ dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby _]h \b^ ih gZebqbx ]eZ\guo qe_gh\?kebij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_gZibrbl_dZdh\u_]hqZklb Hkf_ehfiZjg_[m^_lj_qv Hga\ZekyJh[bg=m^ G_^ZjhfiZfylvkf_evqZdZ <gZjh^_[_j_]ml ;ZeeZ^uhJh[bg=m^_i_jBB\Zgh\kdh]h 100 Fg_^ZebfhjkdmxjZdh\bgm <g_cymkeurZejZkdZlu FhjykhrdhevghcdZjlu N=ZjkbyEhjdZ ?]haZjueb\rZja_fghc :[uehgebrvkhe^Zl <Hjeh\ G_^Z\Zcfg_gbq_]hgZiZfylv AgZxydZdiZfylvdhjhldZ :::ofZlh\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Ke_^mxsbfb gZrbfb agZdhfpZfb [m^ml Dh]^Z^_ckl\b_ h [ h [ s _ g g h e b q g u _ ij_^eh`_gby hlghkblkydh Dlh kh\_jrZ_l ^_ckl\b_ \ ij_^eh`_gbyo Ba i_kgb \k_fex^yf keh\Zg_\udbg_rvbKheh\vy[Zkgyfbg_dhjfyl" \hh[s_ Wlh^_ckl\b_fh`_lhlghkblvkydex[hfmq_eh\_dm gZk\_l_dh\k_fex^yf\hh[s_ =eZ]heu \ h[h[s_gghebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo klhyl eb[h \h f ebp_ _^bgkl\_ggh]hqbkeZeb[h\febp_fgh`_kl\_ggh]hqbkeZ GZah\_f^\ZijbagZdZh[h[s_gghebqguoij_^eh`_gbc Wlh bo ^_ckl\b_ hlghkblky dh \k_f ex^yf \hh[s_ bo kdZam_fu_ fh]ml [ulv \ujZ`_gu ]eZ]heZfb ]h ebpZ _^bgkl\_ggh]h qbkeZ b ]h ebpZ fgh`_kl\_ggh]hqbkeZ AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bd lZ[ebpu >\mkhklZ\gu_ ;_aebqgu_ H[h[s_gghebqgu_ 1 2 3 E[hfkl_gmg_ijhrb[_rvG_ljhau[_arbih\:ii_lblijboh^bl \h\j_fy_^uE_`Zq_]hg_[vxl>he]ieZl_`hfdjZk_g>ufZ[_a h]gyg_[u\Z_lKe_aZfb]hjxg_ihfh`_rv>\mfkf_jlyfg_[u\Zlv Zh^ghcg_fbgh\ZlvIhke_^jZdbdmeZdZfbg_ 101 fZrml RbeZ \ f_rd_ g_ mlZbrv Ih^ e_`Zqbc dZf_gv \h^Z g_ l_q_lIjheblmx\h^mg_kh[_j_rv Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Kh[_jbl_jZkkdZa ba ij_^eh`_gbc dhlhju_ihl_jyeb^jm] ^jm]Z >he`gh ihemqblvkyq_luj_keh`guoij_^eh`_gby\dZ`^hfbadhlhjuoih^\_qZklb HgaZf_lbe ghhl\_lZgZh[uqgh_©Zeehªg_[ueh >bj_dpbbahhiZjdZijbrehkvaZieZlblvrljZn LZcgmfheqZeb\uol_e_nhgguo\uah\h\m^ZehkvjZa]Z^Zlv h^ghfmfZeurm <l_q_gb_g_kdhevdbog_^_ev\^hfZoZg]ebckdh]h]hjh^Z Q_kl_jjZa^Z\Zebkvl_e_nhggu_a\hgdb qlhh]jhfgZy`bjZnZeb`_ll_e_nhggu_ijh\h^Z Zl_e_nhggZyk_lv[ueZi_j_g_k_gZih^Zevr_hlaZ]hgZk `bjZnZfb dhlhjuc]meye\ahhiZjd_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 102 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk AZihfgbfhckh\_lL_kg_ckZ^bl_kvmh]gyFhebl_kvgZghqvD \jZqZfh[jZsZlvkyg_klZgmH[jZsZxkvd^jmavyfg_khqlbl_ihkl_ebl_fg_ kl_ivaZgZ\_kvl_fg_hdgZlmfZghf\ba]heh\v_ihklZ\vl_ghqgmxa\_a^m 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgug_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ij_^eh`_gby Gh bgh]^Z \b^_eb khegp_ ^jm]bo p\_lh\ < =b[jZelZjkdhf ijheb\_ ex[h\Zebkvyjdh]hem[ufaZdZlhfKbg__khegp_gZ[ex^Zeb\]h^mihke_ ba\_j`_gby\medZgZDjZdZlZm:\]h^mm\b^_ebgZg_[_a_e_gh_khegp_ 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ?keb\kljZg_ml\_j`^ZxlbgZq_ 4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk G_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ G_^Zjhf iZfylv kf_evqZdZ \ gZjh^_ [_j_]ml. 2. Fg_ ^Zeb fhjkdmx jZdh\bgm. 3. ?]h aZjueb \ rZj a_fghc Hij_^_e_ggh ebqgu_G_^Z\Zcfg_gbq_]hgZiZfylvHklZevgu_^\mkhklZ\gu_ 5) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkI_j\ZypbnjZkhhl\_lkl\m_l]jZn_lZ[ebpu 1 — 3, 5, 11. 2 — 2, 6, 8. 3 — 1, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12. *** I_j_c^_fdih^e_`Zsgufij_^eh`_gbyf<hlijbf_ju ba :_s__klv klbohl\hj_gbyG:G_djZkh\ZKeZ\gZyhk_gvFhjhagu_ ghqb gZau\gu_ Ykgu_lbob_^gb. ij_^eh`_gby HdZau\Z_lky b [_a kdZam_fh]h fh]ml ihemqblvky ij_^ eh`_gbyjbkmxsb_hlq_leb\mx\ujZabl_evgmxdZjlbgm GZijbf_j @_eluc dZf_gv kbgyy l_gv `b\hibkgu_ lj_sbgu klZjuo kl_g I_gb_ \^Zeb b _]h woh \ h\jZ]Zo Jugdb gZ k\Zyo ih^ l_glZfb b h]jhfgufb ahglbdZfb ;e_kd hjm`by yjdh_ ieZlv_ ZjhfZl p\_lh\ b a_e_gb K\bldb iZjmkh\ bo khg b djueZlh_ mljh a_e_gZy \h^Z kdZeu ^Zevhd_ZgZ :K=jbg 103 < wlbo ij_^eh`_gbyo \Z`gh g_ ^_ckl\b_ Z gZa\Zgb_ ij_^f_lZ K wlhc jZ[hlhc ih^e_`Zs__ kijZ\ey_lky b [_a kdZam_fh]h =^_lh \gmljb lZdbo ij_^eh`_gbc kdZam_fh_ \k_lZdb kdju\Z_lky b _]h fh`gh ba\e_qv Ijbf_jgh lZd Klhbl keZ\gZy hk_gv Klhyl ykgu_ lbob_ ^gb Gh kdZam_fh_ ihgbfZ_l qlhih^e_`Zs__kijZ\ey_lky[_ag_]hbg_\uoh^blgZi_j\ucieZg LZdb_ij_^eh`_gbygZau\ZxlkygZau\gufbBoijbagZdblZdh\u 1. ?klvih^e_`Zs__ b 2. G_lkdZam_fh]h Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\u\gZau\guoij_^eh`_gbyo 1.1. I_j_ijZ\Zi_j_ijZ\Z ;_j_]e_\uc[_j_]ijZ\uc Kg_]r_jrZ\ucdjhfdZev^Z Njhgl<hcgZ:\_q_j^b\guc Ihiheyfimklufb^_l :LL\Zj^h\kdbc ,,N_\jZev>hklZlvq_jgbebieZdZlv IbkZlvhn_\jZe_gZ\aju^ IhdZ]jhohqmsZykeydhlv <_kghxq_jghx]hjbl ;EIZkl_jgZd Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk L_i_jvhk\hb\rbkvkgZau\gufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\ukfh`_l_magZlvbo\ ij_^eh`_gbyogZg_kh\k_fihgylghfbeb^Z`_kh\k_fg_ihgylghfyaud_ Ih^q_jdgbl_hkgh\ugZau\guoij_^eh`_gbc\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo 1. KbyxsZy\hevaZ @_eZ_fuoj_kgbp BeZkdh\Zy^hevaZ EZkdZxsbo^_kgbp <Oe_[gbdh\ Jha]j_gvXjadb_ohf_cdb Ijhk\_jl_eb\_kvljZ\Zk :cZcyxl[jukdmgq_cdb Ih^kdhjyqbcjuqb`Zk EDwjjhee:ebkZ\AZa_jdZev_i_j:S_j[Zdh\Z 104 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk AZihfgbl_ q_l\_jhklbrb_ b aZibrbl_ _]h ih iZfylb Ih^q_jdgbl_ \ g_f gZau\gu_ij_^eh`_gby G_^\b`gucdZfurG_lj_i_s_lhkhdZ =em[hdZylbrv;_a]eZ]hevghklvihdhy Em]Zm[_]Zxl^Ze_dh^Ze_dh <h\k_fmlhfe_gv_²]emoh_g_fh_ D>;Zevfhgl <gZau\guoij_^eh`_gbyodhlhju_gZqlhlhmdZau\Zxlg_j_^db_]hklb ²qZklbpuwlhb\hl<kihfgbl_dZd\[Zkg_Djueh\Z©>_fvygh\ZmoZªkhk_^ >_fvygm]hsZekhk_^Znhdm <hl e_sbd ihljhoZ \hl kl_jey^b dmkhq_d : \hl kljhqdZ ba klboh\ FZydh\kdh]hWlh\ZggZWlhkZ^ <ke_^mxsboijbf_jZoih^q_jdgbl_gZau\gu_ij_^eh`_gby <hlfhy^_j_\gy <hlfhc^hfjh^ghc <hldZqmkvy\kZgdZo Ih]hj_djmlhc BKmjbdh\ <hlf_evgbpZHgZm`jZa\ZebeZkv :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZau\gu_ij_^eh`_gbyfh]ml\oh^blvdZdqZklv\keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gby I_j_^ \Zfb gZa\Zgby ]eZ\ ba dgb]b EvxbkZ DwjjheeZ ©:ebkZ \ KljZg_ qm^_kªdhlhjmxi_j_\_egZjmkkdbcyaudibkZl_ev;AZoh^_jIh^q_jdgbl_\ wlbogZa\ZgbyogZau\gu_qZklbJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. =eZ\Z gbdZdZy ba dhlhjhc l_f g_ f_g__ fh`gh dh_qlh magZlv =eZ\Z i_j\Zy \ dhlhjhc :ebkZ qmlv g_ ijh\ZebeZkv ih^ a_fex =eZ\Z \lhjZy \ dhlhjhc :ebkZ dmiZ_lky \ ke_aZo =eZ\Z k_^vfZy \ dhlhjhcivxlqZcdZdg_ghjfZevgu_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk :l_i_jvihlj_gbjm_fkygZ\k_\f_kl_GZc^bl_]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\u\ ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo 105 Khj\Z\r__ky keh\h g_ ^h]hgbrv gZ kdZdmg_ K^_eZggh_ mljhf ijh\_jyc\_q_jhfKf_ehklv]hjh^Z[_j_l>jmavyihagZxlky\[_^_ G_[hjh]Zfbg_ijhldgmlvDebgdebghf\urb[ZxlK_e_^dZkhebg_ [hblky Khev_^yl\h\k_ffbj_ H]hgv fZkehf g_ aZeb\Zxl >\Z f_^\_^y\h^ghc[_jeh]_g_m`b\mlky Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk L_i_jv gZc^bl_ h^ghkhklZ\gu_ ij_^eh`_gby \ khklZ\_ keh`guo b h[tykgbl_ihklZgh\dmaZiyluo ;_j_]bkv\k_]hlh]hqlhg_h^h[jy_lkyl\h_xkh\_klvx EGLheklhc ?keb lu qlhgb[m^v ^_eZ_rv ^_eZc wlh ohjhrh E G Lheklhc K\h[h^guc ljm^ ² \hl lhqdZ hihju dhlhjmx lj_[h\Ze :jobf_^ qlh[u i_j_\_jgmlvfbj F=hjvdbc IjZ\^Z²\ha^mo[_adhlhjh]h^urZlv g_evay BKLmj]_g_\ Qlh[ugbkemqbehkvg_l_jyc[h^jhklb EG Lheklhc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk G_j_^dh[hevrb_gZmqgu_klZlvbaZdZgqb\Zxlkyj_axf_²dhjhl_gvdbf g_ [hevr_ iheh\bgu kljZgbpu baeh`_gb_f jZkkdZaZggh]h Ihijh[mcl_ khklZ\blv j_axf_ \Zr_]h jZkkdZaZ h[ h^ghkhklZ\guo ij_^eh`_gbyo Z ihlhf k\_jvl_kgZrbf dklZlbj_axf_²wlhij_djZkgZyriZj]ZedZ <hlgZr_j_axf_ <k_ij_^eh`_gby^_eylkygZ^\mkhklZ\gu_\dhlhjuo_klvih^e_`Zs__b kdZam_fh_bh^ghkhklZ\gu_\dhlhjuolhevdhh^bg]eZ\gucqe_g H^ghkhklZ\gu_ ^_eylky gZ kdZam_fhklgu_ \ dhlhjuo _klv lhevdh kdZam_fu_bih^e_`Zsgu_\dhlhjuogZebphlhevdhih^e_`Zsb_ KdZam_fhklgu_ ^_eylky gZ [_aebqgu_ hij_^_e_gghebqgu_, g_hij_^_e_gghebqgu_ b h[h[s_gghebqgu_ < [_aebqguo ij_^eh`_gbyo ih^e_`Zs_]h g_l b [ulv g_ fh`_l M hij_^_e_gghebqguo ij_^eh`_gbc \ nhjf_ kdZam_fh]h ©`b\_lª hij_^_e_ggh_ ih^e_`Zs__ M g_hij_^_e_gghebq guo ²g_hij_^_e_ggh_ >_ckl\by h[h[s_gghebqguo ij_^eh`_gbc fh]ml hlghkblvkydex[hfmq_eh\_dmdh\k_fex^yf\hh[s_ Ih^e_`Zsgu_ ij_^eh`_gby ² wlh gZau\gu_ \ dhlhjuo _klv lhevdh ih^e_`Zs__ 106 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk < l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo g_^_ev \ ^hfZo Zg]ebckdh]h ]hjh^Z Q_kl_j jZa^Z\Zebkvl_e_nhggu_a\hgdbghhl\_lZgZh[uqgh_ ©Zeehª g_ [ueh LZcgm fheqZeb\uol_e_nhgguo\uah\h\m^ZehkvjZa]Z^Zlv h^ghfm fZeurm dhlhjuc ]meye \ ahhiZjd_ Hg aZf_lbe qlh h]jhfgZy `bjZnZ eb`_l l_e_nhggu_ ijh\h^Z >bj_dpbb ahhiZjdZ ijbrehkv aZieZlblv rljZn Z l_e_nhggZy k_lv [ueZi_j_g_k_gZih^Zevr_hlaZ]hgZk`bjZnZfb KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 1.1. I_j_ijZ\Zi_j_ijZ\ZDjhfdZev^Znjhgl<hcgZ,,N_\jZev KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 1. <hevaZb^hevaZJha]j_gv KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 1. <hlfhy^_j_\gy<hlfhc^hfjh^ghc<hlf_evgbpZ KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 1. =eZ\Z gbdZdZy =eZ\Z i_j\Zy =eZ\Z \lhjZy =eZ\Z k_^vfZy KfaZ^Zgb_gZk G_^h]hgbrvIjh\_jycKf_ehklv[_j_l>jmavyihagZxlkyG_ ijhldgmlv<urb[ZxlK_e_^dZg_[hblky?^ylG_aZeb\Zxl>\Z f_^\_^yg_m`b\mlky KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ;_j_]bkv\k_]hlh]h>_eZcwlhohjhrhQlh[ui_j_\_jgmlvfbj ;_adhlhjh]h^urZlvg_evayG_l_jyc[h^jhklb *** KbglZdkbq_kdb_©dZjebdbª Qlh lZdh_ kbglZdkbq_kdbc ©dZjebdª" Wlh dhjhl_gvdh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ khklhys__ ba ^\molj_o keh\ KZfuf ©dZjebdh\ufª hdZau\Z_lky lZdh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \ dhlhjhf wlb ^\Zljb keh\Z lh`_ dhjhl_gvdb_ GZijbf_j B y lZf[uebf_^y 107 ibe :KImrdbg GZi_j\uc\a]ey^ljm^ghih\_jblvqlh©fZexldbªB ylZf[uebf_^yibebf_xldZ`^Zyk\hxhkgh\my\eyxlkyij_^eh`_gbyfbb khklZ\eyxl \^\h_f keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ Ibrmsbc g_j_^dh h[fZgu\Z_lky fZe_gvdbfb jZaf_jZfb ©dZjebdh\ª b g_ klZ\bl agZd ij_ibgZgby \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbbkhklhys_fba^\moih^h[guo©dhjhlur_dªLZdZyhrb[dZqZklh \hagbdZ_lgZijbf_j\ij_^eh`_gbb<k_klboehb\k_fheqZl ?keb ©dZjebdh\h_ª ij_^eh`_gb_ ©aZ`Zlhª kj_^b g_kdhevdbo [he__ djmiguo _]h e_]dh g_ aZf_lblv qlh g_ba[_`gh \_^_l d ihl_j_ h^ghc^\mo aZiyluo GZkljhcl_kvih`ZemcklZgZihbkdb©aZl_jygguodZjebdh\ª < ke_^mxs_f ij_^eh`_gbb jZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby b ih^q_jdgbl_ ©dZjebdh\h_ªij_^eh`_gb_ KZ^ lygmeky lZd ^Ze_dh qlh ^Z`_ kZ^h\gbd g_ agZe ]^_ hg dhgqZ_lky b aZ kZ^hfijhklbjZekyij_djZkguce_kk\ukhdbfb^_j_\vyfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ;hevrZyqZklvagZdhfuogZfrdhevgbdh\g_aZf_qZ_l©dZjebdZªg_\b^bl ]^_hgdhgqZ_lkybg_\u^_ey_l_]haZiylufb:\u" E_]q_ \k_]h l_jyxlky kj_^b ©iheghf_ljZ`guoª ij_^eh`_gbc h^ghkhklZ\gu_ b g_ihegu_ ©dZjebdbª GZijbf_j \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb @ZevqlhfugZrebfZeh[_euo]jb[h\^\Zijhkluoij_^eh`_gbybi_j\h_ba gbo²dhjhl_gvdh_\k_]hbah^gh]hkeh\Z²`Zev < ke_^mxsbo ij_^eh`_gbyo gZc^bl_ b ih^q_jdgbl_ ©dZjebdh\ª AgZdb ij_ibgZgbyg_jZkklZ\e_guqlh[uhgbg_[ueb^ey\Zkih^kdZadhcJZkklZ\vl_ bokZfbBf_cl_\\b^m©dZjebdbªfh]mlhdZaZlvkyb\gZqZe_b\k_j_^bg_b\ dhgp_keh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby Ba\_klgh qlh mqZklgbdb i_j\uo emgguo wdki_^bpbc ih^\_j]Zebkv ih \ha\jZs_gbb ba dhkfhkZ fgh]h^g_\ghfm dZjZglbgm qlh[u g_ aZg_klb gZ A_fex©emggu_fbdjh[uªh^gZdhgZEmg_gbdZdbofbdjh[h\g_hdZaZehkv Ex[hiulgh qlh \ ijhrehf \_d_ \h fgh]bo kljZgZo AZiZ^ghc ?\jhiu gh\h]h^gbc >_^ Fhjha g_ [ue lZdbf \_k_euf ^h[jydhf dZdbf fu _]h agZ_fl_i_jvKqblZ_lkyqlh\v_lgZfpuklZgh\ylkygZ]h^klZjr_\^_gv Gh\h]h]h^ZZ^_gvbo^_ckl\bl_evgh]hjh`^_gbyg_ 108 ijbgbfZ_lky \h \gbfZgb_ JZkkdZau\Zxl qlh \ klZjbgm _keb gZ Gh\uc ]h^gZmebp_ihy\eyekyljm[hqbklex^b[_`ZebaZgbfqlh[ubkiZqdZlvky kZ`_clZddZdwlh^he`gh[uehijbg_klbkqZklv_<aZ^gbojy^Zoex^b gZqZeb \klZ\Zlv qlh[u m\b^_lv qlh ijhbkoh^bl gZ kp_g_ D = IZmklh\kdbc G_ba\_klgh qlh _s_ jZkkdZaZe [u =e_[ KdZf_cdbg ijh fhj_gh\wlh\j_fydgZfih^hr_e<heh^y GGGhkh\ DZaZehkvqlh gZ a_e_gv kuiexlky jZaghp\_lgu_ ehkdmldb X D He_rZ Qlh [ueh ^Zevr_kmqbl_e_flZgp_\g_ba\_klgh XDHe_rZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk JZ[hlZy kh ke_^mxsbfb ijbf_jZfb h[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ ]^_ bf_ggh gZoh^ylky©dZjebdbªIh^q_jdgbl_bobjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby Mf_gb_hjb_glbjh\Zlvkyihkemomih^kdZau\Z_ldblZfdm^Zieulv Dh]^ZgZg_[_\b^gua\_a^ui_j_e_lgu_ilbpuohjhrhagZxldm^Ze_l_lv Gbdlh\^_lkl\_g_agZ_llhqghd_fhg[m^_ldh]^Z\ujZkl_lG_lj_db 109 q_j_adhlhjmxg_[ueh[ui_j_ijZ\ug_liheh`_gbybadhlhjh]hg_[ueh [u\uoh^Z Ihkeh\bpZ ,,<hl[_^Z\h\k_cdhehgg_ AZ\Zeys_cg_l]Zjfhgb :LL\Zj^h\kdbc Eh`v\k_]^Zhi_j_^bl Bklbgmg_fgh`dh Ghg_[hcl_kvih[_^bl IjZ\^Z[hkhgh`dZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk KYFZjrZd Ijbmf_gbbij_^m]Z^u\Zlv\h[s_f\b^_kfukebkljmdlmjmij_^eh`_gby fh`gh jZa]ey^_lv b ijZ\bevgh \u^_eblv ©dZjebdZª ^Z`_ \ ©hlj_ad_ª ij_^eh`_gbyIhijh[mcl_k^_eZlvwlh\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo «^hklZlhqghagZdhfuk<hevdhcqlh[uagZlvqlh «bgl_j_kghb]jZlvqlhyb^mfZlvaZ[ueijhk\hb^_eZZhdZaZehkvqlh gbdZdg_evayaZ[u\Zlvihlhfmqlh« «[uem`_\ukhdhgZ^a_fe_cdh]^Z^_\hqdZijhkgmeZkvb_cihdZaZehkv qlhhgZ« Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ©DZjebdª fh`_l ihl_jylvky g_ lhevdh kj_^b ©iheghf_ljZ`guoª ij_^eh`_gbc ?keb keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ p_ebdhf khklZ\e_gh ba ©dZjebdh\ª fh`gh g_qZyggh g_^h]ey^_lv dZdh]hgb[m^v ba gbo beb ijbgylv keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_aZijhklh_ Mf__l_ eb \u h[jZsZlvky k iZjZfb ljhcdZfb b p_eufb lheiZfb ©dZjebdh\ª"G_imlZ_l_ebbokh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb" JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby , Qlh k \haZ miZeh lh ijhiZeh Mk_j^guc q_eh\_d gZoh^bl e_gb\uc l_jy_lQlhhlk_j^pZb^_llhk_j^p_g_aZ[m^_lDlhihl_jye^_gv]b lhl gbq_]h g_ ihl_jye Dlh ihl_jye a^hjh\v_ lhl ihl_jye fgh]h_ Dlh ihl_jyefm`_kl\hlhlihl_jye\k_DlhjZ[hlZ_llhldhjfblkyZdlhjmdb keh`bllh]h]heh^]eh`_l Ihkeh\bpu 110 ,, Ghqv lmfZg b gb a]b g_ \b^Zlv JZkk\_eh b \k_ h`beh <u ^h\hevgubgZfohjhrh<ahreZemgZbk\hbffy]dbfnhknhjbq_kdbf k\_lhfhaZjbeZe_kGZklmibeZ\]mklbihghqZfklZehoheh^ghLmfZg gZqZe dem[blvky b ih^gbfZlvky d\_jom Mljh l_ieh_ b qmlvqmlv fhjhkblIjbg_keb[md_lp\_lh\bihklZ\beb_]h\\ZamLbohbkbg_\Z \bkbl f_`^m ^_j_\vyfb DZ`^uc ba gZk gZ k\h_f dhjZ[e_ dZiblZg b \_^_ldhjZ[evk\hbfkh[kl\_ggufiml_f Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk >Z\Zcl_ aZihfgbf ijZ\beh ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª g_ ijhfhj]Zcl_kbglZdkbq_kdh]h©dZjebdZª KbglZdkbq_kdb_©\_ebdZguª KbglZdkbq_kdb_ ©\_ebdZguª ² wlh hq_gv jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gbyGZijbf_j=hlh\u_ojmklysb_ihgqbdbkdZlu\Zebkvih`_eh[m \ ysbd ihgqbdhijb_fgbdZ k aZ\b^ghc jZ\ghf_jghklvx qZkh\h]h f_oZgbafZ. Ijb\klj_q_kij_^eh`_gb_flZdhc^ebgu\hagbdZ_lihqlbg_ij_h^hebfh_`_ eZgb_©\kZ^blvªdm^Zgb[m^vaZiylmxqZs_\k_]hlm^Z]^_ 111 ijb ql_gbb \hagbdZ_l iZmaZ <hl lmllh hl \Zk ihlj_[m_lky ki_pbZevgZy ]jZffZlbq_kdZy\u^_j`dZb^bkpbiebgbjh\ZgghklvHklZgh\bl_jmdmdhlhjZy lyg_lky ihklZ\blv aZiylmx b kijhkbl_ k_[y ijhklh_ wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ beb keh`gh_"Kdhevdh\g_fhkgh\" ?keb ]jZffZlbq_kdZy hkgh\Z h^gZ b ij_^eh`_gb_ ijhklh_ aZ^Zcl_ k_[_ \lhjhc \hijhk _klv eb a^_kv ki_pbZevgu_ ©ihdZaZgbyª d ihklZgh\d_ aZiylhc \gmljb ij_^eh`_gby" Bf_xlky eb a^_kv h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu k h[h[sZxsbfb keh\Zfbbeb[_agbo h[hkh[e_ggu_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby keh\Z]jZffZlbq_kdbg_k\yaZggu_kij_^eh`_gb_f"?kebg_lgb\dh_f kemqZ_ g_ klZ\vl_ aZiylmx ^Z`_ _keb hq_gv ohq_lky BgZq_ \u jbkdm_l_ jZaj_aZlv©\_ebdZgZªgZ^\_ZlhbgZljbqZklb Lhevdh ]jZffZlbq_kdZy ^bkpbiebgbjh\Zgghklv ihfh`_l ba[_`Zlv kZfuo jZkijhkljZg_gguo b kZfuo ©\t_^eb\uoª hrb[hd dhlhju_ gZau\Zxlky ebrgbfbagZdZfb BlZd _s_ h^gh ijZ\beh ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª g_ jZaj_aZcl_©\_ebdZgZª :l_i_jvkgh\ZaZcf_fkykq_lhfij_^eh`_gbc\mf_;m^vl_\gbfZl_evgu <Zf\klj_lylky©dZjebdbªb©\_ebdZguªAgZdbij_ibgZgbyjZkklZ\vl_kZfb <hed g_ \hkihevah\Zeky hldju\r_cky i_j_^ gbf \hafh`ghklvx \hgablvk\hbkf_jlhghkgu_deudb\[_aaZsblgh_]hjeh\jZ]ZKZ[ey_]h \rbjhdbo[e_klysbogh`gZoe_`ZeZf_`^m_]hdhe_gyfbIbklhe_lhq_gv fbjghlhjqZebaaZr_edh\h]hq_jgh]hrZjnZgZ_]h[hdm XDHe_rZ DZdlhevdhihy\beZkv:kkhev\k_kfhedeb\k_khkljZohfhlhrebhlg__ b hgZ hklZeZkv h^gZ kj_^v imklhlu aghcgh]h i_kdZ : K =jbg H^bgZdh\u_ ^hfZ klhyeb \ kl_ib r_j_g]Zfb \ ljbq_luj_ ebgbb gZ fZl_fZlbq_kdblhqghfjZkklhygbb^jm]hl^jm]Z D=IZmklh\kdbc ,,<_kgZ[u\Z_l]^_a_fey <_kgZ[u\Z_l]^_ljZ\Z <_kgumdZfgy[ulvg_fh`_l K`Z^ghklvx\khkZgu <ljZ\ubaeZdb Ihke_^gb_dZi_evdb Ihq\_gghc\eZ]b 112 <:Khehmobg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ]^_hgdhgqZ_lky« 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZguij_^eh`_gby©dZjebdbª 1. Ba\_klghAZiylu_i_j_^qlh, qlh[uh^gZdh 2Ex[hiulghAZiylu_i_j_^qlh dZdbf 3. KqblZ_lkyAZiylu_i_j_^qlhZ 4. JZkkdZau\ZxlAZiylu_i_j_^qlh _kebex^bqlh[ulZddZd 5. Qlh[um\b^_lvAZiylu_i_j_^qlh[uqlh 6. G_ba\_klghAZiylu_i_j_^qlh gh 7.DZaZehkvAZiylZyi_j_^qlh 8. G_ba\_klghAZiylZyi_j_^g_ba\_klgh 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIj_^eh`_gby©dZjebdbª\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf I Mf_gb_ hjb_glbjh\Zlvky ih kemom ih^kdZau\Z_l dblZf dm^Z ieulv Dh]^ZgZg_[_\b^gua\_a^ui_j_e_lgu_ilbpuohjhrhagZxldm^Ze_l_lv Gbdlh\^_lkl\_g_agZ_llhqghd_fhg[m^_ldh]^Z\ujZkl_l 4. G_lj_db q_j_adhlhjmxg_[ueh[ui_j_ijZ\ug_liheh`_gbybadhlhjh]hg_[ueh[u \uoh^Z Ihkeh\bpZ II.1. <hl[_^Z\h\k_cdhehgg_ AZ\Zeys_cg_l]Zjfhgb :LL\Zj^h\kdbc Eh`v\k_]^Zhi_j_^bl Bklbgmg_fgh`dh Ghg_[hcl_kvih[_^bl IjZ\^Z[hkhgh`dZ KYFZjrZd 4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIj_^eh`_gby©dZjebdbª\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf 1. …^hklZlhqghagZdhfuk<hevdhcqlh[uagZlvqlh« « bgl_j_kghb]jZlv qlh y b ^mfZlv aZ[ue ijh k\hb ^_eZ Z hdZaZehkv qlhgbdZdg_evayaZ[u\Zlvihlhfmqlh ... « [ue m`_ \ukhdh gZ^ a_fe_c dh]^Z ^_\hqdZ ijhkgmeZkv b _c ihdZaZehkvqlhhgZ … *** 113 ,,,DlhH[_avyg\b^Zel_agZxl DZd`Z^gh\k_hgbi_j_gbfZxl B:Djueh\ ,9DhevklZjmrdZ[m^vgZffZlv LZdbklZg_f\_ebqZlv DhebdjZkgZy^_\bpZ ;m^vgZffbeZyk_kljbpZ :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk <u gZmqbebkv kqblZlv ij_^eh`_gby \ mf_ Gh qlh[u \_jgh jZkklZ\blv agZdbij_ibgZgbyg_^hklZlhqghkhkqblZlvdhebq_kl\hijhkluoij_^eh`_gbc\ khklZ\_keh`gh]hgZ^hijZ\bevghhij_^_eblv]jZgbpujZa^_eyxsb_bo ©=jZgbpZªb©ih]jZgbqgbdbª\ij_^eh`_gbb Y ih^hr_e d dZebld_ k jZ^hklguf eZ_f gZ\klj_qm G_gZjmrZcl_ ]jZgbpm fg_ \u[_`Ze ;Zj[hk ©Qlh aZ q_imoZª ² hq_\b^gh ih^mfZeb \u BaaZ q_]h `_ ihemqbeZkv wlZ q_imoZ" Wlhl k_dj_limgdlmZpbb jZkdjulv g_ljm^gh baaZ lh]h qlhkeh\Zh^gh]h 114 ijhklh]h ij_^eh`_gby ©aZ_oZebª gZ ©l_jjblhjbxª ^jm]h]h ijhklh]h ij_^eh`_gby ©L_jjblhjbbªijhkluoij_^eh`_gbc\keh`guohl^_eyxlky^jm]hl^jm]Z ]jZgbpZfb F_klh ]^_ gZoh^blky ]jZgbpZ ©gZagZqZ_lkyª kfukehf aZdexq_gguf\ijhkluoij_^eh`_gbyo\oh^ysbo\khklZ\keh`gh]h<f_kl_kh kfukehf ]jZgbp_c ©\_^Zxlª bglhgZpby b keh\Zhjb_glbju Mf_gb_ keurZlv bglhgZpbxbmagZ\Zlvkeh\Zhjb_glbjuhq_gvihfh]Z_l\b^_lv]jZgbpmh^gZdh wlbkimlgbdbkfukeZg_h[eZ^Zxlklhijhp_glghcgZ^_`ghklvxb\g_dhlhjuo kemqZyofh]mlih^\_klbijbq_fbglhgZpbyih^\h^blqZklhZkeh\Zhjb_glbju ² lhevdh \ j_^dbo kemqZyo Hij_^_e_gb_ kfukeZ ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbc \ keh`ghf²kZfucgZ^_`guckihkh[ijZ\bevghgZclb]jZgbpm Jhev ©ih]jZgbqguo klhe[h\ª \ ij_^eh`_gbb \uihegyxl agZdb ij_ibgZgby aZiylZy lhqdZ k aZiylhc ^\h_lhqb_ b lbj_ ?keb ©ih]jZgbqguc klhe[ª hdZau\Z_lky g_ gZ f_kl_ b ©]jZgbpZª gZjmr_gZ fh`_l ihemqblvky g_e_ihklvihoh`ZygZlmkdhlhjhcfugZqZebjZkkdZah©]jZgbpZoª < ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo ihijh[mcl_ mkljZgblv lZdb_ g_e_ihklb i_j_klZ\b\©ih]jZgbqgucklhe[ªgZf_klh Dh]^Z khj_\gh\Zgby hdhgqbebkv hl mklZehklb y k ljm^hf ^_j`Zeky gZ gh]Zo Klhyeh `Zjdh_ e_lh gZ ih^hdhggbd_ jZkp\_eb dZdlmku JZkimklbebkvebklvygZ^_j_\vyo\ljZ\_aZklj_dhlZebdmag_qbdbAZyp aZ^jh`Ze hl kljZoZ ijyfh gZ g_]h r_e hohlgbd Fu aZf_jeb k bkim]Zgguf \ujZ`_gb_f ebpZ khk_^dbgZ kZoZjgbpZ miZeZ gZ ihe KZoZjgbpZ jZae_l_eZkv gZ dmkdb k `Zeh[guf a\hghf khk_^dZ g_ fh]eZ mkihdhblvkyp_euc\_q_jGZZj_gmpbjdZ\ur_e^j_kkbjh\sbd\ukhdh ih^gy\oh[hlaZgbfg_lhjhieb\hr_ekehg L_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ kZfhklhyl_evgh gZclb ]jZgbpu b h[hagZqblv bo gm`gufb agZdZfb ;m^vl_ \gbfZl_evgu < ijbf_jZo k dhlhjufb \Zf k_cqZk ijb^_lkyjZ[hlZlv ^_ckl\m_l lZbgkl\_ggZy kbeZ dhlhjZy [m^_l ©ih^klj_dZlvª \Zkdhrb[dZf GZijbf_j KlZ^Zrmfylbkheh\_c M`i_e\[_afhe\bbghq_c :KImrdbg 115 < wlhf ij_^eh`_gbb \Zf fh`_l aZohl_lvky ihklZ\blv aZiylmx gZ dhgp_ i_j\hc kljhqdb ihke_ keh\Z kheh\_c Lh]^Z ihemqblky qlh kheh\_c rmfbl \f_kl_khklZ^ZfbZdlhi_e\[_afhe\bbghq_cg_ba\_klgh<Zfm^Zklkyba[_ `Zlvhrb[hd lhevdh \ lhf kemqZ_ _keb \u gb gZh^gm fbgmlm g_ mimklbl_ ba \gbfZgbykfukedZ`^h]hij_^eh`_gby\ijbf_jZo 1. ;hcpuihfbgZxlfbgm\rb_^gb B[bl\u]^_\f_kl_jm[bebkvhgb :KImrdbg G_]gmlky\ukhdb_fZqlu GZgbonex]_jZg_rmfyl BfheqZ\hldjulu_exdb Qm]mggu_imrdb]ey^yl GhkiylmkZqb]j_gZ^_ju <jZ\gbg_]^_Wev[Zrmfbl FXE_jfhglh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk M^Zehkv eb \Zf kijZ\blvky k wlhc jZ[hlhc [_a hrb[hd" : _keb [ueb hrb[db lh baaZ q_]h" KhagZ_fky qlh fu kha^Zeb \Zf ljm^gu_ mkeh\by Ljm^ghklv i_j_^ dhlhjhc fu \Zk ihklZ\beb aZdexqZeZkv \ lhf qlh \Zf ijbrehkv jZ[hlZlv g_ k ijhaZbq_kdbf l_dklhf Z kh klbohl\hjguf < wlhf kemqZ_ bglhgZpby g_ ihfhsgbd Z \jZ`^_[gZy kbeZ dhlhjZy ©lhedZ_lª \Zk gZ ihklZgh\dm agZdZ \ dhgp_ klbohl\hjghc kljhqdb \ lh \j_fy dZd ih kfukem ]jZgbpZgZoh^blky\gmljbkljhqdb L_i_jvihijh[mcl_kijZ\blvkyk[he__ljm^gufbkemqZyfb ,Y\u]eygmel_fgZylmqZ\bk_eZ GZ^gZrbfl_ZljhfdZdjZa G:G_djZkh\ ,,<^jm]k_j^blhih^djuevphf I_kaZeZyeb^_\bpZ <b^blgbsZyq_jgbpZ Oh^blih^\hjm Ij_^gbfrbjhdh J_dZg_keZky[_^gucq_eg Ihg_cklj_fbekyh^bghdh 116 E_kh\lZbgkl\_ggZyk_gv Ki_qZevgufrmfhfh[gZ`ZeZkv Eh`bekygZiheylmfZg =mk_cdjbdeb\uodZjZ\Zg Lygmekydx]mijb[eb`ZeZkv >h\hevghkdmqgZyihjZ Klhyeghy[jvm`m^\hjZ Mfhjy\b^_e^m[a_e_guc Ih^gbfkb^_ebdhlmq_guc K\hbfg_kdZadb]h\hjbe H^gmyihfgxkdZadmwlm Ih\_^Zxl_i_jvyk\_lm :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk GZclb ]jZgbpm f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb g_j_^dh ihfh]Zxl Keh\Z± keh\Zhjb_glbjuhdhlhjuofum`_]h\hjbebIjbkmlkl\b_lZdbo ih]jZgbq keh\ mdZau\Z_l beb ij_^kdZau\Z_l ]jZgbpm ihwlhfm fu fh`_f gbdb gZa\Zlvbokeh\Zfb©ih]jZgbqgbdZfbªMf_gb_magZ\Zlvboijb \klj_q_ hq_gv ihfh]Z_l \b^_lv [ehdb ba dhlhjuo khklZ\e_gu keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby < keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb keh\Z ©ih]jZgbqgbdbª — wlhij_`^_\k_]hkhxaubkhxagu_keh\Z Ih lhc jZ[hl_ dhlhjmx hgb \uihegyxl \ ij_^eh`_gbyo \k_o ©ih]jZgbqgbdh\ªm^h[ghjZa^_eblvgZljb]jmiiuDi_j\hc]jmii_fh`gh hlg_klb khqbgbl_evgu_ khxau ²hgb kh_^bgyxl ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby \ keh`ghkhqbg_ggu_ Dh \lhjhc ² ih^qbgbl_evgu_ khxau d lj_lv_c ² khxagu_keh\ZBih^qbgbl_evgu_khxaubkhxagu_keh\Zijbkh_^bgyxl ijb^Zlhqgu_ij_^eh`_gby\keh`ghih^qbg_gghfij_^eh`_gbb GZqg_f jZa]h\hj k k h q b g b l _ e v g u o k h x a h \ <u ^he`gu [ulv k gbfbagZdhfuIhklZjZcl_kv\kihfgblvbo Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk L_i_jv gZah\bl_ i h ^ q b g b l _ e v g u _ k h x a u . Djhf_ khxah\ ©]jZgbpuª f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb fh]ml ©hojZgylvª k h x a g u _ k e h \ Z , dhlhju_ \ hlebqb_ hl khxah\ y\eyxlky qe_gZfb ij_^eh`_gby GZah\bl_ ba\_klgu_\Zfkhxagu_keh\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 117 L_i_jv \u agZ_l_ ^hklZlhqgh qlh[u magZ\Zlv ©ih]jZgbqgbdh\ª kj_^b ^jm]bo keh\ Z wlh ihfh`_l \b^_lv ©]jZgbpmª ² f_klh ]^_ g_h[oh^bfZ ihklZgh\dZ agZdZ ij_ibgZgby JZkihagZ\Zlv khxau b khxagu_ keh\Z \h \j_fy ibkvfZ²h^ghba\Z`g_crboijZ\be©ohjhr_]himgdlmZpbhggh]hih\_^_gbyª <l_dkl_gZc^bl_khxaubkhxagu_keh\ZbjZkklZ\vl_ijhims_ggu_agZdb ij_ibgZgby G_h[oh^bfh agZlv fbj ^bdbo `b\hlguo lZd qlh[u g_ djbqZlv ©dZjZmeª dh]^Z gZ imlb ih\klj_qZ_lky [_agh]Zy ys_jbpZ \_j_l_gbpZ qlh[u g_ rZjZoZlvky\klhjhgmm\b^_\\k\h_fkh[kl\_gghfh]hjh^_`Z[mGm`gh ihfgblv h lhf qlh `bagv ^bdbo `b\hlguo \ ijbjh^_ g_e_]dZy hgb kms_kl\mxl \ ihklhygghc [hjv[_ aZ k\h_ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ b jmdm ihfhsb ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb bf fh`_l ijhlygmlv lhevdh q_eh\_d @b\hlgu_ kljZ^Zxl hl [he_ag_c klbobcguo [_^kl\bc dhlhju_ ij_^hl\jZlblv g_ fh]ml IhBKhkgh\kdhfm Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Mf_gb_magZ\Zlv©ih]jZgbqgbdh\ª\kh_^bg_gbbkmf_gb_fij_^m]Z^u\Zlv \h[s_f\b^_kfukeij_^eh`_gbyb\hiehsZxsmxwlhlkfukekljmdlmjm^Z_l \Zf\hafh`ghklvihklZ\blvagZdb^Z`_\©hlj_adZoªij_^eh`_gbc Ihijh[mcl_k^_eZlvwlhgZke_^mxsboijbf_jZo h[jZah\Zeky f_e dhlhjuf fu \k_ wlh ke_`b\Zehkv b fZkkZ fhjkdh_^ghih^gyehkvbkehbf_eZjZkkdZaZebfgh]h_balh]hqlh agZxlmq_gu_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Lhl dlh hojZgy_l ]jZgbpm kh\k_f g_ h[yaZl_evgh ^he`_g gZoh^blvky g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\hae_g__Hgfh`_lg_klbkem`[m]^_lhg_ih^Ze_dmKeh\Z ©ih]jZgbqgbdbª lh`_ fh]ml klhylv g_ lhevdh gZ kZfhc ©]jZgbp_ª f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb Ihijh[mcl_ hl\_lblv gZ \hijhk ]^_ fh]ml hdZaZlvky ©ih]jZgbqgbdbª ijhqblZ\ke_^mxsb_ijbf_ju Qlh[u ihqm\kl\h\Zlv h[Zygb_ Fhkd\u gZ^h ih[jh^blv ih __ klZjuf i_j_medZf ;mev\Zju mdjZrZxl ]hjh^ fZe_gvdb_ a_e_gu_ ^\hjbdb lZd`_ijb^Zxl_fmij_e_klv 118 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk Qlhk\haZmiZehlhijhiZehMk_j^gucq_eh\_dgZoh^ble_gb\uc l_jy_lQlhhlk_j^pZb^_llhk_j^p_g_aZ[m^_lDlhihl_jye^_gv]blhl gbq_]h g_ ihl_jye Dlh ihl_jye a^hjh\v_ lhl ihl_jye fgh]h_ Dlh ihl_jye fm`_kl\h lhl ihl_jye \k_ Dlh jZ[hlZ_l lhl dhjfblky Z dlh jmdb keh`bl lh]h]heh^]eh`_l Ihkeh\bpu ,, Ghqv lmfZg b gb a]b g_ \b^Zlv JZkk\_eh b \k_ h`beh <u ^h\hevgu b gZf ohjhrh <ahreZ emgZ b k\hbf fy]dbf nhknhjbq_kdbf k\_lhfhaZjbeZe_kGZklmibeZ\]mklbihghqZfklZehoheh^ghLmfZggZ qZe dem[blvky b ih^gbfZlvky d\_jom Mljh l_ieh_ b qmlvqmlv fhjhkbl Ijbg_keb[md_lp\_lh\bihklZ\beb_]h\\ZamLbohbkbg_\Z\bkblf_`^m ^_j_\vyfbDZ`^ucbagZkgZk\h_fdhjZ[e_dZiblZgb\_^_ldhjZ[evk\hbf kh[kl\_ggufiml_f 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZghdhebq_kl\hij_^eh`_gbc I. 1) 1. 2) 1; 1. 3) 4. 4) 1. II. 1) 5. 2) 1. III. 3. IV. 3; 2. *** <_k_eu_^_j_\yggu_kdmevilmjumdjZrZxl^_lkdmxiehsZ^dm\kd\_j_ hgb \klj_qZxlky lh`_ < gZqZe_ ijhki_dlZ klhbl [hevrh_ \ukhlgh_ a^Zgb_ m ih^gh`by dhlhjh]h ijbxlbeky aZl_ceb\uc fZe_gvdbc ^hfbd K_cqZkilbpulZd`_hohlghihk_eyxlky\p_glj_]hjh^ZdZdhgb^_eZeb wlhjZgvr_lhevdh\e_kZo LZdbf h[jZahf ©ih]jZgbqgbdª fh`_l hdZaZlvky g_ lhevdh gZ ]jZgbp_ f_`^mijhklufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\oh^ysbfb\khklZ\keh`gh]hghb\gZqZe_ i_j\h]hij_^eh`_gbyb\gmljbh^gh]hbagbo b ^Z`_ hq_gv j_^dh gZ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gby F_klh ]jZgbpu b khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h agZdZ \ lZdbo ij_^eh`_gbyo hij_^_ey_lkyihkfukem Ihijh[mcl_ jZkklZ\blv agZdb \ ©hlj_adZoª ij_^eh`_gbc hibjZykv gZ ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_bokfukeZbkljmdlmju 119 Dh]^Z gZ ^g_ fhjy hdZau\Z_lky dhjZ[ev hg q_j_a g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy 2. …_a^beg_lhevdh\:njbdm\Bg^bbhglh`_«ij_djZkghdZlZeky gZdhgvdZogZeu`ZohglZd`_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Dh]^Z ©]jZgbpZª b ©ih]jZgbqgbdª gZoh^ylky \ jZaguo f_klZo wlh fh`_l ijb\_klb d ex[hiulghc hrb[d_ aZf_lb\ ©ih]jZgbqgbdZª khxa beb khxagh_ keh\h ibrmsbcki_rblihklZ\blvi_j_^gbfaZiylmxg_\^mfu\Zykv\kfuke bg_h[jZsZy\gbfZgbygZ©]jZgbpmª <lZdbokemqZyo\hagbdZ_lbkdZ`_gb_kfukeZbgh]^Zhq_gvaZ[Z\gh_<hl g_kdhevdhlZdboijbf_jh\ M f_gy [ueb bgkljmf_glu ^ey \uibeb\Zgby ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo y k^_eZedjZkb\mxjZfhqdmYg_\umqbeijZ\behgZhkgh\Zgbbdhlhjh]h j_rZeZkv aZ^ZqZ Fu ba^Ze_dZ m\b^_eb gZr ^hf gZ djur_ dhlhjh]h \_jl_ekynex]_jFuoh^bebgZwdkdmjkbx\l_q_gb_dhlhjhcyfgh]h_ magZe GZ^__fkyqlh\ufuke_gghbkijZ\bebhrb[dbbjZ[hlZykZfhklhyl_evgh kmf__l_boba[_`Zlv Ihijh[mcl_jZkklZ\blvagZdbij_ibgZgby\©hlj_adZoªij_^eh`_gbc « khkm^ djurdZ dhlhjh]h « j_dZ ih h[_ klhjhgu dhlhjhc jhkeb« … « h[hehqdZ ba ieZklfZkku gZagZq_gb_ dhlhjhc « \ukhdbf aZ[hjhf \^hev dhlhjh]h « [hevrb_ ^hfZ \ gb`gbo wlZ`Zodhlhjuo «dZfg_fhldjulb_k\hckl\dhlhjh]h … Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml kh_^bgylvky \ keh`gu_ ih HiZkghklb gZ]jZgbp_ jZaghfm eb[h bglhgZpb_c k ihfhsvx keh\Z ©ih]jZgbqgbdZªeb[hlhevdhbglhgZpb_c Hij_^_ebl_ \ dZdhf ba ijbf_jh\ qZklb kh_^bg_gu bg lhgZpb_c b ©ih]jZgbqgbdhfª \ dZdhf ² lhevdh bglhgZ pb_c ,Imklv^h[juf[m^_lmfm\Zk :k_j^p_mfguf[m^_l KYFZjrZd 120 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ;hcpuihfbgZxlfbgm\rb_^gb B[bl\u]^_\f_kl_jm[bebkvhgb :KImrdbg G_]gmlky\ukhdb_fZqlu GZgbonex]_jZg_rmfyl BfheqZ\hldjulu_exdb Qm]mggu_imrdb]ey^yl« GhkiylmkZqb]j_gZ^_ju <jZ\gbg_]^_Wev[Zrmfbl FXE_jfhglh\ 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ,Y\u]eygmel_fgZylmqZ\bk_eZ GZ^gZrbfl_ZljhfdZdjZa G:G_djZkh\ ,,<^jm]k_j^blhih^djuevphf I_kaZeZyeb^_\bpZ <b^blgbsZyq_jgbpZ Oh^blih^\hjm Ij_^gbfrbjhdh J_dZg_keZky[_^gucq_eg Ihg_cklj_fbekyh^bghdh 3. E_kh\lZbgkl\_ggZyk_gv Ki_qZevgufrmfhfh[gZ`ZeZkv Eh`bekygZiheylmfZg =mk_cdjbdeb\uodZjZ\Zg Lygmekydx]mijb[eb`ZeZkv >h\hevghkdmqgZyihjZ Klhyeghy[jvm`m^\hjZ Mfhjy\b^_e^m[a_e_guc Ih^gbfkb^_ebdhlmq_guc K\hbfg_kdZadb]h\hjbe H^gmyihfgxkdZadmwlm Ih\_^Zxl_i_jvyk\_lm :KImrdbg *** 121 ,,BylZf[uebf_^yibe Mfhjy\b^_e^m[a_e_guc Ih^gbfkb^_ebdhlmq_guc K\hbfg_kdZadb]h\hjbe DZlylkyy^jZk\bsmlimeb GZ\bkeboeZ^gu_rludb :KImrdbg DZdb_ `_ hiZkghklb ^ey q_eh\_dZ jZkklZ\eyxs_]h agZdb ij_ibgZgby fh]ml\hagbdZlvgZ]jZgbp_"BdZdb_]jZgbpuhiZkg__l_dhlhju_hojZgyxlky khxaZfbbkhxagufbkeh\Zfbbebl_\hae_dhlhjuobog_l"JZa[_j_fkyihih jy^dm ?klvljb©hiZkguoªkhxaZbbeb^Z \agZq_gbbb HgbhiZkguihlhfm qlh i_j_^ gbfb g_ \k_]^Z klZ\blky aZiylZy <k_ hklZevgu_ khxau b khxagu_ keh\Z h[_ki_qb\Zxl ihegmx [_ahiZkghklv =^_ [u hgb gb klhyeb \ gZqZe_ keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby gZ ]jZgbp_ f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb beb \gmljb gbo ² kf_ehklZ\vl_aZiylmxgZ]jZgbp_ g_hrb[_l_kv <hagbdZ_lebdZdZygb[m^vljm^ghklvkl_fbkeh`gufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\ dhlhjuo ijhklu_ kh_^bg_gu lhevdh ijb ihfhsb bglhgZpbb" ;_amkeh\gh < wlboij_^eh`_gbyoklZ\blkybeb aZiylZy beb lhqdZ k aZiylhc beb^\h_lhqb_ beblbj_ihwlhfmhgbhiZkgu^eylh]hdlhg_agZ_limgdlmZpbhgguoijZ\beb ijb\ud\kx^m[_a^mfghklZ\blvaZiylmx <u\_^_fljbijZ\beZ©ohjhr_]himgdlmZpbhggh]hih\_^_gbyª Ijb \klj_q_ k ex[uf ©ih]jZgbqgbdhfª djhf_ khxah\ b beb ^Z, klZ\vl_aZiylmxkihdhcgh Ijb\klj_q_kkhxaZfbbbeb^ZaZ^mfZcl_kvgm`gZeba^_kvaZiylZy Ijb \klj_q_ kh keh`guf ij_^eh`_gb_f \ khklZ\_ dhlhjh]h ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby kh_^bg_gu lhevdh ijb ihfhsb bglhgZpbb \kihfgbl_ dZdhc gm`ghklZ\blvagZdkh]eZkghimgdlmZpbhgghfmijZ\bem^\h_lhqb_lbj_lhqdm kaZiylhcbebaZiylmx BlZd\uohjhrhgZmqbebkvkqblZlvij_^eh`_gbyb[ulv[^bl_evgufbgZ bo ©]jZgbpZoª Gh qlh[u hjb_glbjh\Zlvky \ `b\hf ihlhd_ ibkvf_gghc j_qb gZ^hagZlvdZdjZkiheh`_gu\ij_^eh`_gbb_]hqZklb 122 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZk Khqbgbl_evgu_khxau Kh_^bgbl_evgu_ Ijhlb\bl_evgu_ JZa^_ebl_evgu_ b^Z \agZq_gbbb gbgbbbg_ lhevdhghbdZd lZdblh`_lZd`_ Zgh^Z \ agZq_gbbgh aZlh h^gZdh bebeb[h bebbeb eb[heb[h lhlhg_lh g_lh *** ©=mkbªb©fZlj_rdbª K_cqZk \u ijhql_l_ ^\Z ij_^eh`_gby dhlhju_ g_ hlebqZxlky^jm]hl^jm]Zihkfukemgh©mkljh_guªih jZaghfm Ihijh[mcl_h[tykgblvwlbjZaebqby Mkljh_guih jZaghfm Dh]^ZkZ^behkvkhegp_iZjlby]_heh]h\m`_ih^oh^beZdj_d_ 2. IZjlby]_heh]h\dh]^ZkZ^behkvkhegp_m`_ih^oh^beZdj_d_ ©Mkljhckl\hª wlbo keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbc jZaebqZ_lky jZkiheh`_gb_f \oh^ysbo \ gbo ijhkluo < i_j\hf ijbf_j_ ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby ke_^mxl h^gh aZ ^jm]bf dZd ]mkb gZ ijh]med_ <h \lhjhf ijbf_j_ h^gh ij_^eh`_gb_ hdZaZehkv\gmljb^jm]h]hdZdfZlj_rdZ\fZlj_rd_ AZihfgbl_ Lh ij_^eh`_gb_ dhlhjh_ jZkiheh`_gh \gmljb ^jm]h]h \u^_ey_lkyaZiylufbk^\moklhjhg <hl \Zf _s_ h^gh ijZ\beh ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª ijb jZ[hl_ kh keh`guf ij_^eh`_gb_f \uykgycl_ dZd jZkiheh`_gu \oh^ysb_ \ g_]h ijhklu_ ² h^gh aZ ^jm]bf beb h^gh \gmljb ^jm]h]h JZ[hlZlv k ©fZlj_rdZfbªljm^g__q_fk©]mkyfbª Qlh[um\b^_lvij_^eh`_gbyb^msb_h^ghaZ^jm]bf^hklZlhqghgZclbbo ]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u b ]jZgbpu Djhf_ lh]h gZ^h ihfgblv qlh \ keh`ghkhqbg_gguoij_^ 123 eh`_gbyo©]mkyoª qZklb g_ aZ\bkyl ^jm] hl ^jm]Z ]jZffZlbq_kdb b hl h^ghcd^jm]hcg_evayihklZ\blv]jZffZlbq_kdbc\hijhk Qlh[u m\b^_lv ©fZlj_rdbª gZ^h g_ lhevdh jZaebqZlv dZdZy ba gbo ©gZjm`gZyªZdZdZy©\gmlj_ggyyªghbfuke_ggh\hkkh_^bgblvjZajhag_ggu_ qZklbgZjm`gh]hij_^eh`_gby\_^bgh_kfukeh\h_b]jZffZlbq_kdh_p_eh_² \_^bguc[ehdLZd\keh`ghfij_^eh`_gbbAgZgbydhlhju_g_ihihegyxlky _`_^g_\gh m[u\Zxl k dZ`^uf ^g_f gZ^h m\b^_lv ^\Z ijhkluo AgZgby m[u\ZxlkdZ`^uf^g_fbdhlhju_g_ihihegyxlky_`_^g_\gh. 124 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk Ih^qbgbl_evgu_khxau Dh]^Z ihdZ _^\Z ebrv ebrv lhevdh dZd lhevdh ihlhfm qlh lZd dZd hllh]hqlhb[hqlh[u^eylh]hqlh[u_kebdhebdZ[u_keb[udZd[m^lh dZd[m^lhkeh\ghlZdqlhqlh Khxagu_keh\Z Dlh qlh dZdhc q_c dhlhjuc kdhevdh dZd dh]^Z ]^_ dm^Z hldm^Z hlq_]hihq_fmaZq_f KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgukhxaubkhxagu_keh\Zi_j_^dhlhjufbklZ\blky aZiylZy Qlh[udh]^Zqlh[u QlhbDhlhju_ 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk «h[jZah\Zekyf_edhlhjuffu«\k_wlhke_`b\ZehkvbfZkkZ «fhjkdh_^ghih^gyehkvbkehbf_eZ«jZkkdZaZebfgh]h_balh]hqlh agZxlmq_gu_ KfaZ^Zgb_gZk Dh]^Z gZ ^g_ fhjy hdZau\Z_lky dhjZ[ev hg q_j_a g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy «_a^beg_lhevdh\:njbdm\Bg^bbhglh`_«ij_djZkghdZlZekygZ dhgvdZogZeu`ZohglZd`_ ... *** Ihijh[mcl_ \u^_eblv ij_^eh`_gby \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo jZkklZ\vl_ \ gboagZdbij_ibgZgby L_f m dh]h iZjd_l ihdjul eZdhf ^hklZlhqgh ijhl_j_lv _]h qmlv \eZ`ghc ljyidhc Ebghe_mf ke_^m_l fulv ke_]dZ \eZ`ghc ]m[dhc dhlhjmx kfZqb\Zxl kdbib^Zjhf Z ihlhf kjZam ihdjulv ©KZfh[e_kdhfª GZ dmohgghf ihem _keb hg ihdjul iheb\bgbeoehjb^gufb iebldZfb qZklh ihy\eyxlky l_fgu_ iylgZ <hkihevamcl_kv dZjZg^Zrghc j_abgdhc qlh[u mgbqlh`blvboZihlhflZd`_gZg_kbl_©KZfh[e_kdª Ba]Za_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 125 ?keb \u k^_eZeb \k_ ijZ\bevgh qblZcl_ l_dkl ^Zevr_ kf aZ]heh\hd ©AZiylu_g_l_jycl_kvª ?keb m \Zk [ueb hrb[db b \Zf ohq_lky ihlj_gbjh\Zlvky _s_ fu ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zf^jm]h_aZ^Zgb_gZjZkklZgh\dmagZdh\ij_ibgZgby >_lbdhlhju_`b\mlgZh^ghfbafZe_gvdbohkljh\h\Yihgbbbgh]^Zoh^yl \rdhemgZoh^meyoKhk_^gbchkljh\]^_gZoh^blkyrdheZhl^_ey_lkyhl bohkljh\Zg_]em[hdbfijheb\hfWlhlijheb\dh]^Z^he]hg_b^ml^h`^b kbevghf_e__lihwlhfmg_\hafh`ghihevah\Zlvkyeh^dZfbB^_lbqlh[um gbog_ijhiZ^ZebaZgylbyi_j_ijZ\eyxlkyq_j_aijheb\gZoh^meyoJ_[ylZ dhlhju_ i_j_^\b]Zxlky lZdbf kihkh[hf hq_gv eh\dh ihemqZxl hl wlh]h aZgylbyh]jhfgh_m^h\hevkl\b_ Ba]Za_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk <klj_qZebkv eb m \Zk ljm^ghklb ijb \uiheg_gbb AZiylu_g_ l_jycl_kv aZ^Zgbc" ?keb g_l lh h[jZsZ_f \Zr_ \gbfZgb_ gZ h^bg dh\Zjguc kemqZc G_dhlhju_ keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby gZqbgZxlky keh\Zfb lZf ]^_, lhl dlh l_ dhlhju_\k_qlhbl^ GZijbf_jLhldlh_oZegZeu`Zo\i_j_^b\k_omiZeLZflhll_\k_ —gZqZehi_j\h]hij_^eh`_gbywlhqZklv©gZjm`ghcfZlj_rdbª^Ze__kh keh\ ]^_ dlh dhlhju_ qlh gZqbgZ_lky ©\gmlj_ggyy fZlj_rdZª GZ^h hl^_eblvwlbkeh\Z^jm]hl^jm]ZaZiylufb K_cqZk\uijhql_l_jy^ijbf_jh\kh^_j`Zsbowlmljm^ghklvIhijh[mcl_ jZkklZ\blv\gboijhims_ggu_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. <_^vlhldlhgZlbjZeiZjd_l Ex[bek\hxjZ[hlm JK_n 2. <k_lhq_]hdhkg_lkyq_eh\_d Ijbh[j_lZ_lg_qlhq_eh\_qv_ KYFZjrZd L_dlhghqvxaZe_lZeb DgZf\jZkdjulh_hdgh Lj_i_lZebklj_dhlZeb =^_lhkiyl^Z\guf^Z\gh <>;_j_klh\ 126 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk khkm^djurdZdhlhjh]hj_dZihh[_klhjhgudhlhjhcjhkeb « h[hehqdZ ba ieZklfZkku gZagZq_gb_ dhlhjhc « \ukhdbf aZ[hjhf \^hevdhlhjh]h«[hevrb_^hfZ\gb`gbowlZ`Zodhlhjuo«dZfg_f hldjulb_k\hckl\dhlhjh]h ... 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIjb^Zlhqgu_ij_^eh`_gby\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf L_f mdh]hiZjd_lihdjuleZdhf^hklZlhqghijhl_j_lv_]hqmlv\eZ`ghc ljyidhcEbghe_mfke_^m_lfulvke_]dZ\eZ`ghc]m[dhcdhlhjmxkfZqb\Zxl kdbib^ZjhfZihlhfkjZamihdjulv©KZfh[e_kdhfªGZdmohgghfihem_kebhg ihdjul iheb\bgbeoehjb^gufb iebldZfb qZklh ihy\eyxlky l_fgu_ iylgZ <hkihevamcl_kvdZjZg^Zrghcj_abgdhcqlh[umgbqlh`blvboZihlhflZd`_ gZg_kbl_©KZfh[e_kdª Ba]Za_l 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk >_lb dhlhju_ `b\ml gZ h^ghf ba fZe_gvdbo hkljh\h\ Yihgbb bgh]^Z oh^yl\rdhemgZoh^meyoKhk_^gbchkljh\]^_gZoh^blkyrdheZhl^_ey_lky hlbohkljh\Zg_]em[hdbfijheb\hfWlhlijheb\dh]^Z^he]hg_b^ml^h`^b kbevghf_e__lihwlhfmg_\hafh`ghihevah\Zlvkyeh^dZfbB^_lbqlh[umgbo g_ ijhiZ^Zeb aZgylby i_j_ijZ\eyxlky q_j_a ijheb\ gZ oh^meyo J_[ylZ dhlhju_ i_j_^\b]Zxlky lZdbf kihkh[hf hq_gv eh\dh ihemqZxl hl wlh]h aZ gylbyh]jhfgh_m^h\hevkl\b_ Ba]Za_l *** 3. WlhdZ`_lky^Ze_dh² LZf]^_xghklv`beZfhy F:K\_leh\ 4. Bljhidbqlhiheaml Kd\have_khl^hfZd^hfm L_[yg_ijb\_^ml Dq_fmgb[m^vom^hfm 127 J=j_c\a Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk >ebgZ hlj_adh\ ©gZjm`ghc fZlj_rdbª [u\Z_l kZfZy jZagZy jZagufb ih jZaf_jm fh]ml [ulv b ©\gmlj_ggb_ fZlj_rdbª Ihwlhfm ijb jZ[hl_ k gbfb gZ^hhjb_glbjh\ZlvkygZ\^mfqb\h_jZa^_e_gb_boihkfukem Ihijh[mcl_ijZ\bevghjZa^_eblvagZdZfbij_ibgZgby©fZlj_rdbª AZh]jZ^hckZ^Z =^_p\_l_lrbih\gbd @be\a_e_ghfrZeZr_ >_^mrdZkZ^h\gbd Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk (HH>jba H^gZklZjZyZg]ebckdZykdZadZgZqbgZ_lkylZdbfij_^eh`_gb_f >Z\guf^Z\gh Dh]^Zdmjuibeb\bgh :mldb`_\ZeblZ[Zd BijbwlhfdjydZeb©djydª @beZ[ueZgZk\_l_k\bgvyklj_fy ihjhkylZfb <uibrbl_ ba wlh]h ij_^eh`_gby ]eZ\gmx qZklv ² ©gZjm`gmx fZlj_rdmª Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?keb ©\gmlj_ggyy fZlj_rdZª \u^_e_gZ lhevdh k h^ghc klhjhgu beb \u^_e_gZ k ^\mo klhjhg gh g_ijZ\bevgh kfuke ij_^eh`_gbc gZjmrZ_lky b fh]ml\hagbdgmlvkf_rgu_bg_e_iu_hrb[db Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf gZ[hj ij_^eh`_gbc k lZdbfb hrb[dZfb Ihijh[mcl_ bo bkijZ\blv , <Zky [_j_`gh iheh`be il_gqbdZ dhlhjuc miZe k ^_j_\Z h[jZlgh \ ]g_a^hYgZdjue[Z[hqdmdhlhjZyhimklbeZkvgZp\_lhdeZ^hgyfbIh \_q_jZfyjZa\e_dZek_klj_gdmdhlhjZy[he_eZql_gb_f\kemoK_klj_gdZ kemrZeZ ijbdexq_gby LhfZ Khc_jZ dhlhju_ _c ihgjZ\bebkv k [hevrbf bgl_j_khf Dh]^Z Lhf Khc_j aZ[em^beky \ i_s_j_ m k_klj_gdb ^Z`_ ke_au\uklmibebgZ]eZaZo<^hf_]^_y`b\m\h\lhjgbdkhklhblky 128 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^ZgbygZk<uibkZguijb^Zlhqgu_ij_^eh`_gbydhlhju_\u^_eyxlky aZiylufb DlhgZlbjZeiZjd_l Q_]hdhkg_lkyq_eh\_d DlhghqvxaZe_lZebdgZf\jZkdjulh_hdghlj_i_lZebklj_dhlZeb =^_xghklv`beZfhy Qlhiheamlkd\have_khl^hfZd^hfm 2) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZghijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gb_ =^_p\_l_lrbih\gbd 3) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk >Z\guf^Z\gh`beZ[ueZgZk\_l_k\bgvyklj_fyihjhkylZfb 4) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIhdZaZguhlj_adbij_^eh`_gbckhagZdZfbij_ibgZgby ,dhlhjucmiZek^_j_\ZdhlhjZyhimklbeZkvgZp\_lhd dhlhjZy [he_eZ dhlhju_ _c ihgjZ\bebkv \ i_s_j_ m k_klj_gdb]^_y`b\m]^_fuqZklheh\bebju[m ... II. 1. …dhlhjuc\uimklbebajmdfZevqbd gZ[_j_]mdhlhjhcklhbl ^_j_\gy dhlhju_ ieZ\Zeb \ Zd\Zjbmf_ ih dhlhjhc ijhfqZeky Z\lhfh[bev k dhlhjuf y \q_jZ ihkkhjbeky [ dhlhjZy [_`ZeZ ih dZfgyfdm^ZfuqZklhoh^bebaZ]jb[Zfb ... kh[jZgb_ `bevph\ M j_db ]^_ fuqZklh eh\beb ju[m gZ himrd_ e_kZ ]hj_edhkl_j ,,<ha^mrgucrZjdhlhjuc\uimklbebajmdfZevqbdq_j_afbgmlm[uem`_ gZ^ \_jomrdhc ^_j_\Z J_dZ gZ [_j_]m dhlhjhc klhbl ^_j_\gy \iZ^Z_l \ [hevrh_ ha_jh AZ ^\b`_gbyfb ju[hd dhlhju_ ieZ\Zeb \ Zd\Zjbmf_ `Z^gufb ]eZaZfb ke_^beZ dhrdZ Ih ^hjh]_ ih dhlhjhc ijhfqZeky Z\lhfh[bev[hkbdhf[_`ZeFb 129 rdZ<ZkvdZkdhlhjufy\q_jZihkkhjbekyk\_k_eufebphf[_`Zefg_ gZ\klj_qm Ih ^gm j_qmrdb dhlhjZy[_`ZeZihdZfgyf aZ^hf gZi_j_^ ^\b]ZekyjZd<e_kmdm^ZfuqZklhoh^bebaZ]jb[Zfbjhkeb\ukhdb_ [_j_au Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Hrb[db \ ij_^eh`_gbyo©fZlj_rdZoª g_j_^dh ijhbkoh^yl baaZ ihl_jb ih^e_`Zs_]h \gmljb ij_^eh`_gby b g_ijZ\bevgh]h h[t_^bg_gby kdZam_fh]h \gmlj_gg_]h ij_^eh`_gby k ih^e_`Zsbf gZjm`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby \ h^gm hkgh\m < ^Zgguo gb`_ ij_^eh`_gbyo hrb[hqgh h[t_^bg_ggu_ \ ]jZffZlbq_kdmxhkgh\mih^e_`Zsb_bkdZam_fu_\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf KlZjuc^m[qlhjhkgZdjZxjhsbrbjhdhjZkdbgmek\hb\_l\b>hf dhlhjucklhyegZ[_j_]mfhjykem`behjb_glbjhf^eyju[Zqvboeh^hd LZdZy ihl_jy ih^e_`Zs_]h ijb^Zlhqgh]h ij_^eh`_gby ijb\h^bl d g_\hafh`ghklb m\b^_lv ^\Z [ehdZ b bo jZkiheh`_gb_ ^jm] \ ^jm]_ b _kl_kl\_ggh h[hjZqb\Z_lky ihl_j_c agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby hl^_eyxsbo [ehdb h^bghl ^jm]h]h Ihwlhfm ijb^_j`b\Zcl_kv ijZ\be ©DZ`^hfm kdZam_fhfm ² k\h_ih^e_`Zs__ª©DZ`^hfmih^e_`Zs_fm²k\h_kdZam_fh_ª Ihijh[mcl_ij_h^he_lvwlmljm^ghklv < ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo gZc^bl_ ]jZffZlbq_kdb_ hkgh\u [_a ihl_jv b jZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby K gZklmie_gb_f hk_ggbo oheh^h\ q_luj_ ]hjbeeu GvxChjdkdh]h ahhiZjdZi_j_rebbaijhklhjghcde_ldb]^_hgbj_a\bebkve_lhf\l_kgh_ ihf_s_gb_ L_kghlZ dhlhjZy ihjh^beZ kdmdm ijb\_eZ d ^jZdZf f_`^m `b\hlgufb H[kem`b\Zxsbc ]hjbee kem`bl_ev dhlhjuc [_a dhgpZ mlbohfbjb\Ze `b\hlguo bkijh[h\Ze g_h[uqgh_ kj_^kl\h Hg mklZgh\be i_j_^ de_ldhc ]^_ kb^_eb h[_avygu [hevrhc l_e_\bahj Lh]^Z kkhju f_`^m]hjbeeZfbij_djZlbebkvihlhfmqlh`b\hlgu_qZkZfbg_hloh^beb hlwdjZgZ Ba]Za_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk JZ[hlZk©]mkyfbªb©fZlj_rdZfbªij_^ty\ey_lih\ur_ggu_lj_[h\Zgbyd mf_gbxkqblZlv 130 Ihijh[mcl_ ihkqblZlv kdhevdh ij_^eh`_gbc \ dZ`^hf ba ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jh\^\ZbebljbIhimlghjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby < dbghl_Zlj_ dm^Z ijbr_e <hevdZ k OhllZ[uq_f gZqbgZeky \_q_jgbc k_Zgk >_lb dhlhju_ g_ ^hklb]eb r_klgZ^pZlbe_lg_]h \hajZklZ gZ wlhl k_Zgk g_ ^himkdZebkv Lh]^Z Ohl]Z[uq qlhlh ijhr_ilZe gZ^ \hehkdhf dhlhjuc hg \uj\Ze ba k\h_c [hjh^u b \_kgmrqZlh_ ebph <hevdb ihdjuehkv jhkdhrghc jmkhc [hjh^hc < nhc_ dbghl_ZljZ dm^Z OhllZ[uq ijh\_e <hevdm \hdjm] gbo klheibeky gZjh^ :^fbgbkljZlhj djbdgme qlh[u \k_ jZahrebkv ihlhfm qlh [hjh^Zluc j_[_ghd kfmsZ_lky Lml \k_ dlh [ue \ [mn_l_ lh`_ ih[_`Zeb kfhlj_lv [hjh^Zlh]h j_[_gdZ Gbdlh g_ agZeq_f[u\k_dhgqbehkvgh\wlmfbgmlmijha\_g_ea\hghd Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk IhEBEZ]bgm Mki_o jZ[hlu k ij_^eh`_gbyfb gZa\Zggufb gZfb M]Z^Zcl_ ©]mkyfbª b ©fZlj_rdZfbª \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb aZ\bkbl hl l_o ©]mk_cªb mf_gbc h dhlhjuo ]h\hjbehkv \ gZqZe_ wlhc dgb]b mf_gbc ©fZlj_r_dª ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv l_dkl b m^_j`b\Zlv _]h \ iZfylb AZibkZ\ gZqZeh ij_^eh`_gby \u \ jy^_ kemqZ_\ m`_ fh`_l_ ij_^\b^_lv qlh ihke_^m_l ©fZlj_rdZ \ fZlj_rd_ª HklZ_lky ihklZ\blv aZiylmx \ gZqZe_ ©\gmlj_gg_c fZlj_rdbª b g_ aZ[ulvh\lhjhcaZiylhcdh]^Zwlhij_^eh`_gb_dhgqblky Ijh\_jvl_gZkdhevdh\ukihkh[gudlZdhfmij_^m]Z^u\ZgbxHij_^_ebl_ ih ^Zgguf gZqZeZf dZd jZkiheh`_gu ij_^eh`_gby h^gh aZ ^jm]bf ©]mkbª bebh^gh\gmljb^jm]h]h ©fZlj_rdbª Ijhbahreh lh Lh qlh ijhbahreh Dh]^Z gZqZehkv >_gv dh]^ZgZqZehkv=^_dhgqZ_lkyLZf]^_dhgqZ_lky Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk <hhjm`b\rbkv wlbfb agZgbyfb ihijh[mcl_ jZkklZ\blv agZdb \ ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo >ey lh]h qlh[u hlim]b\Zlv ilbp hl njmdlh\uo ^_j_\v_\ b ihk_\h\ Z\kljZebckdb_n_jf_jubkihevamxlieZklfZkkh 131 \uoyklj_[h\GZlhgdhce_kd_dhlhjZygZly]b\Z_lkyf_`^m^_j_\vyfbbeb klhe[Zfb mdj_ieyxlky fZd_lu ilbp Dh]^Z ^m_l \_l_j wlb ieZklfZkkh\u_ ©^\hcgbdbª \iheg_ ijZ\^hih^h[gh fZrml djuevyfb Fgh]b_ ilbpu gbdh]^Zg_klZgmlbkdZlvibsmbebhl^uoZlvlZf]^_hgb\b^ylyklj_[Zba aZ ijbjh^gh]h kljZoZ i_j_^ wlbf obsgbdhf H^gh]h ieZklfZkkh\h]h yklj_[Z^hklZlhqghqlh[um[_j_qvmjh`Zchl\hjh[v_\kd\hjph\ihim]Z_\ gZiehsZ^b[he__h^gh]h]_dlZjZ Ba]Za_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk IjhqblZcl_klbohl\hj_gb_<:E_\bgZ©>`h;beeªihkqblZcl_kdhevdh \g_fijb^Zlhqguoij_^eh`_gbc >`hgZlZg;bee >`hgZlZg;bee dhlhjucm[be dhlhjuce_qbe f_^\_^y yqf_gv \Q_jghf[hjm gZe_\hf]eZam >`hgZlZg;bee >`hgZlZg;bee dhlhjucdmibe dhlhjucmqbe \ijhrehf]h^m i_lvihghlZf d_g]mjm dham >`hgZlZg;bee >`hgZlZg;bee dhlhjuckdhibe dhlhjucmieue ijh[hd \Bg^bx ^\Zkmg^mdZ dl_lmrd_Ljhl >`hgZlZg;bee lZd\hl dhlhjucdhjfbe wlhlkZfuc>`h;bee nbgbdZfb hq_gvex[be [udZ dhfihl Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd qblZcl_ l_dkl ih^ aZ]heh\dhf ©Kd_e_l ij_^eh`_gbyª?kebm\Zk_klvihlj_[ghklvihlj_gbjh\Zlvky_s_jZkklZ\vl_\ l_dkl_agZdbij_ibgZgby DlhlhkdZaZeqlh\j_fy_^bgkl\_ggh_qlh[_jmlg_\^he]ZgZ\k_]^Z G_ gZ^h aZ[u\Zlv qlh lhevdh l_ agZgby dhlhju_ ^h[ulu ljm^hf ^_eZxl q_eh\_dZ Q_eh\_dhf ]hlh\yl _]h d h[s_kl\_gghfm ljm^m khagZl_evghfm \u[hjmijhn_kkbb FKfbjgh\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 132 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgu]jZffZlbq_kdb_hkgh\uij_^eh`_gbc Q_luj_ ]hjbeeu i_j_reb hgb j_a\bebkv L_kghlZ ijb\_eZ dhlhjZy ihjh^beZ Kem`bl_ev bkijh[h\Ze dhlhjuc mlbohfbjb\Ze Hg mklZgh\be kb^_ebh[_avyguKkhjuij_djZlbebkv`b\hlgu_g_hloh^beb KfaZ^Zgb_gZkIhke_dZ`^h]hkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby\kdh[dZomdZaZgh dhebq_kl\hijhkluoij_^eh`_gbc\oh^ysbo\_]hkhklZ\ < dbghl_Zlj_ dm^Z ijbr_e <hevdZ kOhllZ[uq_f gZqbgZeky \_q_jgbc k_Zgk >_lb dhlhju_ g_ ^hklb]eb r_klgZ^pZlbe_lg_]h \hajZklZ gZ wlhl k_Zgkg_^himkdZebkv Lh]^ZOhllZ[uqqlhlhijhr_ilZegZ^\hehkdhfdh lhjuc hg \uj\Ze ba k\h_c [hjh^u b \_kgmrqZlh_ ebph <hevdb ihdjuehkv jhkdhrghc jmkhc [hjh^hc < nhc_ dbghl_ZljZ dm^Z OhllZ[uq ijh\_e <hevdm \hdjm] gbo klheibeky gZjh^ :^fbgbkljZlhj djbdgme qlh[u \k_ jZahrebkv ihlhfm qlh [hjh^Zluc j_[_ghd kfmsZ_lky Lml \k_ dlh [ue \ [mn_l_lh`_ih[_`Zebkfhlj_lv[hjh^Zlh]hj_[_gdZ Gbdlhg_agZeq_f[u \k_dhgqbehkvgh\wlmfbgmlmijha\_g_ea\hghd KfaZ^Zgb_gZkPbnjZmdZau\Z_lgZihjy^dh\ucghf_jij_^eh`_gby ©=mkbª²©FZlj_rdbª² KfaZ^Zgb_gZk >ey lh]h qlh[u hlim]b\Zlv ilbp hl njmdlh\uo ^_j_\v_\ b ihk_\h\ Z\kljZebckdb_n_jf_jubkihevamxlieZklfZkkh\uoyklj_[h\GZlhgdhce_kd_ dhlhjZy gZly]b\Z_lky f_`^m ^_j_\vyfb beb klhe[Zfb mdj_ieyxlky fZd_lu ilbpDh]^Z^m_l\_l_jwlbieZklfZkkh\u_©^\hcgbdbª\iheg_ijZ\^hih^h[gh fZrmldjuevyfbFgh]b_ilbpugbdh]^Zg_klZgmlbkdZlvibsmbebhl^uoZlv lZf ]^_ hgb \b^yl yklj_[Z baaZ ijbjh^gh]h kljZoZ i_j_^ wlbf obsgbdhf H^gh]hieZklfZkkh\h]hyklj_[Z^hklZlhqghqlh[um[_j_qvmjh`Zchl\hjh[v_\ kd\hjph\ihim]Z_\gZiehsZ^b[he__h^gh]h]_dlZjZ Ba]Za_l *** 133 ©Kd_e_lªij_^eh`_gby KemqZehkv eb \Zf ^_j`Zlv \ jmdZo ^_lkdmx b]jmrdm dZe_c^hkdhi" E_]dh \kljyob\Zy _]h \u gZ[ex^Z_l_ kf_gyxsb_ ^jm] ^jm]Z [_kdhg_qgh jZaghh[jZagu_mahjuWlhkdZahqgh_jZaghh[jZab_kha^Z_lkyijbihfhsblj_o ihehkhda_jdZeZb]hjklbjZaghp\_lguokl_deyr_dLh`_ijhbkoh^blb\yau d_ Kdhevdh \ g_fij_^eh`_gbc" Fhjy ]Za_lguo klZl_c b p_eu_ hd_Zgu dgb] Gh wlh [_kdhg_qgh_ fgh`_kl\h kljhblky ba h]jZgbq_ggh]h dhebq_kl\Z we_f_glh\ \klmiZxsbo \ jZaebqgu_ dhf[bgZpbb AgZy wlb we_f_glu \u [m^_l_ k\h[h^gh hjb_glbjh\Zlvky \ ex[hc ^j_fmq_c qZs_ keh`guo kbg lZdkbq_kdbo dhgkljmdpbc b kfh`_l_ k^_eZlv mkeh\gh_ bah[jZ`_gb_ h^ghc ba gbo < i_j\mx hq_j_^v gZ^h \u^_eblv hkgh\ghc we_f_gl keh`guo kbglZdkbq_kdbo dhgkljmdpbc Wlh ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ beb h^gZ qZklv dhlhjZy \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb \uklmiZ_l \ dZq_kl\_ _]h qZklb Bah[jZabf mkeh\ghqZklvij_^eh`_gby\\b^_ijyfhm]hevgbdZ<hllZd Ba g_[hevrh]h qbkeZ dhf[bgZpbc lZdbo ©dbjibqbdh\ª fh`gh kha^Zlv ko_fu kZfuo jZaguo ij_^eh`_gbc Ihkfhljbf dZd wlh ^_eZ_lky I_j_^ \Zfb ij_^eh`_gb_ < AZiZ^ghc :njbd_ ijhn_kkbhgZevgu_ kdZahqgbdb ihevamxlky nb]mjdZfbdZ`^Zynb]mjdZh[hagZqZ_lhij_^_e_ggmxkdZadmbi_j_[bjZy ihh^ghcnb]mjd_jZkkdZaqbdg_[hblkyijhimklblvdZdmxeb[hbakdZahd ::E_hglv_\ KdhevdhqZkl_c\wlhfij_^eh`_gbb"LjbAgZqblgZko_f_^he`gh[ulv ljbdbjibqbdZ:dZdbojZkiheh`blv">eywlh]h\hi_j\uogZ^hihgylvqlh i_j_^gZfb©]mkbªbeb ©fZlj_rdbª <h\lhjuo \uykgblv dZdb_ a^_kv qZklb lhevdh ]eZ\gu_ beb ]eZ\gu_ b ijb^Zlhqgu_ lh`_ <kihfgbf qlh ]eZ\gu_ qZklb g_ aZ\bkyl ^jm] hl ^jm]Z ]jZffZlbq_kdb b hl h^ghc d ^jm]hc g_evay ihklZ\blv ]jZffZlbq_kdh]h \hijhkZ Z ijb^Zlhqgu_ qZklb aZ\bkyl hl ]eZ\guo ]jZffZlbq_kdbbhl]eZ\guodijb^Zlhqguffh`ghihklZ\blv\hijhk <ij_^eh`_gbbhkdZahqgbdZoljbqZklbb\k_hgb]eZ\gu_bke_^mxl^jm] aZ^jm]hfdZd©]mkbª<hllZd 134 GZ dZ`^hf ©dbjibqbd_ª \u klZ\bl_ ihjy^dh\uc ghf_j qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gbyQZkl_c©dbjibqbdh\ªbghf_jh\fh`_l[ulvkdhevdhm]h^gh ?keb ko_fZ keh`ghkhqbg_ggh]h ij_^eh`_gby jZkiheZ]Z_lky gZ h^ghc ebgbb lh kh keh`ghih^qbg_ggufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb ^_eh h[klhbl bgZq_ ]eZ\gu_qZklbgZoh^ylkygZ\_jomZijb^Zlhqgu_ih^gbfb<hllZd QZklbij_^eh`_gbcfu\k_]^Zgmf_jm_fihihjy^dmGZijbf_j ?keb\_jblvmq_gufiylvfbgmlkf_oZkh\_jr_gghkgbfZxlmklZehklv ihke_qZkZgZijy`_gghcjZ[hlu 3. Ex^b ohlyl agZlv gZkdhevdh [h]ZlZ bo A_fey bkdhiZ_fufb b wg_j]_lbq_kdbfbj_kmjkZfb KhklZ\vl_ko_fuij_^eh`_gbc >hjh]h\h\j_fy\j_fy <j_f_gbfgh]hbfZeh >he]h_\j_fy²g_\j_fy ?kebhghfbgh\Zeh KYFZjrZd Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk :dZd^he`gZ\u]ey^_lvgZko_f_©fZlj_rdZª"GZijbf_j Jmkkdbc ]jZ`^Zgkdbc ZenZ\bl dhlhjuf fu ihevam_fky b \ gZklhys__ \j_fy[ue\\_^_gI_ljhf,Fuij_^eZ]Z_flZdhc\ZjbZgl KhklZ\vl_ko_fukeh`guoij_^eh`_gbc < dhgp_ ijhreh]h \_dZ jmdh\h^bl_eb fhkdh\kdbo l_Zljh\ bgh]^Z ijb]eZrZeb ih`Zjguo gZ jheb klZlbklh\ H^gZ`^u \ h^ghf ba l_Zljh\ r_e ki_dlZdev ©Ob`bgZ ^y^b LhfZª \ dhlhjhf ih`Zjgu_ bah[jZ`Zeb g_]jh\< 135 ^jm]hfklZ\bebdhf_^bx]^_ih`Zjgu_bah[jZ`Zebq_jl_c<wlh\j_fy\ ^jm]hfdhgp_Fhkd\ugZqZekykbevgucih`Zj:jlbkludhlhju_\ihiuoZo g_ kgyeb ]jbfZ ihfqZebkv d f_klm ih`ZjZ <i_j_^b fqZeky djZkguc ^vy\he gZ djZkghf dhg_ aZ gbf gZ l_e_]_ g_kebkv djZkgu_ q_jlb k ih`Zjgufb [Z]jZfb AZl_f ijhg_kky q_jguc ^vy\he gZ ahehlhf dhg_ hg ^_j`Ze \ jmdZo iueZxsbc nZd_e AZ gbf ijh]jhohlZeZ l_e_]Z \ dhlhjhc kb^_eb q_jgu_ ^vy\heu \ f_^guo re_fZo Kdhjh q_jlb ihy\bebkv gZ djur_ ]hjys_]h ^hfZ kj_^b yaudh\ ieZf_gb Dh]^Z lheiZ m\b^_eZ wlh \hagbdeZ iZgbdZ =m[_jgZlhj dhlhjhfm lh`_ [ueh kljZrgh\Zlh aZij_lbe ih`Zjguf\^Zevg_cr_fb]jZlv\l_Zlj_ Ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk I_j_c^_fd[he__ljm^gufkemqZyf<keh`ghih^qbg_gguoij_^eh`_gbyo fh`_l [ulv fgh]h ijb^Zlhqguo qZkl_c b jZkiheh`_gu hgb [u\Zxl ih jZaghfmHgbfh]mljZkiheZ]ZlvkylZd\lhjZyqZklvijbkh_^bgy_lkydi_j\hc lj_lvydh\lhjhcq_l\_jlZydlj_lv_cbl^bhgblh`_b^mlh^gZaZ^jm]hc dZd ©]mkbª lhevdh g_ ih ]hjbahglZeb Z ih \_jlbdZeb k\_jom \gba LZdh_ ih^qbg_gb_gZau\Z_lkyihke_^h\Zl_evguf<hldZdwlh\u]ey^bl <hl^hf Dhlhjucihkljhbe>`_d :wlhir_gbpZ DhlhjZy\l_fghfqmeZg_ojZgblky <^hf_dhlhjucihkljhbe>`_d :wlhkbgbpZ DhlhjZyeh\dh\hjm_lir_gbpm DhlhjZy\l_fghfqmeZg_ojZgblky <^hf_dhlhjucihkljhbe>`_d < klbohl\hj_gbb K Y FZjrZdZ ^_\ylv keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbc b dZ`^h_ gZh^gmijb^ZlhqgmxqZklv[hevr_ij_^u^ms_]h IhkqblZcl_ dhebq_kl\h qZkl_c \ ihke_^g_f ij_^eh`_gbb KhklZ\vl_ _]h ko_fm <hl^\Zi_lmoZ Dhlhju_[m^yllh]hiZklmoZ Dhlhjuc[jZgblkykdhjh\gbp_ckljh]hx 136 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ijb^Zlhqguo KfaZ^Zgb_gZk DlhlhkdZaZeqlh\j_fy²_^bgkl\_ggh_qlh[_jmlg_\^he]ZgZ\k_]^Z G_gZ^haZ[u\Zlvqlhlhevdhl_agZgby dhlhju_ ^h[ulu ljm^hf ^_eZxl q_eh\_dZ Q_eh\_dhf ]hlh\yl _]h d h[s_kl\_gghfm ljm^m khagZl_evghfm \u[hjmijhn_kkbb FKfbjgh\Z KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ?BR [, _keb B Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k Pbnju h[hagZqZxl ihjy^dh\uc ghf_j ij_^eh`_gbc \ l_dkl_ L @ > I ]. 6, 7. >@@>I@ Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k qZkl_c Hgb jZkiheh`_gu ^jm] ih^ ^jm]hf Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k rrl\\agbbb 2. , ]^_ = I 1. 4. ?BB ohlv >R@, dh]^Z DhlhjZy ^hbl dhjh\m [_ajh]mx Ey]gm\rmx klZjh]h ikZ [_a o\hklZ Dhlhjuc aZ rb\hjhl lj_ie_l dhlZ Dhlhjuc im]Z_l b eh\bl kbgbpm DhlhjZyeh\dh\hjm_lir_gbpmDhlhjZy\l_fghfqmeZg_ojZgblky<^hf_ dhlhjucihkljhbe>`_d 137 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk KhklZ\vl_ ko_fu d ke_^mxsbf ij_^eh`_gbyf mdZ`bl_ gZ ko_fZo agZdb ij_ibgZgby <klZ_ldmi_pb^_ljZaghkqbd GZ[bj`mlyg_lkyba\haqbd Kdm\rbghfhol_gdZki_rbl Ih^g_ckg_]mlj_ggbcojmklbl :KImrdbg LZf]^_dZimklgu_]jy^db JmfyghcaZj_ciheb\Z_l\hkoh^ De_g_ghq_dfZe_gvdbcfZld_ A_e_gh_\ufykhk_l K:?k_gbg Bi_jvykljZmkZkdehg_ggu_ <fh_fdZqZxlkyfha]m Bhqbkbgb_[_a^hggu_ P\_lmlgZ^Zevg_f[_j_]m ::;ehd <hguc^_gvdh]^ZgZ^fbjhfgh\uf ;h]kdehgyeebphk\h_lh]^Z Khegp_hklZgZ\eb\Zebkeh\hf Keh\hfjZajmrZeb]hjh^Z GK=mfbe_\ GZ^DZgZ^hcg_[hkbg_ F_`[_j_a^h`^bdhku_ Ohlvihoh`_gZJhkkbx Lhevdh\k_`_g_Jhkkby :=hjh^gbpdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk D]eZ\ghcqZklbfh`_lhlghkblvkyg_h^gZijb^ZlhqgZyqZklvZ^\_b^Z`_ [hevr_hgbfh]mlhlghkblvkydjZagufkeh\Zf\]eZ\ghcqZklbbebdh^ghfmb lhfm`_ GZijbf_j Dh]^Zi_qZevke_ahcg_\hevghc Ijhfqblkyih]eZaZfl\hbf Fg_\b^_lvbihgylvg_[hevgh Qlhlug_kqZkleb\Zk^jm]bf FXE_jfhglh\ 138 LZdh_ ih^qbg_gb_ gZau\Z_lky i Z j Z e e _ e v g u f : \hl dZd \u]ey^bl ko_fZij_^eh`_gby\dhlhjhfijb^Zlhqgu_qZklbhlghkylky dh^ghfm b lhfm `_keh\m\]eZ\ghc qZklb B\k_fdZaZehkvqlhjZ^hklv[m^_l Qlh\lbohc]Z\Zgb\k_dhjZ[eb QlhgZqm`[bg_mklZeu_ex^b K\_lemx`bagvk_[_h[j_eb ::;ehd LZdh_ ih^qbg_gb_ gZau\Z_lky h ^ g h j h ^ g u f ;u\Zxl ij_^eh`_gby \ dhlhjuo g_kdhevdh ]eZ\guo qZkl_c b m dZ`^hc k\hy ijb^ZlhqgZy qZklv < kZfhfijhklhf kemqZ_wlh\u]ey^bllZd GZfg_^Zghij_^m]Z^Zlv DZdkeh\hgZr_hlah\_lky BgZfkhqm\kl\b_^Z_lky DZdgZf^Z_lky[eZ]h^Zlv NBLxlq_\ Bgh]^Z h^gZ ba ]eZ\guo qZkl_c bf__l ijb^Zlhqgh_ Z ^jm]b_ g_l GZijbf_j Bg_\hafh`gh_\hafh`gh >hjh]Z^Zevgyye_]dZ Dh]^Z[e_kg_l\^Zeb^hjh`ghc F]gh\_gguc\a]ey^baih^ieZldZ Dh]^Za\_gbllhkdhchkljh`ghc =emoZyi_kgyyfsbdZ ::;ehd < dhf[bgbjh\Zggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ hohlgh \dexqZxlky ©fZlj_rdbª gZijbf_jlZd <^Ze_d_hl^hfZ\^h[jucqZk <kihfgbfl_odlh\kihfbgZ_lgZk :_s_dheb^hklZg_lkbe IhaZ[m^_fl_odlhgZkaZ[ue DY<Zgr_gdbg ;u\Z_l b lZdh_ ih^qbg_gb_ dh]^Z ijb^Zlhqgu_ qZklb bf_xl k\hb ijb^Zlhqgu_ kh_^bg_ggu_ kihkh[hf h^ghjh^gh]h beb iZjZee_evgh]h ih^qbg_gbyGZijbf_jlZd 139 M dh]h _klv ^\Z oe_[Z imklv ijh^Zkl h^bg qlh[u dmiblv p\_lhd gZjpbkkZ b[h oe_[ ² ibsZ ^ey l_eZ Z gZjpbkk ² ibsZ^ey^mrb Ihkeh\bpZ M dh]h =h]hev \ nZglZklbq_kdhc ih \_klb ©Ihjlj_lª ihdZaZe qlh ahehlh ^hklZ\r__ky p_ghc qm `bokljZ^Zgbcg_^Z_ljZ^hklb gb l_f dlh _]h dhibl gb l_f dlh_]hgZke_^m_l Fuij_^eh`beb\Zfh^bgba\ZjbZglh\ko_f Gh jZagu_ Z\lhju ^Zxl jZagu_ \ZjbZglu JZ[hlZcl_ lZd dZd \Zf ijb\uqg__ Ih^jm`bl_kv kh ko_fZfb Wlh \Z`guc b hq_gv ihe_aguc \b^ mijZ`g_gbc Hgb iha\heyl hl\e_dZykv hl keh\ b kfukeh\ kjZam m\b^_lv ©kd_e_lª ij_^eh`_gby ² _]h kljmdlmjm ² b jZkklZ\blv agZdb e_]dh b ijZ \bevgh Kl_q_gb_khxah\ IjhqblZcl_ rmleb\h_ q_l\_jhklbrb_ He_]Z =jb]hjv_\Z [_a agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby bkdZ`bl_qlh\jZkklZgh\d_agZdh\dZ`_lky\Zfljm^guf GZkdZl_jlv\h\j_fyh[_^Z <uihealZdhclZjZdZg Qlh_kebklZdZghfgZdjulvlZjZdZgZ Lhhgm\_a_lklZdZg I_j\uc\hijhkdhlhjucgZ^hj_rblvqlh[ujZah[jZlvky\wlhfkdhevdh qZkl_c\wlhfij_^eh`_gbb"<u[_a ljm^Z fh`_l_ khkqblZlv a^_kv ljbqZklb <lhjhc \hijhk q_f hgb kh_^bg_gu" <hl lmllh \u b fh`_l_ [ulv haZ^Zq_gu Qlh" ?keb" Z ihq_fm bo ^\Z" Fh`_l [ulv ihlhfm qlh ^\_ jZagu_ qZklb dZ`^Zykhk\hbfkhxahfjZkiheh`bebkvlZdbfh[jZahfqlhkhxauhdZaZebkv jy^urdhf"Wlhihoh`_gZijZ\^mL_i_jvijhqblZcl_hl^_evghdZ`^mxqZklv IhemqZ_lky\hlqlhh^gZ qZklv ² gZ kdZl_jlv \h \j_fy h[_^Z \uihea lZdhc lZjZdZg ^jm]Zy ² qlh hg m\_a_l klZdZg lj_lvy ² _keb klZdZghf gZdjulv lZjZdZgZBdZd`_jZkiheh`_guwlbqZklb"<lhjZyblj_lvy²dZd©fZlj_rdZª \©fZlj_rd_ªWlhjZa]ey^_lvg_lZdlhijhklhH[uq 140 gZy ^_j_\yggZy fZlj_rdZ h^bgZdh\Z kh \k_o klhjhg Z a^_kv ©fZlj_rdZª kh\k_f ^jm]Zy h^gZ klhjhgZ ©gZjm`ghc fZlj_rdbª kh\k_f lhg_gvdZy ² ba h^gh]h dhjhl_gvdh]h keh\Z qlh Z ^jm]Zy ² kheb^guo jZaf_jh\ ba q_luj_o keh\ B d wlhc fZe_gvdhc ©lhg_gvdhcª kl_gd_ ©gZjm`ghc fZlj_rdbª ijbkehgbeZkv ©\gmlj_ggyy fZlj_rdZª lh`_ gZqbgZxsZyky khxahf <hl b ihemqbehkv^\ZkhxaZjy^hf:dZdijbdZ`_l_[ulvkhagZdZfb" Wlh aZ\bkbl hl lh]h dZd gZqbgZ_lky \lhjZy qZklv ©gZjm`ghc fZlj_rdbª ?keb hgZ gZqbgZ_lky kh keh\ lh beb lZd aZiylZy f_`^m ^\mfy khxaZfb g_ klZ\blky Z klZ\blky lhevdh i_j_^ i_j\uf Bgufb keh\Zfb _keb \lhjhc khxa bf__l \lhjmx qZklv gZijbf_j _keb ² lh lh aZiylhc i_j_^ gbf g_ gZ^h <hl lZd FukeurZebqlh_kebkjZkl_gbyfbeZkdh\hjZa]h\Zjb\Zlvlhhgbemqr_ jZklml < hklZevguo kemqZyo aZiylZy klZ\blky b i_j_^ i_j\uf khxahf b i_j_^ \lhjuff_`^mkhxaZfb<hllZd GbdZd g_evay ij_^klZ\blv qlh ihdZ g_ ihy\beky q_eh\_d h[_avygZ [ueZ \_gphfl\hj_gby ::E_hglv_\ >Z\Zcl_ihlj_gbjm_fky JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu Ij_^eh`_gbykaZiylhci_j_^ Ij_^eh`_gbykaZiylhclhevdhi_j_^ i_j\ufkhxahfbf_`^mkhxaZfb i_j\ufkhxahf 1 2 , <k_ agZxl qlh dh]^Z \ :f_jbd_ ihe^_gv \h NjZgpbb khegp_ m`_ aZoh^bl FZe_gvdbc ijbgp aZkuiZe f_gy \hijhkZfb gh dh]^Z y kijZrb\Ze h q_fgb[m^v hg keh\gh b g_ keurZe Qlh[u ^Zlv \Zf ihgylb_hlhfdZd\_ebdZA_feykdZ`mebrvqlhihdZg_[uehbah[j_l_gh we_dljbq_kl\h gZ \k_o r_klb dhglbg_glZo ijboh^behkv ^_j`Zlv p_emx ZjfbxnhgZjsbdh\Kms_kl\mxlg_lhevdh[hevrb_ieZg_lughbkhlgb lZdbo qlh _keb \u [m^_l_ jZa]ey^u\Zlv bo \ l_e_kdhi lh k ljm^hf jZa]ey^bl_ :K_glWdaxi_jb ,, =_jg_l g_hijh\_j`bfh ^hdZaZe qlh _keb [u m^Zehkv jZklhiblv e_^yghciZgpbjv=j_geZg^bblh\?\jhim 141 \_jgmeky [u km[ljhibq_kdbc debfZl b gZklmibe ahehlhc \_d D = IZmklh\kdbc Kheg_qgu_ aZlf_gby [u\Zxl \kydbc jZa dh]^Z EmgZ ijhoh^bllhqghf_`^mA_fe_cbKhegp_f<kydhfmihgylghqlh^eylh]h qlh[u \b^_lv dZd Khegp_ ihkl_i_ggh aZdju\Z_lky Emghc gm`gh qlh[u \ wlhff_kl_[ueZykgZyih]h^Z D>hf[jh\kdbc M B\ZgZ Gbdbnhjh\bqZ gZijhlb\ lh]h rZjh\Zju \ lZdbo rbjhdbo kdeZ^dZoqlh_keb[ujZa^mlvbolh\gbofh`gh[ueh[uihf_klblv\_kv ^\hjkZf[ZjZfbbkljh_gbyfb G<=h]hev ,,,GZwd\Zlhj_abfhc ;uelZdhcm`Zkgucaghc Qlhdh]^ZgZklZehe_lh G_aZf_lgh[uehwlh K\bgvygZdZ`^h]h]ey^bldZdgZ\jZ]Z BlZdijh`hjeb\h__k\bgh_jueh Qlh_keb[u_s_k\bgv_jh]Z HgZ[u\k_o\k\h_f_gx\dexqbeZ <:E_\bg ,9Mq_gu_^mfZxlqlh_kebgZA_fexijbe_lylbghieZg_lyg_lh\iheg_ \hafh`gh qlh fu g_ kmf__f gZclb k gbfb dhglZdl Ijb ih^]hlh\d_ =Z]ZjbgZdi_j\hfmdhkfbq_kdhfmihe_lm mq_gu__s_g_agZebdZddh]^Z hghdZ`_lky\g_ijb\uqguomkeh\byohgkfh`_lijbkihkh[blvkydgbf Bkke_^h\Zgby ihdZaZeb qlh _keb h[mqblv rbfiZga_ yaudm `_klh\ lh hgb fh]mlh[sZlvkykex^vfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk IhjZ[hlZ_f kh ko_fZfb Ih^klZ\vl_ hdheh ghf_jZ dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby ghf_jkhhl\_lkl\mxs_c_fmko_fu 142 Fg_gjZ\blkyqlh\u[hevgug_fghc Fg_gjZ\blkyqlhy[hevgZg_\Zfb Qlhgbdh]^Zly`_eucrZja_fghc G_mieu\_lih^gZrbfbgh]Zfb FBP\_lZ_\Z HlhfdZdohjhrZijbjh^Z G_qZklh]h\hjblgZjh^ Ih^wlhckbgvxg_[hk\h^Z GZ^wlhc[e_^ghckbgvx\h^ KYFZjrZd @^bf_gyby\_jgmkv Lhevdhhq_gv`^b @^bdh]^ZgZ\h^yl]jmklv @_elu_^h`^b @^bdh]^Zkg_]Zf_lml @^bdh]^Z`ZjZ @^bdh]^Z^jm]bog_`^ml IhaZ[u\\q_jZ DFKbfhgh\ B]hehk[uekeZ^hdbemq[uelhghd Blhevdh\ukhdhmpZjkdbo\jZl IjbqZklguclZcgZfieZdZej_[_ghd Hlhfqlhgbdlhg_ijb^_lgZaZ^ ::;ehd Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk <uibrbl_bal_dklZhlj_adbij_^eh`_gbckhagZdZfbij_ibgZgby R\_cpZjkdbcmq_guc@ZgIbZ`_\kx`bagvihk\ylbebamq_gbxlh]hdZd ^mfZxl h[ hdjm`Zxs_f fbj_ fZe_gvdb_ ^_lb Hg klZedb\Zeky k l_f qlh g_dhlhju_ ^_lb ^mfZxl [m^lh EmgZ ijh\h`Z_l bo ihlhfm qlh ex[hfm b^ms_fm q_eh\_dm dZ`_lky qlh EmgZ ^\b`_lky ih g_[m \ lm `_ klhjhgm Bgh]^Z dZdhcgb[m^v j_[_ghd \h \j_fy \_q_jg_c ijh]medb ki_pbZevgh gZ[ex^Z_lhklZgh\blkyebEmgZ_kebhghklZgh\blkyb^_lebEmgZ^Zevr_ _keb hg ihr_e ^Zevr_ Mq_guc kijhkbe h^gh]h ba j_[yl aZ d_f ba gbo ihc^_lEmgZ_kebhgbh[Zihc^ml\jZagu_klhjhguFZevqbdhl\_lbeqlh kgZqZeZEmgZijh\h^bl\ajhkeh]hZihlhfihc^_laZfeZ^rbf 143 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?keb m \Zk \k_ \ ihjy^d_ ijhimklbl_ ke_^mxs__ aZ^Zgb_ ?keb [ueb hrb[db ihlj_gbjmcl_kv _s_ <uibrbl_ hlj_adb ij_^eh`_gbc kh agZdZfb ij_ibgZgby =hjvdbchq_gvex[bedgb]bbqj_a\uqZcgh^hjh`bek\h_c[b[ebhl_dhc gh]hlh\[uehl^Zlvp_gg_crmxbadgb]_kebkqblZeqlhhgZdhfmgb[m^v g_h[oh^bfZ^eyjZ[hlu KYFZjrZd ?keb[u\^jm]gZa_fe_dZdbf gb[m^v qm^hf bkq_aeh \k_ khl\hj_ggh_ hl_q_kl\_gghc dmevlmjhc Z hklZebkv [u lhevdh klbob kha^Zggu_ \_ebdbfb jmkkdbfb ebjbdZfb fu b lh]^ZagZeb[uqlhgZjh^]_gbZe_gbqlhkdZahqgh[h]ZlgZryaudh[eZ^Z xsbc [_kqbke_ggufb keh\_kgufb djZkdZfb ^ey bah[jZ`_gby keh`g_crboblhgqZcrboq_eh\_q_kdboqm\kl\ DBQmdh\kdbc Dlh g_mf__lihevah\ZlvkykqZklv_fdh]^Zhghijboh^blg_^he`_g`Zeh\Zlvky dh]^Zhghijhoh^bl FK_j\Zgl_k JZamf^Zgq_eh\_dm^eylh]hqlh[u hgjZamfgh`beZg_^eylh]hqlh[uhg\b^_eqlhhg`b\_lg_jZamfgh < = ;_ebgkdbc G_dhlhju_ ]h\hjbeb gZf qlh keurZeb h ih^\h^ghf ]hjh^_^jm]b_]h\hjbebqlhwlh\ufuk_ebgbdZdh]h]hjh^Zg_lb\k_lZdb fu gbq_]h hij_^_e_ggh]h g_ fh]eb magZlv ihdZ gZdhg_p \ Fma__ bah[jZabl_evguo bkdmkkl\ bf_gb ImrdbgZ fu g_ gZreb lhg_gvdmx dgb `_qdm \ dhlhjhc [ueb hibkZgu jZa\Zebgu ^j_\g_]h ]j_q_kdh]h ]hjh^Z himklb\r_]hky k\ur_ lukyqb e_l gZaZ^ gZ ^gh fhjy \ Djufm hdheh ;ZeZdeZ\u D>hf[jh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ©Kh[jZeZkvdhfiZgbyagZdh\ij_ibgZgbyª Ihijh[mcl_jZa^_eblvkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_gZkhklZ\eyxsb__]h[ehdb Hj_rgbd dhlhjuc \ g_dhlhjuo f_klZo gZau\Z_lky e_sbghc wlh rbjhdhebklguc dmklZjgbd Hgb \u]ey^yl lZd 1) Hj_rgbd ² wlh rbjhdhebklguc dmklZjgbd 2) Dhlhjuc \ g_dhlhjuo f_klZo gZau\Z_lky e_sbghc Wlb[ehdbjZkiheh`_gu\ij_^eh`_gbyodZd©fZlj_rdZ\fZlj_rd_ª H^gZdh\©gZjm`ghcfZlj_rd_ªf_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fufklZ\blky lbj_Qlh`_ijhbkoh^blkwlbfagZdhfij_ib 144 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZkI_j\ZypbnjZ²]jZnZlZ[ebpu 1 — I. 1, 2, 3. II. 2. III. 1, 2. IV. 2. 2 — I. 4. II. 1, 3. IV. 1, 3. ,,<kydhfmihgylghqlh^eylh]hqlh[u\b^_lvdZdKhegp_ihkl_i_ggh aZdju\Z_lkyEmghcgm`ghqlh[u\wlhff_kl_[ueZykgZyih]h^Z KfaZ^Zgb_gZk 1— 3); 2 — 1); 3 — 2); 4 — 4). KfaZ^Zgb_gZk R\_cpZjkdbclh]hdZdHgk l_f qlh ^mfZxl [m^lh bo ihlhfm qlh dZ`_lky qlh Bgh]^Z gZ[ex^Z_l hklZgh\blky eb EmgZ _keb hg hklZgh\blky b^_l eb EmgZ ^Zevr_ _keb Mq_guc ba j_[yl aZ d_f ba gbo ihc^_lEmgZ_kebFZevqbdhl\_lbeqlh\ajhkeh]hZihlhf KfaZ^Zgb_gZk [b[ebhl_dhcghdgb]_kebkqblZeqlh dmevlmjhc Z hklZebkv [u lhevdh klbob kha^Zggu_ fu agZeb [u qlh yaud h[eZ^Zxsbc kqZklv_fdh]^Zhghijboh^blg_^he`_g`Zeh\Zlvkydh]^Zhghijhoh^bl ^eylh]hqlh[uZg_^eylh]hqlh[uhg\b^_eqlhgZfqlh]hjh^_ ^jm]b_ ]h\hjbeb qlh g_l b \k_lZdb magZlv ihdZ gZdhg_p dgb`_qdm \ dhlhjhc]hjh^Zhimklb\r_]hky KfaZ^Zgb_gZk , IlbqdZ dheb[jb dhlhjZy `b\_l \ X`ghc :f_jbd_ ² wlh kZfZy fZe_gvdZy ilbqdZ gZ k\_l_ <_k __ ² g_kdhevdh ]jZffh\ H^gh ba m^b\bl_evguo k\hckl\ wlhc djhr_qghc ilZrdb ^ebgZ dhlhjhc g_ ij_\urZ_l ^\Z^pZlb fbeebf_ljh\ ² hlf_gguc Zii_lbl KZf_p dheb[jb aZ dhlhjuf gZ[ex^Zeb mq_gu_ aZ qZkh\ ibe \h^m jZaZ H[s__ dhebq_kl\h \h^u dhlhjmxaZwlh\j_fy\uibeZlj_o]jZffh\ZyilbqdZ²]jZffh\ ,,Hrb[dbdhlhju_g_bkijZ\eyxlky²\hlgZklhysb_hrb[dbLhldlh ijZ\bevghmdZau\Z_lfhbhrb[db²fhcmqbl_evLhldlhijZ\bevghhlf_qZ_l fhb\_jgu_ihklmidb² fhc^jm]Lhl dlh fg_ evklbl ² fhc \jZ] Ihkeh \bpu *** 145 gZgby dh]^Z \ _]h ©`bag_gghf ijhkljZgkl\_ª ihy\ey_lky ©\gmlj_ggyy fZlj_rdZª" AZiylZy b lbj_ hdZau\Zxlky jy^urdhf b gbqmlv g_ f_rZxl ^jm] ^jm]m<u]ey^blwlhlZdHj_rgbddhlhjuc\g_dhlhjuof_klZogZau\Z_lky e_sbghc²rbjhdhebklgucdmklZjgbd GZ^__fky qlh \u mki_rgh kijZ\bl_kv k ihklZgh\dhc ^\mo agZdh\ jy^urdhf ,IlbqdZdheb[jbdhlhjZy`b\_l\X`ghc:f_jbd_wlhkZfZyfZe_gvdZy ilbqdZgZk\_l_<_k__g_kdhevdh]jZffh\H^ghbam^b\bl_evguok\hckl\ wlhc djhr_qghc ilZrdb ^ebgZ dhlhjhc g_ ij_\urZ_l ^\Z^pZlb fbeebf_ljh\ hlf_gguc Zii_lbl KZf_p dheb[jb aZ dhlhjuf gZ[ex^Zeb mq_gu_aZqZkh\ibe\h^mjZaZH[s__dhebq_kl\h\h^udhlhjmxaZ wlh\j_fy\uibeZlj_o]jZffh\ZyilbqdZ]jZffh\ Ba`mjgZeh\ ,, Hrb[db dhlhju_ g_ bkijZ\eyxlky \hl gZklhysb_ hrb[db Lhl dlh ijZ\bevgh mdZau\Z_l gZ fhb hrb[db fhc mqbl_ev Lhl dlh ijZ\bevgh hlf_qZ_lfhb\_jgu_ihklmidbfhc^jm]Lhldlhfg_evklblfhc\jZ] Ihkeh\bpu Ijh\_jvl_ k_[y kf hl\_l gZ k =eZ\Z VI I_j_^©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfb bebJZkkdZauhaZ]Z^hqghcaZiylhc =jZffZlbdZgZ^\h_kdZaZeZ Kj_^b\k_okhxah\bkhxaguokeh\fu\u^_ebebljbb, ^Z \agZq_gbbb), beb ijb \klj_q_ k dhlhjufb gZ^h [ulv hq_gv \gbfZl_evgufb Hkh[_ggh hiZkguhgblh]^Zdh]^Zihy\eyxlky\h^bghqdm Ijbwlhfkhxau^Z\agZq_gbbbbbeb\klj_qZxlkyg_hq_gvqZklhZkhxa b ihbklbg_ \_a^_kms ?keb \u ihijh[m_l_ gZclb \ ex[hf l_dkl_ gZmqghf im[ebpbklbq_kdhfbebom^h`_kl\_gghf kljZgbqdmgZdhlhjhcg_lgbh^gh]h khxaZ b \Zf ijb^_lky ihljZlblv g_fZeh \j_f_gb ijbq_f \Zrb ihbkdb fh]ml lZdbg_m\_gqZlvkymki_ohf D\klj_q_k©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfbijbibkvf_g_h[oh^bfhhlghkblvkydZdd kb]gZem©Hklhjh`ghG_lhjhibl_kvJZa[_jbl_kv\ij_^eh`_gbbª 147 Ihq_fmkj_^b^hjh]\ihbkdZok_dj_lh\imgdlmZpbbh^bghqghfmkhxambk _]hijbyl_eyfb^Z \agZq_gbbb bbeb\u^_e_gZki_pbZevgZy©i_jkhgZevgZyª ^hjh]Z lh]^Z dZd hklZevgu_ khxau b khxagu_ keh\Z ^h\hevkl\mxlky h^ghc ^hjh]hcgZ\k_o" <k_hklZevgu_khxaubkhxagu_keh\Zb^Z`_wlb©hiZkgu_ªkhxaudh]^Z hgbih\lhjyxlkyfh`ghij_^klZ\blvk_[_\\b^_q_eh\_qdh\g_kmsboieZdZlu kgZ^ibkvx ©Lj_[m_faZiylmxªBlhevdhbkijbyl_eyfb^_j`Zlky\klhjhg_Mgbo\ ©jmdZoªkh\k_f^jm]b_ieZdZlu©Fu²hiZkgu_khxauª H[ wlbo khxaZo ©]jZffZlbdZ gZ^\h_ kdZaZeZª gm`gZ i_j_^ gbfb aZiylZy bebg_l<h^gbokemqZyogm`gZ\^jm]bog_l < wlhc ]eZ\_ fu ki_pbZevgh kh[jZeb \k_ kemqZb \f_kl_ qlh[u \u fh]eb hdbgmlvbo_^bguf\a]ey^hf>Z\Zcl_bok]jmiibjm_f I_j\Zy ]jmiiZ ² wlh keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gby < wlhc ]jmii_ k\hb ijh[e_fu©[ulvbebg_[ulvªaZiylhci_j_^b <lhjZy ]jmiiZ ² wlh ij_^eh`_gby k h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb ih^e_`Zsbfb kdZam_fufb ^hiheg_gbyfb hij_^_e_gbyfb h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb A^_kvk\hb©[ulvbebg_[ulvª Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_ IjZ\beh h ihklZgh\d_ aZiylhc \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb H[sbcB\Zg B\Zgh\bq hq_gv ijhklh_ aZiylZy g_ klZ\blky f_`^m ij_^eh`_gbyfb kh_^bg_ggufbh^bghqguf©hiZkgufªkhxahf_kebhgbbf_xl dZdb_lhh[sb_]jZffZlbq_kdb_bkfukeh\u_we_f_glu Gbdh]h ih\b^bfhfm g_ aZljm^gbl aZ^ZqZ jZa^_eblv gZ ijhklu_ lZdh_ keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ Khegp_ aZdZlbehkv b ghqv ihke_^h\ZeZ aZ ^g_f ihqlb [_aijhf_`mldZ<wlhfij_^eh`_gbb\udhg_qghihklZ\bl_aZiylmxi_j_^b H^gZdhkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_g_\k_]^Z^_eblkygZijhklu_©[_ahklZldZª GZijbf_jMB\ZgZB\Zgh\bqZ[hevrb_\ujZabl_evgu_]eZaZlZ[Zqgh]hp\_lZ bjhlg_kdhevdhihoh`gZ[md\mb`bpm G<=h]hev I_j\h_ij_^eh`_gb_M B\ZgZ B\Zgh\bqZ [hevrb_ \ujZabl_evgu_ ]eZaZ lZ[Zqgh]h p\_lZ H^gZdh lh qlh hklZg_lky g_ fh`_l m^h\e_l\hjblv \Zk dZd iheghp_ggh_ \lhjh_ ij_^eh`_gb_bjhlg_kdhevdhihoh`gZ[md\mb`bpmMdh]h">ZmB\ZgZB\Z 148 gh\bqZ dhg_qgh >hiheg_gb_ m B\ZgZ B\Zgh\bqZ hlghkblky dh \lhjhfm ij_^eh`_gbx lZd `_ dZd b d i_j\hfm ² hgh y\ey_lky ^ey gbo h[sbf IhklZ\b\aZiylmxi_j_^b\uhl^_ebeb[uB\ZgZB\Zgh\bqZhl_]hjlZbq_c jhl[ueihoh`gZ[md\mb`bpmhklZehkv[ug_ba\_klguf Ihfgbl_ AZiylZy g_ klZ\blky f_`^m ijhklufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb \ khklZ\_ keh`ghkhqbg_ggh]h ij_^eh`_gby kh_^bg_ggh]h h^bghqguf ©hiZkgufªkhxahf_kebwlbqZklbbf_xlh[sbc\lhjhkl_i_ggucqe_g Gh [m^vl_ hklhjh`gu Bgh]^Z fh`gh ijbgylv aZ h[sbc lZdhc \lhjhkl_i_ggucqe_gdhlhjuc\^_ckl\bl_evghklbh[sbfg_y\ey_lky JZa[_j_f ij_^eh`_gb_ M ijbqZeZ km_lylky fZljhku b lhj`_kl\_ggh hlieu\Zxl \ fhj_ dhjZ[eb ?keb \u j_rbl_ qlh m ijbqZeZ ² h[sbc \lhjhkl_i_ggucqe_glhihemqblkyqlhdhjZ[ebhlieu\Zxl\fhj_mijbqZeZ Z gZ kZfhf ^_e_ \k_ h[klhbl g_ lZd fZljhku km_lylky m ijbqZeZ Z dhjZ[eb hlieu\Zxl\fhj_hlg_]hH[s_]h\lhjhkl_i_ggh]hqe_gZa^_kvg_lbaZiylZy ihijZ\maZgbfZ_lk\h_f_klh Ihijh[mcl_ k mq_lhf wlbo agZgbc jZkklZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo<ij_^eh`_gbyo]^__klvh[sb_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_gu ih^q_jdgbl_bo 149 JZghmljhfkhegp__s_g_iZebehlZd`Zjdhbkfhjy\_yehk\_`_klvx Hgi_ebhldZ`^h]ha\mdZ_]h]hehkZ\_yehq_flhjh^gufIm]Zq_\ ^ZeagZdbf_gylhlqZkjZa\yaZebbhklZ\beb :KImrdbg <q_jZ\h \j_fy]jhau^h`^vrmf_eb\_l_j[mr_\Ze Kd\hav k_juc dZf_gv \h^Z khqbeZkvb[ueh^mrgh\ms_ev_l_fghfbiZoeh]gbevx F=hjvdbc G_ r_\_eblky gb h^bg ebklhd \\_jom b lhevdh \gbam gZ g_keurbfhf kd\hagyqd_ lj_i_s_l gZ iZmlbgd_ kmohc ebklbd F F Ijbr\bg Ihke_h[_^ZaZlygmehkvg_[hb[ue^h`^v FFIjbr\bg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk H[sbf fh`_l [ulv m ijhkluo ij_^eh`_gbc \ khklZ\_ keh`gh]h g_ lhevdh qe_g ij_^eh`_gby gh b p_eh_ ij_^ eh`_gb_ GZijbf_j ?keb [u g_ \uiZ^Zeb ^h`^b ^Z\gh [u \ukhoeZ a_e_gv b a_fey e_`ZeZ [u \ky \ lj_sbgZo b fhjsb gZoWlhkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_\dhlhjhf_klvh^gh ijb^Zlhqgh__keb[ug_\uiZ^Zeb^h`^bijb^\mo]eZ\guoAZiylmxi_j_^bg_ klZ\bf ihlhfm qlh wlh ijb^Zlhqgh_ h^bgZdh\h hlghkblky d dZ`^hfm ba ]eZ\guoy\ey_lkyh[sbf^eygboIhklZ\b\aZiylmxi_j_^b\uhl^_ebeb[u ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ hl \lhjh]h ]eZ\gh]h b [ueh [u g_ihgylgh ijb dZdbomkeh\byoa_feye_`ZeZ[u\ky\lj_sbgZobfhjsbgZo H[sb_^h`^b Ihfgbl_ AZiylZy g_ klZ\blky f_`^m ]eZ\gufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb kh_^bg_ggufb h^bghqguf ©hiZkgufª khxahf _keb ]eZ\gu_ ij_^eh`_gby bf_xlh[s__ijb^Zlhqgh_ Ihijh[mcl_ ijbf_gblv wlb agZgby gZ ijZdlbd_ Wlh ljm^gh A^_kv gZ^h k_jv_agh\gbdZlv\kfukedZ`^h]hij_^eh`_gby JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo <_l_j mlbo b ^h`^v i_j_klZe dh]^Z fu [ueb m`_ \ imlb Fhjhau klZeb keZ[__ b gZqZe iZ^Zlv f_edbc kg_`hd dhlhjuc hohlgbdb gZau\Zxl ihjhr_cDZdlhevdhkhegp_gZqbgZ_l]j_lvihe_lg_fmgZfg_kb^blky gZ f_kl_ b fu hlijZ\ey_fky iml_r_kl\h\Zlv IhdZ kh[bjZebkv \ h[jZlguc imlv j_adh ihoheh^Zeh b ih^me kbevguc \_l_j Gh _^\Z <eZ^bfbj\u_oZeaZhdhebpm\ihe_dZdih^gyeky\_l_jbk^_eZeZkvlZdZy f_l_ev 150 qlh hg gbq_]h g_ \a\b^_e : K Imrdbg Dh]^Z gZqZeZkv ]jhaZ b]jZ ij_djZlbeZkvb^_lbih[_`Zeb^hfhc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Ihijh[mcl_ jZah[jZlv ke_^mxs__ ij_^eh`_gb_ =Z\jbeZ =Z\jbeh\bq ihkeZe ^_\qhgdm magZlv hl FZjvb =Z\jbeh\gu dZdh\h __ a^hjh\v_ b dZd hgZ ihqb\ZeZ : K Imrdbg < wlhf keh`ghih^qbg_gghf ij_^eh`_gbb ^\Z ijb^Zlhqguo hlghkylky d h^ghfm ]eZ\ghfm dhlhjh_ y\ey_lky bo h[sbf ]jZffZlbq_kdbf b kfukeh\uf we_f_glhf IhklZ\b\ aZiylmx i_j_^ b \u hlhj\Zeb[u]eZ\gh_b\lhjh_ijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gby^jm]hl^jm]Z Ihfgbl_ AZiylZy g_ klZ\blky i_j_^ h^bghqguf ©hiZkgufª khxahf f_`^m^\mfyijb^Zlhqgufbij_^eh`_gbyfb_keb]eZ\gh_ij_^eh`_gb_mgbo h[s__. Ihijh[mcl_jZkklZ\blvagZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo Ihemqbebba\_klb_qlh<he]Z\klZeZbqlhq_j_ag__ihlygmebkvh[hau Ohly[jbqdZ g_keZkv \h \_kv ^mo b ^_j_\gy ^Z\gh kdjueZkv ba \b^Z hg \k_ _s_ [_kihdhcgh h]ey^u\Zeky DZd jZa \ lhl ^_gv dh]^Z ijh^Z\_p ^_lkdbo \ha^mrguo rZjh\ ijbe_l_e \h >\hj_p Lj_o Lheklydh\ b dh]^Z ]\Zj^_cpu bkdheheb dmdem gZke_^gbdZ Lmllb k l_lmrdhc =Zgbf_^ ijhbahreZ g_ijbylghklv X He_rZ Ih djur_ \ueh`beb `_klv B ^hf ]hlh\ b djurZ _klv < FZydh\kdbc >\hj B\ZgZ Gbdbnhjh\bqZ ohly[ue\hae_^\hjZB\ZgZB\Zgh\bqZbfh`gh[uehi_j_e_alvbah^gh]h \ ^jm]hc q_j_a ie_l_gv h^gZdh ` B\Zg B\Zgh\bq ihr_e mebp_x G < =h]hev I_j_^jZkk\_lhfa\_a^u[_kke_^ghbkq_aZxlg_[hjZkqbsZ_lky b f_^e_ggh \uieu\Z_l khegurdh DZd lhevdh gZklZeZ \_kgZ b khegp_ ijb]j_eha_fexeZklhqdZijhklbeZkvk>xcfh\hqdhc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk BlZd _klv ljb \ZjbZglZ ©h[sghklbª dhlhju_ hlf_gyxl aZiylmx \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb i_j_^ h^bghqguf ©hiZkgufª khxahf gZebqb_ h[s_]h \lhjhkl_i_ggh]h qe_gZ h[s_]h ijb^Zlhqgh]h ij_^eh`_gby beb h[s_]h ]eZ\gh]h?keb`_©hiZkgucªkhxaih\lhjy_lkyaZiylZyklZ\blkyh[yaZl_evghb gbdZdZy©h[sghklvªhlwlh]hg_hk\h[h`^Z_l<hldZdwlh\u]ey^blFu\b^_eb dZdihlbohgvdm]Zk\ieZg_lZjbbk\_lbdZddmihe_]h 151 152 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZkH[sb_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_gu\u^_e_gudmjkb\hf 1. JZghmljhfkhegp__s_g_iZebehlZd`Zjdhbkfhjy\_yehk\_`_klvx Hgi_ebhldZ`^h]ha\mdZ_]h]hehkZ\_yehq_flhjh^gufIm]Zq_\^Ze agZd b f_gy lhlqZk jZa\yaZeb b hklZ\beb : K Imrdbg <q_jZ \h \j_fy ]jhau^h`^vrmf_eb\_l_j[mr_\ZeKd\havk_jucdZf_gv\h^ZkhqbeZkvb [ueh^mrgh\ms_ev_l_fghfbiZoeh]gbevx F=hjvdbc G_r_\_eblky gbh^bgebklhd\\_jomblhevdh\gbamgZg_keurbfhfkd\hagyqd_lj_i_s_lgZ iZmlbgd_ kmohc ebklbd F F Ijbr\bg Ihke_ h[_^Z aZlygmehkv g_[h b [ue^h`^v FFIjbr\bg *** ij_\jZsZeky\ghqgh_g_[hbdZdaZ`b]ZebkvgZwlhfg_[_a\_a^ub dZd\koh^beZEmgZ Ihijh[mcl_ k mq_lhf wlh]h ijZ\beZ jZkklZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo DZ`^uc agZ_l dZd e_]dh ih^gbfZlvky ih hkuiyf b dZd ljm^gh ih gbf kimkdZlvky \gba Ihebp_cf_ckl_j ij_^eh`be ]hklyf hdhgqblv \bkl ihke_ aZ\ljZdZ b \k_ ihreb \ lm dhfgZlm hldm^Z g_krbcky aZiZo ^Z\gh gZqbgZeijbylgufh[jZahfs_dhlZlvgha^jb]hkl_cbdm^Zm`_Kh[Zd_\bq ^Z\gh aZ]ey^u\Ze \ ^\_jv G < =h]hev ;_^guc kfhljbl_ev g_ ihgbfZedZdbfh[jZahffh]hgkZfiha\heblvk\h_c>mg__oZlvk]mkZjhf dZd gZreh gZ g_]h hke_ie_gb_ b qlh lh]^Z [ueh k _]h jZamfhf : K Imrdbg A^_kv dh]^Zlh [ueZ lZc]Z b rmf_eb \_l\bklu_ ^_j_\vy b \h^bebkvf_^\_^b Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk : l_i_jv k mq_lhf jZkkfhlj_gguo ijZ\be khklZ\bf dZjlm ^hjh] ih dhlhjuffuiml_r_kl\m_f\ihbkdZok_dj_lh\imgdlmZpbb kfk Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_ijhklh_ Fu jZkkfhlj_eb k \Zfb jZagu_ kemqZb ihklZgh\db aZiylhc i_j_^ ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb \ keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb Gh wlb khxau bkihevamxlky b \ ijhklhf ij_^eh`_gbbk\yau\Zy^jm]k 153 ©;ulv beb g_[ulvª ^jm]hf h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu ©;ulv beb g_ [ulvª aZiylhc \ wlhf kemqZ_" IjZ\beh dhlhjh_ gZ^h agZlv ^ey j_r_gby ihklZ\e_ggh]h \hijhkZ hq_gv ijhklh_<hlhgh AZiylZy f_`^m h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb g_ klZ\blky _keb hgb kh_^bg_gu h^bghqguf©hiZkgufªkhxahf<hklZevguokemqZyohgZklZ\blkyGZijbf_j <e_kmjhkebih^hkbgh\bdbbih^[_j_ah\bdb <e_kmjhkebbih^hkbgh\bdbbih^[_j_ah\bdbbebkbqdbbkujh_`db <e_kmjhkebih^hkbgh\bdbbih^[_j_ah\bdbbebkbqdbbkujh_`db <e_kmjhkebih^hkbgh\bdbbih^[_j_ah\bdbebkbqdbbkujh_`db IhdZ`_fwlbijZ\beZko_fZlbq_kdb AgZdhagZqZ_lh^ghjh^gucqe_g b bbbb bbbbb Ljm^gh eb wlh" < lZdhf ©qbklhf \b^_ª dZd wlh ihdZaZgh \ ijb\_^_gguo \ur_ ijbf_jZo b gZ ko_fZo ih\b^bfhfm g_l H^gZdh \ j_Zevguo l_dklZo \klj_qZxlky©ih^\h^gu_dZfgbªg_kdhevdhhkeh`gyxsb_^_eh BglhgZpbhggu_ b^jm]b_ ©eh\mrdbª Ih^mfZcl_klZ\blkyebaZiylZy\ij_^eh`_gbb <_l_jihfhjx]mey_l BdhjZ[ebdih^]hgy_l :KImrdbg Fgh]bf ba \Zk aZohq_lky ihklZ\blv aZiylmx i_j_^ b k i_j\h]h \a]ey^Z fh`_l ihdZaZlvky qlh a^_kv ^\Z ij_^eh`_gby GZ^h k^_eZlv gZ^ kh[hc g_dhlhjh_ mkbeb_ b h[^mfZlv lZd eb wlh ?keb kqblZlv kljhqdm b dhjZ[ebd ih^]hgy_laZij_^eh`_gb_lhihemqblkyqlhdhjZ[ebdih^]hgy_l dh]hlh Gh dhjZ[ebd gbdh]h g_ ih^]hgy_l Imrdbg jZkkdZau\Z_l kh\k_f h ^jm]hf \_l_j ]mey_l ih fhjx b ih^]hgy_l dhjZ[ebd Khxa b kh_^bgy_l g_ ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gby\khklZ\_keh`gh]hZh^ghjh^gu_kdZam_fu_]mey_lbih^]hgy_l. Qlh `_ ih^lZedb\Z_l \Zk d ihklZgh\d_ g_gm`ghc aZiylhc" Ij_`^_ \k_]h bglhgZpby Bkke_^my ijbqbgu hrb[hd mq_gu_ mklZgh\beb qlh bglhgZpby fh`_lg_lhev 154 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZk <_l_jmlbob^h`^vi_j_klZedh]^Zfu[uebm`_\imlbFhjhau klZebkeZ[__bgZqZeiZ^Zlvf_edbckg_`hddhlhjuchohlgbdbgZau\Zxl ihjhr_cDZdlhevdhkhegp_gZqbgZ_l]j_lvihe_lg_fmgZfg_kb^blky gZf_kl_bfuhlijZ\ey_fkyiml_r_kl\h\ZlvIhdZkh[bjZebkv\ h[jZlgucimlvj_adhihoheh^Zehbih^mekbevguc\_l_jGh_^\Z <eZ^bfbj\u_oZeaZhdhebpm\ihe_dZdih^gyeky\_l_jbk^_eZeZkvlZdZy f_l_evqlhhggbq_]hg_\a\b^_e :KImrdbg Dh]^ZgZqZeZkv]jhaZ b]jZ ij_djZlbeZkvb^_lbih[_`Zeb^hfhc KfaZ^Zgb_gZk Ihemqbebba\_klb_qlh<he]Z\klZeZbqlhq_j_ag__ihlygmebkvh[hau Ohly[jbqdZ g_keZkv \h \_kv ^mo b ^_j_\gy ^Z\gh kdjueZkv ba \b^Z hg \k_ _s_ [_kihdhcgh h]ey^u\Zeky DZd jZa \ lhl ^_gv dh]^Z ijh^Z\_p ^_lkdbo \ha^mrguo rZjh\ ijbe_l_e \h >\hj_p Lj_o Lheklydh\ b dh]^Z ]\Zj^_cpu bkdheheb dmdem gZke_^gbdZ Lmllb k l_lmrdhc =Zgbf_^ ijhbahreZ g_ijbylghklv X He_rZ Ih djur_ \ueh`beb `_klv B ^hf ]hlh\ b djurZ _klv < FZydh\kdbc >\hj B\ZgZ Gbdbnhjh\bqZ ohly [ue \hae_ ^\hjZ B\ZgZ B\Zgh\bqZ b fh`gh [ueh i_j_e_alv ba h^gh]h \ ^jm]hc q_j_a ie_l_gv h^gZdh ` B\Zg B\Zgh\bq ihr_e mebp_x G < =h]hev I_j_^ jZkk\_lhf a\_a^u [_kke_^gh bkq_aZxl g_[h jZkqbsZ_lky b f_^e_ggh \uieu\Z_l khegurdh DZd lhevdh gZklZeZ \_kgZ b khegp_ ijb]j_eh a_fex eZklhqdZijhklbeZkvk>xcfh\hqdhc *** dh ihfh]Zlv gh b ijh\hpbjh\Zlv hrb[db Qlh[u ijh\_jblv wlm fukev gZ fZ]gblhnhg aZibkZeb ij_^eh`_gby kj_^b dhlhjuo [ueb ijhklu_ k h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb b keh`gu_ :gZeba aZibkZgguo njZa ijb ihfhsb ki_pbZevghc ZiiZjZlmju ihdZaZe qlh bglhgZpby ij_`^_ \k_]h iZmau b eh]bq_kdb_m^Zj_gby b\l_ob\^jm]boij_^eh`_gbyoh^bgZdh\ZyIhgylgh ihq_fmlZdohq_lkyihklZ\blvg_gm`gmxaZiylmxQlh[uij_h^he_lvwlh 155 _kl_kl\_ggh_ `_eZgb_ gm`gh ijb \klj_q_ k ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb hjb_glbjh\ZlvkygZkfukeh\hcbkbglZdkbq_kdbcZgZebaij_^eh`_gby Bkdmr_gb_ihklZ\blvg_gm`gmxaZiylmxhkh[_ggh kbevgh \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Zh^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bg_ggu_©hiZkgufªkhxahfg_klhyljy^urdhf ZjZa^_e_gu^jm]bfbkeh\ZfbQ_f[hevr_wlbokeh\l_fkbevg__bkdmr_gb_ JZkklZ\vl_ ijhims_ggu_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby <Zf \klj_lylky ijhklu_ ij_^eh`_gbykh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbbkeh`ghkhqbg_ggu_ ?^_lk]jZfhlhc]hg_p Bijb_oZegZdhg_p EmgZ\hf]e_i_j_[_]ZeZ Balmqb\lmqmbdmj]Zg F]gh\_gguf[e_kdhfhaZjyeZ @_gbob_cihdehgbebkv Ihlbohgvdmm^Zebebkv Bkh]eZkgh\k_hiylv KlZeb`blv^Zih`b\Zlv :KImrdbg <hlh[a_fexpZjvklmdgmeiZedhx B^m[h\ucihegZiheq_l\_jlb Hg`_e_agufijh[behdhg_qgbdhf Bmf_j_lvfuh[_sZeb Bdeyl\m\_jghklbk^_j`Zeb Fu\;hjh^bgkdbc[hc ;ueb\k_]hlh\u AZmljZ[hcaZl_ylvgh\uc B^hdhgpZklhylv FXE_jfhglh\ 7. Hljy^g_aZf_lbe Ihl_jb[hcpZ B©Y[ehqdhªi_kgx >hi_e^hdhgpZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk F:K\_leh\ BlZdh^gZbak_jv_aguoljm^ghkl_c\h[s_gbbk©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfbijb h^ghjh^guoqe_gZo²wlh 156 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZk DZ`^uc agZ_l dZd e_]dh ih^gbfZlvky ih hkuiyf b dZd ljm^gh ih gbf kimkdZlvky \gba Ihebp_cf_ckl_j ij_^eh`be ]hklyf hdhgqblv \bkl ihke_ aZ\ljZdZ b \k_ ihreb \ lm dhfgZlm hldm^Z g_krbcky aZiZo ^Z\gh gZqbgZe ijbylguf h[jZahf s_dhlZlv gha^jb ]hkl_c b dm^Z m`_ Kh[Zd_\bq ^Z\gh aZ]ey^u\Ze \ ^\_jv G < =h]hev ;_^guc kfhljbl_ev g_ ihgbfZe dZdbf h[jZahffh]hgkZfiha\heblvk\h_c>mg__oZlvk]mkZjhfdZdgZrehgZg_]h hke_ie_gb_bqlhlh]^Z[uehk_]hjZamfhf :KImrdbg A^_kvdh]^Zlh [ueZlZc]Zbrmf_eb\_l\bklu_^_j_\vyb\h^bebkvf_^\_^b *** hiZkghklvijbgylvijhklh_ij_^eh`_gb_aZkeh`gh_bihklZ\blvebrgxx aZiylmx >jm]mx hiZkghklv ihijh[mcl_ h[gZjm`blv kZfhklhyl_evgh Ihq_fm \ ij_^eh`_gbbF_l_ev[mr_\ZeZghqvxbmljhfb^g_faZiylZyi_j_^i_j\ufb klZ\blky Z \ ij_^eh`_gbb F_l_ev [mr_\ZeZ b ghqvx b mljhf b ^g_f wlhc aZiylhc g_l" Ihlhfm qlh aZiylZy klZ\blky f_`^m h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb Z g_ i_j_^gbfb Ihijh[mcl_kijZ\blvkykwlhcljm^ghklvxjZkklZ\b\agZdbij_ibgZgby\ ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo <^jm]aZgbf Klj_euf]gh\_ggh_`m``Zgv_ Dhevqm]ba\hgbdjbdbj`Zgv_ Blhihlihihex]emohc :KImrdbg HgkhojZgbeb[e_kdeZamjguo]eZa Ba\hgdbc^_lkdbckf_obj_qv`b\mx B\_jm]hj^mx\ex^_c FXE_jfhglh\ E_i_qmli_kgxgh\mx BebiZ[e_^ghebklZy B[_eZy[_j_ahgvdZ Ka_e_ghxdhkhc G:G_djZkh\ 157 >jh[blkybie_s_lb[jua`_l\hegZ Fg_\hqbkhe_ghx\eZ]hc :DLheklhc Dhehdhevqbda\hgdhieZq_l Bohohq_lb\ba`bl I:<ya_fkdbc ,, Bg_c ih^he]m e_`Ze b gZ kdZlZo djur b m dheh^pZ b gZ i_jbeZo [ZedhgZ b gZ ebkl\_ ;mjZg djmlbl r\ujy_l kg_]hf b \uk\bklu\Z_l b aZeb\Z_lky`mldbf\h_f=em[hdh]em[hdhhljZ`Zebkv\ijm^mb[_j_]b \_q_jg__g_[hbihehkdbh[eZdh\KeurZekyghqghcrmflZc]bbk\bkl \_ljZ b lj_kd b kdjbi b ]jhohl iZ^Zxsbo ^_j_\v_\ >Ze_dh ihaZ^b hklZebkv b fhj_ b kbg_xsb_ ]hju E_lqbd \h^be kZfhe_l b \_johf b gbahf b gZ^ \_jrbgZfb ]hj b ihkj_^b ms_ebc Hg bkiulu\Ze `Zjm b oheh^baghcb[mjb Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk JZkkfhljbf^\Zij_^eh`_gby Abfhcbe_lhf^g_fbghqvx ?s_h^gZ ljm^ghklv \rlhjfbg_ih]h^m\uoh^yl\fhj_dhjZ[eb Jmkkdb_ibkZl_eb b ihwlu ex[h\gh b [_j_`gh kh[bjZeb b aZibku\Zeb \ ^_j_\gyo b k_eZogZjh^gu_i_kgbbkdZadb GZ\_jgh_\uaZf_lbebqlh\lhfb^jm]hfijbf_j_khxabih\lhjy_lkygh gbi_j_^h^gbfbakhxah\g_klZ\blkyaZiylZyAZf_lbebblhqlhwlhlkhxa\ dZ`^hf ba ijbf_jh\ kh_^bgy_l h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu ihiZjgh h^gZdh \ i_j\hf kemqZ_iZjuhl^_eyxlky^jm]hl^jm]ZaZiylufbZ\h\lhjhfg_lIhq_fm`_" >_eh \ lhf qlh \ i_j\hf b \h \lhjhf ij_^eh`_gbyo iZju jZagu_ < i_j\hfij_^eh`_gbb \k_ ljb iZju abfhc b e_lhf ^g_f b ghqvx \ rlhjf b g_ih]h^m ²h[klhyl_evkl\Z\j_f_gbWlbiZjuh^ghjh^guihhlghr_gbx^jm] d ^jm]m <h \lhjhf ij_^eh`_gbb dZjlbgZ bgZy I_j\Zy iZjZ ² ibkZl_eb b ihwlu ² wlh ih^e_`Zsb_ <lhjZy ² ex[h\gh b [_j_`gh ² h[klhyl_evkl\Z h[jZaZ^_ckl\byLj_lvy²kh[bjZebbaZibku\Zeb²kdZam_fu_q_l\_jlZy²\ ^_j_\gyo b k_eZo ² h[klhyl_evkl\Z f_klZ iylZy ² i_kgb b kdZadb — ^hiheg_gby LZdbf h[jZahf \ i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb fu bf__f ^_eh k h^ghjh^gufb iZjZfb b jZa^_ey_f bo aZiylufb dZd iheh`_gh jZa^_eylv h^ghjh^gu_qe_gu<h\lhjhf 158 ij_^eh`_gbb iZju ih hlghr_gbx ^jm] d ^jm]m g_h^ghjh^gu bo lZd `_ g_ iheZ]Z_lkyjZa^_eylvaZiylufbdZdbex[u_^jm]b_g_h^ghjh^gu_qe_gu Ihijh[mcl_ g_ i_j_imlZlv wlb kemqZb JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo , <^hev [_j_]Z fhjy b iZjZee_evgh _fm lygmebkv jy^Zfb [hehlZ b ^ebggu_ ha_jdb k `_elufb dm\rbgdZfb b [_eufb qZr_qdZfb ebebc Ih\kx^mjZa^Z\Zekyklmdlhihjh\bfhehldh\\ba]ibebjm[Zgdh\eya]b ]jhohlFheh^_`vi_eZi_kgbh<he]_bKl_gvd_JZabg_h^bdhfBjlur_ b ]jhaghf ;ZcdZe_ Hnbp_ju b fZljhku [ueb gZ\_jom b `Z^gh \kfZljb\Zebkv \ ]em[bgm aZeb\Z >jmavy kem`beb \ jZaguo ihedZo b \klj_qZebkvj_^dhbkemqZcgh ,,KdZdhclhlZcghxhljZ^hc =ey^_eygZeZamjvg_[_k GZ^ZevlmfZggmxbe_k K_]hijb\_leb\hcijhoeZ^hc 159 GZp_ivdmj]Zgh\bohefh\ GZ[e_kdbl_gv\hegbklhcgb\u BKGbdblbg Kfhljblkhegp_kg_[_k B[e_klblb]hjbl Ihiheyfbem]ZfjZaeb\Z_lky K>>jh``bg >_j_\yggu_ eh^hqdb b [mfZ`gu_ dhjZ[ebdb \ukdZevau\Zeb ba jmd fZevqbr_db^_\qhghdbieuebkihdhcghb\_ebq_kl\_gghihih\_joghklb [hevrboem`bfZe_gvdboj_q_d ,,, =jbg gZqZe ibkZlv b kha^Ze \ k\hbo dgb]Zo fbj \_k_euo b kf_euo ex^_c b m^b\bl_evgu_ kh[ulby < dZgmg ljm^gh]h b \_ebdh]h ^\Z^pZlh]h \_dZ fg_ \klj_lbeky fbeuc qm^Zd b ihwl :g^_jk_g b gZmqbe f_gy\_j_\ih[_^mkhegpZgZ^fjZdhfb^h[jh]hq_eh\_q_kdh]hk_j^pZgZ^ aehf D=IZmklh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?keb m \Zk \k_ [ueh \_jgh agZqbl \u gZmqbebkv jZaebqZlv kZfu_ ©dZ\_jagu_ª kemqZb imgdlmZpbb ijb h^ghjh^guo qe_gZo ij_^eh`_gby kh_^bg_gguokhxahfbWlh^Z_l\ZfijZ\hijhimklblv^Zevg_crb_aZ^Zgbyb i_j_clbkjZamdfZl_jbZemih^aZ]heh\dhf©JZaghjZ[hqb_khxauª ?keb `_ _klv ihlj_[ghklv ihjZ[hlZlv _s_ i_j_c^bl_ d ke_^mxsbf ijbf_jZf ,Ijb^hjh]_jZkl_ljhfZrdZ Ehimobdhehdhevqbdp\_l BiheugvbdjZkgZydZrdZ :ljZ\uaZih\_^ghcg_l ::Kmjdh\ ,,MguehxghrZ]ey^_e GZhimkl_emxjZ\gbgm B]jmklblZcgmxijbqbgm Bklhedh\Zlvk_[_g_kf_e :KImrdbg Ij_^gbfe_i_qml\hegub[_]ml B\gh\vijboh^ylbhkdZeu[vxl FXE_jfhglh\ 160 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y 1) KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc AZiylZy i_j_^ khxahf b g_ klZ\blky AZiylZy i_j_^ khxahf b klZ\blky KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc ,AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^\k_fbkhxaZfbbAZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^ \k_fbkhxaZfbbdjhf_i_j\h]h ,,AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^\k_fbkhxaZfbbAZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^ \k_fbkhxaZfbbdjhf_i_j\h]h *** ,,,<heo\ug_[hylkyfh]mqbo\eZ^ud :dgy`_kdbc^Zjbfg_gm`_g IjZ\^b\bk\h[h^_gbo\_sbcyaud Bk\he_cg_[_kghx^jm`_g <jZ`^mbie_gklZjbgguck\hc Imklv\hegunbgkdb_aZ[m^ml Bls_lghcaeh[hxg_[m^ml Lj_\h`blv\_qguckhgI_ljZ :KImrdbg ,9Dg_fmbilbpZg_e_lbl Blb]jg_c^_lebrv\bohjvq_jguc GZ^j_\hkf_jlbgZ[_`bl Bfqblkyijhqvm`_le_l\hjguc :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk < h^ghf ij_^eh`_gbb fh`_l hdZaZlvky fgh`_kl\h JZaghjZ[hqb_ JZaghjZ[hqb_ ©hiZkguoª khxah\ b m dZ`^h]h ba gbo ² khxau k\hy jZ[hlZ k\hb khxau aZ^Zqb ©;ulv beb g_ [ulvª aZiylhc i_j_^ dZ`^uf ba gbo aZ\bkbl hl oZjZdl_jZ \uihegy_fhcbfbjZ[hlu K_cqZk fu ij_^eh`bf \Zf ijbf_ju \ dhlhjuo kh[jZebkv khxau b \uihegyxsb_jZagmxjZ[hlmJZkklZ\vl_g_^hklZxsb_agZdb >jh[ykvhfjZqgu_kdZeu Rmfylbi_gylky\Zeu 161 BgZ^hfghcdjbqZlhjeu Bjhis_l[hj B[e_smlkj_^v\hegbklhcf]eu <_jrbgulhj Hllhevkhj\ZekyjZah[\Ze Bkly`dbf]jhohlhfmiZe B\kxl_kgbgmf_`^mkdZe AZ]hjh^be BL_j_dZfh]msbc\Ze HklZgh\be… B^he]hijhj\Zgguch[\Ze G_lZehc]jm^hxe_`Ze BL_j_daehcih^gbf[_`Ze Biuevx\h^ Brmfghci_ghchjhrZe E_^yguck\h^ Bimlvihg_frbjhdbcr_e BdhgvkdZdZeb\e_dky\he Bk\h_]h\_j[ex^Z\_e Kl_ighcdmi_p Bk_j^p_[v_lky\mih_gv_ B^eyg_]h\hkdj_keb\gh\v B[h`_kl\hb\^hogh\_gv_ B`bagvbke_aubex[h\v :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?keb\u^himkdZebhrb[dbijh^he`bl_jZ[hlm Bfgh]h^g_c Ijhrehb^h[jZyjmdZ I_qZevxljhgmeZkvp\_ldZ B[uehg\kZ^i_j_g_k_g Blhevdhqlha_fexjh^gmx AZ\b^bl\hfjZd_ghqghf Hiylv_]hk_j^p_lj_i_s_l BhqbiueZxlh]g_f <^jm]ihg_c F_evdgmeZl_gvb^\moh]g_c IjhfqZebkvbkdjubihlhf DZdhclha\_jvh^gbfiju`dhf 162 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc AZiyluog_l 4, 5. Ih\kx^mjZa^Z\Zekyklmdlhihjh\bfhehldh\\ba]ibebjm[Zgdh\eya] b]jhohlFheh^_`vi_eZi_kgbh<he]_bKl_gvd_JZabg_h^bdhfBjlur_b ]jhaghf;ZcdZe_ ,,KdZdhclhlZcghxhljZ^hc =ey^_eygZeZamjvg_[_k GZ^ZevlmfZggmxbe_k K_]hijb\_leb\hcijhoeZ^hc GZp_ivdmj]Zgh\bohefh\ GZ[e_kdbl_gv\hegbklhcgb\u BKGbdblbg Kfhljblkhegp_kg_[_k B[e_klblb]hjbl Ihiheyfbem]ZfjZaeb\Z_lky K>>jh``bg 3.AZiyluog_l ,,,AZiyluog_l *** BaqZsb\ukdhqbebe_] B]jZygZ\agbqvgZi_khd FXE_jfhglh\ II. FhdjZy A_fey B^Ze_dhhla_feb Fhdgml <fhj_ DhjZ[eb <:E_\bg Fhdgmlebklvy Bp\_lu Fhdgmlem`b Bahglu FhdgmliZjdb Bihey Fhdg_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ©Ihki_rZcf_^e_gghª >j_\gb_jbfeyg_kqblZebqlhki_rblvgm`ghf_^e_ggh<jmkkdhfyaud_ wlZ`_fukev\ujZ`_gZihkeh\bpZfbIhki_rbrv²ex^_cgZkf_rbrvLbr_ _^_rv²^Zevr_[m^_rv 163 < gZr_c k \Zfb ]jZffZlbq_kdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb _klv b lZdb_ kemqZb dh]^Z fh`gh ^_ckl\h\Zlv [ukljh b [_a dhe_[Zgbc b lZdb_ dh]^Z g_h[oh^bfZ fm^jZy g_lhjhieb\hklv aZ\_sZggZy ^j_\gbfb jbfeygZfb KlZedb\Zykv, gZijbf_j k khxagufb keh\Zfb \u ij_^\b^bl_ ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ b fh`_l_ k e_]dbf k_j^p_f klZ\blv aZiylmx Gh ijZ\beZ ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª lj_[mxl qlh[u ijb \klj_q_ k h^bghqgufb ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb \u g_ lhjhibebkv G_j_^dh jmdZ hdZau\Z_lky [uklj__ fukebb\uklZ\bl_agZdg_ih^mfZ\BeblZd`_g_ih^mfZ\g_klZ\bl__]h: qlh agZqbl \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ ih^mfZlv" Wlh agZqbl ihgylv dZd mkljh_gh \k_ ij_^eh`_gb_ Z g_ lhevdh lhl ©dmkhq_dª dhlhjuc \u \ ^Zggh_ \j_fy ibr_l_ >himklbf qlh \u aZibkZeb Kf_rZebkv \ dmqm dhgb ex^b b aZeiu lukyqb hjm^bc GZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ a^_kv h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu k h^bghqguf khxahf b: dhgbex^bbaZeiu?keb\uih^^ZebkvwlhcbeexabbbhklZ\bebb[_aaZiylhc \Zfijb^_lkyih`Ze_lvh[wlhf Ij_^eh`_gb_\iheghf\b^_\u]ey^bllZd Kf_rZebkv\dmqmdhgbex^b BaZeiulukyqbhjm^bc Kebebkv\ijhly`guc\hc FXE_jfhglh\ ?keb [u \u hklZ\beb wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ [_a aZiylhc ihemqbehkv [u qlh aZeiu lukyqb hjm^bc kf_rZebkv \ dmqm k dhgyfb b ex^vfb AZiylZy g_h[oh^bfZ[_ag__bkdZ`Z_lkykfuke IjbqbgZ fgh]hqbke_gguo hrb[hd ijb \klj_q_ k ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb khklhbl\lhfqlhwlbkhxauij_^ty\eyxlhq_gv\ukhdb_lj_[h\Zgbyd\Zr_fm \gbfZgbxbiZfylbKh^ghcklhjhguj_rblv\hijhkhihklZgh\d_agZdZkjZam g_evay Z k ^jm]hc ² ^h[bjZykv ^h dhgpZ ij_^eh`_gby gm`gh g_ lhevdh ihfgblv h[ hklZ\e_gghf ihaZ^b ©hiZkghfª khxa_ gh h^gh\j_f_ggh _s_ b jZaj_rZlvl_ijh[e_fudhlhju_g_k_lb^ms__^Zevr_ij_^eh`_gb_ >himklbf qlh \u aZibku\Z_l_ imrdbgkdbc l_dkl < _]h qm^_kghc [hjh^_ lZblkykbeZjhdh\Zyb<ugZklhjZ`b\Z_l_kvbgZkljZb\Z_l_kvgZihemq_gb_ bgnhjfZpbb dhlhjZy ihfh`_l \Zf j_rblv \hijhk h aZiylhc i_j_^ b Gh ^Zevr_ke_^m_lb\k_ gZ k\_l_ij_abjZy>__ijbqZklguch[hjhlGmqlh`_ _]h²\aZiylu_b\k_gZk\_l_ij_abjZy:i_j_^b"Hiylvg_ykghHiylv h`b^Zgb_B\k_gZk\_l_ 164 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^\k_fbkhxaZfb,,,G_laZiyluoi_j_^b: II. 1; ,,,AZiylu_ihke_keh\e_lblg_c^_l: IV. 2) Kf aZ^Zgb_ gZ k MdZaZgu ghf_jZ l_dklh\ IAZiylu_i_j_^khxahfbklZ\ylky\h\k_okemqZyodjhf_^\mo Rmfylbi_gylky\Zeu BL_j_daehcih^gbf[_`Ze Biuevx\h^ Brmfghci_ghchjhrZe E_^yguck\h^ Bk_j^p_[v_lky\mih_gv_ B^eyg_]h\hkdj_keb\gh\v B[h`_kl\hb\^hogh\_gv_ B`bagvbke_aubex[h\v :KImrdbg KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc ,AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^\k_fbkhxaZfbb. AZiylZyi_j_^khxahfbg_klZ\blky AZiylZyi_j_^bklZ\blkydjhf_h^gh]hkemqZy BaqZsb\ukdhqbebe_] ,,AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^keh\Zfbfhdgml, fhdgmlfhdg_lZlZd`_i_j_^ ihke_^gbfkhxahfb. *** ij_abjZy^hdhe_[hjh^Z<hll_[_bgZ²ijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gb_G_ aZ[ulv [u aZdjulv _]h aZiylhc ... ^hdhe_ [hjh^Z p_eZ baf_ggbd ² wlh ke_^m_lgh\h_]eZ\gh_ij_^eh`_gb_lhkZfh_dhlhjh_ijbkh_^bg_ghkhxahfb, b ² gZdhg_plh ² k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h g_h[oh^bfhklb ihklZ\blv i_j_^ b aZiylmxAZibr_f <_]hqm^_kghc[hjh^_ LZblkykbeZjhdh\Zy B\k_gZk\_l_ij_abjZy >hdhe_[hjh^Zp_eZ Baf_ggbdg_kljZrblkyaeZ 165 M ImrdbgZ ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \u^_e_gh ^\mfy lbj_ Wlh Z\lhjkdbcagZd Ihkfhljbf gZ ijZdlbd_ \ dZdbo kemqZyo ijZ\beZ ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]hih\_^_gbyªiha\heyxlgZfkjZamklZ\blvaZiylmxi_j_^bZ\ dZdbo lj_[mxl \u^_j`db b l_ji_gby M^h[g__ \k_]h ijhke_^blv wlh gZ ©hlj_adZoªij_^eh`_gbc>Z\Zcl_ihijh[m_fHnbp_jih^gyeibklhe_lb J_rZ_l_kveb\ua^_kvl\_j^hkdZaZlvgm`gZaZiylZybebg_l"WlhaZ\bkbl hl lh]h dZdh_ ijh^he`_gb_ ij_^eh`_gby ijbreh \Zf \ ]heh\m ?keb \u ih^mfZebijbf_jghlZdHnbp_jih^gyeibklhe_lb\uklj_ebe²lhkdZ`_l_ qlh aZiylhc g_ gm`gh ?keb `_ \u ih^mfZeb ijbf_jgh lZd Hnbp_j ih^gye ibklhe_lbjZa^Zeky\uklj_e²lhkdZ`_l_qlhaZiylZyg_h[oh^bfZ<dZdhf `_ba^\mokemqZ_\\u[m^_l_ijZ\u"Gb\lhfbgb\^jm]hf<u[m^_l_ijZ\u _kebij_^mkfhljbl_ h[Z \ZjbZglZb \ha^_j`bl_kv hl[ukljh]h j_r_gby A^_kv fh`_l [ulv lhevdh h^bg ijZ\bevguc hl\_l gZ^h ih^h`^Zlv >jm]hc ijbf_j agZeb \k_ b f_evgbd b khe^Zl b A^_kv kh\_jr_ggh ykguc kemqZc h^ ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bgyxlkyih\lhjyxsbfkykhxahfbFh`ghkf_ehklZ\blv aZiylmx Ijh^mfZcl_\dZdboba^Zgguoij_^eh`_gbcgZ^hkjZamklZ\blvaZiylmx Z\dZdboke_^m_lih^h`^Zlv >hdlhj =ZkiZj b A^_kv a\_g_eb kZfu_ djZkb\u_ `mdb b b \ajhkeu_b^_lbbFZevqbrdZkhj\Ze jhambIhcf_lb^hd_jb Qlhlhs_edgmeha\ydgmehbHg_oZeihrbjhqZcrbfZknZevlh\uf mebpZf b Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk : l_i_jv ihijh[m_f k^_eZlv lh `_ kZfh_ k ohjhrh agZdhfufb \Zf l_dklZfb:KImrdbgZ?keb\ukmf__l_\kihfgblvbogZbamklv\ZrZjZ[hlZ kbevghh[e_]qblky I>\_jvlbohgvdhaZkdjbi_eZ B ... He_]mkf_ogmekyh^gZdhq_eh B ... Hlimklbehgju[dmahehlmx B 166 Hdh\uly`db_iZ^ml L_fgbpujmogmlb Jhkkby\kijyg_lhlhkgZ B ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk Fuk\Zfb\kihfgbeb\k_\hafh`gu_ljm^ghklbk\yaZggu_kihklZgh\dhc aZiylhc i_j_^ ©hiZkgufbª khxaZfb B \k_ bo h^gm aZ ^jm]hc h^he_eb \ q_klghf[hxGh\`bagbhgb\klj_qZxlkyg_h^gZaZ^jm]hcZ\kZfuojZaguo khq_lZgbyo Ihwlhfm fu kh[jZeb \f_kl_ jZaghh[jZagu_ kemqZb qlh[u \u fh]ebihijh[h\Zlvk\hbkbeu©ijhlb\\k_okjZamª Ih^mfZcl_gm`gubebg_lagZdbij_ibgZgbyi_j_^khxaZfbbhklZevgu_ agZdbij_ibgZgbyjZkklZ\e_gu IEx^bmfgu_bwg_j]bqgu_[hjxlky^hdhgpZZex^bimklu_bgbdm^Z g_ ]h^gu_ ih^qbgyxlky [_a fZe_cr_c [hjv[u \k_f f_edbf kemqZcghklyf k\h_]h [_kkfuke_ggh]h kms_kl\h\Zgby > B IbkZj_\ Imlv ^h[e_klb kZfhhl\_j`_gby b \ukhdhc [hjv[u k gbadbf b \j_^guf k [_^kl\byfb b ihjhdZfbg_aZdjulgbdhfmbgbdh]^Z G=Q_jgur_\kdbc ,,=j_f_eZZlZdZbimeba\_g_eb Bjh\ghkljhqbeime_f_l B^_\mrdZgZrZijhoh^bl\rbg_eb =hjys_cDZoh\dhcb^_l F:K\_leh\ Reb^\Zijbyl_ey\_q_jg_xihjhc B^_evgucjZa]h\hj\_ebf_`^mkh[hc B:Djueh\ Djhldhkhegp_ebklvyijb]j_\Z_l B^hjh`dbfy]db_\kZ^m B:;mgbg M`emgZ <\_jomkbyeZbh^gZ EbrvlmqdZdjZeZkyaZg_c FXE_jfhglh\ <hlm`kg_]ihke_^gbc\ihe_lZ_l L_ieuciZj\hkoh^blhla_feb 167 Bdm\rbgqbdkbgbcjZkp\_lZ_l Bah\ml^jm]^jm]Z`mjZ\eb :DLheklhc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?keb \uihegyy ij_^u^ms__ aZ^Zgb_ \u ^_eZeb hrb[db ijh^he`bl_ lj_gbjh\dm <h^Zk[ueZbfhklh\Zy HldjueZkvb?\]_gbcfhc Ki_rbl^mrhxaZfbjZy <gZ^_`^_kljZo_blhkd_ D_^\Zkfbjb\r_ckyj_d_ KqZkleb\ucimlvKebp_ckdh]hihjh]Z LugZdhjZ[evi_j_rZ]gmermly Bklhcihju\fhjyol\hy^hjh]Z H\hegb[mjvex[bfh_^bly Ijhfqblky]h^bk\Zfbkgh\Zy BkihegblkyaZ\_lfhbof_qlZgbc Ijhfqblky]h^byy\exkyd\Zf :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk ?kebjy^hfk©hiZkgufªkhxahfklhbl^jm]hckhxa Qlh\ufh`_l_kdZaZlvhnjZ]f_gl_ij_^eh`_gbyKhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx [hjh^m b" GZ\_jgh_ \Zr_ jZkkm`^_gb_ [m^_l lZdbf ©A^_kv ]jZffZlbdZ gZ^\h_ kdZaZeZ ?keb wlh ij_^eh`_gb_ k h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb b h^bghqguf khxahf b lh aZiylhc g_ gZ^h ?keb [m^_l jy^ h^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ k ih \lhjyxsbfkykhxahfbaZiylZygm`gZi_j_^dZ`^ufkhxahf:fh`_l[ulv a^_kv keh`ghkhqbg_ggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ < lZdhf kemqZ_ aZiylZy gm`gZ _keb lhevdhmij_^eh`_gbcg_ldZdh]heb[hh[s_]hwe_f_glZª L_i_jvijh^he`bfgZqZlh_ij_^eh`_gb_Khk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mb dh]^Z Klhi Wlh g_h`b^Zgguc \ZjbZgl kjZam ihke_ khxaZ b, ij_^kdZau\Zxs_]h lh eb h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu lh eb gh\h_ ij_^eh`_gb_ ihy\beky_s_h^bghjb_glbjmxsbc 168 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZkPbnjZfbh[hagZq_gughf_jZij_^eh`_gbc GZ^hih^h`^ZlvKlZ\bfaZiylmxkjZam KfaZ^Zgb_gZk I>\_jvlbohgvdhaZkdjbi_eZ B\k\_lebpm\oh^blpZjv He_]mkf_ogmekyh^gZdhq_eh B\ahjhfjZqbebky^mfhc Hlimklbehgju[dmahehlmx BkdZaZe_ceZkdh\h_keh\h Hdh\uly`db_iZ^ml L_fgbpujmogmlbk\h[h^Z <Zkijbf_ljZ^hklghm\oh^Z B[jZlvyf_q\Zfhl^Z^ml Jhkkby\kijyg_lhlhkgZ BgZh[ehfdZokZfh\eZklvy GZibrmlgZrbbf_gZ :KImrdbg KfaZ^Zgb_gZkMdZaZgughf_jZl_dklh\ G_gm`gZaZiylZyi_j_^ b: I,,Gm`guaZiylu_i_j_^b: II. 1, 4, 5. *** agZdij_^kdZau\Zxsbcijb^Zlhqgh_ij_^eh`_gb_Ihoh`_gZlhqlhhgh \oh^bl\ij_^u^ms__dZd©fZlj_rdZª\©fZlj_rdmª ?keb\ulZdih^mfZeblhhdZaZebkvijZ\u<hldZd\u]ey^blp_ebdhfwlh ij_^eh`_gb_ Khk_^ ijbde_be \Zlgmx [hjh^m b dh]^Z ^_lb ijb[_`Zeb k mebpuhgbm\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ L_i_jv jZa^_ebl_ wlh keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ gZ [ehdb ba dhlhjuo hgh khklhbl Khk_^ ijbde_be \Zlgmx [hjh^m ² i_j\uc [ehd dhlhjuc dZd [u kijZrb\Z_lhlhfqlh[ueh^Zevr_ <lhjhc[ehd_fmhl\_qZ_lhgbm\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ. 169 < k\hx hq_j_^v \lhjhc [ehd kijZrb\Z_l dh]^Z hgb m\b^_eb kh\k_f gZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ"B_fmhl\_qZ_llj_lbc[ehddh]^Z^_lbijb[_`Zebk mebpu ?s_jZaihkfhljbl_dZdjZkiheh`_glj_lbc[ehdbkq_]hhggZqbgZ_lky DZd\b^bl_hgy\ey_lky©\gmlj_gg_cfZlj_rdhcªb^ms_ckjZam`_ihke_ khxaZ bb gZqbgZ_lky kh keh\Z dh]^Z <hlihq_fm b b dh]^Z hdZaZebkv jy^hf H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_gZlhqlh©\gmlj_ggxxfZlj_rdmªfh`ghi_j_klZ\blvgb q_]hg_baf_gyy\h\k_fij_^eh`_gbbKhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mb^_lb m\b^_eb kh\k_f gZklhys_]h >_^Z FhjhaZ dh]^Z hgb ijb[_`Zeb k mebpu. Ij_^eh`_gb_hklZehkvihkljh_gguf]jZfhlghbkfuke_]hkhojZgbeky < lZdbo keh`guo ij_^eh`_gbyo dZ`^Zy qZklv hl^_ey_lky hl ^jm]hc aZiylufb<hlbihemqZ_lkyqlhf_`^mkhxaZfbdhlhju_klhyljy^hfgm`gZ aZiylZy Gh \k_]^Z eb lZd [u\Z_l" >Z\Zcl_ baf_gbf kh\k_f qmlvqmlv gZr_ ij_^eh`_gb_ ^Z\ \lhjhfm hjb_glbjmxs_fm agZdm ² dh]^Z ² ^h[Z\hqgmx qZklvlh: Khk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mbdh]^Z^_lbijb[_`Zebkmebpulh hgbm\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ. 170 Ihijh[mcl_ l_i_jv i_j_klZ\blv ©\gmlj_ggxx fZlj_rdmª DZd \b^bl_ wlh]hk^_eZlvg_evayf_rZ_lkeh\hlh. Ke_^h\Zl_evgh_keb\lhjhcbakhxah\klhysbojy^hfbf__l^h[Z\hqgmx qZklv \^ZgghfkemqZ_lh aZiylZyf_`^mgbfbg_klZ\blky Ljm^ghklv ij_^eh`_gbc \ dhlhjuo khxau hdZaZebkv jy^hf g_ lhevdh \ ihklZgh\d_ aZiylhc f_`^m khxaZfb G_ lZdlh e_]dh j_rblv \hijhk h lhf klZ\blvbebg_laZiylmxi_j_^i_j\ufbakhxah\klhysbojy^hf_kebi_j\uc khxa b KjZ\gbl_ ij_^eh`_gby b ihijh[mcl_ h[tykgblv \ gbo agZdb ij_ibgZgbyi_j_^b. >_lb ijb[_`Zeb k mebpu b lZd dZd khk_^ ijbde_be \Zlgmx [hjh^m m\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h>_^ZFhjhaZ >_lbijb[_`ZebkmebpublZddZdkhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mhgb m\b^_eb kh\k_f gZklhys_]h >_^Z FhjhaZ >_lb ijb[_`Zeb k mebpu b lZddZdkhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mlhhgbm\b^_ebkh\k_fgZklhys_]h >_^ZFhjhaZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk BlZd\uihagZdhfbebkvkhkeh`gufbij_^eh`_gbyfb\dh 171 lhjuo ©hiZkgucª khxa b klhbl jy^hf k ^jm]bfb khxaZfb ² ih^ qbgbl_evgufbWlhh[uqghkhxaudh]^ZdZdlhevdh_kebohlyihdZlZddZd b ^j Gh khxa b fh`_l hdZaZlvky jy^hf k mdZaZl_evgufb keh\Zfb beb qZklbpZfb ijb wlhf ihemqZxlky khq_lZgby dhlhju_ e_]dh kimlZlv k ^\mfy khxaZfb gZijbf_j b lZd b lh]^Z b ihwlhfm b ihlhfm b lhevdh b ebrv Wlbkhq_lZgbyaZiylhcg_jZa^_eyxlky Ihijh[mcl_ ba ^Zgguo ijbf_jh\ \u[jZlv lhevdh l_ \ dhlhjuo khxa b klhbl jy^hf k dZdbfeb[h ^jm]bf khxahf ;m^vl_ \gbfZl_evgu < g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo\ke_^aZbb^_lg_khxa E_sbgkdbcih[_`ZeaZgbfbbdh]^Z[uem`_[ebadhhlrhkk_mkeurZe ^jm]hc\uklj_e G:Hkljh\kdbc KlZju_ ^_j_\vy ^Z\gh h[e_l_eb b lhevdh fheh^u_ hl^_evgu_ [_j_adb khojZgyxl k\hb`_elh\Zlu_ ebklvy K L :dkZdh\ F_gy_lky ^_j_\gy SbiZqb gh \ f_edhc j_qd_ lZd `_ f_kyp lhg_l b lZd `_ kbem _c ^Zxl dexqb bivxl fZevqbrdb ba dh\rZ eZ^hg_c K I SbiZq_\ ?keb y agZx qlh fh_ ml\_j`^_gb_ kijZ\_^eb\h y ij_ke_^mx _]h ^h ihke_^g_c djZcghklbb_kebyg_kh[vxkvk^hjh]blhyq_klgucq_eh\_d NF>hk lh_\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk :l_i_jvjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo ?]h[h]ZlZywg_j]byihklhygghbs_l\uoh^Zbdh]^Zg_l_cijbf_g_gby \ ^_eZo hgZ jZajy`Z_lky ih imklydZf gh jZajy`Z_lky g_ij_f_ggh > : NmjfZgh\ Om^h`gbd k bgl_j_khf jbkh\Ze ]heh\m klZjbdZ b dh]^Z dhgqbe lh _]h ihjZabehkoh^kl\hwlhc]heh\ukq_flhagZdhfufHg^Z\ghkb^bllmlb dZd lhevdh y \ghrm qZcgbd k ^h[juf djbdhf [jhkZ_lky dh fg_ F F Ijbr\bg Y kb`m jy^hf k ju[heh\hf b ihdZ fu jZa]h\Zjb\Z_f _fm ihiZ^Z_lky g_kdhevdh keZ\guo ju[bg F_qbd g_ h]ey^u\Zeky b g_ keurZe ih]hgb gh hg agZe qlh ]hgylky aZ gbf b dh]^Z h^bg aZ ^jm]bf ijha\mqZeb ljb \uklj_eZ _fm ihdZaZehkv qlh wlh klj_eyxl \ g_]h : : NZ^__\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[y kfhl\_lgZk 172 Ijh\_jvl_k_[y KfaZ^Zgb_gZk <h^Zk[ueZbfhklh\Zy HldjueZkvb?\]_gbcfhc KqZkleb\ucimlv Kebp_ckdh]hihjh]Z LugZdhjZ[evi_j_rZ]gmermly Bklhcihju\fhjyol\hy^hjh]Z Ijhfqblky]h^bk\Zfbkgh\Zy BkihegblkyaZ\_lfhbof_qlZgbc Ijhfqblky]h^byy\exkyd\Zf KfaZ^Zgb_gZk < i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb g_l aZiylhc i_j_^ khxahf b dhlhjuc kh_^bgy_l h^ghjh^gu_ kdZam_fu_ ijb[_`Zeb b m\b^_eb < hklZevguo ij_^eh`_gbyo b kh_^bgy_lijhklu_ij_^eh`_gby\khklZ\_keh`gh]h KfaZ^Zgb_gZk<uibkZgulhevdhl_ij_^eh`_gby\dhlhjuokhxauklhyl jy^hf E_sbgkdbcih[_`ZeaZgbfbb, dh]^Z[uem`_[ebadhhlrhkk_mkeurZe ^jm]hc \uklj_e G : Hkljh\kdbc ?keb y agZx qlh fh_ ml\_j`^_gb_ kijZ\_^eb\h y ij_ke_^mx _]h ^h ihke_^g_c djZcghklb b _keb y g_ kh[vxkv k ^hjh]blhyq_klgucq_eh\_d NF>hklh_\kdbc KfaZ^Zgb_gZk ?]h[h]ZlZywg_j]byihklhygghbs_l\uoh^Zb, dh]^Zg_l_cijbf_g_gby \ ^_eZo hgZ jZajy`Z_lky ih imklydZf gh jZajy`Z_lky g_ij_f_ggh > : NmjfZgh\ Om^h`gbdkbgl_j_khfjbkh\Ze]heh\mklZjbdZb dh]^Zdhgqbe lh _]hihjZabeh koh^kl\h wlhc ]heh\u k q_flh agZdhfuf Hg ^Z\gh kb^bl lml b, dZd lhevdh y \ghrm qZcgbd k ^h[juf djbdhf [jhkZ_lky dh fg_ FFIjbr\bg Ykb`mjy^hfkju[heh\hfb, ihdZfujZa]h\Zjb\Z_f_fm ihiZ^Z_lky g_kdhevdh keZ\guo ju[bg F_qbd g_ h]ey^u\Zeky b g_ keurZe ih]hgbghhgagZeqlh]hgylkyaZgbfb, dh]^Zh^bgaZ^jm]bfijha\mqZebljb \uklj_eZ_fmihdZaZehkvqlhwlhklj_eyxl\g_]h ::NZ^__\ *** 173 AZdjulZ ihke_^gyy kljZgbpZ dgb]b GZ^__fky qlh \u gZmqbebkv g_dhlhjuf ijZ\beZf ©ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gbyª b klZeb emqr_ ibkZlvkZfbbihgbfZlvgZibkZggh_^jm]bfb Ohq_lkyqlh[uihbkdbk_dj_lh\imgdlmZpbbg_ijhreb^ey\Zk[_kke_^gh qlh[ubkq_aeZ\ZrZg_m\_j_gghklvijb\klj_q_khagZdZfbij_ibgZgbyb\uk m^h\hevkl\b_f [u klZ\beb aZiylu_ lbj_ lhqdb \hijhkbl_evgu_ b \hkdeb pZl_evgu_agZdb^_eZyk\hxibkvf_ggmxj_qvykghcb\ujZabl_evghc H]eZ\e_gb_ DqblZl_eyf«……………………………….... 3 Iho\Zevgh_keh\hagZdZfij_ibgZgby«………….... 4 =eZ\Z,Ohly©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ª......…………. 10 IjZ\beh²kZfhbgkljmdpby²lj_gbjh\dZ«………....— ©Ij_^qm\kl\b_ªagZdZij_ibgZgby«……………...... 13 IZfylvb]jZfhlghklv«………………………. 15 ;ehdb«……………………………………......... 16 =jZfhlghklvgZ©dhgqbd_i_jZª«………………....... 18 =eZ\Z,,KZfu_e_]db_agZdbij_ibgZgby………..... 21 Fukebqm\kl\ZbagZdb ...........…………………………...— AgZdihegucaZ]Z^hd«……………………….......……24 ;_kihdhcgucagZd«…………………………........... 28 IhklZ\bflhqdm«……………………………............ 35 =eZ\Z,,,GZq_f^_j`blkyij_^eh`_gb_...………..... 37 <ihbkdZo]jZffZlbq_kdhchkgh\u .....…………………...— Fgh`_kl\hh[ebqbcih^e_`Zs_]h«………………....... 42 G_[hevrh_hlklmie_gb_\aZsblmriZj]Zehd«……..... 45 <fbj_kdZam_fuo«……………………………..... 47 FZe_gvdZyih\_klvhkh\k_ffZe_gvdhf]eZ]he_ [ulvdhlhjuc[u\Z_lg_ihoh`gZkZfh]hk_[y«…..... 60 ©EmdZ\u_ªqe_guij_^eh`_gby«………………...... 66 GZg_ihgylghfyaud_«………………………....... 70 =eZ\Z,9Lbj_\gmljbij_^eh`_gby.....…………...... 72 F_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fuf ......……………….......— :_kebkdZam_fh_ijhiZeh«…………………….... 79 =eZ\Z9©B]jZffZlbdZimklbeZkv kZjbnf_lbdhcieykZlvª......………………………........ 83 KbglZdkbq_kdbckq_l ........……………………………....... — ?kebih^e_`Zs__bebkdZam_fh_g_hldebdgmehkv«…. 88 KbglZdkbq_kdb_©dZjebdbª«…………………….…107 KbglZdkbq_kdb_©\_ebdZguª«…………………......….111 ©=jZgbpZªb©ih]jZgbqgbdbª\ij_^eh`_gbb«…….….114 ©=mkbªb©fZlj_rdbª«………………………..….123 ©Kd_e_lªij_^eh`_gby«………………………....….134 Kl_q_gb_khxah\«…………………………….....….140 ©Kh[jZeZkvdhfiZgbyagZdh\ij_ibgZgbyª«………....…144 =eZ\Z9,I_j_^©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfbbeb JZkkdZauhaZ]Z^hqghcaZiylhc«…………………147 =jZffZlbdZgZ^\h_kdZaZeZ .........………………………......— Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_«…………………..…148 Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_ijhklh_«…………………….....….153 ©Ihki_rZcf_^e_gghª«………………………….163 ?kebjy^hfk©hiZkgufªkhxahf klhbl^jm]hckhxa«…………………………..168 ===jZgbdKF;hg^Zj_gdh AG:DB IJ?IBG:GBY QZklv \lhjZy Dgb]Z^eymqZsbokybihklmiZxsbo\\mau Fhkd\Z GIHH;J:AH<:GB? 1998 <\_^_gb_ <u hldjueb ijh^he`_gb_ m`_ agZdhfhc \Zf dgb]b AgZdb ij_ibgZgby Ijb jZ[hl_ k i_j\hc qZklvx aZdeZ^u\Zeky lhl kbglZdkbq_kdbc nmg^Zf_gl [_a dhlhjh]h g_\hafh`gh ihkljhblv a^Zgb_ imgdlmZpbhgghc ]jZfhlghklb < wlhc qZklb \Zf ij_^eZ]Z_lky\_kvhklZevghcimgdlmZpbhggucdmjk @_eZ_fmki_oZ H]eyg_fkygZijhc^_ggucimlv Ij_`^_ q_f hlijZ\blvky \ ^Zevg_cr__ ieZ\Zgv_ ih [mjguf \hegZf jmkkdhc imgdlmZpbb h]eyg_fky gZ ijhc^_gguc imlv qlh \u m`_ agZ_l_ b mf__l_ ^_eZlv \ j_amevlZl_jZ[hlugZ^i_j\hcqZklvxwlhcdgb]b" Ijh\_jycl_ k_[y ih oh^m \Zr_c jZ[hlu ^_ckl\bl_evgh eb \u \k_ wlh mf__l_ ^_eZlv" <hi_j\uo hij_^_eylv kdhevdh hkgh\ \ ij_^eh`_gbb b gZ hkgh\Zgbb wlh]h j_rZlvijhklh_ij_^eh`_gb_bebkeh`gh_ GZdZjl_gZrbo^hjh]wlZi_j\Zy^hjh]Zkhk\hbfb^hjh`dZfb\u]ey^bllZd GZijbf_j \ ij_^eh`_gbb B]jZxl \hegu \_l_j k\bs_l b fZqlZ ]g_lky b kdjbibl F X E_jfhglh\ \u gZoh^bl_ ljb hkgh\u b ^_eZ_l_ ba wlh]h \u\h^ qlh ij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_khklhblbalj_oqZkl_c <h\lhjuo hij_^_eylv q_f kh_^bg_gu qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby b \ aZ\bkbfhklbhlwlh]h\u[bjZlvh^gmbalj_o^hjh] 3 ?keb fu ihc^_f i h i _ j \ h c ba lj_o ^hjh`_d lh gZf ihgZ^h[blky mf_gb_ hij_^_eblv dZd jZkiheh`_gu qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby — h^gZ aZ ^jm]hc dZd ]mkb bebh^gZ\gmljb^jm]hc dZdfZlj_rdb LZd_keb\ukjZ\gbl_\ur_ijb\_^_ggh_ij_^eh`_gb_baE_jfhglh\Zdhlhjuffu gZqZebwlb\hkihfbgZgbybij_^eh`_gb_LZf]^_g_[hkoh^blkyka_fe_c]hjbahgl jh^bekyfheh^hc F K\_leh\ lhdh 4 g_qgh kmf__l_ hij_^_eblv qlh \ i_j\hf kemqZ_ qZklb jZkiheh`_gu h^gZ aZ ^jm]hc dZd]mkbZ\h\lhjhf —h^gZ\gmljb^jm]hcdZdfZlj_rdb Bf_y^_ehk]mkyfb\uhl^_ey_l_qZklb^jm]hl^jm]ZaZiylufb<klj_lb\rbkvk fZlj_rdZfb \u \u^_ey_l_ \gmlj_ggxx fZlj_rdm k ^\mo klhjhg Gh M fZlj_r_d _klv kemqZceh\mrdZ Fh]ml \klj_lblvky jy^hf ^\Z khxaZ beb khxa b khxagh_ keh\h H[jZlbl_ gZ gbo \gbfZgb_ qlh[u kjZam magZlv ijb \klj_q_ qlh dh]^Zb_kebghohlybdh]^Zbohlyghdh]^Zqlh_kebdhlhjuc_kebbihdZb^j GZijbf_j Y kb`m jy^hf k ju[heh\hf b ihdZ fu jZa]h\Zjb\Z_f _fm ihiZ^Z_lky g_kdhevdhkeZ\guoju[bg Kmf__l_ eb \u hij_^_eblv dh]^Z f_`^m ^\mfy khxaZfb gm`gZ aZiylZy Z dh]^Z g_l"KjZ\gbl_^\Zijbf_jZKhk_^ijbde_be\Zlgmx[hjh^mbdh]^Z^_lbijb[_`Zeb k mebpu hgb m\b^_eb kh\k_f gZklhys_]h >_^Z FhjhaZ b Khk_^ ijbde_be \Zlgmx [hjh^m b dh]^Z ^_lb ijb[_`Zeb k mebpu lh hgb m\b^_eb kh\k_f gZklhys_]h >_^Z FhjhaZ <ky obljhklv a^_kv khklhbl \ lhf qlh \h \lhjhf kemqZ_ keh\h dh]^Z bf__l ^h[Z\hqgmx qZklv lh : _keb \lhjhc ba klhysbo jy^hf khxah\ bf__l ^h[Z\hqgmx qZklvlhf_`^mwlbfbklhysbfbjy^hfkhxaZfbklZ\blvaZiylmxg_gZ^h GZdZjl_gZrbo^hjh]\k_wlh\u]ey^bllZd kfko_fmgZk 6). <k_hklZevgu_agZdbklZ\ylkydZdh[uqgh:l_i_jv\_jgbl_kvd^hjh]_ IIbihc^bl_ ih __ \lhjhc kj_^g_c ^hjh`d_ qZklb kh_^bg_gu h^bghqguf hiZkguf khxahf b ^Z b beb IhklZgh\dZ agZdZ \ wlhf kemqZ_ aZ\bkbl hl lh]h _klv eb m qZkl_c kh_^bg_gguolZdbfkhxahfdZdhceb[hh[sbcwe_f_gl?keb_klvlhf_`^mqZklyfb keh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbyi_j_^hiZkgufkhxahfaZiylZyg_klZ\blky H[sbfm^\moqZkl_ckeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbyfh`_l[ulv\lhjhkl_i_ggucqe_gM B\ZgZ B\Zgh\bqZ [hevrb_ \ujZabl_evgu_ ]eZaZ lZ[Zqgh]h p\_lZ b jhl g_kdhevdh ihoh`gZ[md\mb`bpm G<=h]hev A^_kv^hiheg_gb_mB\ZgZB\Zgh\bqZy\ey_lky h[sbf\lhjhkl_i_ggufqe_ghf^ey^\moqZkl_ckeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbykh_^bg_gguo khxahfbM^\mo]eZ\guoqZkl_cij_^eh`_gbyh[s_cfh`_l[ulvijb^ZlhqgZyqZklv GZijbf_j?keb[ug_\uiZ^Zeb^h`^b^Z\gh[u\ukhoeZa_e_gvba_feye_`ZeZ[u \ky\lj_sbgZobfhjsbgZo 5 B gZdhg_p m ^\mo ijb^Zlhqguo ij_^eh`_gbc fh`_l [ulv h^gZ gZ ^\hbo h[sZy ]eZ\gZy qZklv DZd lhevdh gZklZeZ \_kgZ b khegp_ ijb]j_eh a_fex eZklhqdZ ijhklbeZkv k >xcfh\hqdhc B \ wlhf kemqZ_ aZiylhc i_j_^ h^bghqguf hiZkguf khxahfklZ\blvg_gZ^h GZdZjl_^hjh]gZrbjZkkm`^_gby\u]ey^yllZd kfko_fmgZk 7). Hl \lhjhc ^hjh]b hloh^bl _s_ b lj_lvy ^hjh`dZ qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml[ulvkh_^bg_gubglhgZpb_cWlhlkemqZc[m^_ljZkkfZljb\Zlvky^Zevr_ Ijh^\b]ZykvihdZjl_^hjh]ijh\_jycl_k_[y\k_eb\umf__l_" Fu gZ^__fky qlh \u mf__l_ \k_ h q_f a^_kv reZ j_qv Z k\_jo lh]h mf__l_ hljZ`Zlvkljmdlmjmij_^eh`_gbygZko_f_ —bah[jZ`Zlvkd_e_lij_^eh`_gby ?keb gZ dZdhflh mqZkld_ \u ihqm\kl\m_l_ k_[y g_m\_j_ggh \_jgbl_kv d i_j\hc qZklbwlhcdgb]bbhk\_`bl_k\hbagZgby >Z\Zcl_ijh[_`bfkyihg_dhlhjufbawlbomf_gbc 1. I_j_ibrbl_ klbohl\hjgu_ ijbf_ju \ l_ljZ^v jZkklZ\vl_ \ gbo agZdb b khklZ\vl_ ko_fu 6 Blhiheymoh^yl Ghke_^boha_jguck\_l_e Blhiheymoh^yl GhgZfhklZ\eyxl\_l_j :fbjk\_leydh\gZoeug_l Bijhreh_\g_fihlhg_l Bdjhohlgh_k_j^_qdh JZkdjh_lkygZeZ^hgb N_^_jbdh=ZjkbZEhjdZ B\k_odh]hex[be YjZaex[blvm`_g_\kbeZo <KZfhceh\ LZf]^_`bagv_fmijb\hevgh LZf]^_jZ^hklvhgbjZ^ LZf]^_[hev_fmb[hevgh LZf]^_[bl\Zhg²khe^Zl :L\Zj^h\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_<\_^_gby ?s_jZah[ehdZo <i_j\hcqZklbwlhcdgb]bfum`_]h\hjbebh[ehdZo;ehdb\ij_^eh`_gbb —wlh lhqlhfu\u^_ey_fagZdZfbihijZ\beZf 7 GZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ fh`_l ihdZaZlvky qlh h[gZjm`blv [ehd ljm^gh Gh gZ kZfhf ^_e_ q_eh\_d ]h\hjysbc ihjmkkdb [_a ljm^Z \u^_ebl [ehd kj_^b ^jm]bo keh\ ij_^eh`_gby 2.I_j_^ \Zfb ij_^eh`_gby b hlj_adb ij_^eh`_gbc <uibrbl_ kgZqZeZ ghf_jZ l_o dhlhju_ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc h^bg [ehd ihlhf ghf_jZ l_o \ dhlhjuo ^\Z [ehdZ aZl_f ghf_jZ l_o \ dhlhjuo _klv [ehd kh keh\Zfb ba ^jm]h]h [ehdZ b gZdhg_p ghf_jZl_odhlhju_g_y\eyxlky[ehdZfb 1. <hjhg_ ]^_lh ;h] ihkeZe dmkhq_d kujm 2. Kuj \uiZe k gbf ... 3. ... \k_lZdb dmjqhgdZ ... 4. ...lhevdh\habgug_ ... 5.JZdiylblkygZaZ^ZSmdZlyg_l\\h^m 6. ... lZdo\ZlbeZboqlhlhevdh ... 7.Ba[Z\b;h]bgZkhlwlZdbokm^_c 8. ...aZ^mfZe`blv lZdbfb `_ ... 9. ... km^ lZdhc fhc [_^guc ... 10. ... B gZ^h[gh ` [_^_ kemqblvky qlh hdheh ... 11. EbkbpZ \b^bl kuj Ebkbpm kuj ie_gbe 12. LZeZglu bklbggu gZ djblbdmg_aeylkyboih\j_^blv ... 13.Lu\bgh\Zlm`l_fqlhohq_lkyfg_dmrZlv 14. ...\_^vyhlgbo`bj_x ... 15....ohlvbijhklgh ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_<\_^_gby K_dj_l \Zr_c ]jZfhlghklb aZ\bkbl hl lh]h mf__l_ eb \u fuke_ggh ko\Zlu\Zlv [ehdbhllh]hfh`_l_eb\uij_^m]Z^u\Zlvb m^_j`b\Zlv_]h\iZfylb^h l_oihj ihdZg_j_rbl_\hijhkhimgdlmZpbhgghfhnhjfe_gbbwlh]h[ehdZ LZdbf h[jZahf f_oZgbafhf kZfhklhyl_evgh]h ]jZfhlgh]h ibkvfZ y\ey_lky ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_bm^_j`Zgb_\iZfylbkhhl\_lkl\mxsboijZ\beZf[ehdh\ Ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv[ehd"Wlhfh`_lhaZ^ZqblvGZkZfhf^_e_\uqZklhkZfblh]hg_ hkhagZ\Zy^_eZ_l_wlhGZijbf_j_keb keurbl_ lZdh_ gZqZeh ij_^eh`_gby Ihq_fm `_ lu ... — \u m`_ ij_^qm\kl\m_l_ qlh ij_^eh`_gb_ \hijhkbl_evgh_ b ]hlh\u ihklZ\blv\_]hdhgp_\hijhkbl_evgucagZd <klj_lb\rbkvkgZqZehf?keb[u ... —\u^h]Z^u\Z_l_kvqlh]^_lh^Zevr_fh`_l [ulvlhbij_^qm\kl\m_l_aZiylmxi_j_^gbf IjhqblZ\JZggbfkheg_qguf mljhf dh]^Z ... — \u dhg_qgh agZ_l_ qlh ]^_lh \i_j_^b ijb^_lky aZdjulv aZiylhc ijb^ZlhqgmxqZklvkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby Ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv [ehdb ihfh]Zxl hjb_glbjmxsb_ agZdb agZdbih^kdZadb K g_dhlhjufb ba gbo \u m`_ agZdhfu khxau khxagu_ keh\Z hl^_evgu_ keh\Z lbiZ wlh\hlijbbf_gghfkhklZ\ghfkdZam_fhfbijbkmsZy[ehdZfbglhgZpby>Zevr_ \umagZ_l_bh^jm]bohjb_glbjmxsboagZdZo Ihijh[m_f ihmijZ`gylvky \ ij_^m]Z^u\Zgbb [ehdZ k ihfhsvx ih^kdZahd LZdh_ ij_^m]Z^u\Zgb_ fh`_l [ulv ijb[ebabl_evguf \ h[sbo q_jlZo Z fh`_l [ulv \ZjbZlb\guf —lhqlhgZau\Z_lky[Z[mrdZgZ^\h_kdZaZeZ JZ[hlZ fh`_l \u]ey^_lv ijbf_jgh lZd gb`_ ^Zxlky hlj_adb ij_^eh`_gbc b h[jZapujZkkm`^_gbc 8 <lhl]h^dh]^Z ...Wlhkeh`ghih^qbg_ggh_ij_^eh`_gb_\dhlhjhfijb^ZlhqgZy qZklvjZkiheh`_gZ\gmljb]eZ\ghcFh`ghg_lhevdhihklZ\blvaZiylmxi_j_^dh]^Z ghbkm\_j_gghklvx`^Zlvihy\e_gby\lhjhcaZiylhc\dhgp_ijb^ZlhqghcqZklb >Z jZa\_ ... <_jhylgh \ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gby gZ^h ihklZ\blv \hijhkbl_evguc agZd beb\hijhkbl_evgucb\hkdebpZl_evguc ?keb [u ... Fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh ij_^eh`_gb_ keh`ghih^qbg_ggh_ b ijb^ZlhqgZy qZklvklhbl\gZqZe_ —hgZ^he`gZ[ulvaZdjulZaZiylhc L_i_jvkijZ\eycl_kvkZfb 3. Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf gZqZeZ ij_^eh`_gbc Ij_^m]Z^Zcl_ \k_ qlh kfh`_l_ b jZkklZ\vl_ agZdb 1.:\_q_jhf dh]^Z ... 2.Dh]^Zi_qZevke_ahcg_\hevghc ... 3.?keb l\hc ^jm] ... 4. AZq_f\u ... 5.Om^h`gbdf_qlZegZjbkh\Zlvkhegp_lZd ... 6.=hj^hklvxkljhbl_ey[ue fZyddhlhjuc ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_<\_^_gby 4. <u agZ_l_ qlh [ehdb fh]ml [ulv jZkiheh`_gu ihjZaghfm dZd ]mkb beb dZd fZlj_rdb<hl\Zf[ehdbHij_^_ebl_dZdhgbjZkiheh`_gu =hjgu_\_jrbgu Kiyl\hlvf_ghqghc Lbob_^hebgu Iheguk\_`_cf]ehc 9 G_iuebl^hjh]Z G_^jh`Zlebklu Ih^h`^bg_fgh]h Hl^hog_rvblu FXE_jfhglh\ LZf]^_g_[hrlhjfZaZgZ\_kbeb =^_[_kkbevguex[u_keh\Z H[yaZl_evgh_klvg_ba\_klgu_ G_hldjulu_hkljh\Z JJh`^_kl\_gkdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_<\_^_gby Hl\_lu 1. 1.AZiylu_klZ\ylkyi_j_^khxaZfbghbb 2.B\k_odh]hex[be ... 3.LZf]^_ `bagv_fmijb\hevghlZf]^_jZ^hklvhgbjZ^lZf]^_[hev_fmb[hevghlZf]^_ [bl\Zhg —khe^Zl 2.Ghf_jZijbf_jh\Z kh^_j`Zsboh^bg[ehd 1, 7, 14;[ kh^_j`Zsbo^\Z[ehdZ 5, 11, 13;\ \dhlhjuo_klv[ehdkhkeh\Zfbba^jm]h]h[ehdZ 2, 10;] g_y\eyxsboky [ehdZfb 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 15. 3. 1.:\_q_jhfdh]^Z ... 5. ...lZd ... 6. ...fZyddhlhjuc ... 4. 1—]mkb 2 —fZlj_rdb 10 =eZ\Z I H^ghjh^gu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby HaZiyluoijbh^ghjh^guoqe_gZo <Zf h gbo dh_qlh m`_ ba\_klgh GZihfgbl_ kZfb k_[_ qlh bf_ggh Z _keb g_ ihfgbl_h[jZlbl_kvdi_j\hcqZklbwlhcdgb]b Ij_^eZ]Z_fkZfhklhyl_evgh jZa\_jgmlv \ h^bg jZkkdZa h[ h^ghjh^guo qe_gZo ljb riZj]Zedb 1) riZj]Zedmdhgki_dl 2) riZj]ZedmlZ[ebpm b 3) riZj]Zedm bgkljmdpbx JZkkdZafh`ghgZqZlvlZd Ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ beb qZklv qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml [ulv hkeh`g_gu h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb H^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby — wlh lZdb_ qe_gudhlhju_ >Zevr_ijh^he`bl_jZkkdZakZfbGhkgZqZeZbamqbl_riZj]Zedb I.RiZj]ZedZdhgki_dl H^ghjh^gu_qe_gu 1)hl\_qZxlgZh^bgblhl`_\hijhk b 2)hlghkylkydh^ghfmblhfm`_qe_gmij_^eh`_gby hlg_]hbaZ^Z_lky\hijhk GZijbf_j <l_q_gv_f_^e_gghfj_dZ <[ebabie_l_gvbaljhklgbdZ <heghxkhgghchfu\ZeZ B\djm]g_]h_^\Z`mjqZeZ Ijbe_]dhfrmf_\_l_jdZ :Imrdbg < wlhf ijbf_j_ kdZam_fu_ hfu\ZeZ `mjqZeZ hlghkylky d ih^e_`Zs_fm j_dZ b hl\_qZxlgZihklZ\e_gguchlg_]h\hijhkq l h ^ _ e Z e Z " II.RiZj]ZedZlZ[ebpZ Khqbgbl_evgu_khxaukh_^bgyxsb_h^ghjh^gu_qe_gu Kh_^bgbl_evgu_ JZa^_ebl_evgu_ Ijhlb\bl_evgu_ Z ch_^bgbl_evgu_ ch_^bgbl_evgh beb gh eb[h khihklZ\bl_evgu_ ^Z lhlh _kebg_lh b \agZq_gbbgh) g_lhg_lh g_lhevdhghb ^Z h^gZdh g_klhevdh dZdlZdb \agZq_gbbb aZlh kdhevdh gbgblh`_ ohly ohlv lZd`_ 11 GZijbf_j 1. Dk\yluff_klZfkl_dZebkvg_lhevdhiZehfgbdbghbg_\_jmxsb_ lmjbklu DZd l_ lZd b ^jm]b_ m\habeb g_aZ[u\Z_fu_ \i_qZle_gby 2. Bev l_[_ g_ keZ^hd f_^ bev g_ keurbrv dZd ih_l ^_\Z m jmqvy" > KZfhceh\ 3. Fhkl k \b^m ohlvbijhklghk\hckl\hqm^gh_bf__l B:Djueh\ III.Bgkljmdpby Ijbf_qZgb_GZdZ`^hfwlZi_gZr_]himlbfu[m^_fijh^eylvdZjlm^hjh]<hldZd hgZ\u]ey^blk_cqZk kfk 14-15). 1. I_j_ibrbl_ ijbf_ju jZkklZ\eyy agZdb ij_ibgZgby b ih^q_jdb\Zy h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu<hllZd KbeZ, k\_l, djZkhlZghqbklZebhkeZ[_\Zlv B;mgbg G_ mki_ejZkkdZaqbdijhbag_klbwlh ihke_^g__ keh\h dZd \^jm] h[_ kh[Zdb jZahf ih^gyebkv k km^hjh`guf eZ_f dbgmebkv ijhqv hl h]gy b bkq_aeb \h fjZd_ BKLmj]_g_\ 1. Dhkfh]hgby wlh gZmdZ h ijhbkoh`^_gbb b jZa\blbb g_[_kguo l_e HgZ klZ\bl i_j_^ kh[hc aZ^Zqm h[tykgblv \hagbdgh\_gb_ A_feb ieZg_l KhegpZ a\_a^ lmfZgghkl_cb]ZeZdlbd Ex[exyiurgh_ijbjh^um\y^Zgv_ <[Z]j_pb\ahehlhh^_lu_e_kZ <bok_gyo\_ljZrmfbk\_`__^uoZgv_ Bf]ehc\hegbklhxihdjulug_[_kZ Bj_^dbckhegpZemqbi_j\u_fhjhau Bhl^Ze_ggu_k_^hcabfum]jhau :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 12 Khqbgbl_evgu_khxau <u m`_ agZ_l_ qlh h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu fh]ml kh_^bgylvky jZaebqgufb khqbgbl_evgufb khxaZfb Bo h[yaZl_evgh gZ^h g_ lhevdh aZihfgblv gh b ijb \klj_q_ f]gh\_ggh magZ\Zlv \ ebph Wlh h]jZ^bl \Zk hl fgh]bo imgdlmZpbhgguo g_ijbylghkl_c Ihfgbl_ < ij_^eh`_gbb fh`_l [ulv g_kdhevdh jy^h\ h^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ >Zevg_crZy lj_gbjh\dZ ihfh`_l \Zf kijZ\blvky kh \k_\hafh`gufb ljm^ghklyfb 2. I_j_ibrbl_ ijbf_ju jZkklZ\eyy agZdb b \u^_eyy khxau f_`^m h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb ijyfhm]hevgbqdZfb beb djm`hqdZfb IZjgu_ khxau qZklb dhlhjuo klhyl g_jy^hf^jm]k^jm]hf\u^_eycl_^\mfyijyfhm]hevgbqdZfbbebdjm`hqdZfb 1.<klZjbgmjmkkdb_dgyavybf_ebdhgxrgbikZjgbkhdheh\^eyhohlu>he`ghklv mijZ\eyxs_]h ijb wlbo kem`[Zo gZau\ZeZkv imlv ;hyj_ ijb dgy`_kdhf ^\hj_ klj_fbebkvihemqblveb[hdhgxrbcimlveb[hkhdhebguceb[heh\qbc:ex^_c[_a imlbgZau\Zebg_iml_\ufb 2.:g^_jk_gk^_eZekdZadmbgl_j_kghc dZd^ey\ajhkeuo lZd b ^ey ^_l_c KYFZjrZd 3. < kmf_jdZo \ m]em dhfgZlu kfmlgh [_e_eh g_ lh lZbgkl\_ggh_ ijb\b^_gb_ g_ lh [_eh_ ieZlv_ 4. <_ebqZcrbc fZl_fZlbd b f_oZgbd >j_\g_c =j_pbb :jobf_^ ijhkeZ\beky dZd hldjulb_f gZmqguo aZdhgh\ lZd b \u^Zxsbfbky l_ogbq_kdbfb bah[j_l_gbyfb 5. DZd jZkkdZau\Z_l ^j_\g_]j_q_kdbc fbn [h] e_kh\ b ihe_c IZg h[eZ^Ze g_ lhevdh kljZrghc \g_rghklvx gh b ^bdbf h]emrZxsbf ]hehkhf Hg imkdZe \ oh^ dZd lh lZd b ^jm]h_ b \gmrZe ex^yf kljZo dhlhjuc^hoh^be^hihl_jbjZkkm^dZHlbf_gbwlh]hkljZrgh]h[h`_kl\Zijhbahreb keh\ZiZgbd_jbiZgbdZ 6.LmfZgu\Ehg^hg_[u\Zxl_kebg_dZ`^uc^_gvlhq_j_a ^_gvg_ij_f_ggh B:=hgqZjh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, H^ghjh^gufb fh]ml [ulv ex[u_ qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby dZd ]eZ\gu_ lZd b \lhjhkl_i_ggu_ 3. Hij_^_ebl_ dZdb_ qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby y\eyxlky h^ghjh^gufb b \g_kbl_ ghf_jZ wlboijbf_jh\\khhl\_lkl\mxsb_dhehgdblZ[ebpuij_^\Zjbl_evghi_j_ibkZ\__\ l_ljZ^v ?keb h^ghjh^gufb hdZ`mlky ebrv qZklb khklZ\guo kdZam_fuo bf_ggu_ qZklbbebbgnbgblb\u\khklZ\guo]eZ]hevguokdZam_fuoh[hagZqvl_wlh\lZ[ebp_ \hllZdbfq l_bf_ggZyqZklv bebgn g_hij_^_e_ggZynhjfZ =eZ\gu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby Ih^e_`Zsb_ kdZam_fu_ <lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby hij_^_e_gby ^hiheg_gby h[klhyl_evkl\Z ?klv\jmkkdhcijbjh^_mklZeZyg_`ghklv ;_afhe\gZy[hevaZlZ_gghci_qZeb 13 ;_a\uoh^ghklv]hjy[_a\eZklghklv[_a[j_`ghklv Oheh^gZy\ukvmoh^ysb_^Zeb D;Zevfhgl >he`gZ[ulvdhgq_gZ\hcgZ Ijblhf\hqlh[ulhgbklZeh BafmqbeZkvfhykljZgZ G_q_eh\_q_kdbmklZeZ BK_\_jygbg Fg_fZehgZ^h DjZxrdmoe_[Z BdZiexfhehdZ >Zwlhg_[h >Zwlbh[eZdZ <Oe_[gbdh\ Ghyij_^mij_`^Zx\Zk Qlhy`b\m\ihke_^gbcjZa GbeZklhqdhcgbde_ghf Gbljhklgbdhfbgba\_a^hc Gbjh^gbdh\hx\h^hc Gbdhehdhevgufa\hghf G_[m^myex^_ckfmsZlv Bkguqm`b_gZ\_sZlv G_mlhe_ggufklhghf ::ofZlh\Z GhhklZeky\eZ`gucke_^\fhjsbg_ KlZjh]hml_kZH^bghdh HgklhblaZ^mfZeky]em[hdh BlbohgvdhieZq_lhg\imklug_ Ybsmk\h[h^ubihdhy Y[ohl_eaZ[ulvkybaZkgmlv FE_jfhglh\ Om^hsZ\ucbgbadhjhkeuc Kj_^vfZevqbr_d\k_]^Z]_jhc QZklhqZklhkjZa[blufghkhf Ijboh^beydk_[_^hfhc K?k_gbg : l_i_jv kgh\Z i_j_qblZcl_ wlb ijbf_ju b \uibrbl_ ba gbo ij_^eh`_gby \ dhlhjuog_lh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 4. AZ^ZqZ ih\ur_gghc ljm^ghklb Hij_^_ebl_ dZdb_ qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby y\eyxlky h^ghjh^gufb\ke_^mxs_fijbf_j_JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 16 MiZkb\Zk;h]ihagZlvaZ[hlm H[mr_^r_cxghklblm`blv >_eZlvg_ex[bfmxjZ[hlm Kg_ex[bfhc`_gsbghx`blv D<Zgr_gdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, Jy^uh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\ Dh]^Z ijb \klj_q_ k ij_^eh`_gb_f \u jZaebqZ_l_ jy^ h^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ lh jZ^hklghmeu[Z_l_kvwlhqlhlhagZdhfh_bihgylgh_L_fh[b^g___kebhrb[db\k_ lZdb[u\Zxl:\hagbdZxlhgbqZs_\k_]h\lZdbokemqZyo 1)_kebh^ghjh^gu_qe_gu g_klhyljy^hfZhl^_e_gu^jm]bfbqe_gZfbij_^eh`_gbybeb_]hqZklyfb 2)_keb\ ij_^eh`_gbbg_h^bgjy^h^ghjh^guoqe_gh\Z^\Zbeb[hevr_ GZc^bl_ jy^ h^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ \ ijbf_j_ Hl\_l ^Zg gb`_ gh kgZqZeZ ihijh[mcl_k^_eZlvaZ^Zgb_kZfbZihlhfm`_k\_jvl_kvkhl\_lhf GhkiylmkZqb]j_gZ^_ju <jZ\gbg_]^_Wev[Zrmfbl Ih^kg_]hfoheh^ghcJhkkbb Ih^aghcgufi_kdhfibjZfb^ FE_jfhglh\ A^_kv jy^ h^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ \ jZ\gbg_ ih^ kg_]hf ih^ i_kdhf — jZa^_e_g ijb^Zlhqguf\gmljb]eZ\gh]h]^_Wev[Zrmfbl JZ[hlZcl_lZd`_khke_^mxsbfijbf_jhf Fheqbkdju\ZckyblZb Bqm\kl\Zbf_qluk\hb NLxlq_\ (A^_kv ^\Z jy^Z h^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ h^ghjh^gu_ kdZam_fu_ b h^ghjh^gu_ ^hiheg_gby 5.<uibrbl_badZ`^h]hijbf_jZjy^uh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\bmdZ`bl_dZdb_wlhqe_gu ij_^eh`_gbyJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby<hllZd E_\bgkhgih^eh`bekmohcljZ\ubo\hjhklmbjZa^meieZfy >\Z jy^Z iheh`be b jZa^me — h^ghjh^gu_ kdZam_fu_ ljZ\u b o\hjhklm — h^ghjh^gu_^hiheg_gby 1.Jmkkdbcyaud\ mf_euojmdZobhiulguomklZodjZkghj_qb\i_\mq\ujZabl_e_g ]b[hdeh\hdb\f_klbl_e_g :Dmijbg Fgh]h^mfy\lbrbg_ijh^mfZe Fgh]hi_k_gijhk_[ykeh`be BgZwlhcgZa_fe_m]jxfhc KqZkleb\l_fqlhy^urZeb`be K ?k_gbg >hjh]h\h\j_fy\j_fy <j_f_gbfgh]hbfZeh 17 >he]h_\j_fyg_\j_fy ?kebhghfbgh\Zeh KYFZjrZd 4.Ex[h\vdjh^guf^_j_\vyfp\_lZfbljZ\Zfg_hl^_ebfZhlex[\bdjh^ghcj_qb dgZjh^gufihkeh\bpZfbih]h\hjdZfdh\k_fmlhfmqlh\oh^bl\ihgylb_Jh^bgZ ;Lbfhn__\ 5. Mfkl\_ggZy kbeZ gbdh]^Z g_ mkihdhblky gbdh]^Z g_ hklZgh\blky gZ ihagZgghc bklbg_gh\k_\j_fy[m^_lb^lb\i_j_^b^Zevr_dg_ihagZgghcbklbg_ >`;jmgh K_]h^gykgh\Zyihc^m Lm^ZgZ`bagvgZlhj]gZjughd B\hckdhi_k_gih\_^m Kijb[h_fjugdZ\ih_^bghd <Oe_[gbdh\ 7. Jmkkdbc yaud hldju\Z_lky ^h dhgpZ \ k\hbo ihbklbg_ \her_[guo k\hckl\Zo b [h]Zlkl\_ebrvlhfmdlhdjh\ghex[blbagZ_lk\hcgZjh^bqm\kl\m_lkhdjh\_ggmx ij_e_klvgZr_ca_feb DIZmklh\kdbc FheqZgb_ Gbdh]^Zg_[ueh Bg_[m^_l Ahehlhf Hgh Eb[hklhdjZl^hjh`_ ;_kp_ggh]hkebldZ Eb[hg_klhbl B]jhrZ FLZgd Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, Kd_e_lbdbh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\ <u \_jhylgh ihfgbl_ qlh fu kjZ\gb\Zeb ko_fu kh kd_e_lZfb ij_^eh`_gbc Ko_fu h^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ fh`gh kjZ\gblv kh kd_e_lbdZfb Kha^Zxlky hgb lZd KgZqZeZ bah[jZ`Z_lky h[sbc dhglmj ij_^eh`_gby \ dhlhjhf _klv h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu . Ihlhf\gmljbg_]h\kdh[dZoklZ\blkymkeh\gh_h[hagZq_gb_l_o <hllZd ). qe_gh\ij_^eh`_gbydhlhju_\^Zgghfij_^eh`_gbbh^ghjh^gu_<hllZd ( Wlh h[hagZqZ_l qlh \ ij_^eh`_gbb _klv h^ghjh^gu_ kdZam_fu_ : dZd ihdZaZlv bo dhebq_kl\h" Lhgdbfb emqbdZfb dhlhju_ gZijZ\e_gu hl wlh]h agZqdZ \gba b i_j_^ dhlhjufbklZ\blkyaZiylZy_kebhgZ_klvbkhxa_kebhg_klvWlh\u]ey^bllZd 18 RZjuqm]mggu_ih\kx^m F_`gbfbiju]ZxljZayl IjZojhxlb\djh\brbiyl :Imrdbg :_keb\ij_^eh`_gbbg_h^bgjy^h^ghjh^guoqe_gh\wlhh[hagZqZ_lkylZd R\_^jmkkdbcdhe_ljm[blj_`_l : Imrdbg 6.IhklZ\vl_\hae_ghf_jZdZ`^h]hijbf_jZghf_jkhhl\_lkl\mxs_c_fmko_fu 1.Hfgh]hebgZ^ha_feb >ey^hfZ^eyihey^eyem]Z Qlh[ljZ\Zfbi_eZhdjm]Z Bfhj_rmf_eh\^Zeb" Hfgh]hebgZ^ha_feb >eybklbgu\_jubijZ\Z Qlh[aZk_dZbebaZklZ\Z Ex^_cjZa^_eylvg_fh]eb" >KZfhceh\ <lhfdjZx]^_`_elZydjZib\Z Bkmohcie_l_gv Ijbxlbebkvd\_j[Zfkbjhleb\h Ba[u^_j_\_gv K?k_gbg >mohfk\h[h^gucohly[u\p_iyo[uebjmdb Ygbdh]^ZhkiZk_gv_k\h_fg_fhex <_jmx\jZamfgZ^_xkvgZkbemgZmdb Bq_eh\_dZhldm^Z[hggb[ueex[ex BB=hevpFbee_j Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 7. :l_i_jvkZfhklhyl_evghkhklZ\vl_ko_fuij_^eh`_gbc <hlbkhegp_\klZ_l BaaZiZr_g[e_klbl AZfhjyfbghqe_]k\hcihdbgmeh 19 GZiheygZem]ZgZfZdmrdbjZdbl AhehlufbihlhdZfboeugmeh BGbdblbg Hl]emohce_kghchimrdb >hg_\_^hfhcj_db <klZeblZgdbdmogbimrdb Ly]Zqb]jmah\bdb :L\Zj^h\kdbc 3. G_ih\lhjbf fbj i_s_j Ih^ dZf_gguf g_[hf jZklml [_kp\_lgu_ fob b ljZ\u [_krmfgh e_lZxl kljZggu_ i_j_ihgqZlhdjueu_ ilbpu dhlhju_ gZihfbgZxl bkdhiZ_fuo il_jh^Zdlbe_c Ih^ dZf_gguf g_[hf fh`gh m\b^_lv ^\hjpu kdZahqghc Zjobl_dlmju b `_fqm] ]bikh\u_ p\_lu b gZ\_db aZklu\rb_ \h^hiZ^u Z`mjgu_ aZgZ\_kb b ^jZibjh\db dhlhju_ khldZeZ ba lh]h `_ dZfgy bkdmkgbpZijbjh^Z ba `mjgZeh\ 8.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby gZie_gd_ YagZx\_k_eu_kdZadblZbgkl\_gguokljZg Ijhq_jgmx^_\mijhkljZklvfheh^h]h\h`^y Ghlukebrdhf^he]h\^uoZeZly`_euclmfZg Lu\_jblvg_ohq_rv\hqlhgb[m^vdjhf_^h`^y G=mfbe_\ 2. < h[s_kl\_ =_dm gZ^h [ueh _klv k lZj_edb ihevah\Zlvky gh`hf b \bedhc mlbjZlvky kZen_ldhc iblv ba qZrdb gZ^h [ueh mqblv ih dgb`d_ mjhd oh^blv \ p_jdh\v gZ^h [ueh jZa]h\Zjb\Zlv lZd \_`eb\h qlh hg ihl_jye \dmk d jZa]h\hjZf FL\_g Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, <hlwlh^Z HaZiylhci_j_^khxahf^Z) DZdhckfukebf__lwlhlkhxa\\ujZ`_gbboe_[^Zkhev" Hg\ujZ`Z_lkfukeh[t_^bg_gbykh\f_klghklb DZdhfmkhxamhgkbghgbfbq_g" Khxamb) L_i_jvh[^mfZcl_kfukekhxaZ^Z\^jm]hfijbf_j_OhjhrZ^m^dZ^Zg_^m^bl DZdhfmkhxamhga^_kvkbghgbfbq_g" A^_kvkhxa^Z\ujZ`Z_lijhlb\hihklZ\e_gb_bkbghgbfbq_gkhxamgh : l_i_jv \kihfgbl_ dZd klZ\ylky agZdb f_`^m h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb i_j_^ h^bghqgufkhxahfbbi_j_^khxahfgh<kihfgbeb" ;_amkeh\ghI_j_^baZiylZyg_klZ\blkyZi_j_^ghklZ\blky GmZkm^v[ZaZiylhci_j_^^ZaZ\bkblhllh]hdZdhckfuke\ujZ`Z_lwlhlkhxa\ dZ`^hfkemqZ_ LZf]^_hgkbghgbfbq_gkhxamghaZiylZyf_`^mh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbklZ\blky 20 : lZf ]^_ hg kbghgbfbq_g khxam b aZiylZy klZ\blky lZd `_ dZd i_j_^ wlbf khxahf i_j_^ h^bghqguf g_ klZ\blky Z i_j_^ ih\lhjyxsbfbky klZ\blky Gh ihfgbl_aZiylu_klZ\ylkylhevdhf_`^mh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb 9. I_j_ibrbl_ ij_^eh`_gby jZkklZ\eyy g_^hklZxsb_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby AZl_f aZibrbl_ghf_jdZ`^h]hijbf_jZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bd\lZ[ebp_ ^Z =b ^Z =gh 1. GZ _ev <hjhgZ \a]jhfha^ykv ihaZ\ljZdZlv [ueh kh\k_f m` kh[jZeZkv ^Z ihaZ^mfZeZkv B:Djueh\ 2. IjhdZagbpZFZjlurdZ Hk_e Dha_e ^Z dhkheZiuc FbrdZaZl_yebku]jZlvd\Zjl_l B:Djueh\ 3.H^gZ`^uE_[_^vJZd^ZSmdZ\_alb kihdeZ`_c\ha\ayebkv B:Djueh\ 4. >_gv ^Z ghqv — kmldb ijhqv 5. KdZaZe [u keh\_qdh^Z\hedg_^Ze_qdh 6.DmfZ^ZdmfgZklZ\ylgZmf 7.KdeZ^gh[Z_l^Z^_eZg_ agZ_l 8.OhjhrZdgb]Z^ZqblZl_eviehohc 9.Fhjhag_\_ebd^Zklhylvg_\_ebl 10. Dhjhldh^Zykghhllh]hbij_djZkgh Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 10.IhklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. ...m`_ihqlbmki_\ZegZih_a^^Z 2. ...\_l_jaeblky^Zih_l3. ...hklZekyke_^ ^ZgZih\_joghklb\h^u 11. : l_i_jv ihkljhcl_ p_eh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ gZ hkgh\_ dZ`^h]h hlj_adZ \ lj_o \ZjbZglZo qlh[u h^gh ij_^eh`_gb_ [ueh ijhklh_ k aZiylhc i_j_^ ^Z ^jm]h_ [_a aZiylhcZlj_lv_keh`gh_ 1.K_eZ[u[Z[ZaZklhe^Z ... 2.K\ZjbeZ[u[Z[Zsb^Z ... 3.Lhevdh\_l_jaeblky^Z ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, ;Z[mrdZgZ^\h_kdZaZeZ HaZiylhci_j_^khxahfbeb\ijhklhfij_^eh`_gbb LZddZd`_ —aZiylZyi_j_^khxahfbebklZ\blkybebg_l"Bebbgh]^ZklZ\blkyZ bgh]^Zg_l" KjZ\gbl_^\Zijbf_jZh[jZsZy\gbfZgb_gZagZdbij_ibgZgby 1. Ih\k_fm\b^ghqlha^_kvih[u\ZeZZgZdhg^ZbebdZdZygb[m^v^jm]ZydjmigZy af_y 2.:gZdhg^Zbeb]b]Zglkdbcm^Z\h[blZ_l\;jZabebbb=\bZg_ Ihijh[mcl_hl\_lblvqlhijbkh_^bgy_lkhxabeb\i_j\hfij_^eh`_gbb >ey wlh]h hij_^_ebl_ dZdh_ dhebq_kl\h ^_ckl\mxsbo ebp mihfbgZ_lky \ i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb 21 >\Z >\_ jZagu_ af_b Khxa beb kh_^bgy_l h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu Wlh h^bghqguc hiZkguckhxake_^h\Zl_evghaZiylZyi_j_^gbfg_klZ\blky :kdhevdh^_ckl\mxsboebp\h\lhjhfij_^eh`_gbb" >_ckl\mxs__ ebphlh h^gh Z gZa\Zgby m g_]h ^\Z hgh `_ ZgZdhg^Z hgh `_ ]b]Zglkdbcm^Z\ Fh`_l [ulv \u aZf_qZeb qlh bgh]^Z h^bg ij_^f_l hg h[hagZqZ_lky kms_kl\bl_evgufbebf_klhbf_gb_f oZjZdl_jbam_lkykihfhsvx ^jm]h]h ij_^f_lZ kms_kl\bl_evgh]h LZdh_ hkh[h_ hij_^_e_gb_ \ujZ`_ggh_ kms_kl\bl_evguf gZau\Z_lkyijbeh`_gb_f GZijbf_j D_^j \eZ^udZ e_kh\ ih^ gZjhklZfb ev^Z gZ [jbeebZglh\uc aZfhd ihoh` GAZ[hehpdbc <eZ^udZ e_kh\ — ijbeh`_gb_ Hgh hij_^_ey_l keh\h d_^j ^Z\Zy _fm \lhjh_ gZa\Zgb_ Dh]^Zijbeh`_gb_ijbkh_^bgy_lkykhxahfbebhgh\u^_ey_lkylZd i_j\Zy aZiylZy klZ\blky i_j_^ khxahf beb Z \lhjZy — ihke_ \k_]h ijbeh`_gby Bgufbkeh\Zfb\k_ijbeh`_gb_\u^_ey_lkyaZiylufb Ihkfhljbl__s_jZadZdihklZ\e_guagZdb\h\lhjhfijbf_j_ :gZdhg^Zbeb]b]Zglkdbcm^Z\h[blZ_l\;jZabebb Wlhloh^fuke_c\u]ey^bllZd 12.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1.>Z\gh m`_ijhreb \j_f_gZ dh]^Z ex^b aZsbsZebkv beb gZiZ^Zeb k dhivyfb \ jmdZo Z fu ^h kbo ihj mihlj_[ey_f \ujZ`_gb_ ehfZlv dhivy 2. Kj_^b kZfuo agZf_gbluoiZfylgbdh\Zglbqghklbbebk_fbqm^_kk\_lZ[uedhehkkJh^hkkdbcbeb h]jhfgZy [jhgah\Zy nb]mjZ ^j_\g_]j_q_kdh]h [h]Z KhegpZ =_ebhkZ 3. <ujZ`_gb_ dhehkkgZ]ebgyguogh]Zomihlj_[ey_lky^eyoZjZdl_jbklbdbex^_cbebij_^f_lh\ \_ebq_kl\_gguok\b^mbkeZ[uoihkms_kl\m 4.QbkehZeeb 22 ]Zlhjh\bebdjhdh^beh\`b\msbo\[hehlZoNehjb^uj_adhkhdjZlbehkvihwlhfmbo ijboh^blky jZa\h^blv gZ ki_pbZevguo n_jfZo H[_avygdZ bah \k_o kbe ^hgbfZeZ ikZ Beb hgZ ^_j]ZeZ _]h aZ [jh\b b mku b lml `_ hlkdZdb\ZeZ gZ [_ahiZkgh_ jZkklhygb_bebkh\_jrZeZfhegb_ghkgucgZkdhdgZ_]ho\hklDjhr_qgZyh[_avygdZ ex[beZkiZlvih^ih^mrdhc\fZfbghcihkl_ebbebhgZaZ[bjZeZkvihgh`d_djh\Zlb dhfg_ih^h^_yeh<i_j\u_`_ih]h`b_\_k_ggb_^gbh[_avygdZ\uoh^beZ\kZ^]^_ hgZ ex[beZ kb^_lv gZ aZ[hj_ beb [jh^beZ \aZ^ b \i_j_^ b \ueZ\eb\ZeZ iZmdh\ beb ^jm]b_ ih^h[gu_ eZdhfkl\Z >>Zjj_ee =j_q_kdh_ keh\h f_lZfhjnhaZ beb ij_\jZs_gb_mihlj_[ey_lkyb\[bheh]bbb\obfbbb\]mfZgblZjguogZmdZo<u fh]eb keurZlv qlh b]jZlv fh`gh g_ lhevdh gZ fmaudZevguo bgkljmf_glZo gh b gZ g_j\Zo G_j\u fh]ml [ulv gZlygmlufb ^Z`_ jZkkljh_ggufb Wlb \ujZ`_gby \hagbdeb ihlhfm qlh gZ yaud_ ^j_\gbo jbfeyg beb gZ eZlugb keh\h g_j\mk h[hagZqZeh kljmgm Dh]^Z f_^bdb hldjueb \ q_eh\_q_kdhf hj]Zgbaf_ ihoh`b_ gZ kljmgu g_j\u d gbf klZeb ijbf_gylv ijb\uqgu_ \ujZ`_gby ba fmaudZevgh]h h[boh^Z I_j_qblZcl_ ij_^eh`_gby ijbf_jZ b hl\_lvl_ qlh ijbkh_^bgy_l \ ^Zgguo ij_^eh`_gbyokhxabebH[tykgbl_ihq_fm\h^gbokemqZyoaZiylZyi_j_^bebklZ\blkyZ\ ^jm]bog_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 13.IhklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. ...bjZafureyedmiblveb_fml_ggbkgmxjZd_ldmbebnml[hevguc ... 2.<de_ld_ ihohayckdbjZkiheh`beky]jbaebbeb ... 3. ...qlhyihfbjxkvk[jZlbrdhcbebhl_p ... 4. ...gh[hevr_\k_]h^_lyfihgjZ\bekybeexabhgbklbebihijhklm ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, >\mebdh_keh\hh^gZdh Ihq_fm ^\mebdh_" >Z ihlhfm qlh \ h^gbo ij_^eh`_gbyo hgh \uklmiZ_l \ jheb khxaZZ\^jm]bo —\jheb\\h^gh]hkeh\Z G_imlZcl_\\h^gu_keh\ZgbkdZdbfb^jm]bfb<\h^gu_ —wlhkeh\Zdhlhju_g_ y\eyxlky qe_gZfb ij_^eh`_gby b g_ \klmiZxl gb \ h^bg \b^ k\yab k qe_gZfb ij_^eh`_gbyDgbfg_evayaZ^Zlv\hijhk<\h^gu_keh\Z\u^_eyxlkyaZiylufb < ^Zevg_cr_f fu [m^_f ]h\hjblv h gbo [he__ ih^jh[gh KjZ\gbl_ ijbf_ju b ihijh[mcl_ kZfb hij_^_eblv f_klh \ ij_^eh`_gbb agZq_gb_ b imgdlmZpbhggh_ ih\_^_gb_h^gZdh —khqbgbl_evgh]hkhxaZbh^gZdh\\h^gh]hkeh\Z 1. >h`^vh^gZdhg_ij_djZsZekyihqlbg_^_ex 2. >Z\ghihjZ[uij_djZlblvky ^h`^xhgh^gZdh ijh^he`Z_lky ihqlb g_^_ex 3. H^gZdh ^h`^v g_ ij_djZsZeky ihqlb g_^_ex 4. >Z\gh ihjZ [u ij_djZlblvky ^h`^x h^gZdh hg ijh^he`Z_lky ihqlbg_^_ex 23 GZ^__fkyqlhkjZ\g_gb_\Zfm^Zehkvbqlh\uhl\_lbebijbf_jghlZd < i_j\hf kemqZ_ h^gZdh gZoh^blky \gmljb ijhklh]h ij_^eh`_gby b y\ey_lky \\h^gufkeh\hf hghkbghgbfbqghkeh\Zfl_fg_f_g__ Hghijbly]b\Z_ld k_[_ aZiylu_dhlhju_\u^_eyxl_]hk^\moklhjhgIh\lhjbf_s_jZa^eyijhqghklb_keb h^gZdh — \\h^gh_ keh\h klhbl \gmljb ijhklh]h ij_^eh`_gby beb \gmljb qZklb keh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby hgh\u^_ey_lkyaZiylufb < lj_lv_f b q_l\_jlhf ij_^eh`_gbyo h^gZdh aZgbfZ_l i_j_^h\u_ ihabpbb \ lj_lv_f — hldju\Z_l ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ Z \ q_l\_jlhf — \lhjmx qZklv keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby Wlh keh\hi_j\hhldju\Zl_ev — khqbgbl_evguc ijhlb\bl_evguckhxabihkfukemkbghgbfbqghkhxamgh ZlZd`_^jm]bfkhxaZf\ agZq_gbb gh Hgh `b\_l ghjfZevghc khxaghc `bagvx aZiylZy klZ\blky lhevdh i_j_^gbfghgbdZdg_ihke_g_]h _kebwlh]hg_lj_[mxl^jm]b_ijZ\beZ ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]hih\_^_gby :\hl\Zfbbgkljmdpby 14. HibjZykv gZ wlm riZj]Zedm h[tykgbl_ jZkklZgh\dm agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby \ ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo 1. Jh^bl_eb FbljhnZgmrdb \ayeb _fm \ mqbl_ey bklhjbb dmq_jZ <jZevfZgZ FbljhnZg h^gZdh g_fgh]hfm m g_]h gZmqbeky 2. He_] mkf_ogmeky h^gZdh q_eh b \ahjhfjZqbeky^mfhc 24 ?keb wlh h[tykg_gb_ \Zk g_ aZljm^gbeh agZqbl \u khaj_eb ^ey lh]h qlh[u kZfhklhyl_evgh jZkklZ\eylv agZdb ij_ibgZgby ijb wlhf ^\mebdhf keh\_ I_j_^ \Zfbl_dklu 3.AgZf_gblucf_oZgbdnbabdbZkljhghf=Zebe_h=Zebe_c[ueijb\e_q_gdkm^m bgd\babpbb aZ lh qlh jZa^_eye mq_gb_ Dhi_jgbdZ h ^\b`_gbb A_feb ?]h aZklZ\beb ihdeyklvkyqlhhghlj_dZ_lkyhl_j_kbbhlimklbebh^gZdhm`_\^\_jyohgijhbag_k : \k_lZdb hgZ \_jlblky Keh\Z wlb h^gZdh ijbibku\Z_l =Zebe_h e_]_g^Z Z ^hdmf_glZevgh]h ih^l\_j`^_gby m gbo g_l 4. K\ys_gghkem`bl_eb >j_\g_]h JbfZ dhlhjuogZau\ZebZ\]mjZfbij_^kdZau\Zeb[m^ms__ihihe_lmbdjbdmilbp:\]mju h^gZdh [_kkh\_klgh h[fZgu\Zeb ex^_c dhlhju_ \_jbeb bo ij_^kdZaZgbyf Dh]^Z Z\]mju \klj_qZebkv ^jm] k ^jm]hf hgb _^\Z m^_j`b\Zebkv hl kf_oZ K_cqZk Z\]mjh\ gbdlh g_ ihfgbl h^gZdh khojZgbehkv \ujZ`_gb_ meu[dZ Z\]mjh\ 5. >bh]_g [ue ba\_klgufnbehkhnhf>j_\g_c=j_pbbh^gZdh`behgg_\^hf_Z\imklhc[hqd_lZd dZd kqblZe ^hf baebrg_c jhkdhrvx 6. Fu ]h\hjbf gZ e[m gZibkZgh h ex^yo h dhlhjuo fh`gh fgh]h_ magZlv ih \ujZ`_gbx ebpZ ;ueb h^gZdh \ klZjbgm ex^b m dhlhjuo gZ e[m [ueh h[hagZq_gh dlh hgb lZdb_ Ijb pZj_ :e_dk__ FboZceh\bq_ [mglh\sbdZf \u`b]Zeb gZ e[m agZd [mdb beb [md\m [ b bo ijhreh_ gZ\k_]^Z hdZau\Zehkv gZibkZgguf gZ e[m ih E L =jb]hjyg 7. E_lhf 1612 ]h^Z jmkkdb_ \hckdZ ih^ dhfZg^h\Zgb_f FbgbgZ b Ih`Zjkdh]h g_ lhevdh hklZgh\beb gZr_kl\b_ iheydh\ gh b jZa[beb bo gZ]heh\m <h ]eZ\_ iheydh\ klhye Kljmk dhlhjuc h^gZdh ^mfZeg_klhevdhhkiZk_gbbZjfbbkdhevdhhkh[kl\_gghfkiZk_gbbHl_]hnZfbebb h[jZah\Zehkvkeh\hljmk Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 15.IhklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc I...[ueb\hiZkghklbh^gZdhlh\Zjbsbg_ ... 2. ...m`_g_h`b^Zeh^gZdh\kdhj_ ... 3. KlZjrb_jZahrebkvih^hfZffheh^_`vh^gZdhg_ ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, Ijh\_jvl_ k\hx iZfylv \kihfgbl_ \k_ agZdhfu_ \Zf khqbgbl_evgu_ khxau Z ihlhfijh\_jvl_k_[yihdgb`d_ Khxau — wlh hjb_glbjmxsb_ agZdb <u ^he`gu bo f]gh\_ggh \b^_lv b kjZam hij_^_eylv dZdhc i_j_^ \Zfb khxa — khqbgbl_evguc beb ih^qbgbl_evguc beb khxagh_ keh\h Ihq_fm wlh \Z`gh" Ihlhfm qlh fu \u^_ey_f gZ ibkvf_ [ehdb Khxaubebkhxagu_keh\Z —kb]gZelh]hqlh^Zevr_ihc^_l[ehdIh^qbgbl_evguc khxa beb khxagh_ keh\h ih^kdZau\Zxl qlh ihc^_l ijb^ZlhqgZy qZklv keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby Khqbgbl_evguc khxa kb]gZebabjm_l qlh ihke_^m_l h^gh ba ^\mo h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu beb ke_^mxsZy qZklv keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby b l_ b ^jm]b_ k\yaZgukhqbgbl_evguf\b^hfk\yab L_i_jvihkljhcl_\l_ljZ^bgZ\kxkljZgbpmlZ[ebpmWlhclZ[ebp_c\u[m^_l_ qZklhihevah\Zlvky 25 Khqbgbl_evgu_khxau Kh_^bgbl_evgu_b kh_^bgbl_evgh khihklZ\bl_evgu_ JZa^_ebl_evgu_ Ijhlb\bl_evgu_ GZklZeh\j_fyihlj_gbjh\ZlvkygZ\k_khxaukjZam 16.I_j_ibrbl_ij_^eh`_gbyfuke_ggha^hjh\ZykvkkhxaZfbbhij_^_eyyqlhhgb ij_^kdZau\ZxlJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby<uibrbl_khxau\klhe[bdblZ[ebpu 1.<^j_\gb_\j_f_gZhdheh]j_q_kdh]h]hjh^ZNb\uihk_ebehkvqm^h\bs_kebphf `_gsbgu lmeh\bs_f ev\Z b djuevyfb ilbpu Wlh [ue knbgdk Hg ih^kl_j_]Ze ijhoh`bo b aZ^Z\Ze bf ljm^gu_ aZ]Z^db IhcfZgguc bf q_eh\_d ^he`_g [ue eb[h hl]Z^Zlv aZ]Z^dm eb[h mf_j_lv 2. <ujZ`_gb_ i_j_clb Jm[bdhg h[hagZqZ_l — k^_eZlv [_kih\hjhlguc j_rbl_evguc rZ] beb kh\_jrblv ihklmihd \ dhjg_ f_gyxsbc iheh`_gb_ ^_e 3. ;ueZ dh]^Zlh gug_ aZ[ulZy ohly bgl_j_kgZy b]jZ \ [bjxevdb<g__b]jZebg_lhevdh^_lbghb\ajhkeu_4.<ujZ`_gb_yl_[_ihdZ`m ]^_jZdbabfmxlfh`ghmkeurZlvqZklhh^gZdhfZehdlhagZ_l]^_`_hgbabfmxlgZ kZfhf ^_e_ : abfmxl hgb dZd \ ghjZo lZd b \ ]em[hdbo yfZo gZ ^g_ \h^h_fh\ 5. ;hjh^ZrbjhdZ^Z^mrZfheh^Z>Ze;h]deZ^^Zg_mf_eb\aylv 6.<h`^vZg]ebckdhc [mj`mZaghc j_\hexpbb XVII \_dZ Heb\_j Djhf\_ev [ue g_ lhevdh kmjh\uf gh b \_kvfZ gZ[h`guf q_eh\_dhf Hg h[eZ^Ze dZd j_^dhklguf djZkghj_qb_f lZd b ]jm[h\Zluf hkljhmfb_f Dh]^Z _]h \hckdZ ]hlh\bebkv d i_j_ijZ\_ q_j_a j_dm hg ihkh\_lh\Ze k\hbf khe^ZlZf ^_j`Zlv ihjho kmobf Kdhjh fm^juc kh\_l h[e_l_e g_ lhevdh\kx:g]ebxghb\_kvfbj ihEL=jb]hjyg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u 17. AZ^Zgb_ k meu[dhc I_j_^ \Zfb hlju\hd ba klbohl\hj_gby G AZ[hehpdh]h Hij_^_ebl_kdhevdh\g_fjy^h\h^ghjh^guoqe_gh\ GZ[_kkbevgu_nb]mjdbkms_kl\bl_evguo Db^ZxlkyehrZ^bijbeZ]Zl_evguo DhkfZlu_\kZ^gbdb Ij_ke_^mxldhggbpm]eZ]heh\ BkgZjy^uf_`^hf_lbc J\mlkygZ^]heh\Zfb DZdkb]gZevgu_jZd_lu ;bl\Zkeh\AgZq_gbc[hc <[Zrg_KbglZdkbk²jZa[hc ?\jhiZkhagZgby <ih`Zj_\hkklZgby Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 26 ;hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h lj_gbjh\hd g_h[oh^bfh >j_\gb_ jbfeyg_ ]h\hjbeb DZiey dZf_gv ^he[bl g_ kbehc gh qZkluf iZ^_gv_f Ijbf_gyy d k_[_ wlm fm^jhklv \u kfh`_l_^h[blvky\ukhdhc]jZfhlghklb Hdb^u\Zy hp_gb\Zxsbf \a]ey^hf \k_ qlh fu agZ_f h[ h^ghjh^guo qe_gZo fu fh`_faZf_lblvqlhq_fibhghfihljm^ghklb\wlhcl_f_y\ey_lkykhxabdhlhjuc kh_^bgy_l lh g_ih\lhjyxsb_ky h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu lh iZjgu_ lh ih\lhjyxsb_ky Z lh b \h\k_ g_ h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu Z qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby \ dhlhjuo fgh]h ljm^ghkl_c Ihq_fm khxa b kh_^bgy_l b lh b ^jm]h_" Ihlhfm qlh wlh khqbgbl_evguc khxa Z \b^k\yabf_`^mh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbbqZklyfbkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbyh^bgblhl `_ —khqbgbl_evguc JZkkdZ`bl_ k_[_ \k_ qlh \Zf ba\_klgh ih wlhfm \hijhkm < kemqZ_ aZljm^g_gby h[jZlbl_kvdi_j\hcqZklbwlhcdgb]b : l_i_jv ihijh[m_f jbkdh\Zggmx b]jm ih^ gZa\Zgb_f ;Z[mrdZ gZ^\h_ kdZaZeZ \ZjbZlb\gh_ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ Ijb \klj_q_ k khxahf b g_evay h^ghagZqgh ijh]ghabjh\Zlv ijbkh_^bgy_l eb hg h^ghjh^gu_qe_gubebqZklbkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby 18.Ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zfhlj_adbij_^eh`_gbckkhxahfb:\uihklZjZcl_kvijb^mfZlvd dZ`^hfmbagboih^\Zij_^eh`_gbyh^ghkkhxahfblj_[mxsbfaZiylhcZ^jm]h_ ²kkhxahfb[_aaZiylhc 1. E_\ hklZgh\beky \hae_ imklujy b ... 2. LhlqZk dlhlh imklbeky [_`Zlv b ... 3. < lhffbj__klvrd\ZeubrlbebaZlf_gbyb ... 4.FjZfhj[ue[_eb ... 5.IZjmkZ\ayeb \_l_jb ... 6.FZljhkohjhrhieZ\Zeghihl_jyekhagZgb_b ... 7.Eh^dZijh^\bgmeZkvd kdZe_ b ... 8..G_ba\_klguc meu[gmeky b ... 9. Khegp_ f_rZehkv k jhah\uf hl[e_kdhf ]hem[hc\h^ukj_^bg_`guoiZevfiZihjhlgbdh\b ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, H[h[sZxsb_keh\Z ijbh^ghjh^guoqe_gZo DZ`^h_ keh\h y\ey_lky h[sbf gZa\Zgb_f ^ey p_eh]h jy^Z ij_^f_lh\ GZijbf_j keh\h p\_lu y\ey_lky h[sbf gZa\Zgb_f \k_o p\_lh\ [m^v lh h^m\Zgqbd beb jhaZ Keh\h ^_j_\vy — h[s__ ^ey \k_o ^_j_\v_\ [m^v lh jy[bgZ beb iZevfZ : ^ey keh\ klhe klme rdZn djh\Zlv dj_keh — h[sbf y\ey_lky keh\h f_[_ev Hgh h[h[sZ_l \k_ij_^f_lu^hfZrg_ch[klZgh\dbDh]^ZijblZdhfkeh\__klvh^ghjh^gu_qe_gu dhlhju_ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc i_j_q_gv ij_^f_lh\ h[h[s_gguo wlbf keh\hf hgh gZau\Z_lky h[h[sZxsbf DZ`_lky qlh wlh e_]dh b ihgylgh h^gZdh wlh ihgbfZgb_ ^Z_lky g_ \k_]^Z b g_ \k_f Mq_gucikboheh] EK<u]hlkdbc h[gZjm`be qlh _klv ^_lb dhlhju_ fh]ml gZa\Zlv kdhevdh m]h^gh lZdbo ij_^f_lh\ dZd rZidZ \Zj_`db iZevlhghg_fh]mlgZa\Zlvh[h[sZxs_]hkeh\Zh^_`^Z 27 =hjvdbc hiul ihdZau\Z_l qlh bgh]^Z b \ \Zrbo l_ljZ^yo h[h[sZxs__ keh\h g_ \u^_e_ghlh_klv\ukjZamg_ko\Zlbeb_]hkfukeh\h]hk\h_h[jZaby 19.Ihwlhfm^Z\Zcl_gZ\kydbckemqZcihlj_gbjm_fkyIh^[_jbl_djy^Zfh^ghjh^guo qe_gh\h[h[sZxsb_keh\Z 1. FZjk <_g_jZ Xibl_j F_jdmjbc KZlmjg Iemlhg — ... . 2. :njbdZ K_\_jgZy :f_jbdZX`gZy:f_jbdZ:\kljZeby:glZjdlb^Z?\jZaby — ... . 3.E_\lb]jy]mZj iZgl_jZe_hiZj^ — ... . 4.NbabdZobfby[bheh]by — ... . Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, : ]^_ f_klh h[h[sZxs_]h keh\Z — i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb beb ihke_ gbo" >Z\Zcl_ihkfhljbf <^Zgguoijbf_jZoih^q_jdgbl_h[h[sZxsb_keh\Z 1. Fm^jhklv ijbghkbl ke_^mxsb_ ljb ieh^Z ^Zj ohjhrh fukeblv ohjhrh ]h\hjblv b ohjhrh ihklmiZlv >_fhdjbl 2. Bkdj_gghklv \ hlghr_gbyo ijZ\^Z \ h[s_gbb —\hl^jm`[Z :<Km\hjh\ ?keb\ukhjb_glbjh\ZebkvijZ\bevghlhh[gZjm`bebh[h[sZxsb_keh\Zbi_j_^ h^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb ljbieh^Z bihke_gbo \hl^jm`[Z ?s_ jZa ijhkfhljbl_ ijbf_ju b aZihfgbl_ dZd klZ\ylky agZdb ij_ibgZgby 1) dh]^Z h[h[sZxsb_ keh\Z klhyl i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb b ij_^eh`_gb_ wlbfb h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb aZdZgqb\Z_lky 2) dh]^Z h[h[sZxsb_ keh\Z klhyl ihke_ h^ghjh^guoqe_gh\ ?keb h[h[sZxsb_ keh\Z klhyl i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb lh i_j_^ wlbfb h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb klZ\blky ^\h_lhqb_ ?keb h[h[sZxsb_ keh\Z klhyl ihke_ h^ghjh^guoqe_gh\lhihke_wlboh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\klZ\blkylbj_ : dZd [u \u h[tykgbeb kemqZc dh]^Z \ h^ghf b lhf `_ ij_^eh`_gbb _klv b ^\h_lhqb_blbj_"GZijbf_j\lZdhfP\_lu^he`gu[ulv\_a^_\kZ^ZobiZjdZo gZ ]ZahgZo nZ[jbqguo b aZ\h^kdbo ^\hjh\ gZ ijbrdhevguo mqZkldZo — \kx^m ]^_ _klvq_eh\_d GZ\_jgh_ykghqlh^\h_lhqb_klhbli_j_^h^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbZlbj_ —ihke_ gbo lZd dZd ij_^eh`_gb_ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb g_ aZdZgqb\Z_lky Ijb\_^_f _s_ ijbf_j<k_pbjdh\u_kms_kl\Z`_gsbgubfm`qbguehrZ^bbkh[ZdbmgbnhjfZ b dhgxob dehmgu b fmaudZglu — lhqgh klZjZebkv i_j_s_]heylv h^bg ^jm]h]h :Dmijbg 20. L_i_jv \u agZ_l_ \k_ kZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ h[ h[h[sZxsbo keh\Zo KhklZ\vl_ kZfb bgkljmdpbxihwlhcl_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, GZh[s_cdZjl_^hjh]bgkljmdpby[m^_l\u]ey^_lvlZd k 30-31). Ijbf_qZgb_Ihke_h[h[sZxsbokeh\fh]mlklhylvmlhqgyxsb_keh\ZdZdlhbeb Z bf_ggh beb gZijbf_j < wlhf kemqZ_ i_j_^ gbfb klZ\blky aZiylZy Z i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb dZd \k_]^Z ^\h_lhqb_ <hl lZd < ihoh^_ g_h[oh^bfu kZfu_ jZaghh[jZagu_ \_sb dZdlh iZeZldZ kiZevguc f_rhd h^_`^Z gZ ex[mx ih]h^m f_lZeebq_kdbcljhkdhl_edbjZaguojZaf_jh\bfZavhldhfZjh\ 28 H[h[sZxsb_ keh\Z fh]ml klhylv g_ kjZam i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb Z aZ g_kdhevdh keh\ ^h gbo gh ^\h_lhqb_ klZ\blky g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb<hllZdLj_o\_s_cg_fh`_l[ulvj_r_ldb^eyfhjye_klgbpu^hg_[Z be_dZjkl\Zhlex[\b bg^bckdZyihkeh\bpZ 21.<ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyojZkklZ\vl_agZdbkZfb 1. Fu k^_eZeb \ kihjlb\ghf fZ]Zabg_ fZkkm ihdmihd Z bf_ggh l_ggbkgu_ fyqb jZd_ldblj_gbjh\hqgu_dhklxfudjhkkh\dbm^hqdbbnml[hevgucfyq 2.Ljb\_sbg_evaykdjulvh]hgvex[h\vbdZr_ev bg^bckdZyihkeh\bpZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 22.I_j_ibrbl_jZkklZ\eyyagZdbij_ibgZgby 1. < dhgp_ o ]h^h\ ijhreh]h \_dZ ihy\eyxlky \ i_qZlb K_\_jgu_ jZkkdZau >`_dZEhg^hgZ;_eh_[_afhe\b_<_jZ\q_eh\_dZFm`_kl\h`_gsbguEx[h\v d `bagb b ^jm]b_ =_jhb Ehg^hgZ g_baf_ggh ijb\e_dZxl gZk k\h_c \he_c b fm`_kl\hfex[h\vxd`bagbbkbehc\ukhdboq_eh\_q_kdboqm\kl\ =Dhjgbeh\Z 2. Km\hjh\ij_djZkghagZefZl_fZlbdm]_h]jZnbxnbehkhnbxbklhjbx;hevrZyqZklv _]h k\h[h^gh]h \j_f_gb moh^beZ gZ ql_gb_ Hg agZe fgh`_kl\h yaudh\ g_f_pdbc njZgpmakdbc blZevygkdbc ihevkdbc nbgkdbc lmj_pdbc ZjZ[kdbc i_jkb^kdbc ibkZe klbob b ^Z`_ i_qZlZe bo :E_hglv_\ 3. Jhyev fh] i_lv h[h \k_f h ihju\_ q_eh\_q_kdh]h ^moZ d \_ebdhfm b h ex[\b ;_eu_ b q_jgu_ deZ\brb m[_]Zy baih^ dj_idboiZevp_\=jb]Zlhkdh\Zebkf_yebkv]j_f_eb DIZmklh\kdbc <k_q_ffh`_lihjZ^h\ZlvkugZ Iha^g_chk_gvxjh^bgZfZlv A_e_g_xs_chabfb]eZ^v Ih^hev^hfahehlZy^hebgZ Ihkj_^bhk\_s_gguoem]h\ <_ebqZ\h_\hckdhklh]h\ <k_^hklmigh^h\hevghfm\ahjm G:G_djZkh\ Kh\_klv[eZ]hjh^kl\hb^hklhbgkl\h \hlhghk\ylh_gZr_\hbgkl\h Ijhlygb_fmk\hxeZ^hgv aZg_]hg_kljZrghb\h]hgv ;Hdm^`Z\Z 6. <k_ \_ebdb_ khhjm`_gby ^j_\ghklb b kj_^gbo \_dh\ _]bi_lkdb_ ibjZfb^u b y\ZgkdbcojZf;hjh;m^mjIZjn_ghgbDheba_c<_ebdZy dblZckdZykl_gZ b jbfkdb_ Zd\_^mdb^\hjpubfhgZklujbjupZjkdb_aZfdbb]hjh^kdb_kl_gu\k_kljhbehkv[_a q_jl_`_c :E_hglv_\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 29 23. : l_i_jv \Zf ij_^eZ]Z_lky jZ[hlZ ihkeh`g__ g_ lhevdh jZkklZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgbyghbkhklZ\blvko_fmdZ`^h]hij_^eh`_gby 1. < yaud_ bg^_cp_\ ohib _klv keh\h dhlhjh_ ijbf_gbfh d ex[hfm e_lZxs_fm ij_^f_lmdjhf_ilbpbdgZk_dhfufbdkZfhe_lmbde_lqbdmbde_lmq_cfurb : E_hglv_\ 2. < ZnjbdZgkdhf yaud_ kmZobeb h^gbf b l_f `_ keh\hf gZau\Zxlky iZjh\ha ih_a^ Z\lhfh[bev \Z]hg l_e_]Z dZj_lZ lZqdZ b dheykdZ Z lZd`_ \_ehkbi_^ b g_dhlhju_^jm]b_ij_^f_lu :E_hglv_\ 3.Ijbjh^ZhdZaZeZp_ggmx mkem]m ju[Zf lZd dZd gZ^_ebeZ bo ihdjh\bl_evkl\_gghc hdjZkdhc djZkghc imjimjghc ]hem[hc a_e_ghcnbhe_lh\hc`_elhckbg_cfZebgh\hcb^Z`_q_jghc :AZ]hjygkdbc 4.<k_ dlh gZ[ex^Ze ahehluo ju[hd \hkobsZeky bo jZaghh[jZaghc hdjZkdhc djZkgh\Zlh ahehlhc b fhehqghk_j_[jbklhc fZebgh\hc beb a_e_gh\Zlhkbg_c eZahj_\hc b ^Z`_ q_jghc :Z]hjygkdbc 5.Bkke_^h\Zl_ebih^kqblZebqlhba\k_okh[kl\_gguobf_g ]h]he_\kdbo i_jkhgZ`_c ih f_gvr_c f_j_ h^bggZ^pZlv klZeb gZjbpZl_evgufb FZgbeh\ Dhjh[hqdZ Gha^j_\ Iexrdbg Kh[Zd_\bq Oe_klZdh\ Qbqbdh\ F_g__ ba\_klgu>_j`bfhj^ZG_m\Z`ZcDhjulhIhijbsbgbLjyibqdbg E:<\_^_gkdZyG IDhe_kgbdh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 24. : l_i_jv ki_pbZevgh ^ey ex[bl_e_c hkljuo hsms_gbc aZ^Zgb_ ih\ur_gghc ljm^ghklbJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby <;_j]_g_\k_[uehihklZjhfm<k_qlhfh]ehijb]emrblva\mdbdh\juihjlv_jub fy]dmx f_[_ev =jb] ^Z\gh m[jZe ba ^hfZ HklZeky lhevdh klZjuc ^b\Zg GZ g_f fh]eh jZaf_klblvky ^h ^_kyldZ ]hkl_c b =jb] g_ j_rbeky _]h \u[jhkblv >jmavy ]h\hjbeb qlh ^hf dhfihablhjZ ihoh` gZ `bebs_ ^jh\hk_dZ ?]h mdjZrZe lhevdh jhyev?kebq_eh\_d[uegZ^_e_g\hh[jZ`_gb_flhhgfh]mkeurZlvkj_^bwlbokl_g \her_[gu_ \_sb hl jhdhlZ k_\_jgh]h hd_ZgZ qlh dZlbe \hegu ba f]eu b \_ljZ qlh \uk\bklu\Ze gZ^ gbfb ^bdmx kZ]m ^h i_kgb ^_\hqdb [ZxdZxs_c ljyibqgmx dmdem DIZmklh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 25.JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. ... kh[jZebkv \k_ b j_[ylZ b ... 2. ... nml[he b l_ggbk \k_ wlh ... 3. ... kZfuo m^b\bl_evguo hdjZkhd ]hem[h\Zlha_e_gu_ ... 4. ... j_[ylZ gZr_]h ^\hjZ imoeu_ fZeurbg_mdex`b_ih^jhkldbbxgpukimrdhfgZ\_jog_c]m[_\k_dZdh^bg ... 5. <_kv f_klguc nehl gZ^m\gu_ eh^db [Zc^Zjdb q_luj_o\_k_evgu_ rexidb yolu k jZaghp\_lgufb iZjmkZfb \ wlhl kheg_qguc ^_gv ... 6. ... [ueb ihoh`b gZ kZfuo jZaguo `b\hlguo \_j[ex^Z ... 7. ... b imrbklu_ _ehqgu_ eZiu \k_ ihdjulh ... 8. ... qm^_kZ ^hfZrg_c dmogb kZeZlu b aZeb\gu_ [ex^Z jmfygu_ ibjh]b b g_`gu_ njmdlh\u_`_e_\k_wlh ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u, 32 Hl\_lu 1.1.Dhkfh]hgby —wlhgZmdZhijhbkoh`^_gbbbjZa\blbb ...HgZ -A_febieZg_l KhegpZ a\_a^ lmfZgghkl_c b ]ZeZdlbd 2. ... m\y^Zgv_ \ [Z]j_p b \ ahehlh h^_lu_ e_kZ ...rmfbk\_`__^uoZgv_b ... g_[_kZb«emqb ...fhjhaub ...m]jhau 2. 1. ...dhgxrgbikZjgbkhdheh\ ... . ...eb[h... ,eb[h... ,eb[h... . 2. ...dZd... ,lZdb... . 3. .. g_lh... , g_lh... . 4. ..dZd... , lZdb... . 5. ...,[h]e_kh\bihe_c ... g_lhevdh... , ghb... . ...dZd... ,lZdb ...b ...kljZodhlhjuc ... . ... iZgbd_jbiZgbdZ 6. ..._kebg_ ... ,lh ... . 3. 1. ...g_`ghklv ...i_qZeb ...]hjy[_a\eZklghklv[_a[j_`ghklv ... \ukv ...^Zeb 2. ...\hcgZ ... .BafmqbeZkvfhykljZgZ ... 3. ...fhehdZ...g_[h ... ! 4. ...\Zkqlh ... .Gb eZklhqdhc gb de_ghf gb ljhklgbdhf b gb a\_a^hc gb ... \h^hc ... 5. ... klhbl ... ]em[hdhb ... 7. ...gbadhjhkeuc ...]_jhc ...qZklh ... =eZ\gu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby Ih^e_`Zsb_ kdZam_fu_ 1 2, 4gn 5, 6 gn <lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby hij_^_e_gby ^hiheg_gby H[klhyl_evkl\Z 7 3, 4, 6 7 H^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ g_l \ ijbf_jZo 2, 4 i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb 5 i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb 4. A^_kv \k_ h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu lm`blv ^_eZlv `blv — hl\_qZxl gZ \hijhk dZdmx aZ[hlm" Ke_^h\Zl_evgh y\eyxlky h^ghjh^gufb g_kh]eZkh\Zggufb hij_^_e_gbyfbF_`^mh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbklhyl^\_aZiylu_ 5. 1. 1)\jmdZobmklZo —^hiheg_gby 2) djZkghj_qb\i_\mq\ujZabl_e_g]b[hd eh\hd b \f_klbl_e_g — kdZam_fu_ 2. 1) ijh^mfZe keh`be kqZkleb\ 2) ^urZe b `be H^ghjh^gu_ kdZam_fu_ \ dZ`^hc ba ^\mo qZkl_c keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby 3. fgh]hbfZeh —kdZam_fu_4. 1) ^_j_\vyfp\_lZfbljZ\Zf 2) dj_qbdihkeh\bpZf bih]h\hjdZfdh\k_fmlhfm ... —^\Zjy^Zh^ghjh^guo^hiheg_gbc hij_^_e_gbb 5. 1)g_mkihdhblkyg_hklZgh\blkygh[m^_lb^lb —kdZam_fu_ 2) \i_j_^b^Zevr_ —h[klhyl_evkl\Zf_klZ 6. 1) ihc^mbih\_^m —kdZam_fu_ 2) gZ`bagvgZlhj]gZ jughd — h[klhyl_evkl\Z f_klZ 7. 1) \ k\hckl\Zo b [h]Zlkl\_ 2) ex[bl b agZ_l b qm\kl\m_l 8 1) g_ [ueh b g_ [m^_l ahehlhf — h^ghjh^gufb y\eyxlky k\yadb bf_ggh]h khklZ\gh]h kdZam_fh]h 2) eb[h ^hjh`_ eb[h g_ klhbl b ]jhrZ — kdZam_fu_ H^ghjh^gu_ k\yadb \ h^ghc qZklb b h^ghjh^gu_ kdZam_fu_ \ ^jm]hc qZklbkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby 6. 1 - 3); 4); 2 - 1); 3 - 2). 33 7. . 8. 1. ... ^_\m ... , gh ... , lu ... . k lZj_edb ihevah\Zlvky gh`hf b \bedhc mlbjZlvky kZen_ldhc iblv ba qZrdb gZ^h [ueh mqblv ih dgb`d_ mjhd oh^blv \ p_jdh\vgZ^h[uehjZa]h\Zjb\ZlvlZd\_`eb\hqlh ... . 9.<ij_^eh`_gbyo 1, 5, 7, 8, 9aZiylu_i_j_^^Z 2. ...FZjlurdZHk_eDha_e ... . 3. ...E_[_^vJZd ... . 10. ...ykghhllh]h ... . ^Z =b ^Z gh 2, 3, 4, 6, 10 1, 5, 7, 8, 9 10.AZiylZyi_j_^^Z\ijbf_jZo 1, 3. 11. 1.K_eZ[u[Z[ZaZklhe^ZklheaZ\hjhlZmr_e DQmdh\kdbc K_eZ[u[Z[ZaZ klhe ^Z ihibeZ [u qZcdm 2. K\ZjbeZ [u [Z[Z sb ^Z dZkljxeb ihc^b ihbsb D Qmdh\kdbc K\ZjbeZ[u[Z[Zsb^ZgZdhjfbeZ[uj_[ylbr_d 3.Lhevdh\_l_jaeblky ^Zklmqbl\hdgh<_l_jaeblky^Zkg_]\Zebloehivyfb Hl\_lu^Zguijbf_jgu_ 12. 1. ... ,dh]^Zex^baZsbsZebkvbebgZiZ^Zeb ... ,Z ... 2. ... ,bebk_fbqm^_kk\_lZ ... ,bebh]jhfgZy ... 3. ... ,\_ebq_kl\_gguo ...4. ... ,beb djhdh^beh\ ...Nehjb^u ... , ihwlhfm ... 5.BebhgZ^_j]ZeZ_]haZ[jh\bbmkublml`_ ... ,beb ... .Djhr_qgZy ... , beb ... .<i_j\u_ ... ,]^_ ...gZaZ[hj_beb[jh^beZ ... 6. ... ,bebij_\jZs_gb_ ... b ... ,b ... ,b ... 7. ... ,qlh ... ,gh ... .G_j\u ... ,^Z`_ ... .Wlb ...ihlhfmqlh ... ,bebgZeZlugb ... .Dh]^Z ... ,dgbf ... . 13. 1. ... ,dmiblv ... 2. ... ,beb ... 3. ... ,qlh ... 4. ... ,beb ... 14. 3. ...f_oZgbdnbabdb ... ,qlh ... .?]h ... ,qlh ..._j_kbbhlimklbebh^gZdh ... . Keh\Z wlb h^gZdh ijbibku\Z_l ... , Z .... 4. K\ys_gghkem`bl_eb ... , dhlhjuo ... Z\]mjZfb ... .:\]mjuh^gZdh[_kkh\_klgh ... ,dhlhju_ ... .Dh]^Z ... ,hgb ... .K_cqZk ... ,h^gZdh ... .5. ... ,h^gZdh ... ,Z ... ,lZddZd ... . 6. ... ,hdhlhjuo ... .;uebh^gZdh ... ,m dhlhjuo ... , dlh ... . Ijb pZj_ ... , beb [md\m [ b ... . 7. ... , gh b ... . <h ]eZ\_ ... , dhlhjuch^gZdh ... ,kdhevdh ... . 15. 1. ... ,h^gZdh ... 2. ... ,h^gZdh ... 3. ... ,fheh^_`vh^gZdh ... 34 16. 1. ...`_gsbgulmeh\bs_f ... .IhcfZgguc ...aZ]Z^dm ... . 2. ...rZ]beb ... . 3. ... , ohly ... .<g__ ... ,ghb ... . 4. ... ,]^_jZdbabfmxlfh`gh ... ,h^gZdh ... ,]^_`_ ... .: abfmxl ... ,lZdb^Z >Ze;h]deZ^^Z ... . 6.<h`^v ... ,ghb ... .Hgh[eZ^Ze ... ,lZdb ... .Dh]^Z ...q_j_aj_dm ... .Kdhjh ... ,ghb ... . Khqbgbl_evgu_khxau Kh_^bgbl_evgu_b kh_^bgbl_evgh khihklZ\bl_evgu_ 1 —bb 3 —g_lhevdhghb 4 —dZdlZdb 6 —g_lhevdhghbdZdlZdb g_lhevdhghb JZa^_ebl_evgu_ Ijhlb\bl_evgu_ 1 —eb[heb[h 3 —ohly 4 —h^gZdhZ 5 —^Z^Z 17.Gbh^gh]hjy^Zh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\ 18.Hl\_lufh]ml[ulvijbf_jghlZdbfb 1. E_\ hklZgh\beky \hae_ imklujy b klZe ijbkemrb\Zlvky E_\ hklZgh\beky \hae_ imklujy b \ky _]h nb]mjZ \ujZ`ZeZ gZijy`_ggh_ \gbfZgb_ 2. LhlqZk dlhlh imklbeky [_`Zlv b m\e_d aZ kh[hc mebqguo kh[Zd LhlqZk dlhlh imklbeky [_`Zlv b mebqgu_ kh[Zdb dbgmebkv aZ gbf 3. < lhf fbj_ _klv rd\Zeu b rlbeb aZlf_gby b a_fe_ljyk_gby4. FjZfhj [ue [_e b ]h^beky ^ey h[ebph\hqguo jZ[hl FjZfhj [ue [_e b _]h hohlgh bkihevah\Zeb ^ey h[ebph\hqguo jZ[hl 5. IZjmkZ \ayeb \_l_j b mijm]h gZ^mebkv IZjmkZ \ayeb \_l_j b dhjZ[ev klj_fbl_evgh ihg_kky \i_j_^ 6. FZljhk ohjhrh ieZ\Ze gh ihl_jye khagZgb_ b g_ kfh] kiZklbkv FZljhk ohjhrh ieZ\Zeghihl_jyekhagZgb_b_]hg_kfh]ebkiZklb 7.Eh^dZijh^\bgmeZkvdkdZe_b keZ[h m^ZjbeZkv h[ g__ [hjlhf Eh^dZ ijh^\bgmeZkv d kdZe_ b __ keZ[h m^Zjbeh h[ kdZem [hjlhf 8. G_ba\_klguc meu[gmeky b ijhlygme fg_ jmdm G_ba\_klguc meu[gmeky b y meu[gmeky _fm \ hl\_l 9. Khegp_ f_rZehkv k jhah\uf hl[e_kdhf ]hem[hc\h^ukj_^bg_`guoiZevfiZihjhlgbdh\b^jm]boqm^_kguojZkl_gbc Lhevdhihh^ghfmij_^eh`_gbxfh`ghijb^mfZlvdijbf_jZf 3 b 9. 19. 1.IeZg_luKheg_qghckbkl_fu 2.FZl_jbdb 3.Obsgbdbk_f_ckl\ZdhrZqvbo 4.?kl_kl\_ggu_gZmdb 35 20.Bgkljmdpby 21. 1. ... ihdmihd Z bf_ggh l_ggbkgu_ fyqb jZd_ldb lj_gbjh\hqgu_ dhklxfu djhkkh\dbm^hqdbb ... . 2. ...kdjulvh]hgvex[h\vbdZr_ev 22. 1. ...Ehg^hgZ;_eh_[_afhe\b_<_jZ\q_eh\_dZFm`_kl\h`_gsbgu ... . =_jhb ...fm`_kl\hf ... . 2. ...fZl_fZlbdm]_h]jZnbxnbehkhnbx ... .Hg ...yaudh\ g_f_pdbc njZgpmakdbc blZevygkdbc ihevkdbc nbgkdbc lmj_pdbc ZjZ[kdbc i_jkb^kdbc ... . 3. ...h[h\k_fhihju\_ ... .;_eu_ ...lhkdh\Zebkf_yebkv ... . 4.<k_ q_f ... jh^bgZfZlv ... ]eZ^v ... ^hebgZ ... klh]h\ — \k_ ... . 5. ... [eZ]hjh^kl\h b ^hklhbgkl\h —\hl ... .Ijhlygb ...eZ^hgv ... . 6. ...\_dh\ ...;hjh;m^mj ...Dheba_c ... Zd\_^mdb ...fhgZklujb ... — \k_ ... . 23. 1. ... , dhlhjh_ ... , djhf_ ilbp b ... , b ... , b ... , b ... . 2. ... iZjh\ha ih_a^ Z\lhfh[bev \Z]hg l_e_]Z dZj_lZ lZqdZ ... , Z .... 3. ... , lZd dZd ... hdjZkdhc ... , ]hem[hc a_e_ghc nbhe_lh\hc `_elhc kbg_c fZebgh\hc ... . 4. ... , dlh ... ju[hd ... hdjZkdhc ... , fZebgh\hc ..., eZahj_\hc ... . 5. ... , qlh ... gZjbpZl_evgufb ... , Dhjh[hqdZ Gha^j_\ Iexrdbg Kh[Zd_\bq Oe_klZdh\ ... . F_g__ ... , G_m\Z`Zc DhjulhIhijbsbg ... . 36 24.<k_qlh ...a\mdb ... ,ihjlv_ju ...f_[_ev — ... .GZg_f ... ,b ... . >jmavy ... ,qlh ... .?keb ... ,lh ...\_sbhl ... ,qlh ... ,b\_ljZ ... , qlh ... ,^h ...^_\hqdb ... 25. 1. ...\k_b ... ,b ... 2. ... —\k_wlh ... 3. ...hdjZkhd ... 4. ...^\hjZ ...fZeurb ... — \k_ ... 5. ... nehl.... eh^db [Zc^Zjdb ... rexidb ... — \ wlhl ... 6. ... `b\hlguo \_j[ex^Z ... 7. ... —\k_ ... 8. ...dmogb ...[ex^Z ....`_e_ —\k_ ... 37 =eZ\Z II H[hkh[e_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby Ijh^he`Z_fgZr_iml_r_kl\b_ihkljZg_imgdlmZpbb Qlh agZqbl h[hkh[blv \ imgdlmZpbb" Lh `_ qlh b \ ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb \u^_eblv ihklZ\blv \ hkh[h_ iheh`_gb_ Lhevdh \ `bagb wlh ^_eZ_lky k\hbfb kj_^kl\ZfbZ\imgdlmZpbb —agZdZfbij_ibgZgby AZq_fgZfh[hjhlu" H[hkh[e_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby:KImrdbggZa\Zeh[hjhlZfbHgibkZeQ_f [h]Zq_yaudh[hjhlh\b\ujZ`_gbcl_femqr_^eybkdmkgh]hibkZl_eyAgZdhfkl\hk aZibkgufbdgb`dZfb EGLheklh]hihdZaZehqlh[he__^\Z^pZlbe_lhg ki_pbZevgh mijZ`gyeky \ bkihevah\Zgbb jZaebqguo yaudh\uo kj_^kl\ b \ lhf qbke_ h[hjhlh\ <hl h^gZ ba aZibk_c \ _]h dgb`d_ JZkkfhlj_\rb dm\rbg g_ [jhkbe Dm\rbg g_ [jhkbejZkkfhlj_\rb ?keb \ZrZ kh[kl\_ggZy ibkvf_ggZy j_qv ebr_gZ h[hjhlh\ hgZ [_^gZ b g_\ujZabl_evgZIhwlhfm\Zfbf__lkfukeohjhrhkgbfbhk\hblvky Iha^hjh\Z_fkyk^__ijbqZklbyfb Kj_^b h[hjhlh\ [hevrhc ihimeyjghklvx ihevamxlky ^__ijbqZklgu_ >ey lh]h qlh[u m\Zk[uebkgbfb ohjhrb_ \aZbfhhlghr_gby g_h[oh^bfh \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v [ukljhb[_ahrb[hqghmagZ\Zlvbokj_^b^jm]bokeh\Mf__l_eb\uwlh">eyfgh]bo ba\ZkwlhhdZau\Z_lkyg_e_]dbf^_ehf>Z\Zcl_h[km^bfijbqbgu\Zrboljm^ghkl_c DZd\uagZ_l_^__ijbqZklb_khklhbl\jh^kl\_gguohlghr_gbyobk]eZ]hehfbk gZj_qb_f Wlh dZd [u ]b[jb^ ]eZ]heZ b gZj_qby dZd ]j_cinjml — ]b[jb^ ebfhgZ b Zi_evkbgZ ?kl_kl\_ggh qlh ^__ijbqZklb_ bf__l koh^kl\h k ]eZ]hehf h[hagZqZ_l ^__ijbqZklb_ dZd b ]eZ]he ^_ckl\b_ gh lhevdh ^h[Z\hqgh_ : k gZj_qb_f hgh koh^gh l_f qlh aZklueh l_ g_ bf__l hdhgqZgby g_ baf_gy_lky >__ijbqZklby \ ij_^eh`_gbb fh]ml hl\_qZlv gZ l_ `_ \hijhku qlh b gZj_qby — gZ \hijhku h[klhyl_evkl\Ghlhevdh^__ijbqZklbyhl\_qZxlgZ\hijhkuq l h ^ _ e Z y " q l h k ^ _ e Z \ " q l h k ^ _ e Z \ r b " Bf_ggh ih wlbf \hijhkZf fu fh`_f m\_j_gghhlebqZlv^__ijbqZklbyhlex[uo^jm]bokeh\ <hl\Zfbgkljmdpby kfko_fmgZk 39). 1.<uibrbl_^__ijbqZklbybake_^mxs_]hjy^Zkeh\ Ih^gylv ih^gy\ \ukhdh gZ\_jo meu[qb\h \_k_eh meu[Zykv meu[Z_lky meu[gmekymeu[gm\rbkvijb\_leb\hijb\_lkl\m_lijb\_lkl\my Hl\_lvl_kdZdbfbqZklyfbj_qb\ug_i_j_imlZeb^__ijbqZklby Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 38 >__ijbqZklby qZklh imlZxl k ijbqZklbyfb Wlh ihgylgh b l_ b ^jm]b_ bf_xl ]eZ]hevgmxhkgh\m ]meyy]meyxsbc bhl\_qZxlgZihoh`b_]eZ]hevgu_\hijhku>Z bg_dhlhju_kmnnbdkumgboihoh`bm^__ijbqZklbyrb\rb ijbg_krbgZqZ\rb Z m ijbqZklby_klvkmnnbdk\r gZiZ\rbc Dh]^Z d g_fm ijb[Z\ey_lky hdhgqZgb_ bc wlh fh`_l k[blv \Zk k lhedm G_j_^dh ijbqZklby b ^__ijbqZklby b hdZgqb\Zxlky ihoh`_gZi_\ZygZi_\Z\rZyLhevdhwlhym^__ijbqZklbykmnnbdkZmijbqZklby — o\hklbdhdhgqZgbyZy G_ imlZcl_ bo Ihfgbl_ qlh ^__ijbqZklby — wlh g_baf_gy_fZy nhjfZ ]eZ]heZ Z ijbqZklbybaf_gyxlky kdehgyxlky B\hijhkumgbobf_xlg_lhevdhkoh^kl\hgh b jZaebqb_ m ^__ijbqZklby \hijhku h[klhyl_evkl\ b \hijhku q l h ^ _ e Z y " qlh k^_eZ\" qlh k^_eZ\rb" Z m ijbqZklby qlh ^_eZxsbc"qlh^_eZ\rbc"qlhk^_eZ\rbc" 2.?s_h^bggZ[hjkeh\DZdb_bagbo²^__ijbqZklbybkq_f\ubog_i_j_imlZeb" KdZaZlv kdZaZ\ kdZaZ\rbc j_rblvky j_rb\rbkv j_rb\rbcky kf_ykv kf_xsbckykf__lkyaZ^mfZ\rbckyaZ^mfZ\rbkvaZ^mfZekykbyykbyxsbckbylv Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, :l_i_jv^Z\Zcl_\ueZ\eb\Zlv^__ijbqZklbybaihlhdZkZfuojZaguo keh\ 39 3.AZibrbl_dZ`^h_keh\h\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu Kms_kl\bl_evgu_ IjbeZ]Zl_evgu_ =eZ]heu IjbqZklby GZj_qby >__ijbqZklby E_lZy ^hdjZkgZ kbyxsZy mfqZeZkv \_k_eZy f_evgbpZ gZdZgmg_ ihijhklm r_e_kl_eZ gZjbkh\Z\ ijhkljZgkl\h [_aex^gZy gbdh]^Z jZa\_k_eb\rbkv hklhjh`_gi_j_\h^klj_fbl_evghmiZ\fZeurbih^fb]gm\rbih^gy\rbgZ^_xkv gZ^_`gh kfhljysbc kfhljbl_ev g_ ]ey^y ih^jm`_kdb k\ys_ggZy k\_lysZyky hk\_lbl_evhk\_s_gb_k\_leh Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 4. I_j_^ \Zfb i_j_imlZggu_ ihkeh\bpu JZkimlZcl_ bo i_j_ibrbl_ b ih^q_jdgbl_ ^__ijbqZklby 1.G_^Z\rbkeh\Zg_kmcky\\h^m 2.Kgy\rb]heh\mdj_ibkvZ^Z\rb^_j`bkv 3.G_agZy[jh^mih\hehkZfg_ieZqmlIjh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u II. H[hkh[e_ggh_h[klhyl_evkl\h \ujZ`_ggh_^__ijbqZklgufh[hjhlhf >__ijbqZklby \klj_q_ggu_ \Zfb \ l_dkl_ fh]ml [ulv eb[h h^bghqgufb g_jZkijhkljZg_ggufb eb[h jZkijhkljZg_ggufb lh _klv bf_xsbfb ijb k_[_ ihykgbl_evgu_ keh\Z >__ijbqZklby k ihykgbl_evgufb keh\Zfb gZau\Zxlky ^__ijbqZklgufh[hjhlhf < ij_^eh`_gbb h^bghqgu_ ^__ijbqZklby b ^__ijbqZklgu_ h[hjhlu [u\Zxl jZaebqgufbh[klhyl_evkl\Zfb lhqg__^h[Z\hqgufbkdZam_fufbh[klhyl_evkl\Zfb 5.Ih^q_jdgbl_^__ijbqZklgu_h[hjhlubh^bghqgu_^__ijbqZklby\ijbf_jZo GZdjZkguoeZidZo]mkvly`_euc AZ^mfZ\ieulvihehgm\h^ KlmiZ_l[_j_`ghgZe_^ KdhevablbiZ^Z_l<_k_euc F_evdZ_l\v_lkyi_j\uckg_] A\_a^ZfbiZ^ZygZ[j_] :KImrdbg X`gucDj_kllZfkby_l\^Zeb Ki_j\uf\_ljhfijhkg_lkydhfiZk ;h]ojZgydhjZ[eb >Zihfbem_lgZk :=jbg IeZq_l]^_lhb\he]Zkohjhgykv\^mieh Lhevdhfg_g_ieZq_lky²gZ^mr_k\_leh K?k_gbg 40 Hl]h\hjbeZjhsZahehlZy ;_j_ah\uf\_k_eufyaudhf B`mjZ\ebi_qZevghijhe_lZy M`g_`Ze_xl[hevr_gbhdhf K?k_gbg >_j`Zdm\rbggZ^]heh\hc =jmabgdZmadhxljhihc Koh^beZd[_j_]mIhjhc HgZkdhevabeZkj_^vdZfg_c Kf_ykvg_eh\dhklbk\h_c FXE_jfhglh\ DlhkdZq_ldlhfqblkyih^oeZ^ghxf]ehc" ?a^hdaZiha^Zeuckgbfkugfheh^hc Dhlpm\_kvba^jh]gm\fZexldZijbgbd H[gy\_]h^_j`blb]j__lklZjbd <:@mdh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, >h[Z\hqgu_kdZam_fu_ —h[klhyl_evkl\Z \ujZ`_ggu_^__ijbqZklbyfb b^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfb kaZiylufbb[_agbo Ijhkfhljbl_l_dkluij_^u^ms_]haZ^Zgbybhl\_lvl_gZ\hijhku 1.AZ\bkbleb\u^_e_gb_^__ijbqZklgh]hh[hjhlZhl_]hf_klZ\ij_^eh`_gbb" 2.<u^_eyxlkyebh^bghqgu_^__ijbqZklby" ?keb\u[ueb\gbfZl_evgulh[_amkeh\ghaZf_lbebqlh^__ijbqZklgu_h[hjhlu \u^_eyxlky aZiylufb g_aZ\bkbfh hl bo f_klZ \ ij_^eh`_gbb <u^_eyxlky b h^bghqgu_^__ijbqZklby : \k_]^Z eb wlh ijhbkoh^bl" JZkkfhljbf ijbf_ju g_ i_j_\h^y ^uoZgby g_ ihdeZ^Zyjmdkehfy]heh\mkimklyjmdZ\Z <k_wlhdhg_qgh^__ijbqZklgu_h[hjhluGhg_ijhklu_ Ihfgbl_ eb \u qlh lZdh_ b^bhfu gZijbf_j kt_klv kh[Zdm dhl gZieZdZe \lbjZlvhqdb " Wlhmklhcqb\u_]hlh\u_khq_lZgbykeh\dhlhju_\ug_kljhbl_ih^[bjZykeh\ZZ \kihfbgZ_l_ \ gm`guc fhf_gl p_ebdhf Wlb khq_lZgby keh\ h[hagZqZxl kh\k_f g_ lh qlh \oh^ysb_ \ gbo keh\Z GZijbf_j kt_klv kh[Zdm h[hagZqZ_l [ulv fZkl_jhf k\h_]h ^_eZ dhl gZieZdZe — agZqbl kh\k_f g_fgh]h q_]hlh \lbjZlv hqdb — h[fZgu\Zlv Kj_^bb^bhffgh]b_y\eyxlky^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfbAZjm[bl_k_[_gZghkm >__ijbqZklgu_h[hjhlub^bhfug_h[hkh[eyxlky 41 :\hl\Zfbgkljmdpby 42 6. <klZ\vl_ ih^oh^ysb_ ih kfukem ^__ijbqZklgu_ h[hjhlu AZibrbl_ ihemq_ggu_ ij_^eh`_gbykhagZdZfb 1. ... y ... imklbeky \ jbkdh\Zggh_ iml_r_kl\b_ 2. ... y ... aZgbfZeky g_ex[bfuf ^_ehf 3. ...y ...jZkkdZaZej_[ylZfh[h\k_fkemqb\r_fky 4.FhyfZlvg_fh]eZ`blv ...^Zbhl_pg_ex[bekb^_lv 5. ...j_[ylZe_l_eb ... H[hjhlu ^ey \klZ\db g_ \a\_kb\ \k_o \hafh`guo ljm^ghkl_c hq_jly ]heh\m ij_h^he_\Zyg_hohlmkdj_iyk_j^p_[m^mqbkh\_jr_gghbkdj_ggbfiheh`ZjmdmgZ k_j^p_g_jZ[hlZykeh`Zjmdblhjhiykvdih_a^mkehfy]heh\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, <hijhkgZkhh[jZabl_evghklvihq_fmb^bhfug_h[hkh[eyxlky" Qlh[u e_]q_ gZclb hl\_l ihklZ\vl_ \hijhku d ke_^mxsbf b^bhfZf kh]eZkbeky kdj_iyk_j^p_kemrZ_laZlZb\^uoZgb_<um\b^bl_qlh\k_hgbhl\_qZxlgZ\hijhk dZd" — l_ gZ \hijhk gZj_qby : gZj_qby fu [_a hkh[uo ijbqbg aZiylufb g_ \u^_ey_f H^bghqgu_^__ijbqZklby[_aaZiyluo 7. Ba ^Zgguo ^__ijbqZklbc \uibrbl_ l_ dhlhju_ g_ h[hagZqZxl ^hihegbl_evgh]h ^_ckl\by KlhyjZafZob\Zye_`Zih\_jgm\rbkvfheqZdZlZykvkb^yiju]Zyg_ki_rZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Hl\_qZxleb\uibkZggu_\Zfb^__ijbqZklbygZ\hijhkuq l h ^ _ e Z y " q l h k^_eZ\" Dhg_qghg_lHgbhl\_qZxllhevdhgZ\hijhkud Z d " d Z d b f h [ j Z a h f " — l_ \_^ml k_[y dZd gZj_qby : gZj_qbyf dZd \u m`_ agZ_l_ [_a hkh[uo ijbqbg aZiyluog_iheZ]Z_lky 8.Ihijh[mcl_khklZ\blvbgkljmdpbxkZfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, L_i_jv\uagZ_l_^hklZlhqgh^eylh]hqlh[uijbklmiblvdlj_gbjh\d_ 9. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby Ih^q_jdgbl_ ^h[Z\hqgu_ kdZam_fu_h[klhyl_evkl\Z . <hllZd < 1959]h^mg_[hevrh_km^gh\uc^yba dhemf[bckdh]hihjlZihl_ji_eh Z\Zjbx\ hldjulhf fhj_ HdZaZ\rbkv \ \h^_ ex^b ih^\_j]ebkv gZiZ^_gbx Zdme Ihfhsv ijbreZ g_h`b^Zggh >_evnbgu \klmib\ \ [hc k obsgbdZfb kiZkeb ex^_c Hlh]gZ\ Zdme^Ze_dh\fhj_hgb\f_kl_kex^vfb\klj_lbebkiZkZl_evgh_km^gh Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 10.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\l_dkl_Hl]Z^Zcl_dlhZ\lhjwlboklboh\bbadZdh]h ijhba\_^_gbyhgb\aylu 43 AbfZDj_klvygbglhj`_kl\my GZ^jh\gyoh[gh\ey_limlv ?]hehrZ^dZkg_]ihqmy Ie_l_lkyjukvxdZdgb[m^v ;jZa^uimrbklu_\aju\Zy E_lbldb[bldZm^ZeZy Yfsbdkb^blgZh[emqd_ <lmemi_\djZkghfdmrZd_ <hl[_]Z_l^\hjh\ucfZevqbd <kZeZadb`mqdmihkZ^b\ K_[y\dhgyij_h[jZab\ RZemgm`aZfhjhabeiZevqbd ?fmb[hevghbkf_rgh :fZlv]jhabl_fm\hdgh Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 11. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby JZkkdZ`bl_ dZdb_ ijZ\beZ \Zf ihgZ^h[behkv ^ey wlh]h\kihfgblv >Z\Zcl_ihgbfZlv^jm]^jm]Zkihemkeh\Z Qlh[hrb[b\rbkvjZag_hrb[blvkykgh\Z >Z\Zcl_`blv\h\k_f^jm]^jm]mihlZdZy L_f[he__qlh`bagvdhjhldZylZdZy ;Hdm^`Z\Z Bdh]^ZaZdem[blkyaZdZl ihm]eZfaZe_lZy imklvhiylvbhiylvij_^hfghxieu\mlgZy\m kbgbc[mc\he b[_euchj_e bnhj_evahehlZy :bgZq_aZq_f gZa_fe_wlhc\_qghc`b\m" ;Hdm^`Z\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Kfhljbf\i_j_^ Keh\h ijh]gha \u dhg_qgh keurZeb g_h^ghdjZlgh Qlh hgh h[hagZqZ_l" Ijh ih ]j_q_kdb agZqbl ij_^\Zjyxsbc ]gha — agZgb_ AgZgb_ lh]h qlh ^he`gh ijhbahclb²lZdh\kfukekeh\Zijh]ghaJZamf__lkybf_gghh[hkgh\Zggh_agZgb_Z g_^h]Z^dZbg_\ufuk_e <u agZdhfu k ijh]ghahf ih]h^u k iheblbq_kdbfb ijh]ghaZfb Gh \Zf g_h[oh^bfh \eZ^_lv imgdlmZpbhgguf ijh]ghahf — ij_^m]Z^u\Zlv [ehd ih kZfuf i_j\uf _]h keh\Zf Wlh \Zf ihfh`_l jZkklZ\eylv agZdb kjZam ih oh^m ibkvfZ g_ ^h`b^Zykv ihdZ [m^_l aZibkZgh \k_ ij_^eh`_gb_ Lhevdh lZdZy jZkklZgh\dZ agZdh\ h[_ki_qb\Z_lgZklhysmximgd 44 lmZpbhggmx ]jZfhlghklv : imgdlmZpby dZd \u agZ_l_ ihfh]Z_l \ujZ`Zlv fukev GZmqblvky lZdhfm ijh]ghabjh\Zgbx ihfh]Z_l jZ[hlZ k hlj_adZfb ij_^eh`_gbc dhlhjmxfu\j_fyhl\j_f_gbij_^eZ]Z_f\Zf 12.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. Emqb k\_lZ ihiZ^Zy gZ ... 2. ... hdZaZ\rbkv gZ kl_g_ beb ^jm]hc iehkdhc ih\_joghklbkhojZgyxl ... 3.H[\_^ywlml_gvdZjZg^Zrhfbebm]e_ffh`ghihemqblv ... 4. ... aZ^he]h ^h bah[j_l_gby nhlh]jZnbb gZmqbebkv ihemqZlv bah[jZ`_gb_ q_eh\_dZg_ljZlyijbwlhf ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. AgZ_l_eb\udlhlZdhcDhavfZIjmldh\" @be[ue \ ijhrehf \_d_ ibkZl_ev dhlhjh]h gbdh]^Z g_ [ueh ;bh]jZnby [ueZ dgb]b [ueb ^Z`_ ihjlj_l [ue Z _]h kZfh]h gbdh]^Z g_ [ueh A\Zeb _]h DhavfZ Ijmldh\ Ih^ wlbf bf_g_f ibkZeb xfhjbklbq_kdb_ ijhba\_^_gby kjZam ljb Z\lhjZ :e_dk_c DhgklZglbgh\bq Lheklhc b [jZlvy @_fqm`gbdh\u Z bgh]^Z d gbf ijbkh_^bgyekyb?jrh\Z\lhjkdZadbDhg_d]hj[mghd 13. Dhavf_ Ijmldh\m ijbgZ^e_`bl fgh]h ]em[hdhfuke_gguo baj_q_gbc Fu ohl_eb ihagZdhfblv \Zk k g_dhlhjufb ba gbo ^Z \hl [_^Z hgb jZkkuiZebkv Kh[_jbl_ bo b aZibrbl_jZkklZ\eyyagZdbij_ibgZgby DhiZy^jm]hfmyfm ... ...g_evayg_m^b\eylvky =ey^ygZfbj ... ...g_baebrg_ijb^_j`b\ZlvdZjlmak\hcaZdhauj_d ?^bgh`^ukhe]Z\rb ... ...kh[_jbkvk^mohf IjbgbfZykvaZ^_eh ... ...dlhl_[_ih\_jbl" <abjZygZ\ukhdboex^_cb\ukhdb_ij_^f_lu ... ...ihl_jy\rbieZq_f Qlhbf__fg_ojZgbf ... ...kZf\g__ihiZ^_rv Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Ijh^bdlmcl_^jm]^jm]mZihlhfijh\_jvl_k_[yihdgb`d_ YdZ`^uc^_gv\hkklZ\hlkgZ ;eZ]h^Zjxk_j^_qgh;h]Z AZlhqlh\gZrb\j_f_gZ <her_[gbdh\g_lZdm`_fgh]h :KImrdbg 14. Qlh[u g_ aZ[ulv ijhc^_ggh_ jZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ hlj_adZo ij_^eh`_gbc 1. Hl_p fheqZ gZ[ex^Ze aZ ... 2. ... jZkdjbqZ\rbkv i_j_ihehrbeZ Ih mebp_ kehfy]heh\m ... 4. ...gZgZkk_j^bebkvlZddZdfuhq_gvex[bebqblZlve_`Z 5.=mkv r_e\hbgkl\_gghoehiZy ... 6. ...mijZ`g_gby\uihegyxlkyklhy Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 45 Ki_pbZevgucjZa]h\hj hljm^guokemqZyo < klbohl\hj_gbb Klbob h kh\_lkdhf iZkihjl_ <FZydh\kdbc hibku\Z_l qbgh\gbdh\ ijh\_jyxsbo gZ ]jZgbp_ iZkihjlZ m iZkkZ`bjh\ < kljhqdZo dhlhju_ \uk_cqZkijhql_l_aZdexq_gZi_j\Zyljm^ghklvdhlhjZy\Zffh`_l\klj_lblvkyijb jZ[hl_k^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfbIhijh[mcl_hij_^_eblv\q_fhgZaZdexqZ_lky Bg_ih\_jgm\ ]heh\udhqZg bqm\kl\ gbdZdbo g_ba\_^Z\ [_jml g_fhj]gm\ iZkihjlZ^ZlqZg bjZaguo ijhqbo r\_^h\ <FZydh\kdbc <uijZ\u_kebm\b^_ebljm^ghklv\lhfqlha^_kvg_h^gh^h[Z\hqgh_kdZam_fh_ h[klhyl_evkl\hZp_euoljbB^\Zbagbo —h^ghjh^gu_qe_guBihklmiZlvkgbfb gZ^hlZd`_dZdbkex[ufb^jm]bfbh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb <lhjZyljm^ghklv<q_fhgZ"JZkkfhljbfijbf_j Fh]mqbc ihlhd \h^u fqZeky d kdZebkluf ihjh]Zf b gZihegyy hdj_klghklv rmfhf b [jua]Zfb klj_fbl_evgh gba\_j]Zeky\gba <hllZdkh[ulb_AZiylZyihke_bJZa\_lZd[u\Z_l">Z\Zcl_aZihfgbf?kebgZr_ ^h[Z\hqgh_ kdZam_fh_h[klhyl_evkl\h gZr ^__ijbqZklguc h[hjhl jZkiheZ]Z_lky ihke_ khxaZ beb khxagh]h keh\Z hg \u^_ey_lky k ^\mo klhjhg aZiylufb i_j\Zy ba dhlhjuohdZau\Z_lkyihke_khxaZ bebkhxagh]hkeh\Z Bkdexq_gb_khklZ\ey_llhevdhkhxaZHgijbebiZ_ld^__ijbqZklghfmh[hjhlm bg_hl^_ey_lkyhlg_]haZiylhc ?s_ijbf_jDehmg\ur_egZZj_gmgZjmdZo[helZy\\ha^mo_gh]Zfbb^jm`gh Zieh^bjmyajbl_ebijb\_lkl\h\Zeb_]h DZdih\Zr_fmkdhevdha^_kv^__ijbqZklguoh[hjhlh\" <uijZ\u_kebhl\_lbeb qlhbo^\Z Hlghkylkyebhgbdh^ghfmkdZam_fhfmbebdjZaguf" <u ijZ\u _keb hl\_lbeb qlh hgb hlghkylky d jZaguf kdZam_fuf \oh^ysbf \ jZagu_ qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby Ihwlhfm hgb g_ y\eyxlky h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb :qlhkh_^bgy_lkhxab" <u ijZ\u _keb hl\_lbeb qlh hg kh_^bgy_l g_ ^__ijbqZklgu_ h[hjhlu Z qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby : lZd dZd h[Z h[hjhlZ ^h[jhkh\_klgh \u^_e_gu khxa b hdZaZeky hdjm`_g k ^\mo klhjhg aZiylufb dhlhju_ d g_fm kZfhfm g_ bf_xl hlghr_gby 46 < dZq_kl\_ iml_\h^bl_ey ih wlbf ljm^guf kemqZyf ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf bgkljmdpbx kfk8). :l_i_jv —lj_gbjh\dZ 15. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby GZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu H^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bg_gu h^bghqgufhiZkgufkhxahf H^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bg_gubglhgZpb_c beb[_ahiZkgufbkhxaZfbbeb ih\lhjyxsbfbkyhiZkgufbkhxaZfb 1. H^gZ`^u :g^_jk_g \b^_e dZd >xfZ ibkZe k\hc hq_j_^ghc jhfZg lh ]jhfdh i_j_jm]b\Zykvk_]h]_jhyfblhihdZlu\ZykvhlohohlZ DIZmklh\kdbc 2.<^Ze_dhc \ukhdh]hjghckljZg_Lb[_lfgh]hfhgZkluj_cK\ys_gghkem`bl_ebeZfudhlhju_\ gbo `b\ml ijh\h^yl `bagv g_ lhevdh l\hjy fhebl\u g_ lhevdh bkp_eyy [hevguo g_ lhevdh kh[bjZy e_q_[gu_ ljZ\u Hgb _s_ jbkdmy `bagvx kh\_jrZxl ihe_lu gZ h]jhfguo \ha^mrguo af_yo ^_j`Zkv jmdZfb aZ \_j_\db b mibjZykv gh]Zfb \ ki_pbZevgu_ijbkihkh[e_gby 3.Klj_fbl_evghkdhevayihkg_]mb\_k_ehjZafZob\Zy iZedZfbfbfhf_gyijhg_keZkvjZajmfygb\rZykyeu`gbpZ Ihl_kh\ufdjh\_evdZfb]jZxqb Lmqdbk_ju_jZa]hgyxqb AZjyZeZyih^ufZ_lky FXE_jfhglh\ Kf_ykvhg^_jadhij_abjZe A_febqm`hcyaudbgjZ\u FXE_jfhglh\ 6.<ukhdh\]hju\iheam`be_]lZf\kujhfms_ev_k\_jgm\rbkv\ma_eb]ey^y\ fhj_ F=hjvdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 16.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby Dm\rbgua\mqZgZebebky\h^hx B]hj^hdb\ZyfZojh\hc]eZ\hx Ijb\_lkl\mxliZevfug_`^Zgguo]hkl_c Bs_^jhihblboklm^_gucjmq_c FXE_jfhglh\ Bykgukiysb_]jhfZ^u Imklugguomebpbk\_leZ :^fbjZel_ckdZyb]eZ Bg_imkdZylvfmghqgmx GZahehlu_g_[_kZ H^gZaZjykf_gblv^jm]mx Ki_rbl^Z\ghqbiheqZkZ :KImrdbg 47 48 3.=jhammg_keh[_ake_^ZbZjdhci_j_dbgm\rbkvq_j_a\kxFhkd\mklhyeZ\g_[_ jZaghp\_lgZy jZ^m]Z ibeZ \h^m ba Fhkd\uj_db F;me]Zdh\ 4. Ex^b hq_gv ex[hiulgu hgb ohlyl kjZ\gb\Zlv ihagZ\Zlv b ]ehlgm\ k\_`_]h \_ljZ qm`[bgu ihkdhj__ \_jgmlvky ^hfhc : =hnf_ckl_j 5. < h]jhfghf Zd\Zjbmf_ \h Nehjb^_ ^_evnbguiju]Zxlkd\havh[jmqihxl^mwlhfb\ukhdh\uiju]b\Zyba\h^ueh\dh o\ZlZxl ba jmd ihk_lbl_e_c k\_`mx ju[m GKeZ^dh\ 6. GZrb iml_r_kl\_ggbdb \klmibeb\djZc]^_bo\klj_lbebnZglZklbq_kdb_\b^_gbyijbqm^eb\hi_j_ie_lZykvk j_ZevghklvxIhg_[mreZ]jhfZ^gZyilbpZklmiZydjmigufbrZ]ZfbG_agZyqlhwlh aZ ilbpZ hohlgbdb fh]eb [u aZ[_kihdhblvky =^_lh gZ iehkdh]hjv_ r_e kljZmk b fbjZ` hljZabe _]h m\_ebqb\ \ klh jZa ih FZcg Jb^m 7. <ukhdh gZ^ Zj_ghc \bk_e dZgZl qmlv ih^jZ]b\Zy b eh\dh fZg_\jbjmy r_klhf ih g_fm r_e q_eh\_d \ yjdhc h^_`^_ 8.=bfgZkl^_j`ZegZ]heh\_r_klkh[ex^ZyjZ\gh\_kb_b\kdZjZ[dZ\rbkvih wlhfmr_klmgZ\_jogZg_f\h\_kvjhkl\klZefZevqbde_l\hkvfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 17. Kh[_jbl_ jZkkuiZggu_ ij_^eh`_gby b aZibrbl_ bo jZkklZ\eyy agZdb ij_ibgZgby 1.Hl[jZku\Zyfhj_fdjbdbdjm`Zlky]eZ^dmxl_gbbj_adb_\h^ugZba^Zxl gZ^ih\_joghklvqZcdb 2.H[oh^yiheyr_eZck[_j]bdhjZ[evbe_]dhlhjhkub h^he_\Zye_^ygu_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 18. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ hlj_adZo ij_^eh`_gbc KhklZ\vl_ ko_fu ij_^eh`_gbcbfuke_gghboijh^he`b\ 1. <_ebdbc fZkl_j ^j_\ghklb >_^Ze `b\y \ g_\he_ m ... 2. Hg ^he]h ^mfZe dZd [_`ZlvkDjblZbg_bf_y\hafh`ghklb ... 3.GZ[jZ\i_jv_\hg ... 4.Mk_j^ghjZ[hlZyk mljZ ^h \_q_jZ >_^Ze ... 5. GZ djuevyo [ueb mdj_ie_gu i_leb b ijh^_\ \ gbo ... 6. Dh]^Zdjuevy[ueb]hlh\uhg\afZob\Zy ... 7.Hl_pkkughfgZ^_\djuevye_]dh ... 8. L_dlh\b^_eboihe_lm^b\eyebkv^mfZy ... 9.GhfZevqbdaZ[u\ ... 10.<hkddhlhjuc kdj_ieyedjuevyjZklZyebhklZ\rbkv[_a ... 11.H[_jgm\rbkv>_^Zeg_ ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Ghk\ulZsbrv —o\hklm\ya KZfZy jZkijhkljZg_ggZy hrb[dZ ihjh`^Z_fZy ^__ijbqZklgufb h[hjhlZfb— wlh ihl_jyh^ghcbaaZiyluo?klvi_j\Zybg_l\lhjhcbeb_klv\lhjZybg_li_j\hcDZd \ihkeh\bp_Ghk\ulZsbrv²o\hklm\yaO\hkl\ulZsbrv —ghkm\yaAZihfgbl_ ohjhr_gvdh qlh m ^__ijbqZklgh]h h[hjhlZ _keb hg klhbl g_ \ gZqZe_ b g_ \ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gbyh[yaZl_evgh^he`gu[ulv^\_aZiylu_gZghkmbgZo\hkl_ 49 19.IhjZ[hlZcl_dhjj_dlhjhfBkijZ\vl_imgdlmZpbhggu_hrb[db 1. Emqb khegpZ ijhoh^y kd\hav gZkus_gguc iZjZfb \ha^mo iZ^Zeb lZf b lml kghiZfb FIjbr\bg 2. Khegp_ h[gbfZeh l_fguc o\hcguc e_k b l_iehf k\hbf jZkdju\Zeh gZ _eyo iZkfmjgu_ lZcgbdb hk\h[h`^Zy ihke_^gb_ k_f_gZ hl rbr_d FIjbr\bg 3. QZklh eb \u \b^bl_ q_eh\_dZ dhlhjuc ih^gy\ ]heh\m kfhljbl gZ a\_a^u" XHe_rZ 4. FZevqbd \_e gZ ih\h^d_ kh[Zdm fZoZy o\hklhf hgZ h[gxob\ZeZljhlmZj Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Ihq_fm l_jy_lky lh ghk lh o\hkl" Wlb ihl_jb aZ\bkyl hl lh]h dZd jZ[hlZ_l \ZrZiZfylvbgZkdhevdh\umf__l_ijh]ghabjh\Zlv <h\j_fyibkvfZ\ubf__l_^_ehg_kh\k_fij_^eh`_gb_fp_ebdhfZlhevdhkl_f hlj_adhfdhlhjucaZibku\Z_l_\^Zggucfhf_glIjbwlhf\ug_kh\k_fhlq_leb\h ihfgbl_aZibkZggh_bg_kh\k_fykghijh]ghabjm_l_lhqlh_s_ij_^klhblaZibkZlv G_ ij_^\b^y ih i_j\uf keh\Zf qlh \u ibr_l_ h[hjhl fh`_l_ ihl_jylv aZiylmx \ _]h gZqZe_ — gZ ghkm G_ aZihfgb\ qlh \u ibr_l_ h[hjhl jbkdm_l_ ihl_jylv o\hklh\mxaZiylmx Wlbljm^ghklbk\yaZgukhkh[_gghklyfbjmkkdh]hkbglZdkbkZ 50 < g_dhlhjuo yaudZo ihjy^hd keh\ \ ij_^eh`_gbyo l\_j^h mklZgh\e_g jZa b gZ\k_]^Z b dZ`^uc qe_g ij_^eh`_gby g_ fh`_l f_gylv k\h_ f_klh gb ijb dZdbo mkeh\byo:\jmkkdhfyaud_ihjy^hdkeh\k\h[h^gucbex[hcqe_gij_^eh`_gby\ lhf qbke_ b ex[hc h[hjhl fh`_l hdZaZlvky lh \ gZqZe_ lh \ k_j_^bg_ lh \ dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gby<lZdbomkeh\byomke_^blvaZgbfb]hjZa^hljm^g__q_f\kemqZ__keb [u hgb aZgbfZeb ihklhyggu_ f_klZ \ ij_^eh`_gbyo b ihwlhfm ljm^g__ klZ\blv agZdb 20. >Z\Zcl_ ihijh[m_f ihcfZlv h[hjhl \ ex[hf f_kl_ ij_^eh`_gbc JZkklZ\vl_ agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. Kf_rgh i_j_\Zeb\Zykv f_^\_`hghd r_e ih Zj_g_ gZ aZ^gbo eZiZo 2. F_^\_`hghd kf_rgh i_j_\Zeb\Zykv r_e ih Zj_g_ gZ aZ^gbo eZiZo 3. F_^\_`hghd r_eihZj_g_gZaZ^gboeZiZokf_rghi_j_\Zeb\Zykv Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Eh\ey h[hjhlh\ mkeh`gy_lky _keb \ ij_^eh`_gbb [hevr_ h^gh]h h[hjhlZ b ke_^h\Zl_evgh \hajZklZ_l dhebq_kl\h ghkh\ b o\hklh\ <hajZklZ_l b gZ]jmadZ gZ iZfylvbh[t_fjZ[hluihijh]ghamGhg_k^Z\Zcl_kv 21.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. GZijZ\eyykv d ^j_kkbjh\sbdm f_^\_`hghd r_e ih Zj_g_ gZ aZ^gbo eZiZo kf_rghi_j_\Zeb\Zykv 2.Kf_rghi_j_\Zeb\Zykvf_^\_`hghdr_eihZj_g_gZaZ^gbo eZiZogZijZ\eyykvd^j_kkbjh\sbdm Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, <udhg_qghihfgbl_qlhij_^eh`_gbyfh]ml[ulvjZkiheh`_gudZdfZlj_rdZ \fZlj_rd_ I_j_^\Zfbkeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_\dhlhjhfg_kdhevdhfZlj_r_d 22. <uibrbl_ ]eZ\gmx qZklv ij_^eh`_gby ² gZjm`gmx fZlj_rdm gh g_ aZ[u\Zcl_h^__ijbqZklguoh[hjhlZob^__ijbqZklbyo 51 khkqblZcl_ kdhevdh \ g_c ijyq_lky ijb^Zlhqguo qZkl_c jZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby LZf]^_fhj_\_qghie_s_l GZimkluggu_kdZeu =^_emgZl_ie__[e_s_l <keZ^dbcqZk\her_[ghcf]eu =^_\]Zj_fZogZkeZ`^Zykv >gbijh\h^blfmkmevfZg LZf\her_[gbpZeZkdZykv Fg_\jmqbeZlZebkfZg :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 23.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1.JZaaZ^Z\dZdhcgb[m^v\hijhkFZe_gvdbcijbgp ... 2. ...rbrdZmiZeZbf_evdZy o\hklhf[_edZ ... 3. ...]hlh\u[uebaZdjbqZlvhlm^h\hevkl\bym\b^_\ ... 4. ...^Z`_g_ h[jZlb\\gbfZgbyijh[_`ZefbfhbklZ\i_j_^ljb[mghcgZqZe ... 5. ...ihfqZekybg_ jZa[bjZy^hjh]b ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. ?keb \ ij_^u^msbo iylb aZ^Zgbyo m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd \u fh`_l_ ijhimklblv ljbke_^mxsbobi_j_clbdaZ^Zgbx 28.?kebhrb[db[uebijh^he`Zcl_\uihegylv \k_ih^jy^ 24. Baeh`_gb_fbgbZlxjZ I_j_qblZcl_ l_dkl g_kdhevdh jZa Z ihlhf aZdjhcl_ _]h b gZibrbl_ihg_fmbaeh`_gb_ Qlh[u^h_oZlv^hIZjb`Z NjZgkmZ JZ[e_ ba\_klguc njZgpmakdbc ibkZl_ev hqmlbeky \ ^_g_`ghf aZljm^g_gbb?fmg_q_f[uehaZieZlblvaZijh_a^baEbhgZ\IZjb`Lh]^ZgZkuiZ\ \ljb[mfZ`guoiZd_lbdZkZoZjguci_khdhggZh^ghfgZibkZeY^^eydhjheygZ ^jm]hf — Y^ ^ey dhjhe_\u gZ lj_lv_f — Y^ ^ey i_j\h]h fbgbkljZ HklZ\b\ iZd_lbdbgZ\b^ghff_kl_hgklZe`^ZlvKem`ZgdZm[bjZydhfgZlmijhqeZgZ^ibkb bih[_`ZeZdohaybgmLhl\kihehrb\rbkv\ua\ZekljZ`mIbkZl_eyko\Zlbebbih^ dhg\h_fgZijZ\beb\IZjb`Ij_^klZ\i_j_^ijhdmjhjhfIZjb`ZJZ[e_ijbagZeky\ aehfmfuke_b\ih^l\_j`^_gb_ijh]ehlbe\k_kh^_j`bfh_iZd_lh\ ba`mjgZeh\ 25. Ih^q_jdgbl_ ^h[Z\hqgu_ kdZam_fu_h[klhyl_evkl\Z ^__ijbqZklgu_h[hjhlu bjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby ^__ijbqZklby b 1. Kehg gbdh]^Z g_ iheZ]Z_lky lhevdh gZ k\hb ]eZaZ @_eZy ihemqblv ykgh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_hijhbkoh^ys_fhg\k_]^Zih^gbfZ_loh[hl?keb`_hgi_j_^\b]Z_lky ghqvx lh kimkdZ_l oh[hl ^h kZfhc a_feb dZd [u bkke_^my __ Gh ijb wlhf hg g_ ie_l_lky g_m\_j_ggh gZsmiu\Zy ihq\m ih^ gh]Zfb Z eh\dh b [ukljh h[oh^bl \k_ ij_iylkl\bym\_j_gghfbgmybogZk\h_fimlb W;Zmwj 2. 2400e_lgZaZ^hibku\Zy dZd^he`_g^_j`Zlvky\_`eb\ucb\hkiblZggucq_eh\_d 52 :jbklhl_ev hkh[_ggh ih^q_jdgme qlh hg [m^_l hkl_j_]Zlvky h]hjqZlv ex^_c 3. Dh]^Zlh jmdZ\Z h^_`^u m dblZcp_\ [ueb gZ f_lj ^ebgg__ q_f gm`gh b `_eZy ih`Zlvdhfmgb[m^vjmdmhgblj_fyeh\dbfb^\b`_gbyfbhl[jZku\ZebjmdZ\lZdqlh hg kZf eh`beky djZkb\ufb kdeZ^dZfb gZ aZiyklv_ b ij_^ie_qv_ ba `mjgZeh\ 4. =jZgbpu fbjZ \ dhlhjhf fu `b\_f klj_fbl_evgh jZa^\b]Zxlky hldju\Zy b g_baf_jbfu_ ijhklhju dhkfhkZ b lZcgu fbdjhfbjZ ba `mjgZeh\ 5. Ghqvx ih ^_j_\g_klhyelZdhcaZiZol_ieh]hoe_[Zkjmfyghcdhjdhckijb]hj_\rbfbd^hgpm dZimklgufb ebklvyfb qlh ^Z`_ ebkbpu \ue_aeb ba ghj kb^_eb gZ kg_]m ^jh`Zeb b lbohgvdhkdmebebkhh[jZ`ZydZd[ukeh\qblvkyklZsblvmex^_cohlvdmkhq_dwlh]h qm^_kgh]hoe_[Z DIZmklh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 26. IhjZ[hlZcl_ dhjj_dlhjhf I_j_ibrbl_ ij_^eh`_gby bkijZ\eyy imgdlmZpbhggu_ hrb[db 1.E_^hdheijh^Z\eb\Z_le_^k\hbf\_khf <aehfZ\ e_^ dhjZ[ev hloh^bl gZaZ^ b aZl_f kgh\Z mklj_fey_lky \i_j_^ qlh[u jZah]gZ\rbkv kbevg__ m^Zjblv ev^bgm D >hf[jh\kdbc 2. AZf_lb\ gZk ]b]Zglkdbc ys_j hklZgh\beky \ulygm\ r_x b g_ ki_rZ aZljmkbe \ ^jm]mx klhjhgm Ihke_^h\Z\ aZ gbf y m\b^_e dZd hg kdjueky \ jhs_LZfhge_]ih^[hevrbf^_j_\hfaeh[ghih]ey^u\ZygZf_gy J;ehf[_j] 3. Kheg_qgh_ mljh qmlv fhjhabl b kh\_jr_ggh lboh Kihdhcgh [u\Z_l gZ ^mr_ dh]^Z \_kghc ih^ \_q_j gZ dj_fh\hf g_[_ ]hem[hc ^uf gZ[_]Zy ba ljm[ klhe[Zfb ih^gbfZ_lky \\_jo gZ\_jom hg jZkoh^blky h[jZamy ih^ g_[_kguf k\h^hf dhehggu FIjbr\bg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 27.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby Ih ^hjh]_ qZklh ihiZ^Zxlky dZjebdh\u_ kh\u <ulygm\rbkv \h njmgl dZd aZijZ\kdb_ qZkh\u_ hgb kb^yl gZ imqdZo ljZ\u \hae_ k\hbo ghjhd g_ k\h^y k \Zk iheguo m^b\e_gby b e_^ygh]h ij_aj_gby ]eZa 2. Q_jghi_]b_ dmebdb kgmxl \hdjm] lZykv\ljZ\_ih^]ey^u\Zy db\Zy ]heh\dZfb Z ihlhf \^jm] \afu\Zxl \ \ha^mo djbqZ L_jhl_jh3.Lhqlh\uijbgyeb[uehaZ[hevrhcimqhd\ukhor_chlkhegpZljZ\u \g_aZighih^gbfZ_lkygZ^ebgguodj_idbogh]Zobg_k_lkyihjZ\gbg_\ulygm\r_x gujyy b eZ\bjmy kj_^b dhexq_d 4. G_ mki_\Ze y ih^hclb ih[eb`_ d k_j_[jbklh a_e_guf gZk_dhfuf dZd kju\Zykv k f_klZ hgb mghkbebkv ihk\_jdb\Zy ijhajZqgufb iehkdhklyfb djuev_\ 5. <j_f_gZfb dZdhcgb[m^v fhsguc kmd ih^eZfu\Zeky b \uju\Zy dehd ba a_e_gh]h iheh]Z e_l_e \gba hldju\Zy ^hklmi ahehluf klj_eZf kheg_qguoemq_c 6.Ilbpuklj_fbl_evgh\ue_lZxlbae_kZbaZ[Z\ghgujyygZe_lm jZkkZ`b\Zxlky gZ ^_j_\vyo \hklhj`_ggh i_j_debdZykv 7. AZdmku\Zy ih^ ^_j_\hf y m\b^_e dZd ^\b]Zykv f_^e_ggh b \_ebqZ\h ih dhj_ ihiheaeZ ]b]ZglkdZy mebldZ jZaf_jhf k y[ehdh H e_kghc a_fe_jhcd_ ba\_klgh qlh ijh]heh^Z\rbkv hgZ kihkh[gZkehiZlvbkh[kl\_ggh]hjh^bqZ 9.L_gbm`_klZgh\ylky^ebgg__ 53 dh]^Z hklhjh`gh i_j_klmiZy kljhcgufb gh`dZfbdZjZg^ZrbdZfb g_[hevrb_ Zglbehiu b^ml gZ \h^hihc lh b ^_eh hklZgZ\eb\Zykv b h]ey^u\Zy \k_ \hdjm] ]jhfZ^gufb\eZ`gufb]eZaZfb ih>`>Zjj_eem Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 28. : l_i_jv fu ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf aZ^Zgb_ ih\ur_gghc ljm^ghklb JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby KebrdhfkmfjZqgZykebrdhfdh\ZjgZy H^bqZeZyklZeZa_fey Bkdehgb\rbkvgZsblemq_aZjguc H]eygmehgimklu_ihey KlZlmbdhehggunhgZjb LZyeb\ijhklhjZoghqbkbg_c Bg_ki_rgh^h]hgyybo D=hkih^mg_kebk\hcqbklucbg_c IjbajZdb^_j_\v_\g_`b\uo Bi_j_^wlbfkhegp_fhlklmiZy Ihgy\qlhkgbfkhi_jgbqZlvg_evay JZklZyeZlhkdZfhyke_iZy <kykbg_\hc\_k_gg_xkd\hay <eGZ[hdh\ Ke_auk_j^p_fg_l_kgyl Bdjm`Zkv\kZ^mm]jxfhf Ebklvy`_elu_e_lyl K]jmklgufrmfhf <a\_\Zye_]db_]Zj^bgu BjZa^m\Zyk\_laZjgbpu GhqgZy[ebabeZkv]jhaZ Lukdmqgh\ihf_jdr__g_[h\a]eygmeZ Blboh\a^hogm\rbhiylvhimklbeZ]eZaZ HgZ\afZogmeZe_]dhc]jb\hc Bgha^jbd\_ljmh[jZlb\ Klhkdhxg_`ghcbkqZkleb\hc DhfmlhkljZklgucre_lijbau\ B;mgbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uI <kZfhfh[s_f\b^_ <jhfZg_FboZbeZ;me]Zdh\ZFZkl_jbFZj]ZjblZ_klvklZ\rZydjueZlhcnjZaZ Jmdhibkb g_ ]hjyl Gh gZ kZfhf ^_e_ jmdhibkb b ex[u_ ^jm]b_ ibkvf_ggu_ ^hdmf_glub]hjyl b ]b[gml hl ^jm]bo ijbqbg b g_ihijZ\bfh ihjlylky hl iehoh]h ojZg_gby Bkke_^h\Zl_eyf dhlhju_ iulZxlky \hkklZgh\blv dZjlbgu ijhreh]h ih lZdbf ihkljZ^Z\rbfl_dklZfbgh]^Zijboh^blkybf_lv^_ehk 54 h[ju\dZfb njZa ba dhlhjuo g_evay ihemqblv gbdZdhc dhgdj_lghc bgnhjfZpbb Gh mq_gu_klZjZxlkyba\e_qvbawlboh[ju\dh\kfukeohly[u\kZfhfh[s_f\b^_DZd wlh ijhbkoh^bl" Ijbf_jgh lZd ijbf_ju [_j_f kZfu_ ijhklu_ ?keb [u g_ ih^^_j`dZ^jma_cfu[u<kZfhfh[s_f\b^_fh`ghkdZaZlvfu[ug_^h[bebkv q_]hlhbebfug_kfh]eb[uba[_`ZlvdZdbolhljm^ghkl_c>jm]hcijbf_jDh]^Z \ ]hjh^ ihkljZ^Z\rbc hl < h[s_f \b^_ fh`gh kdZaZlv Dh]^Z \ ]hjh^ ihkljZ^Z\rbc hl dZdh]hlh [_^kl\by ijb[ue dlhlh beb ijb[ueh qlhlh \ g_f klZehijhbkoh^blvqlhlhq_]h^hwlh]hg_[uehBebQlhlhklZehijhbkoh^blv kl_fbdlhijb[uebebkl_fqlhijb[ueh <j_fyhl\j_f_gb\u[m^_l_ mijZ`gylvky\lZdhcjZ[hl_ <hafh`gh \Zfgbdh]^Z g_ ijb^_lky bamqZlv ihkljZ^Z\rb_ l_dklu gh mf_gb_ meZ\eb\Zlv ih g_kdhevdbf keh\Zfh[sbckfukeihfh`_l\Zfqm\kl\h\Zlv k_[y m\_j_gg__ \ \Zr_c kh[kl\_gghc ibkvf_gghcj_qbb\__hnhjfe_gbbagZdZfbij_ibgZgby 29.Hij_^_ebl_\kZfhfh[s_f\b^_kfuke hlj_adh\ij_^eh`_gbcjZkklZ\vl_\gbo agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. ... qlh[u k^_eZ\ ... 2. ?keb \u ihemqb\ ... 3. ... \ ^hf_ ]^_ ... 4. Gh wlh fh`_l ijhbahclblhevdhlh]^Z ... 5.Dh]^Zhgbg_jZah[jZ\rbkvlhedhf ... 6.H[tykgbl_fg_ ^eyq_]h ... 7.Q_ffh`ghh[tykgblvqlh ... 8.Dh]^Zfuj_rb\rbkv ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Ljb\b^Zhij_^_e_gbc DZdb_ hgb [u\Zxl" ?klv ljb \b^Z hij_^_e_gbc g_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ jZkijhkljZg_ggu_bg_kdhevdhhij_^_e_gbcdh^ghfmkeh\m Ihlj_gbjm_fky\mf_gbbjZaebqZlvbo 30.I_j_^\Zfbij_^eh`_gbyI_j_^ij_^eh`_gb_fkh^bghqgufg_jZkijhkljZg_gguf hij_^_e_gb_f ihklZ\vl_ agZqhd ² k jZkijhkljZg_ggufb ² agZqhd k g_kdhevdbfbg_jZkijhkljZg_ggufbhij_^_e_gbyfbdh^ghfmkeh\m²agZqhd ²² G_[_kgh_ l_eh dhlhjh_ hldju\Zxl mq_gu_ ihemqZ_l bfy IeZg_lZ MjZg gZa\ZgZ lZd \ q_klv [h`_kl\Z hebp_l\hjyxs_]h g_[h LZbgkl\_ggZy djZkgZy ieZg_lZ FZjk gZa\ZgZ\q_klv[h]Z\hcgu Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, :l_i_jvgZihbkdbhij_^_ey_fh]hkeh\Z Q_]hkq_fg_gZ^himlZlv"Hij_^_ey_fh]hkeh\Zhldhlhjh]haZ\bkblhij_^_e_gb_ k l_f keh\hf dhlhjh_ kZfh aZ\bkbl hl hij_^_e_gby ihykgbl_evgh_ keh\h LZd \ ij_^eh`_gbbJbf —]hjh^ ihkljh_gguc gZ k_fb ohefZo hij_^_e_gb_ ihkljh_gguc hlghkblkydkeh\m]hjh^lh_klvhij_^_ey_l_]hKeh\ZgZk_fbohefZokZfbhlghkylky dkeh\mihkljh_ggucaZ\bkylhlg_]hihykgyxl_]h Hij_^_e_gby [_a ihykgbl_evguo keh\ gZau\Zxlky g_jZkijhkljZg_ggufb beb h^bghqgufb 55 Hij_^_e_gb_dhlhjh_bf__laZ\bkbfu_keh\Z`b\_lkgbfb\f_kl_h^ghck_fv_c HghgZau\Z_lkyjZkijhkljZg_ggufhij_^_e_gb_fIh^q_jdb\ZlvjZkijhkljZg_ggh_ hij_^_e_gb_gZ^hp_ebdhf<hllZdihklh_ggucgZk_fbohefZo Hij_^_e_gbyfh]mlklhylvdZdi_j_^hij_^_ey_fufbkeh\ZfblZdbihke_gbo 31.Ih^q_jdgbl_hij_^_e_gbyMdZ`bl_hij_^_ey_fh_keh\h<hllZd 5 Jbf —wlh]hjh^ihkljh_ggucgZk_fbohefZo. H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_\dZdboij_^eh`_gbyohij_^_e_gby\u^_e_guagZdZfbij_ibgZgbyZ \dZdbog_lJZkklZ\vl_ba\_klgu_\ZfagZdb <_g_pby wlh ]hjh^ ihkljh_gguc gZ fhj_ LZf \f_klh mebp dZgZeu ijhoh^ysb_ q_j_a\_kv]hjh^Z\f_klhZ\lh[mkh\]hg^heu=hg^heuwlhihdjulu_q_jgufeZdhf eh^dbkmadbf\ukhdhih^gylufghkhf=hg^heukdhevaylih\hegZfhlijhoh^ysbo fbfhdZl_jh\<k_]hg^hev_juihxlb]hjh^ihehga\mdh\hljZ`Zxsbokyhlfmlguo \h^dZgZeh\ ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 32. L_i_jv ijhqblZcl_ ij_^eh`_gby \ dhlhjuo hij_^_e_gby hlghkylky d jZaguf keh\Zf<uibrbl_hij_^_e_gby\f_kl_khij_^_ey_fufbkeh\Zfb J_\_lmjZ]Zg Ih_lhd_Zg Djm`blkykg_] Fqblkyf]gh\_gguc\_d Kgblky[eZ`_gguc[j_] :;ehd Ih^q_jdgbl_hij_^_e_gby\hegbklhcebgb_c<hllZd f]gh\_gguc\_d[eZ`_gguc[j_] Iha^g_chk_gvxba]Z\Zgb HlaZf_l_gghckg_]hfa_feb <ij_^gZagZq_ggh_ieZ\Zgv_ B^mlly`_eu_dhjZ[eb :;ehd Dm^jy\uckmfjZdaZ]hjhc JmdhxfZr_l[_ehkg_`ghc K?k_gbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. DZdb_qZklbj_qbfh]ml[ulvhij_^_ey_fufbkeh\Zfb" 33. <uibrbl_ baij_^eh`_gbc hij_^_ey_fu_ keh\Z b j_rbl_ dZdhc qZklvx j_qb hgb \ujZ`_gu 1. FbjZ\hklhj][_kij_^_evguc K_j^pmi_\mq_fm^Zg 56 <imlvjhdh\hcb[_kp_evguc Rmfgucah\_lhd_Zg :;ehd M\y^Zgvyahehlhfho\Zq_gguc Yg_[m^m[hevr_fheh^uf K?k_gbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, <Zf m`_ ykgh hij_^_ey_fh_ keh\h fh`_l [ulv \ujZ`_gh dZd kms_kl\bl_evguf lZdbf_klhbf_gb_f Dh]^Zhij_^_e_gbyh[hkh[eyxlky GZqg_fkkZfh]hijhklh]hkemqZy 34. < ke_^mxsbo ij_^eh`_gbyo ih^q_jdgbl_ hij_^_e_gby mdZ`bl_ hij_^_ey_fu_ keh\ZbkdZ`bl_q_fhgb\ujZ`_gu 1. <hjh[ur_d hay[ b ijh]heh^Zeky 2. <at_jhr_gguc hg ijhba\h^be dhfbqgh_ \i_qZle_gb_ 3.?fmmklZehfmbhay[r_fmohl_ehkvhl^hogmlvbkh]j_lvky Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, L_i_jvijhkfhlj_\_s_jZaij_^u^ms__aZ^Zgb_hl\_lvl_gZ\hijhku AZ\bkbl eb h[hkh[e_gb_ hij_^_e_gby hlghkys_]hky d ebqghfm f_klhbf_gbx hl lh]h 1) ]^_ hgh klhbl — i_j_^ hij_^_ey_fuf keh\hf beb ihke_ g_]h 2) jZkijhkljZg_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_bebg_jZkijhkljZg_ggh_" <ufh]ebaZf_lblvqlhg_aZ\bkblgbhllh]hgbhl^jm]h]h BlZd fu fh`_f k^_eZlv \u\h^ qlh hij_^_e_gb_ hlghkys__ky d ebqghfm f_klhbf_gbx h[hkh[ey_lky \k_]^Z Wlhl \u\h^ ^Z_l gZf \hafh`ghklv ijbklmiblv d khklZ\e_gbxbgkljmdpbb :qlhijhbkoh^bldh]^Zhij_^_ey_fh_keh\h\ujZ`_ghkms_kl\bl_evguf"GZwlhl \hijhk\ufh`_l_hl\_lblvkZfb>eywlh]h\_jgbl_kvdaZ^Zgbx 31. <u hq_\b^gh k^_eZeb lZdhc \u\h^ jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby d bf_gb kms_kl\bl_evghfm h[hkh[eyxlky _keb klhyl ihke_ g_]h b g_ h[hkh[eyxlky _keb klhyli_j_^gbf I_j\Zyiheh\bgZwlh]h\u\h^Z\_jgZ:kh\lhjhc —^Z\Zcl_jZa[bjZlvky^Zevr_ KjZ\gbl_lZdb_iZjuij_^eh`_gbc 1. Klhy\rbc\\_jogh]ZfbdehmgaZdZgqb\Zelj_gbjh\dm<u]ey^_\rbckf_rgufb g_e_iuf pbjdh\hc ljxd lj_[h\Ze eh\dhklb b lhqghklb ^\b`_gbc 2. G_ bf_\rbc ijb k_[_ iZljhgh\ [Zjhg Fxgo]Zma_g \k_lZdb \uklj_ebe \ he_gy aZjy^b\ jm`v_ \brg_\hc dhklhqdhc Q_j_a ]h^ ij_djZkgh jZajhkr__ky ^_j_\h a_e_g_eh f_`^m jh]Zfbhe_gy L_i_jvhl\_lvl_ 1.Q_f\ujZ`_gu\wlboij_^eh`_gbyohij_^_ey_fu_keh\Z" Bf_gZfbkms_kl\bl_evgufb 57 =^_klhbljZkijhkljZg_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_²i_j_^gbfbebihke_g_]h" I_j_^gbf Fh`_l_eb\uhl\_lblvdh]^Zhgbh[hkh[eyxlkyi_j_^kms_kl\bl_evgufbZdh]^Z g_l" ?keb \u hl\_qZeb q_klgh \u ^he`gu [ueb hl\_lblv ijbf_jgh lZd ihdZ _s_ g_ihgylghA^_kv^he`gu[ulvdZdb_lh^hihegbl_evgu_ijZ\beZ >Z\Zcl_jZkkfhljbfwlbijZ\beZ Hij_^_e_gbyk^h[Z\hqgufb agZq_gbyfb Ijhqlbl_ ij_^eh`_gby ihklZ\vl_ \hijhku hl ]eZ\ghc qZklb ij_^eh`_gby d ijb^Zlhqghcbhl\_lvl_dZdhcwlh\b^ijb^Zlhqgh]hij_^eh`_gby 1. ?keb\gbfZl_evghbamqblviZfylgbdbk_^hcklZjbguhgbfgh]h jZkkdZ`mlh ^Ze_dhfijhrehf I j b d Z d h f m k e h \ b b " ²ijb^Zlhqgh_mkeh\gh_ 2. Ohly ex^b magZeb h[ ZlhfZo _s_ hl ^j_\g_]j_q_kdh]h nbehkhnZ >_fhdjblZ hgbhldjuebZlhfgmxwg_j]bxlhevdh\ XX\_d_ G _ k f h l j y g Z q l h " ²ijb^Zlhqgh_mklmibl_evgh_ 58 3. LZddZdj_[ylZ[uebhlebqghwdbibjh\Zgu^eyihoh^Zhgbg_[hyebkvgb^h`^y gb\_ljZ I h q _ f m " —ijb^Zlhqgh_ijbqbgu L_i_jv ij_h[jZamcl_ wlb ij_^eh`_gby aZf_gb\ ijb^Zlhqgu_ qZklb jZkijhkljZg_ggufb hij_^_e_gbyfb Ihkljhcl_ ij_^eh`_gby lZd qlh[u jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby klhyeb i_j_^ hij_^_ey_fuf keh\hf dZd b ijb^Zlhqgu_ij_^eh`_gby <hl qlh m \Zk ^he`gh ihemqblvky 1. <gbfZl_evgh bamq_ggu_ iZfylgbdb k_^hc klZjbgu fgh]h jZkkdZ`ml h ^Ze_dhf ijhrehf 1. MagZ\rb_ h[ ZlhfZo _s_ hl ^j_\g_]j_q_kdh]h nbehkhnZ >_fhdjblZ ex^b hldjueb Zlhfgmx wg_j]bx lhevdh \ XX \_d_ 3. Hlebqgh wdbibjh\Zggu_ ^ey ihoh^Z j_[ylZ g_ [hyebkv gb ^h`^y gb \_ljZ JZkijhkljZg_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby \ wlbo ij_^eh`_gbyo hl\_qZxl gZ \hijhku d Z d b _ " BflZdbiheZ]Z_lkyH^gZdhdwlbff_klhbf_gbyffh`ghaZ^Zlvb^jm]b_ \hijhku — \hijhku h[klhyl_evkl\ Ihijh[mcl_ kZfb wlh k^_eZlv KjZ\gbl_ h[klhyl_evkl\_ggu_ \hijhku k l_fb dhlhju_ \u aZ^Z\Zeb d kbghgbfbqguf ijb^ZlhqgufHgb^he`gukh\iZklv BlZd\ZrbjZkijhkljZg_ggu_hij_^_e_gbyklhyli_j_^hij_^_ey_fufbkeh\Zfbb hl\_qZxl g_ lhevdh gZ \hijhku hij_^_e_gbc gh b gZ h^bg ba \hijhkh\ i j b d Z d h f m k e h \ b b " beb g _ k f h l j y g Z q l h " beb i h q _ f m " DZdb_\u\h^uhihklZgh\d_aZiylhcijbjZkijhkljZg_gguohij_^_e_gbyofh`ghba wlh]hk^_eZlv" G_gZ^h[ulvR_jehdZfbOhefkZfb^eylh]hqlh[ugZ[ex^Zl_evghklvih^kdZaZeZ \Zfwlb\u\h^u<hlhgb ?klv jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby dhlhju_ bf_xl g_ lhevdh hij_^_ebl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ gh b ^h[Z\hqgu_ h[klhyl_evkl\_ggu_ ijbqbggh_ beb mkeh\gh_ beb mklmibl_evgh_LZdb_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_hij_^_e_gbykbghgbfbqguijb^Zlhqguf ij_^eh`_gbyfijbqbgubebmkeh\gufbebmklmibl_evguf Hij_^_e_gbyk^h[Z\hqgufbh[klhyl_evkl\_ggufbagZq_gbyfbh[hkh[eyxlky \k_]^Z FujZkkdZaZeb\Zfh[h\k_ohij_^_e_gbyodjhf_h^bghqguog_jZkijhkljZg_gguo Wlhg_kemqZcghG_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_h^bghqgu_hij_^_e_gbyg_h[hkh[eyxlky gb i_j_^ hij_^_ey_fuf keh\hf gb ihke_ g_]h djhf_ l_o kemqZ_\ dh]^Z hij_^_ey_fh_keh\h —ebqgh_f_klhbf_gb_ L_i_jv fu fh`_f k\_klb \ bgkljmdpbx \k_ qlh magZeb h[ h[hkh[e_gbb hij_^_e_gbc kfk 60). Wlh ljm^guc fZl_jbZe ihwlhfm ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf ih^kdZadm ?keb hij_^_e_gb_ klhbl i_j_^ hij_^_ey_fuf keh\hf gh hl^_e_gh hl g_]h ^jm]bfb keh\Zfb kh kdZam_fuf m g_]h \k_]^Z _klv dZdh_eb[h ba h[klhyl_evkl\_gguo agZq_gbc GZijbf_j <ukljh_gguc gZ [hehl_ fgh]h e_l f_^e_ggh jZajmrZeky [Zjkdbc ^hf H\_yggu_i_j\hchll_i_evxohjhrh iZogml\brg_\u_kZ^u Hkbeb\lZdhc[hevrhcbkeh`gucl_hj_lbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe\uq_klghaZjZ[hlZeb ijZ\hi_j_clbdlj_gbjh\d_Lj_gbjh\dZ[m^_l[hevrhcbjZaghh[jZaghc 59 60 Hij_^_ey_fh_keh\h agZck\h_f_klh KlxZj^_kkZ h[ty\beZ E_lysbc kZfhe_l kj_^b iehlgh]h kdhie_gby h[eZdh\ mijZ\ey_lky hiulguf ibehlhf M g_dhlhjuo iZkkZ`bjh\ \hagbdeh g_^hmf_gb_ Z qlh [m^_l dh]^Z kZfhe_l \uc^_l ba iehlgh]h kdhie_gby h[eZdh\" Rlmj\Ze \havf_l g_hiulgucibehl"KljZrgh\Zlh DZd\u^mfZ_l_\q_fhrb[dZklxZj^_kku" < __ ij_^eh`_gbb _klv jZkijhkljZg_ggh_ hij_^_e_gb_ e_lysbc kj_^b iehlgh]h kdhie_gby h[eZdh\ HgZ jZahj\ZeZ wlhl h[hjhl gZ ^\_ qZklb \klZ\b\ \ g_]h hij_^_ey_fh_keh\hIhemqbeZkv[_kkfukebpZ ;_j_]bl_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_hij_^_e_gbyImklvhgbm\Zk\k_]^Z[m^ml\p_ehklbb khojZgghklb 35. IhijZ\vl_ klxZj^_kkm ihkljhb\ ij_^eh`_gb_ \ ^\mo \ZjbZglZo \ h^ghf aZiylu_ gm`guZ\^jm]hfg_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 36. IhjZ[hlZcl_ j_^Zdlhjhf Hij_^_ebl_ dZdb_ ba wlbo ij_^eh`_gbc ihkljh_gu g_ijZ\bevghbkijZ\vl_bobaZibrbl_JZkklZ\vl_agZdb 1. <ha^mrguc rZjbd \uims_gguc :e_gdhc e_l_e \k_ \ur_ b \ur_ 2. Ijbg_k_gguc s_ghd \ ^hf [ukljh ijb\ud d gh\uf ohay_\Zf 3. Ihkljh_gguc ^hf lZeZgleb\ufZjobl_dlhjhfohjhrh\ibkZeky\ZgkZf[eviehsZ^b 4.Hlijbg_k_gguo dhgn_l fZfhc kdhjh gbq_]h g_ hklZehkv 5. ;Zjhg Fxgo]Zma_g ba\_klguc k\hbfb \u^mfdZfb gZau\Ze k_[y kZfuf ijZ\^b\uf q_eh\_dhf gZ a_fe_ 6. AZgyluc hl_p kjhqghcjZ[hlhckh\k_fg_h[jZsZe\gbfZgbygZFbrdm Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 37.H[tykgbl_ibkvf_gghagZq_gb_keh\bkihevamyjZkijhkljZg_ggu_hij_^_e_gbyg_ aZ[m^vl_hagZdZo<hllZd WdkdZ\Zlhj —wlhfZrbgZ\ugbfZxsZy]jmgl 1.Iheb]ehlwlhq_eh\_d ... . 2.Ahheh]bywlhgZmdZ ... . 3.:kljhghfbywlhgZmdZ ... . 4.GmfbafZlwlhq_eh\_d ... . 5.>bjb`_jwlhq_eh\_d ... . Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 38. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby GZc^bl_ g_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby dhlhju_ \u^_eyxlkyaZiylufbbh[tykgbl_ihq_fm Yihi_j\hfmkg_]m[j_^m <k_j^p_eZg^urb\kiuogm\rbokbe <_q_jkbg_xk\_qdhca\_a^m GZ^^hjh]hcfh_caZk\_lbe K?k_gbg :hgfyl_`gucijhkbl[mjb DZd[m^lh\[mjyo_klvihdhc FXE_jfhglh\ 61 G_agZx]^_ijbxlk\h_c]hj^ug_ LufbeZylug_`gZygZreZ Ydj_idhkiexfg_kgblkyieZsl\hckbgbc <dhlhjhflu\kujmxghqvmreZ :;ehd BaZfudZxy\de_ldmoheh^gmx E_]dmx^h[jmxilbpmk\h[h^gmx Ilbpmohl_\rmxkf_jlvmg_klb Ilbpme_l_\rmx^mrmkiZklb (:;ehd Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 39. I_j_kljhcl_ ij_^eh`_gby lZd qlh[u g_h[hkh[e_ggu_ hij_^_e_gby klZeb h[hkh[e_ggufbJZkklZ\vl_\gboagZdbij_ibgZgby 1. H[jZsZxsb_ky \hdjm] FZjkZ kimlgbdb gZa\Zgu ih bf_gb ^\mo kugh\_c ]j_q_kdh]h [h]Z \hcgu Nh[hk b >_cfhk 2. ;eb`ZcrZy d Khegpm ieZg_lZ ghkbl bfy ^j_\g_jbfkdh]h[h]Zlhj]h\ebF_jdmjby Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, AZcf_fky ijh]ghahf >Z\Zcl_ \kihfgbf qlh lZdh_ ijh]gha Wlh h[hkgh\Zggh_ ij_^kdZaZgb_lh]hqlh^he`ghijhbahclb 40. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ hlj_adZo ij_^eh`_gbc <uibrbl_ ghf_j ij_^eh`_gbyhdhlhjhffug_fh`_fkdZaZlvm\_j_gghgm`_geb\g_fagZd 1.Fg_gb_hlhfqlhkms_kl\m_l ... 2. ...ij_^jZkkm^hd\ua\ZggucgZrbf ... 3.=jm[h \uj_aZggZy ba ^_j_\Z nb]mjZ [ueZ ... 4. ... q_j_i i_j\h[ulgh]h q_eh\_dZ ^Zxsbc hkgh\Zgby ... 5. Ex^b `b\rb_ fgh]h ... 6. ... aZhklj_gghc lj_m]hevghc ljhklgbdh\hc iZehqdhc\u^Z\eb\Zeb ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 41.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyAZg_kbl_ghf_jdZ`^h]hijbf_jZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bdlZ[ebpubh[tykgbl_k_[_ihq_fm\h^gbokemqZyoaZiylZygm`gZZ\^jm]bo g_lGhf_jZijbf_jh\\dhlhjuo_klvh[ZkemqZyaZibrbl_\h[Zklhe[bdZ JZkijhkljZg_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_beb g_kdhevdhhij_^_e_gbcihke_ hij_^_ey_fh]hkeh\Z JZkijhkljZg_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_beb g_kdhevdhhij_^_e_gbci_j_^ hij_^_ey_fufkeh\hf 1. < >j_\g_f Jbf_ `bjZn b]jZe g_ ihke_^gxx jhev \ iurguo aj_ebsZo ]hjh^Z ijb\udr_]h d jhkdhrb 2. Hohlgbdb aZex[h\Zebkv gZ^_e_gguf \_ebdhe_ighc hkZgdhc `b\hlguf 3. =heh\m `bjZnZ \_gqZ_l iZjZ g_[hevrbo dhklyguo ihjbkluo rbr_d=eZaZ`bjZnZ [hevrb_ g_`gu_ b djhldb_ g_h[udgh\_ggh ohjhrb ih FZcg Jb^m 4.M^ebgghgh]h]hZbklZlZdmkljh_gh]hjehqlhhgg_bf__l]hehkZ 62 < hlebqb_ hl ^jm]bo ilbp ihxsbo ibsZsbo beb djbqZsbo Zbkl kh\_jr_ggh g_f Hlkmlkl\mxsbc m wlh]h ilbqv_]h ]b]ZglZ ]hehk aZf_gy_l ihs_edb\Zgb_ dex\Z ba `mjgZeh\ 5. GZ [_j_]m y ih^h[jZe iZgpbjv gZ j_^dhklv djmighc q_j_iZob m[blhc g_kdhevdh e_l gZaZ^ Wlhl iZgpbjv y ih^Zjbe h^ghc ghj\_`d_ i_j_k_eb\r_cky gZ =ZeZiZ]hk IhemqbeZkv djZkb\Zy b g_h[uqgZy djh\ZldZ ^ey feZ^r_]h qe_gZ k_fvb J;ehf[_j] 6.JhfZgu@xey<_jgZgZibkZggu_m\e_dZl_evghhkljhmfghk[hevrhc nZglZab_c kjZam ijb\e_deb d k_[_ \gbfZgb_ qblZl_e_c E : <\_^_gkdZy G B Dhe_kgbdh\ 7. H ke_ihf ^h`^_ b^ms_f ijb khegp_ \ gZjh^_ ]h\hjyl PZj_\gZ ieZq_lK\_jdZxsb_gZkhegp_dZiebwlh]h^h`^yihoh`bgZdjmigu_ke_au:dhfm `_ ieZdZlv lZdbfb kdZahqgufb ke_aZfb ]hjy b jZ^hklb dZd g_ kdZahqghc djZkZ\bp_ pZj_\g_ DIZmklh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, ?s_jZahlhfqlh ghk\ulZsbrv —o\hklm\ya Ba\_klgh qlh h[hjhlu ex[yl l_jylv lh ghkh\mx lh o\hklh\mx aZiylmx Ihwlhfm [m^vl_ [^bl_evgu H[hjhl ^he`_g [ulv \u^_e_g aZiylufb k ^\mo klhjhg Djhf_ l_o kemqZ_\ dh]^Z jhev h^ghc ba ^\mo klhjhg b]jZ_l gZqZeh beb dhg_p ij_^eh`_gby 42. I_j_ibrbl_ l_dkl jZkklZ\eyy agZdb ij_ibgZgby Ih^kqblZcl_ kdhevdh \ wlhf l_dkl_jZkijhkljZg_gguohij_^_e_gbc 63 LvfZ ijbr_^rZy kh Kj_^ba_fgh]h fhjy gZdjueZ g_gZ\b^bfuc ijhdmjZlhjhf ]hjh^ Bkq_aeb \bkyqb_ fhklu kh_^bgyxsb_ ojZf kh kljZrghc :glhgb_\hc [Zrg_c himklbeZkv k g_[Z [_a^gZ b aZebeZ djueZluo [h]h\ gZ^ ]biih^jhfhf IjhiZe ?jrZeZbf — \_ebdbc ]hjh^ dZd [m^lh g_ kms_kl\h\Ze \h\k_ <k_ ih`jZeZ lvfZ gZim]Z\rZy\k_`b\h_\?jrZeZbf_b_]hhdj_klghklyoLj_i_lgu_f_jpZgby\ua\Zeb ba [_a^gu ijhlb\hklhysbc ojZfm gZ aZiZ^ghf ohef_ ^\hj_p Bjh^Z <_ebdh]h b kljZrgu_[_a]eZau_ahehlu_klZlmb\ae_lZebdq_jghfmg_[mijhklbjZydg_fmjmdb <f_kl_ k \h^yghx iuevx b ]jZ^hf gZ [Zedhg ih^ dhehggu g_keh khj\Zggu_ jhau ebklvyfZ]ghebcfZe_gvdb_kmqvybi_khd ihF;me]Zdh\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 43.IhjZ[hlZcl_dhjj_dlhjhfGZc^bl_bbkijZ\vl_hrb[db\agZdZoij_ibgZgby Dh]^Z dhjZ[eb ijb[ebabebkv d [_j_]m Dhemf[ khr_e \ eh^dm \f_kl_ kh k\hbfb ihfhsgbdZfb H^bg ba gbo g_k [h]Zlh jZkrbluc neZ] k bgbpbZeZfb dhjhey b dhjhe_\uGZ[_j_]mDhemf[Z\klj_lbeZlheiZl_fghdh`boex^_ckjZkdjZr_ggufb ebpZfbbkq_jgufbijyfufb\hehkZfbkiZ^ZxsbfbgZr_xkdhivyfbbemdZfb\ jmdZo G_ \udZau\Zy gb \jZ`^u gb ^jm`_ex[by hgb kihdhcgh k ex[hiulkl\hf kfhlj_ebdZdkljZggh_[e_^ghebp__kms_kl\haZdmlZggh_\djZkgmxfZl_jbxkoh^bl gZ[_j_] ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 44.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. FZrbgZ iheb\ZxsZy mebpu 2. JZkklbeZxsZyky \hdjm] jZ\gbgZ 3. H[jZ^h\Zggu_ ^h[jhc \klj_q_c fu [ueb 4. JZkd\Zjlbjh\ZggZy \ ]hjh^_ ^b\baby gZoh^beZkv 5.M_oZ\rb_^Ze_dhhljh^guof_klj_[ylZl_fg_f_g__ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 45.IhjZ[hlZcl_j_^ZdlhjhfBkijZ\vl_ij_^eh`_gby 1. M de_ldb ]^_ jZkoZ`b\Zeb iZ\ebgu lheibebkv a_\Zdb jZkimklb\rb_ k\hb iurgu_o\hklu 2.GZdZjlbg_J_ibgZbah[jZ`_gaZihjh`_pdhlhjuchi_jkyjmdhch [hqhghdobljhmofueyxsbcky\mku 46. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ hlj_adZo ij_^eh`_gbc AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu H[hkh[ey_lky_kebhlghkblky debqguf f_klhbf_gbyf \k_]^Z dkms_kl\bl_evguf ihke_ hij_^_ey_fh]h keh\Z Bf__l^h[Z\hqgh_ agZq_gb_ G_h[hkh[ey_lky_keb hlghkblky dkms_kl\bl_evguf i_j_^hij_^_ey_fuf keh\hf 64 1. ...ghgZr^jm]aZgbfZ\rbcky ... 2. ...kljZklghm\e_q_gguchg ... 3. ...kZ^bekyaZ ih^]hlh\e_ggu_ k \_q_jZ ... 4. >Z`_ b bag_fh]Zxsbc hl mklZehklb fZevqbd l_f g_ f_g__ ... 5. Ihemqb\rbc \k_ g_h[oh^bfh_ <heh^y fh] [u ... 6. ... b kdhjh fu fh]eb m\b^_lvk^_eZggh__]hjmdZfb ... 7. ...baysguchjgZf_glmdjZrZ\rbc ... 8. ...hp_ibeb b kgZ[`_ggh_ m^h[gufb ... 9. <hkiblZgguc \ kljh]bo ijZ\beZo xghrZ g_ ... 10. ... f_^ebl_evguc b g_mdex`bc [jZlbrdZ \k_ `_ ... 11. ... gZ^_e_gguc hlebqguf a^hjh\v_fygbdh]^Z ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 47.IjhqblZcl_l_dklg_kdhevdhjZaZihlhfaZdjhcl__]hbbaeh`bl_ihiZfylb Omeb]Zghf gZau\Zxl q_eh\_dZ gZjmrZxs_]h h[s_kl\_gguc ihjy^hd Wlh keh\h ijbreh d gZf ba Zg]ebckdhc klhebpu [eba dhlhjhc \ XVIII \_d_ gZoh^beky ihklhyeuc ^\hj ijbgZ^e_`Z\rbc bjeZg^pm Omeb]wgm ^h\hevgh kdZg^Zevghfm q_eh\_dmijbqbgy\r_fmg_ijbylghklbg_lhevdhihklhyevpZfghbkhk_^yfIh_]h bf_gb omeb]ZgZfb klZeb gZau\Zlv hahjgbdh\ gZjmrZxsbo ghjfu h[s_kl\_ggh]h ih\_^_gby E:<\_^_gkdZyGIDhe_kgbdh\ 48.Kh[_jbl_jZkkuiZggu_ij_^eh`_gbybjZkklZ\vl_\gboagZdbij_ibgZgby 1. E_^gbd ]hj k wlh kiheaZxsZy dZd [u f_^e_ggh h]jhfgZy hq_gv j_dZ 2. Kha^Zgb_ lukyq_e_lb_ ibkvf_gghklb qj_a\uqZcgh h^gh keh`guc g_ aZgy\rbc ijhp_kk Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 49. Hij_^_ebl_ d dZdhc klj_ed_ gZr_c bgkljmdpbb kf k hlghkylky ke_^mxsb_ ij_^eh`_gbyJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby <q_jZmlhfe_ggucoh^v[hcih[hehlm AZ[j_ey\kZjZcbaZkgme]em[hdh B_cebih^kheg_qgufagh_fjh`^_gghc B\nZjlmd_kihey^hfhcijbg_k_gghc ;hylvkykfbj_gghcehrZ^dbk\h_c" G:G_djZkh\ 3. Dh]^Z khegp_ bajZkoh^h\Z\ ^g_\ghc aZiZk aghy m`_ dZkZehkv djZ_f ]hjbahglZ aZ]hj_eu_bbajy^ghijh]heh^Z\rb_ky fug_hohlghihdbgmeb[_j_] 4. >h`^Z\rbkv \_q_jZ fu bag_fh]Zxsb_ hl g_l_ji_gby \dexqbeb _ehqgu_ eZfihqdb 5. AZ]Z^hqgh f_jpZxsb_ jZaghp\_lgufb h]gyfb hgb kha^Z\Zeb Zlfhkn_jm lZbgkl\_gghc kdZadb dhlhjZyijbreZhldm^Zlhba^Ze_dh]h^_lkl\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 50.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyHij_^_ebl_dZdb_ijZ\beZh[hkh[e_gbyhij_^_e_gbc ^_ckl\mxl\wlboij_^eh`_gbyo ;Zjhg Fxgo]Zma_g jZkkdZau\Ze dZd h^gZ`^u mlhfe_gguc _a^hc hg khkdhqbe k dhgybijb\yaZe_]hddZdhfmlhih^h[bxhkljhdhg_qgh 65 ]h [j_\gZ lhjqZ\r_]h baih^ kg_]Z Mkgm\rbc dj_idh b gZ^he]h hg hldjue ]eZaZ lhevdhlh]^Zdh]^Z[uehkh\k_fk\_lehDhgygb]^_g_[ueh\b^ghlhevdhkeurZehkv ^hghkb\r__kyhldm^Zlhk\_jomj`Zgb_ ihWJZki_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 51. IhjZ[hlZcl_ dhjj_dlhjhf GZc^bl_ ijhimkdb aZiyluo gZ ghkm b gZ o\hkl_ b ihklZ\vl_agZdbgZf_klhM[_jbl_ebrgb_aZiylu_ 1. G_]h\hjysb_ `b\hlgu_ g_kihkh[gu_ ih^jZ`Zlv a\mdZf q_eh\_q_kdhc j_qb ihjhc ^h\hevgh lhqgh \hkijhba\h^yl q_eh\_q_kdmx bglhgZpbx 2. Kms_kl\m_l hilbq_kdbc ijb[hj ik_\^hkdhi \g_rg_ gZihfbgZxsbc [bghdev Gh [bghdev ijb[eb`Z_l ij_^f_lu m^Ze_ggu_ hl gZk Z _keb ihkfhlj_lv k ^jm]hc klhjhgu hl^Zey_l ij_^f_lu gZoh^ysb_ky [ebadh Ik_\^hkdhi ^_eZ_l kjZam b lh b ^jm]h_ [ebadh_ hl^Zey_l Z ^Ze_dh_ ijb[eb`Z_l Fbj jZkkfZljb\Z_fuc \ ik_\^hkdhi dZ`_lky\u\_jgmlufgZbagZgdm ih::E_hglv_\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, :l_i_jv\kihfgbl_dZdb_^h[Z\hqgu_h[klhyl_evkl\_ggu_agZq_gbyfh]mlbf_lv jZkijhkljZg_ggu_hij_^_e_gbybgZdZdb_\hijhkuhgbhl\_qZxl 52.I_j_ibrbl_ij_^eh`_gbyjZkklZ\eyyagZdbij_ibgZgby?keb\ij_^eh`_gbb_klv hij_^_e_gb_ k ^h[Z\hqguf h[klhyl_evkl\_gguf agZq_gb_f gZibrbl_ \ kdh[dZo k dZdbfbf_ggh<hllZd H]emr_ggucly`dbf]mehfL_jdbggbdg_l]heh\hc L_jdbggbdg_l]heh\hc i h q _ f m " —ijbqbggh_agZq_gb_ 1. Ihkljh_ggu_ \ XVI \_d_ [_ehdZf_ggu_ iZeZlu klZeb f_klhf om^h`_kl\_gguo \uklZ\hd 2. Ohjhrh gZlj_gbjh\Zgguc b wdbibjh\Zgguc Zevibgbkl g_ [hyeky ljm^ghkl_cij_^klhys_]h\hkoh`^_gby3.Mfulucijbq_kZggucbijbebqghh^_luc [_kijbahjgbd \u]ey^_e [u iZcfZevqbdhf ba ijbebqgh]h k_f_ckl\Z 4. Hdjm`_ggZy [_j_agydhf iheygdZ [ueZ ex[bfuf f_klhf ^_lkdbo b]j 5. Bafmq_ggu_ `Zjhc b `Z`^hc bkke_^h\Zl_eb \k_ `_ ijh^he`Zeb imlv 6. GZmq_gguc ]hjvdbf hiulhf fZeur m`_ g_ iulZeky ^hljhgmlvky ^h h]gy 7. K\yaZggh_ ^ey Zdjh[ZlZ kh kf_jl_evghchiZkghklvx^\hcgh_kZevlhh[uqghg_\uau\Zehh\Zpbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 53. Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf g_kdhevdh klbohl\hjguo hlju\dh\ JZkklZ\vl_ \ gbo agZdb ij_ibgZgby <uibrbl_ h[hjhlu bf_xsb_ ^h[Z\hqgh_ h[klhyl_evkl\_ggh_ agZq_gb_ =hgbfu\_rgbfbemqZfb Khdj_klguo]hjm`_kg_]Z K[_`Zebfmlgufbjmqvyfb GZihlhie_ggu_em]Z :KImrdbg 66 Bkgbekyfg_kbyxsbch]gyfb <_q_jgbcibj\jh^bfhcklhjhg_ F_`xguo`_gm\_gqZgguop\_lZfb R_ejZa]h\hj\_k_euch[hfg_ FXE_jfhglh\ <_jv\\_ebdmxkbemex[\b K\ylh\_jv\__dj_klih[_`^Zxsbc <__k\_lemq_aZjghkiZkZxsbc Fbjih]jyarbc\]jyabb\djh\b <_jv\\_ebdmxkbemex[\b KGZ^khg Hk\h[h`^_ggh_hllmq <k_g_[hjhah\hba\_a^gh Ym\b^Zea_e_gucemq Bsbblu?s_g_iha^gh EFZjlugh\ Fg_dZ`_lkyihjhxqlhkhe^Zlu Kdjh\Z\uog_ijbr_^rb_ihe_c G_\a_fexgZrmihe_]ebdh]^Zlh :ij_\jZlbebkv\[_euo`mjZ\e_c J=ZfaZlh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 54.Ijhqlbl_klbohl\hj_gb_:;ehdZJZkklZ\vl_\g_fagZdbij_ibgZgbyHij_^_ebl_ kdhevdhhkgh\\dZ`^hfq_l\_jhklbrbb<uibrbl_jZkijhkljZg_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_k ^h[Z\hqgufagZq_gb_f >_\mrdZi_eZ\p_jdh\ghfohj_ H\k_omklZeuo\qm`hfdjZx H\k_odhjZ[eyomr_^rbo\fhj_ H\k_oaZ[u\rbojZ^hklvk\hx LZdi_e__]hehke_l_\rbc\dmihe BemqkbyegZ[_ehfie_q_ BdZ`^ucbafjZdZkfhlj_ebkemrZe DZd[_eh_ieZlv_i_eh\emq_ B\k_fdZaZehkvqlhjZ^hklv[m^_l Qlh\lbohcaZ\h^b\k_dhjZ[eb QlhgZqm`[bg_mklZeu_ex^b K\_lemx`bagvk_[_h[j_eb B]hehk[uekeZ^hdbemq[uelhghd Blhevdh\ukhdhmpZjkdbo\jZl IjbqZklguclZcgZfieZdZej_[_ghd Hlhfqlhgbdlhg_ijb^_lgZaZ^ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 67 55.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. ;jhr_gguc kebrdhf kbevguf \afZohf jmdb k_j_[jyguc lhihjbd [ZjhgZ Fxgo]Zma_gZ ijh^he`Ze ih^gbfZlvky \\_jo ihdZ g_ miZe gZ Emgm 2. Bafmq_gguc [ukljuf[_]hf[ZjhgFxgo]Zma_gaZdhlhjuf]gZeZkv[_r_gZykh[ZdZk[jhkbekk_[y rm[m Iha`_ ih^h[jZ\rbc rm[m kem]Z \uqbklb\ ih\_kbe __ \ rdZn BkdmkZggZy [_r_ghckh[Zdhcrm[Z\a[_kbeZkvbklZeZl_jaZlvkxjlmdb[ZjhgZ ihWJZki_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Lhevdh \ mq_[guo aZ^Zgbyo [u\Zxl l_dklu ki_pbZevgh ih^h[jZggu_ gZ hij_^_e_ggu_ ijZ\beZ : \ j_Zevguo mkeh\byo ihlhd ibkvf_gghc j_qb g_k_l jZaghh[jZagu_khq_lZgbykZfuojZaguoijZ\beBgZfg_h[oh^bfhlj_gbjh\ZlvkygZ lZdbol_dklZogZkus_gguo\k_fgZk\_l_Ihwlhfmke_^mxs__aZ^Zgb_ 56.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby ;bheh]bfZjbgbklubkihevamyfZ]gblhnhgijbrebd\u\h^mqlhju[u\k_o\b^h\ jZa]h\Zjb\Zxl Hgb bkihevah\Zeb ki_pbZevguc nhgh]jZn \hkijhba\h^b\rbc a\mdb fhjy \ dhlhjhf ijbkmlkl\mxl ]hehkZ ju[ jZa]h\Zjb\Zxsbo ^jm] k ^jm]hf b ^Z`_ a\mdb h[s_gby hfZjh\ b djZ[h\ ?keb \u j_rbl_ qlh \ wlh ljm^gh ih\_jblv \kihfgbl_ qlh kms_kl\mxl ie_gdb k aZibkvx jZa]h\hjh\ ^_evnbgh\ >_evnbgu ]h\hjyl\hfgh]hfgh]hjZa[uklj__q_fex^blZdqlhdh]^Zboj_qv[ueZaZibkZgZgZ ie_gdm hgZ hdZaZeZkv kh\_jr_ggh g_jZa[hjqb\hc ^ey q_eh\_dZ K_cqZk mq_gu_ klZjZxlky ^_rbnjh\Zlv aZibkb b dh]^Z fh`gh [m^_l ]h\hjblv h[ wlhf dZd h[ hkms_kl\b\r_fky nZdl_ fh`gh [m^_l khklZ\blv Zdlb\guc keh\Zjv lZd qlh mq_gu_ kfh]mlh[sZlvkyk^_evnbgZfbgZboyaud_ Eh[kZg]JZfiZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. QlhlZdh_ijbeh`_gb_ Dh]^Z nhg\babgkdbc FbljhnZgmrdZ gZa\Ze keh\h ^\_jv ijbeZ]Zl_evguf hg ihgbfZe qlh ijbeZ]Zl_evgh_ — lh qlh d q_fmlh ijbeZ]Z_lky < hlebqb_ hl FbljhnZgmrdbfuk\ZfblhqghagZ_fdq_fmbf_gghdkms_kl\bl_evghfmbebd f_klhbf_gbxB\ij_^eh`_gbbhghdZdijZ\beh[u\Z_lhij_^_e_gb_f :\hl\Zf_s_h^ghkeh\h —ijbeh`_gb_Ykghqlhhghh[hagZqZ_lqlhlhihoh`__ gZijbeZ]Zl_evgh_ghg_kh\k_flZdh_`_ >Z\Zcl_jZa[_j_fky<ij_^eh`_gbbGZrkhk_^dhg^bl_jkha^Z\Zem^b\bl_evgu_ ihdjZkhl_lhjlu dih^e_`Zs_fmkhk_^ijbeh`_ghkeh\hdhg^bl_jDZdmx jhev hgh b]jZ_l" ;_kkihjgh hij_^_ey_l keh\h khk_^ Gh wlh hij_^_e_gb_ — kms_kl\bl_evgh_Hghhij_^_ey_l]eZ\gh_keh\h^Z\Zy_fm\lhjh_gZa\Zgb_ BlZdijbeh`_gb_ —wlhhij_^_e_gb_dhlhjh_\ujZ`_ghkms_kl\bl_evgufb^Z_l hij_^_ey_fhfmkeh\m\lhjh_gZa\Zgb_ Ijbeh`_gb_ihoh`_bg_ihoh`_gZ^jm]b_hij_^_e_gbybjZa^_ey_lbokm^v[m\h fgh]hfghg_\h\k_f 68 I_j\uckemqZc Hgh ihoh`_ \ lhf qlh fh`_l [ulv h^bghqguf beb jZkijhkljZg_gguf beb khklhylvbap_ehcp_ihqdbijbeh`_gbc Hgh fh`_l klhylv \i_j_^b beb ihaZ^b hij_^_ey_fh]h keh\Z DZd b \k_ hij_^_e_gby hgh \k_]^Z \u^_ey_lky aZiylufb _keb hlghkblky d ebqghfm f_klhbf_gbx 57. GZc^bl_ ijbeh`_gby ihkfhljbl_ ]^_ hgb klhyl b q_f \ujZ`_gh hij_^_ey_fh_ keh\h K\h[h^uk_yl_evimklugguc Y\ur_ejZgh^ha\_a^u EbrvylZbgkl\_gguci_\_p GZ[_j_]\u[jhr_g]jhahx :KImrdbg <lhjhckemqZc DZd b \k_ hij_^_e_gby ijbeh`_gb_ h[hkh[ey_lky _keb klhbl ihaZ^b hij_^_ey_fh]hkeh\ZGh\hlebqb_hlhklZevguohij_^_e_gbchgh\h^gbokemqZyo \u^_ey_lky aZiylufb Z \ ^jm]bo — lbj_ AZiylufb — _keb ijbeh`_gb_ gbq_f g_ hkeh`g_ghlbj_ —_kebhkeh`g_ghdZdbfeb[hh[hjhlhfbebh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb Lj_lbckemqZc DZd b \k_ hij_^_e_gby ijbeh`_gby h[hkh[eyxlky i_j_^ hij_^_ey_fuf keh\hf _kebbf_xl^h[Z\hqgh_agZq_gb_ijbqbgumkeh\bybebmklmidb ?keb \Zf g_ ykgh _klv lZdh_ agZq_gb_ beb g_l \Zf fh`_l ihfhqv lZdhc kihkh[ ihijh[mcl_ fuke_ggh aZf_gblv ijbeh`_gb_ h[hjhlhf kh keh\hf [m^mqb GZijbf_j \u khfg_\Z_l_kv _klv eb lZdh_ agZq_gb_ \ ke_^mxs_f ijbf_j_ ;hevrhc ex[bl_ev i_gby G_jhg qZklh \uklmiZe i_j_^ im[ebdhc b \hh[jZ`Ze k_[y \_ebdbf Zdl_jhf Ijhba\_^bl_ lZdh_ fuke_ggh_ ij_h[jZah\Zgb_ ;m^mqb [hevrbf ex[bl_e_f i_gby G_jhg IhemqZ_lky" AgZqbl \k_ \ ihjy^d_ ^h[Z\hqgh_ agZq_gb_ _klv b \u fh`_l_ kihdhcghklZ\blvaZiylmx >ey jZkklZgh\db agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby g_[_ajZaebqgh \ujZ`_gh eb hij_^_ey_fh_ keh\hgZjbpZl_evgufbebkh[kl\_ggufbf_g_f <k_kemqZbjZkklZgh\dbagZdh\fuh[t_^bgbeb\bgkljmdpbb kfk 70). L_i_jv\ufh`_l_ihlj_gbjh\ZlvkygZ\k_wlbkemqZb 58.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlju\dZobaijhba\_^_gbc:KImrdbgZghkgZqZeZ \^mfqb\hijhqlbl_wlbl_dklu HkdhevdhgZfhldjulbcqm^guo =hlh\ylijhk\_s_gvy^mo Bhiulkughrb[hdljm^guo B]_gbciZjZ^hdkh\^jm] LhZdZ^_fbdlh]_jhc Lhfhj_ieZ\Zl_evlhiehlgbd Hg\k_h[t_fexs_c^mrhc GZljhg_\_qguc[uejZ[hlgbd 69 70 <her_[gucdjZcLZf\klZju]h^u KZlbjukf_ehc\eZkl_ebg ;ebklZeNhg\babg^jm]k\h[h^u Bi_j_bfqb\ucDgy`gbg JbnfZa\mqgZyih^jm]Z <^hogh\_ggh]h^hkm]Z <^hogh\_ggh]hljm^Z LumfhedeZhg_f_eZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, L_i_jvi_j_c^_fd[he__ljm^ghfmkemqZx H[yaZl_evgh_lbj_ Ijbeh`_gby dZd fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb fh]ml \u^_eylvky g_ lhevdh aZiylufb gh b lbj_Bgh]^Zwlhh[yaZl_evghZbgh]^Zg_lGZqg_fkh[yaZl_evguokemqZ_\ I _ j \ u c k e m q Z c — dh]^Z jZkijhkljZg_ggh_ ijbeh`_gb_ bf__l \gmljb k\hbaZiylu_Lml\he_cg_\he_cgZ^h\u^_eylv_]hlbj_k^\moklhjhgbgZq_hghg_ [m^_l \u]ey^_lv hlq_leb\h \u^_e_gguf GZc^bl_ \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo lZdh_ ijbeh`_gb_ :dlbgbb — fhjkdb_ `b\hlgu_ [hevr_ ihoh`b_ gZ p\_lu q_f gZ `b\hlguo²ihr_\_eb\Zebk\hbfbsmiZevpZfbaZo\Zlu\Zyf_edmx^h[uqm < l h j h c k e m q Z c . Ijbeh`_gb_ hlghkblky d h^ghfm keh\m beb g_dhlhjhc qZklbkeh\bajy^Zh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\<lZdbokemqZyohghlh`_lj_[m_llbj_qlh[u g_aZl_jylvky\ jy^mh^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ <hl dZd wlh \u]ey^bl < ]em[hdbo i_s_jZo h[blZxl]b[db_ijhl_b — \h^hieZ\Zxsb_kms_kl\Z[_a]eZa[_krmfghijhe_lZxl djueZlu_k_ju_kha^Zgby —e_lmqb_furb`b\_lk\ur_^\Z^pZlbjZagh\b^ghkl_c [_euo[_a]eZauoju[ 59.L_i_jvihijh[mcl_kZfbjZkklZ\blvagZdbij_ibgZgby\ijbf_jZokl_fbb^jm]bfb ijbeh`_gbyfbg_imlZyboklZdbfbkemqZyfb]^_lbj_g_gm`gh 1.P_jdh\vIhdjh\ZgZj_d_G_jebhdheh<eZ^bfbjZa^Zgb_bamfeyxs__e_]dhklvx b ]Zjfhgbqghklvx hlebqZ_lky ijhklhc b baysghc Zjobl_dlmjhc 2. Fhg_lu f_lZeebq_kdb_^_g_`gu_agZdbihemqbebk\h_gZa\Zgb_hlijha\bsZ^j_\g_jbfkdhc [h]bgb Xghgu dhlhjmx bgh]^Z gZau\Zeb Fhg_lhc Jbfeyg_ k\hb fhg_lu q_dZgbeb gZ DZiblhebckdhf ohef_ \ Jbf_ ]^_ \ ojZf_ [h]bgb Xghgu gZoh^beky fhg_lguc ^\hj E:<\_^_gkdZy GIDhe_kgbdh\ 3. <h \j_f_gZ I_ljZ I iZjhf kj_^kl\h i_j_ijZ\u oh^b\r__ ihi_j_d j_db ih ljhkm gZau\Zeb kZfhe_lhf < XIX \_d_ kZfhe_lhf gZau\Zeb q_eghd ^_lZev ldZpdh]h klZgdZ B lhevdh gZ jm[_`_ \_dh\ wlh gZa\Zgb_ ijbk\hbeb ZwjhieZgm ZiiZjZlm kh\_jrZ\r_fm \ha^mrgu_ ihe_lu 4. =h\hjyl qlh kZfuc agZf_gbluc `bl_ev ImwjlhJbdh Zf_jbdZgkdh]h hkljh\Z \ DZjb[kdhf fhj_ ^j_\_kgZy ey]mrdZ dhdb Wlb g_[hevrb_ d\Zdmrdb djbqZl ]jhfq_ q_frmfbl]jhohqmsbcjy^hfk\Zfbih_a^f_ljhihebl_gZ ba`mjgZeh\ 5.<i_j\u_ [hevrhc\ha^mrgucrZjZwjhklZl 71 gZiheg_gguc gZ]j_luf \ha^mohf ih^gyeky \ g_[h 5 bxey 1783 ]h^Z 6. DZjbZlb^m klZlmx `_gsbgu ih^^_j`b\Zxsmx dZdmxeb[h \uklmiZxsmx qZklv a^Zgby fh`gh \b^_lv \h fgh]bo klZjuo ]hjh^Zo Wlh gZa\Zgb_ ijhbahreh hl ^j_\g_]j_q_kdh]h ]hjh^Z DZjby ]^_ ijhbkoh^beb ijZa^gbdb \ q_klv :jl_fb^u [h]bgb hohlu Bgh]^Z \uklmiZxsmx qZklv a^Zgby ih^^_j`b\Zxl ZleZglu fm`kdb_ nb]mju gZa\Zggu_ ih bf_gblblZgZ:leZglZ^_j`Z\r_]hgZ]heh\_bjmdZog_[_kguck\h^ <uibrbl_keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gby Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Lbj_g_h[yaZl_evgh gh\u]ey^blohjhrh Ijbeh`_gby\dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gby bf_xl j_^dh_ \ gZr_c imgdlmZpbb ijZ\h [ulv \u^_e_ggufbagZdhfih\Zr_fm\u[hjmeb[haZiylhceb[hlbj_ Ijbeh`_gby \ k_j_^bg_ ij_^eh`_gby fh]ml [ulv \u^_e_gu lbj_ k ^\mo klhjhg _keb\ukqblZ_l_qlhwlh\u]ey^blemqr_q_faZiylu_k^\moklhjhg GZijbf_j_kebohlbl_ijb^Zlv\Zr_fmijbeh`_gbx[hevr_agZqbl_evghklb <hl lZd AZ fgh]h lukyq_e_lbc \ a_fe_ gZdhibehkv h]jhfgh_ dhebq_kl\h hdZf_g_ehc kfheu — yglZjy >\_ lukyqb e_l gZaZ^ \ >j_\g_f Jbf_ — fh]ms_kl\_gghf b [h]Zlhf ]hkm^Zjkl\_ — aZ dmkhq_d yglZjy ieZlbeb [hevrb_ ^_gv]b <hldZdb_ijbf_juklbj_fugZoh^bfm?k_gbgZ Lboh\qZs_fh``_\_eyihh[ju\m Hk_gv²ju`Zydh[ueZ²q_r_l]jb\m Jmdbfbehc²iZjZe_[_^_c² <ahehl_\hehkfhbogujyxl ?keb\ij_^eh`_gbb[hevr_h^gh]hijbeh`_gbybhlghkylkyhgbdjZagufkeh\Zf emqr_\u^_eylvbojZagufbkihkh[ZfbgZijbf_jlZdGZrb^Ze_db_ij_^db`bl_eb ^j_\g_]hGh\]hjh^ZibkZebgZ[_j_kl_ —\_jog_fkeh_[_j_ah\hcdhju P_e_khh[jZaghlZd`_\u^_eylvkihfhsvxlbj_ijbeh`_gby\l_oij_^eh`_gbyo\ dhlhjuom`__klvaZiylu_ <hl lZd EZjbkZ ih]j_q_kdb agZqbl qZcdZ — kbevgZy kf_eZy [ukljZy obsgZy ilbpZ E<Zkbev_\Z <u[hj agZdZ — \Zr_ ijZ\h Z \ZrZ k\ylZy h[yaZgghklv — g_ ijh]ey^_lv ijbeh`_gb_h[yaZl_evgh\u^_eblv_]h 60.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo ?klvhkljh\gZlhfhd_Zg_ ImkluggucbfjZqguc]jZgbl 72 GZhkljh\_lhf_klvfh]beZ :\g_cbfi_jZlhjaZjul FXE_jfhglh\ Lh[_j_]lhfhj_lhkhegp_lh\vx]Z lhZg]_eulh\hjhgv_ >\_\_qguo^hjh]bex[h\vbjZaemdZ ijhoh^ylkd\havk_j^p_fh_ ;Hdm^`Z\Z Jh`^_ggu_\]h^Z]emob_ Imlbg_ihfgylk\h_]h Fu^_lbkljZrguoe_lJhkkbb AZ[ulvg_\kbeZogbq_]h :;ehd 4. Ba \k_o Zg]ebckdbo ibkZl_e_c lhevdh h^bg J_^bZj^ Dbiebg] ihemqZe e_]_g^Zjguc ]hghjZj rbeebg] aZ keh\h <_k_euc b qm\kl\bl_evguc >bdd_gk h[sbc ^jm] q_eh\_q_kl\Z g_ ihemqZe b ^_kylhc ^heb wlbo ^_g_] D IZmklh\kdbc 5. =jbg ex[beN_h^hkbxaghcguc]hjh^ma_e_gh]hfmlgh\Zlh]hfhjyihkljh_ggucgZ[_ehf dZf_gbklhf i_kd_ Hk_gvx 1930 ]h^Z =jbg i_j__oZe ba N_h^hkbb \ KlZjuc Djuf ]hjh^p\_lh\lbrbgubjZa\Zebg DIZmklh\kdbc H^ghbawlboij_^eh`_gbckeh`gh_\uibrbl__]hghf_j Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 73 ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd ijhimklbl_ ke_^mxs__ aZ^Zgb_ ?keb [ueb \uihegycl_\k_ih^jy^ 61.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1.<dhfgZlZokkmjh\hcijhklhch[klZgh\dhcklhyeZ]em[hdZylbrbgZbe_`ZegZ f_eh\hc kl_g_ j_adbc emq khegpZ Hg iZ^Ze gZ _^bgkl\_ggmx ]jZ\xjm gZ kl_g_ ihjlj_lW^]ZjZIh DIZmklh\kdbc 2.Hdheh_edbe_`ZeZlheklZy dgb]Zih^Zjhdhl fZfu Wlh [ueb kdZadb OjbklbZgZ :g^_jk_gZ DIZmklh\kdbc 3. H^gZ`^u =jb] \klj_lbe \ e_km fZe_gvdmx ^_\hqdm k ^\mfy dhkbqdZfb ^hqv e_kgbdZ DIZmklh\kdbc 4. E_hgZj^h ^Z <bgqb [ue [hevrbf agZlhdhf \h_ggh]h bkdmkkl\Z ki_pbZebklhf ih ihkljhcd_ dj_ihkl_c imr_d lZjZgh\ b fZrbg gZihfbgZxsbo kh\j_f_ggu_ lZgdb : =hnf_ckl_j 5. Bg^_cpu bah[j_eb fgh]h \_s_c GZijbf_j ]ZfZd \bkyq__ eh`_ ba \_j_\hd Bah[j_eb hdZjbgm ]ebgygmx ^m^hqdm M fZcy aZf_qZl_evgh]h bg^_ckdh]h gZjh^Z P_gljZevghc :f_jbdb _s_ \ gZqZe_ i_j\h]h lukyq_e_lby[ue[he__lhqgucdZe_g^Zjvq_fgZr Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 62.IhjZ[hlZcl_dhjj_dlhjhfGZc^bl_bbkijZ\vl_imgdlmZpbhggu_hrb[db 1. < gZmd_ h yaud_ yaudhagZgbb — \u^_ey_lky hkh[uc jZa^_e — hghfZklbdZ aZgbfZxsZykybamq_gb_fkh[kl\_gguobf_gAgZf_gblh]hkusbdZR_jehdZOhefkZ ]_jhy ih\_kl_c b jZkkdZah\ Zg]ebckdh]h ibkZl_ey :DhgZg >hceZ \u ij_djZkgh agZ_l_ Bfy R_jehd Ohefk klZeh l_i_jv gZjbpZl_evguf lZd dZd bf gZau\Zxl gZoh^qb\h]h kusbdZ E : <\_^_gkdZy G I Dhe_kgbdh\ 2. Ih bf_gb DZkkZg^ju ^hq_jb pZjy IjbZfZ gZa\Zg DZkkZg^jhc \_qgha_e_guc dmklZjgbd k_f_ckl\Z \_j_kdh\uo E:<\_^_gkdZyGIDhe_kgbdh\ GZc^bl_kj_^bwlboij_^eh`_gbckeh`gh_b\uibrbl__]h Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Kkh[kl\_ggufbf_g_f DZdh\u \aZbfhhlghr_gby f_`^m ijbeh`_gb_f b bf_g_f kh[kl\_gguf" Hgb aZ\bkyl hl lh]h dlh i_j\uc _keb ijbeh`_gb_ klhbl i_j_^ kh[kl\_gguf bf_g_f hgh g_ \u^_ey_lky aZiylufb Z ihke_ g_]h — \u^_ey_lky <hl lZd Ba\_klguc dhfihablhj;hjh^bgZ\lhjhi_juDgyavB]hjv[ueg_lhevdhdhfihablhjhfghb ijhn_kkhjhfobfbdhf 63.Ih^q_jdgbl_h[hkh[e_ggu_ijbeh`_gbybjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby =j_q_kdbc ibkZl_ev =_jh^hl hl_p bklhjbb klZjZeky \ k\hbo khqbg_gbyo ^Zlv h[tykg_gby gZa\Zgbyf kljZg ]hjh^h\ fhj_c b j_d <_ebqZcrbc jbfkdbc mq_guc FZjd L_j_gpbc <Zjjhg `b\rbc _s_ ^h gZr_c wju ihk\ylbe h[tykg_gbx ]_h]jZnbq_kdbo bf_g [hevrh_ khqbg_gb_ Ba\_klguc ]_h]jZn XVI klhe_lby F_jdZlhjkhklZ\bl_ev 74 agZf_gbluo ZleZkh\ klj_fbeky h[tykgblv \k_ ]_h]jZnbq_kdb_ bf_gZ dhlhju_ hg gZghkbe gZ k\hb dZjlu 2. JbfkdbcDhjkZdh\ ijhn_kkhj I_l_j[mj]kdhc dhgk_j\Zlhjbb dhfihablhj b ^bjb`_j [ue fhjkdbf hnbp_jhf 3. GZ^\hjguc km^vy B\Zg B\Zgh\bq Imsbg ebp_ckdbc lh\Zjbs ImrdbgZ ihdbgme [e_klysmx \h_ggmx dZjv_jm b ihklmibe fZe_gvdbf qbgh\gbdhf \ m]heh\guc ^_iZjlZf_gl Fhkdh\kdh]h gZ^\hjgh]hkm^Zqlh[u^hdZaZlvijbf_jhfqlhfh`ghijbghkblvihevamhl_q_kl\mb\ kZfhckdjhfghc^he`ghklb >fF_j_`dh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd ijhimklbl_ ke_^mxs__ aZ^Zgb_ ?keb [ueb — \uihegycl_\k_ih^jy^ 64.I_j_ibrbl_ij_^eh`_gbyjZkklZ\eyyagZdbij_ibgZgby 1. H^gZ`^u ^\_gZ^pZlbe_lgbc @xev <_jg djZkb\uc klZlguc b kbevguc fZevqbd g_ y\beky d m`bgm <f_klh g_]h iha\hgbe klZjuc fhjyd FZjbmk agZdhfuc hlpZ mjh`_g_pLmehgZHgkhh[sbeqlh@xevgZgyekyxg]hcgZromgmDhjZebdhlhjZy \hl\hl kgbf_lky k ydhjy :=hnf_ckl_j 2. ;bl\Z f_`^m kughf A_\kZ =_jZdehf b kughfA_feb:gl__fdZdjZkkdZau\Zeb^j_\gb_]j_db[ueZ^he]hcbly`_ehcKbeZq =_jZdeg_jZa[jhkZek\h_]hijhlb\gbdZ:gl_ygZa_fexghijbdhkgh\_gb_dfZl_jb a_fe_^Z\Zeh:gl_xgh\u_kbeuLhevdhhlhj\Z\\jZ]Zhla_febbih^gy\_]h\\ha^mo =_jZde kfh] h^_j`Zlv ih[_^m 3. AZf_qZl_evguc jmkkdbc djblbd <bkkZjbhg ;_ebgkdbc [ue i_j\uf i_j_\h^qbdhf jhfZgh\ :e_dkZg^jZ >xfZ Z ibkZl_ev ^_fhdjZl =_jp_g i_j\uf bo qblZl_e_f 4. :jlmj DhgZg >hce \h_gguc \jZq bklhjbq_kdbcb[ulh\hcjhfZgbklk^_eZekyagZf_gblufklZ\h^ 75 gbf ba kha^Zl_e_c ^_l_dlb\gh]h `ZgjZ R_jehdZ OhefkZ gZ[ex^Zl_evgh]h b gZoh^qb\h]h ]_jhy _]h jZkkdZah\ agZxl b ex[yl fbeebhgu qblZl_e_c 5. < k_\_jghc qZklb Ohgkx ]eZ\gh]h hkljh\Z Yihgbb jZkiheh`_gh g_kdhevdh ^_j_\_gv `bl_eb dhlhjuo k ^Z\gbo ihj aZgbfZxlky ba]hlh\e_gb_f dhob — ^_j_\ygguo dmdhe gZihfbgZxsbo gZrbo fZlj_r_d 6. < EZ]hk_ klhebp_ Gb]_jbb \g_aZigh jmogme Z\lhfh[bevguc fhkl Ihke_ lsZl_evgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby fhklZ h[gZjm`behkv qlh \bgh\gbdb dZlZkljhnu f_klgu_ ljhibq_kdb_ mebldb dhlhju_ ijhlhqbeb [_kqbke_ggu_lj_sbgu\_]h[_lhgguohihjZo ba`mjgZeh\ GZc^bl_kj_^bwlboijbf_jh\ij_^eh`_gbyk^__ijbqZklgufh[hjhlhf Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 65.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\wlboij_^eh`_gbyobjZkkdZ`bl_dZdbfbijZ\beZfb hgbh[tykgyxlkyKhklZ\vl_ko_fmi_j\h]hij_^eh`_gby ;_cd_jkljbl ]^_ klhbl ^hf ghf_j ^_\ylv lboZy mehqdZ \ p_glj_ Ehg^hgZ Gh lml `bebmwlh]hkZfh]hhdgZb]jZegZkdjbid_k\hb]jmklgu_f_eh^bb^hdlhjm<Zlkhgm \_ebqZcrbc ^_l_dlb\ R_jehd Ohefk dhlhjh]h ijb^mfZe DhgZg >hce hl_p \k_o ^_l_dlb\guodgb`_dbnbevfh\ :=hnf_ckl_j Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uI 66. <klZ\vl_ \ ij_^eh`_gby ih^oh^ysb_ ih kfukem ijbeh`_gby IhklZ\vl_ gm`gu_ agZdb 1. KdZadm h klhcdhf heh\ygghf khe^Zlbd_ khqbgbe =Zgk OjbklbZg :g^_jk_g 2. :\lhjhfEmgghckhgZlu[ueEx^\b]\Zg ;_loh\_g . 3. L_hjbx hlghkbl_evghklb kha^Ze :ev[_jl Wcgrl_cg 4. FZjkbZgkdb_ ojhgbdb ijbgZ^e_`Zl i_jm J_y ;jw^[_jb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. Ijbeh`_gby k^h[Z\hqgufbagZq_gbyfb <u \b^bl_ qlh _klv kemqZc dh]^Z ijbeh`_gby \u^_eyxlky aZiylufb i_j_^ kh[kl\_ggufbf_g_fWlhijbeh`_gbyk^h[Z\hqgufh[klhyl_evkl\_ggufagZq_gb_f dhlhju_ fh]ml hl\_qZlv gZ \hijhku h[klhyl_evkl\ beb [ulv fuke_ggh ij_h[jZah\Zggufb\h[hjhlkhkeh\hf[m^mqb 67.KjZ\gbl_^\Zijbf_jZGZc^bl_\gboijbeh`_gbyHij_^_ebl_dZdh_bagbobf__l ^h[Z\hqgh_agZq_gb_b\u^_ebl__]haZiylhc 1. >j_\g_]j_q_kdbc ihwl =hf_j kha^Ze m\e_dZl_evgmx bklhjbx h kljZgkl\byo obljhmfgh]h H^bkk_y 2. G_mlhfbfuc b ex[hagZl_evguc iml_r_kl\_ggbd DjZr_gbggbdh\ g_ lhevdh bkke_^h\Ze b ih^jh[gh hibkZe DZfqZldm gh b aZibkZe fgh]hgZjh^guokdZahdwlh]hdjZy Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 76 68. < ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo \u gZc^_l_ hij_^_e_gby \ lhf qbke_ b ijbeh`_gby k ^h[Z\hqgufagZq_gb_fb[_ag_]hJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyMdZ`bl_ijbf_ju ]^_ ijbeh`_gby b ^jm]b_ hij_^_e_gby bf_xl ^h[Z\hqgh_ agZq_gb_ Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklbh[jZsZcl_kvdbgkljmdpbb L_ZljZaehcaZdhgh^Zl_ev G_ihklhygguch[h`Zl_ev HqZjh\Zl_evguoZdljbk Ihq_lguc]jZ`^Zgbgdmebk Hg_]bgihe_l_edl_Zljm :KImrdbg 2. Ex[bl_ev rmlhd b fbklbnbdZpbc :jlmj DhgZg >hbe ba]hlh\be g_kdhevdh nhlh]jZnbc ijbajZdh\ b ^moh\ gZ h^ghc ba dhlhjuo [ue mqbl_ev n_olh\Zgby k r_klvxjmdZfb ihD:g^j__\m 3.Dh]^Zmf_jkdmevilhjLhj\Zev^k_gkug[_^gydZb ^jm] :g^_jk_gZ :g^_jk_g gZibkZe dZglZlm gZ _]h kf_jlv ih DIZmklh\kdhfm 4. Q_eh\_d ih]jm`_gguc \ khklhygb_ emgZlbq_kdh]h kgZ fh`_l kihdhcgh b^lb ih madhfm dZjgbam beb [Zedhgguf i_jbeZf H^gZdh jZa[m`_gguc hdjbdhf lZdhc emghoh^_pjbkdm_lkhj\Zlvkybihe_l_lv\gba Hlklmigbd[mjguogZkeZ`^_gbc Hg_]bg^hfZaZi_jky QmlvhljhdHev]hxie_g_gguc K_j^_qguofmd_s_g_agZ\ Hg[uek\b^_l_evmfbe_gguc ?_feZ^_gq_kdboaZ[Z\ :KImrdbg 7. <k_]^Z [_agZ^_`gh fheqZ\rbc l_e_nhg \^jm] aZa\hgbe 8. Mf_xsb_ baf_gylv k\hc\b^gZq_eh\_q_kdbcwlbkms_kl\ZgZkZfhf^_e_[uebdjukZfb ih:=jbgm 9. <k_]^Z k^_j`Zggu_ b k_jv_agu_ Zg]ebqZg_ jZa \ ]h^m k [_am^_j`guf \_k_ev_f ijZa^gmxl ^_gv K\ylh]h <Ze_glbgZ ^_gv \k_o \ex[e_gguo 10. G_ lhevdh \_ebdbc hjZlhjghb\u^ZxsbckyibkZl_evbxjbkl>j_\g_]hJbfZFZjdLmeebcPbp_jhg^h kboihjbgl_j_k_gqblZl_ex <uibrbl_ghf_jZijbf_jh\\dhlhjuo_klvijbqZklgu_b^__ijbqZklgu_h[hjhlu Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Kihfhsvx^jm]bokeh\ Bgh]^Z ijbeh`_gby ijbeZ]Zxlky d hij_^_ey_fuf keh\Zf k ihfhsvx ^jm]bo keh\ khxah\ beb b lh _klv Z lZd`_ keh\ ih bf_gb ih nZfbebb ih debqd_ ih^ gZa\Zgb_f lZd gZau\Z_fh_ b l^ Ljm^ghklv \Zr_c jZ[hlu khklhbl \ lhf qlh \u \ wlbo kemqZyo bgh]^Z g_ magZ_l_ ijbeh`_gbc b g_ \u^_ey_l_ bo Fh[bebamcl_ \Zr_ \gbfZgb_bihklZjZcl_kvbog_mimklblv 77 69.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. < ;bjf_ `b\_l ie_fy iZ^Zmg]b lh _klv ^ebgghr_b_ @_gsbgu wlh]h ie_f_gb ghkyl gZ r__ dZjdZk ba lhekluo f_^guo kibjZe_c GKeZ^dh\ 2. ;hevrbgkl\h kh\j_f_gguo ZenZ\blh\ \ lhf qbke_ b jmkkdbc y\eyxlky nhg_lbq_kdbfb 3. Ex^b agZxsb_ fgh]h yaudh\ lZd gZau\Z_fu_ iheb]ehlu mk\hbeb wlb yaudb [hevr_c qZklvx g_ k ihfhsvx mqbl_ey Z kZfhklhyl_evgh 4. =h^ aZ ]h^hf kh[bjZebkv a\_jheh\ub[hjlgbdbe_kgu_ex^b^h[u\Zxsb_f_^b\hkd^bdboiq_e]^_eb[hgZ [_j_]m km^hoh^ghc j_db qlh[u lhj]h\Zlv k\h_c ^h[uq_c lh _klv ^ey ]hklv[u dZd ]h\hjbeb \ klZjbgm 5. Q_j_a g_kdhevdh ^g_c ihke_ lh]h dZd y jZkkdZaZe kdZadm h lZ[Zd_fhckughg`_djZkghdh`bc[jZl\kihfgbehk\hbobg^_ckdbogZdehgghklyob y\beky dh fg_ \uykgblv y\ey_lky eb dmj_gb_ _^bgkl\_gguf q_fm fu gZmqbebkv hl bg^_cp_\ : =hnf_ckl_j 6. Dh]^Z fg_ [ueh r_klv e_l \ dgb]_ ih^ gZa\Zgb_f IjZ\^b\u_ bklhjbb ]^_ jZkkdZau\Zehkv ijh ^_\kl\_ggu_ e_kZ y h^gZ`^u m\b^_e m^b\bl_evgmxdZjlbgdm :K_glWdaxi_jb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 70. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby Hij_^_ebl_ kdhevdh ijbeh`_gbc \ dZ`^hf ij_^eh`_gbb 1. ?s_ =_jh^hl :jbklhl_ev >bh^hj b Iebgbc [he__ beb f_g__ \_jgh hibkZeb [_]_fhlZbeb]biihihlZfZbebqlhlh`_kZfh_j_qgmxehrZ^vbeb\h^ygmxdhjh\m dhlhjZy \h^blky \ ]heeZg^kdhc X`ghc :njbd_ FZcg Jb^ 2. Dhee_`kdbc Zk_kkhj <bev]_evf DZjeh\bq Dxo_ev[_d_j beb ihijhklm Dxoey jmkkdbc g_f_p ba^Zl_ev `mjgZeZ Fg_fhabgZ fheh^hc q_eh\_d [_eh[jukuc imq_]eZauc ^he]h\yauc b g_mdex`bcg_[ue^Z`_qe_ghfLZcgh]hh[s_kl\Z >fF_j_`dh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 71.IhjZ[hlZcl_dhjj_dlhjhfBkijZ\vl_imgdlmZpbhggu_hrb[db <DZebnhjgbckdhfZd\Zjbmf_hkvfbgh`boZihdebqd_F_nbklZkie_eZbak\hbo \hkvfb smiZe_p ih^h[b_ dhjabgdb b hleh`beZ \ g__ ycpZ 2. < k_j_^bg_ ijhreh]h \_dZdZebnhjgbckdb_ahehlhbkdZl_ebghkbeb[jxdbbaijhqghcoehiqZlh[mfZ`ghc ldZgb gZau\Z_fhc ^`bg HgZ \ujZ[Zlu\ZeZkv i_j\hgZqZevgh \ ]hjh^_ =_gm_ hl dhlhjh]h b ihemqbeZ k\h_ gZa\Zgb_ K^_eZggu_ ba g__ [jxdb [ueb gZa\Zgu ^`bgk beb^`bgku E:<\_^_gkdZyGIDhe_kgbdh\ =_j^ZklZjZyghj\_`dZ JZkkdZaZeZfg_hlhf DZdkb^_e\gmljbhj_rdZ Q_jlkjh]Zfbbko\hklhf KYFZjrZd Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. ?klv _s_ h^gh keh\h k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]h g_j_^dh ijbkh_^bgyxlky ijbeh`_gby WlhkhxadZdJZa]h\hjhg_fihc^_l\dhgp_dgb]b 78 H^bghqgu_ijbeh`_gby ij_h^he_\rb_h^bghq_kl\h H^bghqgu_ ijbeh`_gby \ujZ`_ggu_ gZjbpZl_evgufb kms_kl\bl_evgufb ijbeZ]Zxlky d hkgh\guf keh\Zf lh`_ gZjbpZl_evguf kms_kl\bl_evguf ijb ihfhsb ^_nbkZ gZijbf_j l_e_nhgZ\lhfZl dZn_fhjh`_gh_ IZju kms_kl\bl_evguo kh_^bg_ggu_ ^_nbkhf hq_gv jZkijhkljZg_gu b dZ`^uc ba \Zk agZ_lbo\_ebdh_fgh`_kl\h 72. Fgh]b_ \her_[gu_ ij_^f_lu \ kdZadZo gZa\Zgu lZdbfb ^\hcgufb gZa\Zgbyfb GZijy]bl_iZfylvb\kihfgbl_dZdfh`gh[hevr_lZdbogZa\Zgbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 73.<klZ\vl_ihiZfylbijhims_ggu_keh\Z\ohjhrhagZdhfu_\Zfkljhqdb «Hk_eDha_e^ZdhkheZiucFbrdZ aZl_yebku]jZlvd\Zjl_l e_lhdjZkgh_ijhi_eZ <_^vlu[ueZ[mgZk B:Djueh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 74.JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ke_^mxsboklbohl\hjguohlju\dZoG_aZ[m^vl_hagZdZodhgpZ ij_^eh`_gby Kfbemcky]hkm^Zjugyju[dZ <uhljhdb^jm]b\havfbl_dhgy 79 ;e_kgmefhjhabjZ^ufu IjhdZaZffZlmrdbabfu :KImrdbg <v_lkymebpZaf_y ^hfZ\^hevaf_b KZfhjZkdbgm\emqrZ]b rZ]Z_lkhegp_\ihe_ <FZydh\kdbc DlhpZjvdhehdheih^gbf_l DlhpZjvimrdmih\_jg_l N=ebgdZ Fhjha\h_\h^Z^hahjhf H[oh^bl\eZ^_gvyk\hb G:G_djZkh\ H[jZlbl_\uk\hc\ahj DfZlmrd_i_ohl_ :L\Zj^h\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 75.<u^_ebl_keh\Zkijbeh`_gbyfbbaimrdbgkdhcKdZadbhf_^\_^bo_i_j_ibrbl_ l_dklihklZ\b\gm`gu_agZdb <lmihjma\_jbkh[bjZebky Dhlhfmebf_^\_^xd[hevrhfm[hyjbgm Ijboh^beba\_jb[hevrb_ Ijb[_]Zeblmla\_jbrdbf_gvrb_ Ijb[_]Zelml\hed^\hjygbg Ijboh^belml[h[jlhj]h\uc]hklv Ijboh^beZeZklhqdZ^\hjyghqdZ Ijboh^beZ[_ehqdZdgy]bg_qdZ Ijboh^beZebkbpZih^vyqboZ Ih^vyqboZdZagZq_boZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. Ih\lhjbf\k_ba\_klgu_\ZfkemqZb 76. IhklZ\vl_gm`gu_agZdb 1. Lukyqm k ebrgbf e_l gZaZ^ \ ^Ze_dhc :e_dkZg^jbb `beZ b jZ[hlZeZ \_ebdZy =biZlby i_j\Zy \ fbj_ `_gsbgZ fZl_fZlbd 2. DZd jZkkdZau\Z_l ^j_\g_]j_q_kdbc fbn \ h^ghf ]mklhf l_fghf e_km `be \_ebdZg jZa[hcgbd ih ijha\bsm K]b[Zl_ev Khk_gHgijb]b[Zeda_fe_\_jomrdb^\moklhysbojy^hfkhk_gijb\yau\ZedgbfaZ jmdbbaZgh]bk\hx`_jl\mbhlimkdZe\_jomrdbdhlhju_jZkijyfeyykv jZaju\Zeb __Hl\Z`gucxghrZL_a_ckugpZjyW]_yih[_^bek\bj_ih]h\_ebdZgZbjZkijZ\beky kgbfl_f`_kihkh[hf Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 80 AZdZ\uq_ggu_ijbeh`_gby Ijbeh`_gby h[hagZqZxsb_ gZa\Zgby aZdexqZxlky \ dZ\uqdb `mjgZe H]hg_d dbghl_Zlj Jhkkby jhfZg Ljb fmrd_l_jZ Lj_gbjmykv gZ wlh ijZ\beh fu h^gh\j_f_ggh[m^_fhljZ[Zlu\Zlvb\_kvijhc^_ggucfZl_jbZe 77.JZkklZ\vl_ijhims_ggu_agZdb 1. Ba\_klguc Zf_jbdZgkdbc ibkZl_ev WO_fbg]mwc [hevrhc ex[bl_ev hohlu gZibkZe h g_c dgb]m A_e_gu_ ohefu :njbdb E:<\_^_gkdZy GIDhe_kgbdh\ 2. Dgb]ZNjZ_jfZgZ>bdZykh[ZdZ>bg]hbebIh\_klvhi_j\hcex[\bwlhihegZyk\_lZ ijhajZqgZy ihwfZ h ex[\b f_`^m ^_\hqdhc b fZevqbdhf DIZmklh\kdbc 3. NjZgpmakdh]h ibkZl_ey nZglZklZ Z\lhjZ agZf_gbluo jhfZgh\ >_lb dZiblZgZ =jZglZ LZbgkl\_gguchkljh\ 80lukyqdbehf_ljh\ih^\h^hca\Zeb@xe_fZnZfbebymg_]h [ueZh^ghkeh`gZy<_jg E:<\_^_gkdZyGIDhe_kgbdh\ 4.Dgb]baZf_qZl_evgh]h nZglZklZ@xey<_jgZkuiZebkvdZdbajh]Zbah[bebyAZq_luj_]h^Zhghim[ebdh\Ze q_luj_i_j\hdeZkkguojhfZgZIylvg_^_evgZ\ha^mrghfrZj_Iml_r_kl\b_dp_gljm A_feb Iml_r_kl\by b ijbdexq_gby dZiblZgZ =Zll_jZkZ b K A_feb gZ Emgm 5. NjZgpmakdbcibkZl_evbe_lqbd:glmZg K_glWdaxi_jbgZibkZedgb]bA_feyex^_c Ghqghcihe_lFZe_gvdbcijbgpkdZadmhj_[_gd_bghieZg_lygbg_b<h_gguce_lqbd jZkkdZah[h_\uoihe_lZo Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 78.IhjZ[hlZcl_dhjj_dlhjhfGZc^bl_bbkijZ\vl_imgdlmZpbhggu_hrb[db Ehg]j_gfZljhkHjbhgZdj_idh]hlj_okhllhggh]h[jb]ZgZdhlhjhfhgijhkem`be ^_kylv e_l b d dhlhjhfm [ue ijb\yaZg kbevg__ q_f bghc kug d jh^ghc fZl_jb ^he`_g [ue gZdhg_p ihdbgmlv wlm kem`[m < h^gh ba _]h j_^dbo \ha\jZs_gbc ^hfhc hg g_ m\b^_e gZ ihjh]_ k\hx `_gm F_jb <f_klh g__ m ^_lkdhc djh\Zldb gh\h]h ij_^f_lZ \ fZe_gvdhf ^hf_ Ehg]j_gZ — klhyeZ \a\hegh\ZggZy khk_^dZ E =jbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 79.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. GZ ijhlb\hiheh`ghf [_j_]m Fhkd\Z j_db gZoh^blky agZf_gblZy dhg^bl_jkdZy nZ[jbdZ ih^ gZa\Zgb_f DjZkguc ... <_l_j k lh]h [_j_]Z ^hghkbl aZiZo rhdheZ^Z ;hevrb_ex[bl_ebdhgn_lfZevqbrdbb^_\qhgdb ... .<ureZijb\_leb\Zy`_gsbgZ gZrZ ]hkl_ijbbfgZy ... 2. ... _klv mxlgh_ ^_lkdh_ dZn_ ih^ gZa\Zgb_f ... 3. ... ih^]hlh\be dhgki_dl lh _klv djZldmx ... 4. ... meu[Zxs__ky ebph Xjby =Z]ZjbgZ i_j\h]h\fbj_ ... 5. ...jZ^hklghaZeZyegZrq_l\_jhgh]bcex[bf_pihdebqd_ 6. ... ijboh^bebkjZaguonZdmevl_lh\kemrZlve_dpbbLbfbjya_\ZaZf_qZl_evgh]h ... 7. ... klhblkeh\haZjyh^ghbaij_djZkg_crbo ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 81 :[he__lhqgh" JZa]h\hjh[mlhqgyxsboh[klhyl_evkl\Zo <u^_e_gb_mlhqgyxsboh[klhyl_evkl\ —hiZkgh_aZgylb_DZdb_`_hiZkghklb\Zk ih^dZjZmeb\Zxl"QlhwlhlZdh_ —mlhqgyxsb_h[klhyl_evkl\Z" ?keb \ ij_^eh`_gbb aZ h^gbf h[klhyl_evkl\hf f_klZ hl\_qZxsbf gZ \hijhk ] ^ _ " beb d m ^ Z " beb h l d m ^ Z " , ke_^m_l \lhjh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h ^Zxs__ [he__ lhqgmx [he__ dhgdj_lgmx bgnhjfZpbx \ hl\_l gZ wlb `_ \hijhku lh wlh \lhjh_ —mlhqgyxs__h[klhyl_evkl\hhgh\u^_ey_lkyaZiylufb _keb_klvblj_lv_ hghlh`_\u^_ey_lky 80. GZc^bl_ mlhqgyxs__ h[klhyl_evkl\h f_klZ \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo b \u^_ebl_ bo aZiylufb >\Z^pZlv rZjh\ [ukljh ihe_l_eb d\_jom \ kbyxs__ kheg_qgh_ g_[h : ih\ZjylZ klhyeb\gbamgZljZ\_kj_^b^mrbklh]h]hjhrdZjZabgm\jlubaZ^jZ\]heh\u\[_euo dheiZdZo XHe_rZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, LZd `_ h[klhbl ^_eh b k h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb \j_f_gb hl\_qZxsbfb gZ \hijhk d h ] ^ Z " <lhjh_h[klhyl_evkl\h^Z_lgZwlhl\hijhk_s_h^bghl\_l[he__lhqguc b\u^_ey_lkyaZiylufb 81.GZc^bl_b\u^_ebl_aZiylufbmlhqgyxs__h[klhyl_evkl\h\j_f_gb ?s_\^j_\ghklbg_kdhevdhlukyqe_lgZaZ^ex^bmf_ebij_^kdZau\Zlvkheg_qgu_ aZlf_gby Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 82. < ke_^mxs_f hlju\d_ ba jZkkdZaZ :g^j_y IeZlhgh\Z kgZqZeZ gZah\bl_ h[klhyl_evkl\Zdhlhju_h[hkh[eyxlkyihlhfjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\l_dkl_ AZihegbl_lZ[ebpm Mlhqgyxsb_h[klhyl_evkl\Z \j_f_gb Mlhqgyxsb_h[klhyl_evkl\Z f_klZ KlZjuc fmaudZgl ex[be b]jZlv m ih^gh`by iZfylgbdZ Imrdbgm Wlhl iZfylgbd klhye \ Fhkd\_ \ gZqZe_ L\_jkdh]h [mev\ZjZ gZ g_f gZibkZgu klbob b kh \k_o q_luj_o klhjhg d g_fm ih^ufZebkv fjZfhjgu_ klmi_gb Ih^gy\rbkv ih wlbf klmi_gyf d kZfhfm iv_^_klZem klZjuc fmaudZgl h[jZsZeky ebphf gZ [mev\Zj d ^Zevgbf Gbdblkdbf <hjhlZf b ljh]Ze kfuqdhf kljmgu gZ kdjbid_ H[udgh\_ggh klZjbd \uoh^be b]jZlv ih^ \_q_j ih i_j\hfm kmfjZdm Moh^be hg ^hfhc iha^gh bgh]^Z ^Z`_ \ iheghqv dh]^Z gZjh^ klZgh\beky j_^dbf b ebrv dZdhcgb[m^v kemqZcguch^bghdbcq_eh\_dkemrZe_]hfmaudm MdZ`bl_ij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsb_lZdbfko_fZf 2) 82 Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 83. FZe_gvdZy b]jh\Zy jZafbgdZ <klZ\vl_ ih iZfylb ijhims_ggu_ h[klhyl_evkl\Z \ kljhdbbaihimeyjguoi_k_g <iheyo E_`Zl\a_fe_kujhc K_j_`dZkFZehc;jhgghc B<blvdZkFhoh\hc DZd[m^lh\gh\vy\f_kl_kgbfb KlhxgZh]g_gghcq_jl_ 3A^_kv >jm]Zijbdjh_l^jm] Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. :l_i_jv —h[hiZkghklyo I_j\Zy hiZkghklv jh`^ZxsZy gZb[hevr__ dhebq_kl\h hrb[hd² wlh mihjgh_ klj_fe_gb_ fgh]bo ba \Zk \u^_eblv ex[h_ h[klhyl_evkl\h f_klZ beb \j_f_gb GZijbf_j \ ij_^eh`_gbb M kZfh]h djZy fhjy klhyeZ \ukhdZy kdZeZ dhlhjZy ih \_q_jZf hl[jZku\ZeZ gZ \h^m ^ebggmx l_gv m g_dhlhjuo ijyfhlZdb jmdb q_rmlky \u^_eblvaZiylhcmkZfh]hdjZyfhjyZwlh]hlhdZdjZag_ke_^m_l^_eZlvIhfgbl_ bkdmkkl\hjZkklZgh\dbagZdh\ij_ibgZgbykhklhblg_lhevdh\mf_gbbihklZ\blvagZd lZf]^_gZ^hghb\\_ebdhfmf_gbbg_klZ\blv_]hlZf]^_g_gZ^h^Z`__kebhq_gv ohq_lky 84. < ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo ihklZ\vl_ gm`gu_ agZdb aZl_f \uibrbl_ ghf_jZ ij_^eh`_gbc[_ah[hkh[e_gguomlhqgyxsboh[klhyl_evkl\ <^ZebgZ^iuevxi_j_mehqghc GZ^kdmdhcaZ]hjh^guo^Zq Qmlvahehlblkydj_g^_ev[mehqghc BjZa^Z_lky^_lkdbcieZq :;ehd ?klvmih_gb_\[hx B[_a^gufjZqghcgZdjZx B\jZatyj_gghfhd_Zg_ Kj_^v]jhaguo\hegb[mjghclvfu B\ZjZ\bckdhfmjZ]Zg_ B\^mgh\_gbbQmfu :KImrdbg MQ_jgh]hfhjyqbgZjZklhblfheh^Zy Kg_cr_iq_lky\_l_ja_e_gu_ebklvyeZkdZy FXE_jfhglh\ LZf\iheyoaZkbg_c]ms_ceh]Z <a_e_gbha_j Ijhe_]eZi_kqZgZy^hjh]Z >hkb[bjkdbo]hj K?k_gbg 83 BlZf\i_jgZlhciZfylbfh_c <k_kdZadbgZqbgZxlkykh^gZ`^u B\wlhfh^ghdjZlghklv[ulby Bfgh]hdjZlghklvmlhe_gvy`Z`^u >KZfhceh\ <^ZebaZ]jZgvx]hem[hc =m^yl\lmfZg_l_ieh\hau HfZjlZij_evdZdb_ke_au Hq_fluieZq_rv"Qlhklh[hc" >KZfhceh\ GZk_\_j_^bdhfklhblh^bghdh GZ]hehc\_jrbg_khkgZ B^j_fe_ldZqZykvbkg_]hfkuimqbf H^_lZdZdjbahchgZ FXE_jfhglh\ Kj_^bfbjh\\f_jpZgbbk\_lbe H^ghcA\_a^uyih\lhjyxbfy G_ihlhfmqlh[y?_ex[be :ihlhfmqlhylhfexkvk^jm]bfb B:gg_gkdbc Ghq_\ZeZlmqdZahehlZy GZ]jm^bml_kZ\_ebdZgZ Mljhf\imlvhgZmfqZeZkvjZgh IheZamjb\_k_ehb]jZy FXE_jfhglh\ <i_kqZguokl_iyoZjZ\bckdhca_feb Ljb]hj^u_iZevfu\ukhdhjhkeb FXE_jfhglh\ AZihfgbl_h^bgbaklbohl\hjguohlju\dh\ ih\u[hjm baZibrbl_ihiZfylb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, <lhjZy hiZkghklv — wlh ijbgylv aZ mlhqgyxs__ \lhjh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h dhlhjh_ \h\k_g_mlhqgy_li_j\h_ KjZ\gbl_ ljb ijbf_jZ Hij_^_ebl_ dZdb_ h[klhyl_evkl\Z f_klZ beb \j_f_gb \ dZ`^hfbagbo 1. Jh\ghaZ^_\ylv\_dh\lh_klv\1044]h^mdgyavYjhkeZ\ih\_e_e gZqZlv kljhbl_evkl\h h[hjhgbl_evguo khhjm`_gbc dj_fey dhlhjuc \ ^j_\g_f Gh\]hjh^_ gZau\Zeky ^_lbgp_f 2. Ih [_j_]Zf K_\_jghc >\bgu ih^ dhjgyfb ^_j_\v_\ lZylky p_eu_ deZ^[bsZ qm^h\bsguo a\_j_c — ^bghaZ\jh\ 3. < ^Ze_db_ \j_f_gZ ?dZl_jbgu II gZ ieh^hjh^gu_ a_feb Ih\he`vy ijb_oZeh fgh]h g_fp_\ dhlhjuopZjbpZijb]eZkbeZ^eyhk\h_gbyimklmxsboa_f_ev DZd\u^mfZ_l_ihq_fm\i_j\uo^\moijbf_jZoaZgylu_klhylZ\lj_lv_fg_l" ?keb\uijZ\bevghhij_^_ebebdZdb_h[klhyl_evkl\Z\wlboij_^eh`_gbyolh\Zf ^he`gh klZlv ykgh ke_^mxs__ < i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb ke_^mxl h^gh aZ ^jm]bf ^\Z h[klhyl_evkl\Z\j_f_gbb\lhjh_ 84 mlhqgy_l i_j\h_ <h \lhjhf ij_^eh`_gbb ^\Z h[klhyl_evkl\Z f_klZ b \lhjh_ lZd`_ mlhqgy_li_j\h_ <lj_lv_f ij_^eh`_gbb i_j\uf b^_l h[klhyl_evkl\h \j_f_gb — < ^Ze_db_ \j_f_gZ ?dZl_jbgu II, Z aZ gbf h[klhyl_evkl\h f_klZ — gZ ieh^hjh^gu_ a_febIh\he`vyHghg_mlhqgy_li_j\h_h[klhyl_evkl\hHgh —h^jm]hf ?keb ijb \klj_q_ k ^\mfy b^msbfb ^jm] aZ ^jm]hf h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb \u khfg_\Z_l_kv gZ^h eb \u^_eylv \lhjh_ klZ\vl_ d g_fm \hijhk lZdbf h[jZahf ?keb i_j\h_h[klhyl_evkl\hhl\_qZ_lgZ\hijhkd h ] ^ Z " —klZ\vl_\hijhkZ d h ] ^ Z [ h e _ _ l h q g h " ?keb i_j\h_ h[klhyl_evkl\h hl\_qZ_l gZ \hijhk ] ^ _ " — klZ\vl_\hijhk Z ] ^ _ [ h e _ _ l h q g h " Hldebdg_lky\lhjh_h[klhyl_evkl\h gZ lZdhc \hijhk — agZqbl hgh mlhqgyxs__ b lj_[m_l aZiyluo G_ hldebdg_lky — agZqblhghg_h^ghjh^gh_ki_j\ufg_mlhqgy_l_]hbaZiyluo_fmg_iheh`_gh <hl\Zfbgkljmdpby^eylZdhcjZ[hlu 85.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1.<IZjb`_\Fma__Q_eh\_dZfh`gh\b^_lvdhibbjbkmgdh\k^_eZgguogZkdZeZo i_j\h[ulgufb ex^vfb 2. <_q_jhf 9 fZy gZ mebpu b iehsZ^b ]hjh^Z \ukuiZeb lheiujZ^hklghh`b\e_gguoex^_c3.<hq_gv^j_\gb_\j_f_gZ\FZehc:abb[ueh g_[hevrh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h DZjby dhlhjuf ijZ\be pZjv FZ\ahe < k\h_c klhebp_ hg gZqZekljhblvojZfmkuiZevgbpmdhlhjuc[uegZa\Zgih_]hbf_gbfZ\ah 85 e__f E:<\_^_gkdZy GIDhe_kgbdh\ 4. < GbdZjZ]mZ g_^Ze_dh hl __ klhebpu FZgZ]mZ jZkiheh`beky ]hjh^ =jZgZ^Z < DZjb[kdhf fhj_ \[ebab <_g_kmweu Ojbklhnhj Dhemf[ hldjue hkljh\ dhlhjuc [ue gZa\Zg =j_gZ^hc Z [ebae_`Zsb_ hkljh\Z ihemqbeb gZa\Zgb_ =j_gZ^bgu E : <\_^_gkdZy G I Dhe_kgbdh\ 5. :g^_jk_gjh^beky\ 1805]h^m\klZjhf^Zlkdhf]hjh^_H^_ga_Fgh]b_k\hb kdZadb :g^_jk_g ibkZe kj_^b abfu \ jZa]Zj ^_lkdbo _ehqguo ijZa^gbdh\ b ijb^Z\Ze bf gZjy^gmxnhjfmk\hckl\_ggmx_ehqgufmdjZr_gbyf DIZmklh\kdbc 6.< 1493]h^m \ iylgbpm lj_lv_]h Z\]mklZ ba bkiZgkdh]h ]hjh^Z IZehkZ \gba ih j_d_ ieueb ljb dZjZ\_eeuKZglZFZjbyGbgvybIbglZWlh[ueZwdki_^bpbyDhemf[Z <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hlZdhcko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, Ih\lhjbl_dZdb_^\_hiZkghklbgZ^hij_^\b^_lv L_i_jv \u kfh`_l_ bo mqblu\Zlv b ba[_]Zlv : \ q_f aZdexqZ_lky lj_lvy hiZkghklv" IjhklhgZijhklh \ \Zr_c g_\gbfZl_evghklb <u fh`_l_ ijhoehiZlv b g_ \u^_eblv mlhqgyxs__ h[klhyl_evkl\h beb aZ[ulv h^gm ba aZiyluo beb ijbgylv ^\Zmlhqgyxsboh[klhyl_evkl\ZaZh[uqgu_h^ghjh^gu_qe_gubg_aZdjulv\lhjh_ h[klhyl_evkl\haZiylhc < ^Zevg_cr_c jZ[hl_ \Zf fh`_l \klj_lblvky ex[Zy ba wlbo hiZkghkl_c ;m^vl_ [^bl_evgu 86. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby Hij_^_ebl_ kdhevdh mlhqgyxsbo h[klhyl_evkl\ \ dZ`^hfijbf_j_JZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc ;_e__liZjmkh^bghdbc <lmfZg_fhjy]hem[hf Qlhbs_lhg\kljZg_^Ze_dhc Qlhdbgmehg\djZxjh^ghf FXE_jfhglh\ B\qZk_]h]jmklghcdhgqbgu <iheghqvdZdk\_jrZ_lky]h^ D\ukhdhfm[_j_]mlboh <ha^mrgucdhjZ[evijbklZ_l FXE_jfhglh\ BlZfgZih^mrd_bayjdboi_kdh\ Ih^l_gvx]mkluoljhklgbdh\ Kibl\blyav^h[uqZj_\gb\hc\hegu Kibl\blyavqm`hcklhjhgu FXE_jfhglh\ 86 GZmlj_gg_caZj_iZklmo G_]hgblm`dhjh\baoe_\Z :KImrdbg 5. Dlh mf__l qblZlv dZjlu lhl b ^hfZ aZ k\hbf klhehf m\b^bl g_fZeh 6. GZ ^g_ L_fau\p_glj_ Ehg^hgZhldhiZeb hlebqgh khojZgb\rbcky dhjZ[ev ihkljh_gguc \h \j_f_gZ>j_\g_]hJbfZ 1800e_lgZaZ^ 7.<h^ghfnjZgpmakdhf]hjh^d_ihgZa\Zgbx Fhglbgvyd\p_glj_NjZgpbb\h[eZklbI_jb]hj]^_]hlh\ylhlebqgu_iZrl_lu`beb q_luj_ fZevqbdZ Hgb qZkl_gvdh [jh^beb ih hdj_klghklyf \f_kl_ kh k\hbf g_jZaemqguf ^jm]hf fZe_gvdbf ju`bf i_kbdhf : =hnf_ckl_j 8. >_j_\vy k ijyfhm]hevgufbkl\heZfbjZklmllhevdh\IZgZf_\g_kdhevdbodbehf_ljZodk_\_jm hl IZgZfkdh]h dZgZeZ G KeZ^dh\ 9. < Gbpp_ gZ x]_ NjZgpbb m ih^gh`vy iZfylgbdZ ba\_klghfm jmkkdhfm ibkZl_ex b ^_fhdjZlm =_jp_gm jZklml djZkgu_ ]\ha^bdb 10. ;he__ ^\mo klhe_lbc \ I_l_j[mj]_ gZ [_j_]m G_\u \ukblky a^Zgb_ WjfblZ`Zfma_ybah[jZabl_evguobkdmkkl\ <uibrbl_ghf_jZij_^eh`_gbckijb^Zlhqguf\gmljb]eZ\gh]h Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 87.IhjZ[hlZcl_dhjj_dlhjhfGZc^bl_bbkijZ\vl_imgdlmZpbhggu_hrb[db LZfe_kb^he\b^_gbcihegu LZfhaZj_ijboeugml\hegu GZ[j_]i_kqZgucbimklhc :KImrdbg LZfaZ^Zevxg_ih]h^u ?klv[eZ`_ggZykljZgZ GYaudh\ ?klv\^bdhcjhs_mh\jZ]Z A_e_gucohefLZf\_qghl_gv <hdjm]²jmqvy`b\Zy\eZ]Z @mjqZgv_fgZ]hgy_le_gv P\_lubljZ\uihdju\Zxl A_e_gucohefbgbdh]^Z Kx^Zemqbg_ijhgbdZxl EbrvlbohdZlblky\h^Z :;ehd 4. Y jh^beky 19 n_\jZey dZd jZa \ lhl ^_gv \ dhlhjuc ijZa^gh\Zehkv \ pZjkdhc Jhkkbb hk\h[h`^_gb_ dj_klvyg X He_rZ 5. LZf \ iZjd_ [Z[mrdZ qblZeZ gZf kdZadm h ^jZdhg_ b ijbgp_ ^h[u\Zxs_f `b\mx b f_jl\mx \h^m X He_rZ 6. < Q_obb \ K_\_jhq_rkdhc h[eZklb jhk gZ [hehl_ klhe_lgbc dbiZjbk GZ wlhf [hehl_ j_r_gh [ueh gZqZlv jZajZ[hldb [mjh]h m]ey >_j_\h \ukhlhc ^\Z^pZlv f_ljh\ b \_khf r_klgZ^pZlv lhgg i_j_\_aeb gZ \hk_fgZ^pZlv dbehf_ljh\ K_cqZk dbiZjbk klhbl\]hjh^_Fhkli_j_^^\hjphfdmevlmju ba 87 `mjgZeh\ 7.Qlh[um\b^_lv^bdboq_j_iZobdjhdh^beh\gZ^hhlijZ\blvkygZx]\ l_ieu_djZy J;eZc[_j] <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hlZdhcko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 88. L_i_jv ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf ij_^eh`_gby ^ey hldjh\_ggh]h jZa]h\hjZ <Zf gZ^h g_ lhevdh jZkklZ\blv \ gbo agZdb gh b [_a mlZcdb h[tykgblv dZ`^uc ba gbo \ ij_^eh`_gbb 1. < Am]^b^b \ =jmabb _klv fma_c k ^\mfy j_ebd\byfb ihkf_jlghc fZkdhc GZihe_hgZ aZ\_a_gghc d_flh \ lZdmx ^Zev b ^bZ^_fhc pZjbpu LZfZju >bZ^_fZ e_`bl \ p_glj_ aZeZ gZ [ZjoZl_ aZ iehlguf keh_f kl_deZ E <Zkbev_\Z 2. Hq_gv ^Ze_dhaZN_h^hkb_ckbahckl_ghcklhyehfhj_BgZ^\k_fgZ^^hfhf=jbgZgZ^_]h fh]behc b gZ^ KlZjuf Djufhf klhyeh [_afhe\b_ [_ah[eZqgh]h e_lg_]h ^gy D IZmklh\kdbc 3.GZaZdZl_khegpZ\ukhdhgZ^]hjh^hfgZdZf_gghcl_jjZk_h^gh]hba kZfuo djZkb\uo a^Zgbc \ Fhkd\_ a^Zgby ihkljh_ggh]h hdheh ihemlhjZklZ e_l gZaZ^ gZoh^bebkv^\h_<heZg^b:aZa_eeh F;me]Zdh\ 4.@xev<_jg`begZdjZx]hjh^Z gZ m]em mebpu RZjey >x[mZ b [mev\ZjZ Ehg]_\bev GZ^ djur_c \ha\urZeZkv djm]eZy dZf_ggZy [Zrgy b \ wlhc [Zrg_ gZ lj_lv_f wlZ`_ ibkZl_ev mkljhbe k_[_ dZ[bg_l H[klZgh\dZ [ueZ hq_gv kdjhfgZy madZy `_e_agZy djh\Zlv ibkvf_gguc klhe dh`Zgh_ [xjh k \u^\b`gufb ysbdZfb ]^_ \k_]^Z [ueZ ih^ jmdhc ih^kh[gZy dZjlhl_dZlukyqbkZfh^_evguol_ljZ^hdk\uibkdZfbBak\h_]hdZ[bg_lZ@xev<_jg hg\k_]^ZkZ^bekyaZjZ[hlm\iylv mljZgZ[ex^Ze\hkoh^khegpZIZjh\hagu_]m^db ^hghkb\rb_kyk\hdaZeZijh\h`Zeb_]h]_jh_\\^Zevgb_kljZgkl\by D:g^j__\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, :l_i_jv —aZ^Zgbyih\ur_gghcljm^ghklb 89. JZkklZ\vl_ ijhims_ggu_ agZdb KhklZ\vl_ ko_fm i_j\h]h ij_^eh`_gby h[hagZqb\ gZg_ch^ghjh^gu_qe_gu Km^hjh`gh a_\gm\ ijhdmjZlhj jZkkl_]gme b k[jhkbe ieZs kgye hihyku\Zxsbc jm[Zomj_f_gvkrbjhdbfklZevgufgh`hf\gh`gZoiheh`be_]h\dj_kehmeh`Zb \ulygmeky ;Zg]Z lhlqZk ih^gyeky d g_fm gZ ihkl_ev b e_] jy^hf ]heh\Z d ]heh\_ b ijhdmjZlhjiheh`b\jmdmkh[Zd_gZr_xaZdjuegZdhg_p]eZaZLhevdhlh]^ZaZkgmeb i_k F;me]Zdh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 90.JZkklZ\vl_ijhims_ggu_agZdb ;Zg]Z\ukmgm\yaudbqZklh^urZme_]kymgh]ohaybgZijbq_fjZ^hklv\]eZaZoikZ hagZqZeZ qlh dhgqbeZkv ]jhaZ _^bgkl\_ggh_ \ fbj_ q_]h [hyeky [_kkljZrguc i_k Z lZd`_blhqlhhghiylvlmljy^hfkl_fq_eh\_dhfdhlhjh]hex[bem\Z`ZebkqblZe kZfuffh]mqbf\ 88 fbj_ ih\_ebl_e_f \k_o ex^_c [eZ]h^Zjy dhlhjhfm b kZfh]h k_[y i_k kqblZe kms_kl\hf ijb\be_]bjh\Zgguf \ukrbf b hkh[_gguf LZd h[Z hgb b i_k b q_eh\_d ex[ysb_^jm]^jm]Z\klj_lbebijZa^gbqgmxghqvgZ[Zedhg_ F;me]Zdh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 91.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1.JZggbfmljhfgZ[_j_]mj_dbihy\bebkv 2.<\_q_jgbcqZkg_aZ^he]h^haZoh^Z khegpZ gZ em`Zcd_ 3. Lm^Z \ ]hju d kg_`guf 4. ... b \ wlhl qZk \ \_q_j_xs_f ]hjh^_ijhbahreh 5.<lhl`_fhf_gl\m]emdhfgZlu 6. ...bl_i_jv\wlhfklZjhf ^hf_ 7. < l_ lj_\h`gu_ ^gb dh]^Z k jZgg_]h mljZ ^h iha^g_]h \_q_jZ gZ mebpZo ]hjh^Z 8.<wlhlgZ\k_]^ZiZfylguc^he]h`^Zgguc^_gvih[_^uex^b Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. Fulh`_ohlbfh[hkh[eylvky H[hkh[e_ggu_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_gukij_^eh]Zfb Ij_^eh]b djhf_ aZ bkdexq_gb_f \dexqZy ihfbfh bkdexqZy \f_klh g_kfhljy gZ kh]eZkgh \ke_^kl\b_ [eZ]h^Zjy aZ g_bf_gb_f k\_jo gZjy^m k — \f_kl_ kh k\hbfbkms_kl\bl_evgufblZd`_ij_l_g^mxlgZ\u^_e_gb_aZiylufb_kebfuohlbf ih^q_jdgmlvjhev^Zgguokms_kl\bl_evguo\ij_^eh`_gbb Wlh g_ljm^gh b lj_[m_l lhevdh\gbfZgby 92.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyIh^q_jdgbl_h[hkh[e_gby Kh]eZkgh ^j_\g_]j_q_kdhfm ij_^Zgbx fhjkdZy [h]bgy N_lb^Z mkeurZeZ hl ijhjbpZl_ey qlh __ kug ih bf_gb :obee ih]b[g_l \ kjZ`_gbb ih^ kl_gZfb Ljhb <hij_db wlhfm kljZrghfm ijhjhq_kl\m hgZ j_rbeZ k^_eZlv _]h l_eh g_mya\bfuf =em[hdhcghqvxmlZb\wlhhl\k_oN_lb^ZhdmgmeZfZevqbdZ\k\ys_ggu_\h^uj_db Klbdk Ijb wlhf hgZ ^_j`ZeZ _]h aZ iyldm b \k_ _]h l_eh klZeh g_mya\bfuf djhf_ wlhciyldbDh]^Z:obeeklZexghr_chgijhkeZ\bekydZdg_ih[_^bfuc]_jhcGh\h \j_fy Ljhygkdhc \hcgu klj_eZ ihiZeZ _fm \ iyldm \ke_^kl\b_ q_]h hg ih]b[ WlZ e_]_g^Zjh^beZkhojZgb\r__ky^hgZr_]h\j_f_gb\ujZ`_gb_Zobee_kh\ZiylZqlh hagZqZ_lmya\bfh_f_klh Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 93.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyMdZ`bl_ij_^eh`_gby\dhlhjuo_klvh[hkh[e_gbyk ij_^eh]Zfb Ba\_klguc njZgpmakdbc nbehkhn @Zg ;mjb^Zg kqblZe qlh m q_eh\_dZ g_ fh`_l [ulv k\h[h^u \heb <f_klh eh]bq_kdbo ^hdZaZl_evkl\ hg jZkkdZau\Ze bklhjbx h[ hke_dhlhjucgZoh^bekygZjZ\ghfjZkklhygbbf_`^m^\mfyh^bgZdh\ufbhoZidZfb k_gZ ?keb [u m g_]h [ueZ k\h[h^Z \heb hg g_ kfh] [u \u[jZlv hoZidm \ke_^kl\b_ q_]hhklZeky[ugZf_kl_bmf_jhl]heh^Z;eZ]h^Zjywlhcbklhjbb\gZr 89 h[boh^ \hreh \ujZ`_gb_ [mjb^Zgh\ hk_e Bf gZau\Zxl ex^_c dhe_[exsboky \ \u[hj_f_`^m^\mfyjZ\gufb\hafh`ghklyfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 94.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby Kh]eZkgh ^j_\g_]j_q_kdhc e_]_g^_ lblZg Ijhf_l_c ih^Zjbe ex^yf bkdmkkl\Z j_f_keZmf_gb_qblZlvbibkZlvgZmqbebo\jZq_\ZgbxZk\_jolh]hih^Zjbebfh]hgv ihobs_gguc m [h]h\ < gZdZaZgb_ hg [ue ijbdh\Zg d kdZe_ ?]h iZebeh khegp_ oe_klZe ^h`^v l_jaZeb [mjb b ihfbfh \k_]h wlh]h dZ`^uc ^_gv ijbe_lZe hj_e b de_\Ze _]h i_q_gv Fmq_gby Ijhf_l_y ^ebebkv ^h l_o ihj ihdZ _]h g_ hk\h[h^be \hij_db\he_[h]h\agZf_gbluc]_jhc=_jZde Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. 95.IhjZ[hlZcl_dhjj_dlhjhfGZc^bl_bbkijZ\vl_imgdlmZpbhggu_hrb[db Y g_ ohl_e qlh[u dlhgb[m^v djhf_ f_gy jZaj_rZe \hijhku fghx g_ jZaj_r_ggu_ N F >hklh_\kdbc 2. >m[jh\kdbc \b^_e qlh l_i_jv ihevah\Zebkv khk_^b ijhbkr_^rbf jZaju\hf b j_rbeky \hij_db \k_f ihgylbyf h ijZ\_ \hcgu ijhmqblvk\hboie_ggbdh\ijmlvyfb :KImrdbg 3.<hij_dbh`b^Zgbyfohaybg \klj_lbe gZk ohly b g_ hq_gv ex[_agh gh \k_ `_ jZkihjy^beky ihdhjfblv gZk b iha\hebeghq_\Zlvmk_[ygZnZga_ <::jk_gv_\ 4.Bgbq_]hg_[ueh\b^ghdjhf_ dhevpZh[klmiZxsbo^_j_\v_\bgbq_]hg_[uehkeur 90 gh djhf_ `mjqZgby jmqvy F Ijbr\bg 5. < ^h\hevgh h[rbjghc [b[ebhl_d_ jZah[jZgu \k_ dgb]b djhf_ iylb h]jhfguo jhkdhrgh ba^Zgguo lhfh\ h \dmkghc b a^hjh\hc ibs_ ; Ihe_\hc 6. B hl_p k kughf \f_klh ijb\_lkl\by ihke_ ^Z\g_c hlemqdb klZeb gZkZ`b\Zlv ^jm] ^jm]m lmfZdb b \ [hdZ b \ ihykgbpm b \ ]jm^v lh hlklmiZybh]ey^u\Zykvlh\gh\vgZklmiZy G<=h]hev Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,, 96. I_j_ibrbl_ \klZ\eyy ih kfukem ijhims_ggu_ ij_^eh]b b jZkklZ\eyy agZdb ij_ibgZgby 1. ... gZ iehomx ih]h^m fu [_a dhe_[Zgbc hlijZ\bebkv \ ihoh^ 2. ... ]_jhbq_kdbf mkbebyf gZr_]h ih\ZjZ m^Zehkv jZa`_qv dhkl_j \ kujmx ih]h^m 3. ... \kydh]h h`b^Zgby gZkljh_gb_ m gZk [ueh ij_djZkgh_ 4. ... dhfnhjlZ[_evgh]h ghqe_]Z fu mkljhbebkv \ g_[hevrhf rZeZr_ 5. <_q_jhf ^h[jhc lmjbklkdhc ljZ^bpbb fu kh[jZebkv m dhkljZ b ^h ]em[hdhc ghqb i_eb i_kgb 6. ... k lmjbklkdbfb fu \kihfbgZeb b i_kgb r_klb^_kyluo ]h^h\ b i_kgb \h_gguo e_l 7. < @b]meyo \uiZ^Z_l [hevr_ kg_]Z q_f ]^_eb[h \ kljZg_ lj_o f_kl gZ >Zevg_f K_\_j_ 8. Y ihqlb g_ fh] gZa\Zlv gb h^ghc ilbpu \hjh[vy b eZklhqdb D IZmklh\kdbc 9. G_ ijhreh b k_fb fbgml dZd ihqlb \k_ iZjmkZ ^\molj_o [ueb m[jZgu D F KlZgxdh\bq 10. AZ dhjfhc gbq_]h g_ [ueh \b^gh ieZ\gh \a^ufZxsboky b himkdZxsboky \heg D F KlZgxdh\bq 11. <k_ e_lh dhg_qgh g_ih]h`b_ ^gb y ijh`be \ kZ^m l_ieufb ghqZfb ^Z`_ kiZe lZf gZ dhrf_ ih^Zj_gghc [Z[mrdhc F =hjvdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\uII. Hl\_lu 1. Ih^gy\ meu[Zykv meu[gm\rbkv ijb\_lkl\my A^_kv ^__ijbqZklby fh`gh i_j_imlZlvkgZj_qbyfbbk]eZ]heZfb 2. KdZaZ\ j_rb\rbkv kf_ykv aZ^mfZ\rbkv kbyy A^_kv ^__ijbqZklby fh`gh i_j_imlZlvk]eZ]heZfbbkijbqZklbyfb 3. Kms_kl\bl_ev IjbeZ]Zl_ev =eZ]heu IjbqZklby GZj_qby >__ijbqZklby gu_ gu_ e_lZy ^hdjZkgZ mfqZeZkv kbyxsZy \_k_eZy f_evgbpZ gZjbkh\Z\ gZdZgmg_ kfhljysbc r_e_kl_eZ [_aex^gZy ijhkljZgkl\h ihijhklm jZa\_k_eb\rbkv gZ^_xkv k\_lysZyky hklhjh`_g i_j_\h^ miZ\ gbdh]^Z hk\_lblv k\ys_ggZy fZeurb klj_fbl_evgh ih^fb]gm\rb kfhljbl_ev ih^gy\rb gZ^_`gh hk\_lbl_ev g_]ey^y ih^jm`_kdb hk\_s_gb_ k\_leh 4. 1.G_^Z\rbkeh\Zdj_ibkvZ^Z\rb^_j`bkv 2.Kgy\rb]heh\mih\hehkZfg_ ieZqml 3.G_agZy[jh^mg_kmcky\\h^m 91 5. 1. AZ^mfZ\ ieulv ih ehgm \h^ a\_a^Zfb iZ^Zy gZ [j_] 2. OjZgy dhjZ[eb 3. Kohjhgykv \ ^mieh 4. I_qZevgh ijhe_lZy 5. >_j`Z dm\rbg gZ^ ]heh\hc kf_ykv g_eh\dhklbk\h_c 6.<_kvba^jh]gm\h[gy\ 6. 1. G_ \a\_kb\ \k_o \hafh`guo ljm^ghkl_c y hq_jly ]heh\m imklbeky \ jbkdh\Zggh_ iml_r_kl\b_ 2. Ij_h^he_\Zy g_hohlm y kdj_iy k_j^p_ aZgbfZeky g_ex[bfuf ^_ehf 3. ;m^mqb kh\_jr_ggh bkdj_ggbf y iheh`Z jmdm gZ k_j^p_ jZkkdZaZej_[ylZfh[h\k_fkemqb\r_fky 4.FhyfZlvg_fh]eZ`blvg_jZ[hlZy^Zb hl_pg_ex[bekb^_lvkeh`Zjmdb 5.Lhjhiykvdih_a^mj_[ylZe_l_ebkehfy]heh\m 7.Klhye_`ZfheqZkb^yg_ki_rZ 8. 9. 1.< 1959]h^m ... ,\uc^ybadhemf[bckdh]hihjlZ ... . 2.HdZaZ\rbkv\\h^_ ... . >_evnbgu\klmib\\[hckobsgbdZfb ... .Hlh]gZ\Zdme^Ze_dh\fhj_ ... . 10. AbfZ ... , lhj`_kl\my ... . ?]h ehrZ^dZ kg_] ihqmy ... . ;jZa^u imrbklu_ \aju\Zy ... .Yfsbd ...\lmemi_ ... .<hl[_]Z_l ... ,\kZeZadb`mqdmihkZ^b\ ... .?fmb [hevghbkf_rgh ... . Wlhhlju\hdba?\]_gbyHg_]bgZ:KImrdbgZ 11. 1. ... ,qlh[hrb[b\rbkvjZa ... .>Z\Zcl_`blv\h\k_f^jm]^jm]mihlZdZy ... . 2. ... ,ihm]eZfaZe_lZy ...[mc\heb[_euchj_eb ... . 12. 1. ... ,ihiZ^Zy ... 2. ...ih\_joghklb ... 3. ...m]e_f ... 4. ... ,g_ljZly ... 92 13. 1. DhiZy ^jm]hfm yfm kZf \ g__ ihiZ^_rv 2. =ey^y gZ fbj g_evay g_ m^b\eylvky 3. ?^bgh`^u khe]Z\rb dlh l_[_ ih\_jbl" 4. IjbgbfZykv aZ ^_eh kh[_jbkv k ^mohf 5. <abjZy gZ \ukhdbo ex^_c b \ukhdb_ ij_^f_lu g_ baebrg_ ijb^_j`b\ZlvdZjlmak\hcaZdhauj_d 5.Qlhbf__fg_ojZgbfihl_jy\rbieZq_f 14. 2. ...jZkdjbqZ\rbkv ... 4. ...k_j^bebkvlZddZd ... 5. ... ,\hbgkl\_gghoehiZy ... 15. H^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bg_gu h^bghqgufhiZkgufkhxahf 2, 3, 5, 6 H^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bg_gubglhgZpb_c beb[_ahiZkgufbkhxaZfbbeb ih\lhjyxsbfbkyhiZkgufbkhxaZfb 1, 2, 4 1. ... ,dZd ... ,lh ... ,lh . 2. K\ys_gghkem`bl_ebeZfu dhlhju_ ... `b\ml ... , g_ lhevdh ... , g_ lhevdh ... , g_ lhevdh . Hgb _s_ jbkdmy `bagvx kh\_jrZxl ... , ^_j`Zkv ... . 3. ...iZedZfb ... . 4. ...b]jZxqb ... jZa]hgyxqb ... . 5.Kf_ykv ... . 6. ... , k\_jgm\rbkv ... . 16. 1. ... ,a\mqZ ... ,b ...]eZ\hx ... ,b . 2.B ... ,bk\_leZ ... ,bg_imkdZy ...g_[_kZ ... ,^Z\ ... . 3. ... ,b ...Fhkd\m ...jZ^m]Z ... . 4. ...ex[hiulgu ...kjZ\gb\Zlv ...b ... qm`[bgu ... . 5. ... h[jmq ... b ... \h^u ... . 6. ... djZc ... \b^_gby ... . Ih g_[m ... , klmiZy .G_agZyqlh ...ilbpZ ... .=^_lh ... ,b ,m\_ebqb\ ... . 7. ... ,qmlv ... ,b ... r_klhf ... . 8.=bfgZkl ...r_kl ... ,b ...gZ\_jo ... . 17. 1.QZcdbdjm`ZlkygZ^fhj_fhl[jZku\Zyl_gbgZ]eZ^dmxih\_joghklv\h^ub ba^Zxl j_adb_ djbdb 2. DhjZ[ev r_e h[oh^y Zck[_j]b b lhjhku b e_]dh h^he_\Zy e_^ygu_ihey 18. 1. ... ,`b\y ... . 2. ... ,dZd ... ,b ... . 3. ...i_jv_\ ... . 4. ...^h\_q_jZ ... . 5. ... ,b ... . 6. ... ,hg ... . 7. ... ,gZ^_\djuevy ... . 8.L_dlh ... ihe_lm^b\eyebkv^mfZy ... . 9. ... , aZ[u\ ... . 10. ... ,dhlhjuc ...djuevy ... ,b ... . 11.H[_jgm\rbkv ... . 19. 1. ... , ijhoh^y \ha^mo ... . 2. ... , hk\h[h`^Zy ... . 3. ... q_eh\_dZ dhlhjuc ih^gy\]heh\mkfhljblgZa\_a^u" 4. ...kh[ZdmfZoZyo\hklhf ... . 20. 1. ....f_^\_`hghd ... . 2. ... ,kf_rghi_j_\Zeb\Zykv ... . 3. ...eZiZo ... . 21. 1. ... ,f_^\_`hghdeZiZo ... . 2. ...i_j_\Zeb\Zykv ... ,gZijZ\eyykv ... . 93 22.LZf ...ie_s_lkdZeu ...f]eu]^_\]Zj_fZogZkeZ`^Zykv ... fmkmevfZglZf ,eZkdZykv... . =eZ\gZy qZklv ij_^eh`_gby — LZf lZf \her_[gbpZ eZkdZykv fg_ \jmqbeZ lZebkfZg<gmljbg_]hljbijb^Zlhqgu_qZklb 23. 1.JZa\hijhk ... 2. ... ,bf_evdZyo\hklhf ... 3. ... ,m\b^_\ ... 4. ...\gbfZgby ... bklZ\i_j_^ljb[mghc ... 5. ...bg_ ... 25. 1.@_eZyihemqblvykgh_ij_^klZ\e_gb_hijhbkoh^ys_f ... . ?keb ,lh ,dZd [ubkke_^my__Gh ,g_m\_j_gghgZsmiu\Zyihq\mih^gh]Zfb ... ,m\_j_gghfbgmy bogZk\h_fimlb 2. ... ,hibku\ZydZd ,:jbklhl_ev ,qlh ... . 3. ... ,q_f ,b`_eZy ih`Zlv dhfmgb[m^v jmdm ... , qlh ... . 4. ... , \ , klj_fbl_evgh jZa^\b]Zxlky hldju\Zybg_ajbfu_ijhklhjudhkfhkZblZcgufbdjhfbjZ 5. ...dhjdhc... ,qlh , kb^_eb ,^jh`Zeb ,khh[jZ`Zy ... . 26. 1. ...e_^k\hbf\_khf<aehfZ\e_^ ... ,qlh[ujZah]gZ\rbkv ... . 2. ...gZk ... , \ulygm\r_xb ... .Ihke_^h\Z\aZgbfym\b^_e ... .LZfhge_]^_j_\hf ... . 3. ... , qmlv ,b ....Kihdhcgh ,dh]^Z ,gZ[_]Zy ,klhe[Zfb\\_jo ,h[jZamy ... . 27. 1.<ulygm\rbkv ,dZd ,hgb ,g_k\h^y ... . 2. ... ,lZykv , ih^]ey^u\Zydb\Zy ]heh\dZfbZ ,djbqZL_jhl_jh 3.Lh ...ljZ\u ... ,\ulygm\r_xgujyy ... . 4. ... , dZdkju\Zykv ,hgb ,ihk\_jdb\Zy ... . 5. ...b\uju\Zy ...iheh]Z ... ,hldju\Zy ... . 6. ... b ... , jZkkZ`b\Zxlky gZ ^_j_\vyo ... . 7. ... , y , dZd ... , ih dhj_ ... . 8. ... , qlh ijh]heh^Z\rbkv ... . 9. ... ,dh]^Z ... ,g_[hevrb_ ,lhb^_eh ... . 28. 1. ... ,kebrdhf ,b ...emq_aZjguc ... . 2.KlZlmbdhehggunhgZjb ,b ...bo ... . 3. ...hlklmiZyihgy\qlhg_evay ...ke_iZy ... . 4. ...l_kgylb ...m]jxfhf ...! 5. ...aZjgbpu ... . 6. ...blboh , hiylv ... . 7. ...b ...h[jZlb\ ... . 29. 1. ...qlh[uk^_eZ\ ... 2.?keb\uihemqb\ ... 3. ...\^hf_]^_ ... 4. ...lh]^Z ... 5. ... hgb ...lhedhf ... 6. ...fg_ ... 7. ... ,qlh ... 8. ... ,j_rb\rbkv ... 30. -+- -. 31.<_g_pby —wlh]hjh^ihkljh_ggucgZfhj_LZf ...dZgZeuijhoh^ysb_q_j_a \_kv ]hjh^ Z ... . =hg^heu — wlh ihdjulu_ q_jguf eZdhf eh^db ... . =hg^heu ... hl ijhoh^ysbo fbfh dZl_jh\ <k_ ]hg^hev_ju ihxl b ]hjh^ ihehg a\mdh\ hljZ`Zxsbokyhlfmlguo\h^dZgZeZ 32. 1. Iha^g_c hk_gvx aZf_l_gghc kg_]hf a_feb \ ij_^gZagZq_ggh_ ieZ\Zgv_ ly`_eu_dhjZ[eb 2.Dm^jy\uckmfjZdjmdhx[_ehkg_`ghc 33. 1. <hklhj]k_j^pmimlvhd_Zg —kms_kl\bl_evgu_ 2. Y —f_klhbf_gb_ 34. 2. <at_jhr_gguchg 3. ?fmmklZehfmbhay[r_fm —ebqgu_f_klhbf_gby 94 35. 1. E_lysbc kj_^b iehlgh]h kdhie_gby h[eZdh\ kZfhe_l mijZ\ey_lky hiulguf ibehlhf 2. KZfhe_l e_lysbc kj_^b iehlgh]h kdhie_gby h[eZdh\ mijZ\ey_lky hiulgufibehlhf 36. 1. ... , \uims_gguc :e_gdhc ... . 2. S_ghd ijbg_k_gguc \ ^hf ... . 3. >hf ihkljh_gguclZeZgleb\ufZjobl_dlhjhf ... . 4.Hlijbg_k_gguofZfhcdhgn_l . 5. ... ,ba\_klguck\hbfb\u^mfdZfb ... . 6.Hl_paZgyluckjhqghcjZ[hlhc ... . 37. 1.Iheb]ehl —wlhq_eh\_dagZxsbc fgh]hyaudh\2.Ahheh]by — wlh gZmdZ bamqZxsZy`b\hlgucfbj 3.:kljhghfby — wlhgZmdZbamqZxsZyg_[_kgu_l_eZ 4. GmfbafZl — wlh q_eh\_d dhee_dpbhgbjmxsbc fhg_lu 5. >bjb`_j — wlh q_eh\_d mijZ\eyxsbchjd_kljhf 38. 1. ... [j_^m ... . 2. ... hg fyl_`guc ... , dZd [m^lh 3. ... , ]^_ , fbeZy lu g_`gZy ... . Y dj_idh kiex ... , \ dhlhjhf ... . 4. ... e_]dmx ^h[jmx k\h[h^gmx ilbpmohl_\rmx ,ilbpme_l_\rmx ... . G_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_hij_^_e_gbyfyl_`gucfbeZyg_`gZyhlghkylkydebqguf f_klhbf_gbyf 39. 1. Kimlgbdb h[jZsZxsb_ky \hdjm] FZjkZ ... \hcgu Nh[hk b >_cfhk 2. IeZg_lZ[eb`ZcrZydKhegpm ... . 40. 1. ...hlhfqlh ... 2. ... ,\ua\Zgguc ... 4. ... ,^Zxsbc ... 5. ... ,`b\rb_ ... G_ykghgm`_gebagZd\ijbf_j_ 3. 41. 1. ... ,ijb\udr_]h ... . 3. ... ,[hevrb_g_`gu_b djhldb_ ... . 4. ... , qlh ... . < hlebqb_hl^jm]boilbpihxsboibsZsbobebdjbqZsbo ... . 5. ... ,m[blhc ... .Wlhl lZgphj ... ,i_j_k_eb\r_cky ... . 6. ... ,gZibkZggu_m\e_dZl_evghhkljhmfghk[hevrhc nZglZab_c ... . 7. ... ,b^ms_fijbkhegp_ ... .:dhfm`_ ... ,dZd ... . JZkijhkljZg_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_beb JZkijhkljZg_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_beb g_kdhevdhhij_^_e_gbcihke_ g_kdhevdhhij_^_e_gbci_j_^ hij_^_ey_fh]hkeh\Z hij_^_ey_fufkeh\hf 1, 3 =eZaZ`bjZnZ[hevrb_g_`gu_b 2, 3 =heh\miZjZg_[hevrbodhklyguo ihjbkluorbr_d 4 Hlkmlkl\mxsbcm djhldb_ 4 <hlebqb_hl^jm]boilbp ihxsboibsZsbobebdjbqZsbo 5 GZ wlh]hilbqv_]h]b]ZglZ]hehk 5 [_j_]mq_j_iZobm[blhcg_kdhevdhe_l IhemqbeZkvdjZkb\Zybg_h[uqgZy gZaZ^WlhliZgpbjvghj\_`d_ djh\ZldZ 7 K\_jdZxsb_gZkhegp_ i_j_k_eb\r_ckygZ=ZeZiZ]hk H dZiebwlh]h^h`^y ke_ihf^h`^_b^ms_fijbkhegp_ 42.LvfZijbr_^rZy ...fhjy ... .Bkq_aeb ... ,kh_^bgyxsb_ ...[Zrg_c ... .IjhiZe ... ,dZd[m^lh ... .<k_ ,gZim]Z\rZy ... .Lj_i_lgu_ ... , b ... ,ijhklbjZy ... .<f_kl_ ... , ebklvy ... ,fZe_gvdb_ ... . 95 43. Dh]^Z d [_j_]m ... . H^bg ba gbo g_k [h]Zlh jZkrbluc neZ] k bgbpbZeZfb dhjhey ... .GZ[_j_]mDhemf[Z\klj_lbeZlheiZl_fghdh`bo ,kiZ^ZxsbfbgZr_x ... . G_ \udZau\Zy gb \jZ`^u gb ^jm`_ex[by ... kihdhcgh ... , dZd , aZdmlZggh_ fZl_jbx ... . 44. 1. ... ,iheb\ZxsZy ... 3. ... ,fu[ueb ... 5. ... ,j_[ylZ ... 45. 1. M de_ldb ]^_ jZkoZ`b\Zeb iZ\ebgu jZkimklb\rb_ k\hb iurgu_ o\hklu lheibebkv a_\Zdb 2. GZ dZjlbg_ J_ibgZ bah[jZ`_g obljh mofueyxsbcky \ mku aZihjh`_pdhlhjuchi_jkyjmdhch[hqhghd 46. 1. ... , gh gZr ^jm] aZgbfZ\rbcky ... 2. ... m\e_q_gguc hg ... 4. ... mklZehklb fZevqbd ... 5. ...g_h[oh^bfh_<heh^yfh][u ... 7. ... ,mdjZrZ\rbc ... 9. ... ,xghrZg_ ... 10. ...g_mdex`bc[jZlbrdZ\k_`_ ... 11. ...a^hjh\v_fy ... H[hkh[ey_lky_kebhlghkblky debqguf f_klhbf_gbyf \k_]^Z 2, 11 dkms_kl\bl_evguf ihke_ hij_^_ey_fh]h keh\Z 1, 7 bf__l ^h[Z\hqgh_ agZq_gb_ 4, 5, 9, 10 G_h[hkh[ey_lky_keb hlghkblky dkms_kl\bl_evguf i_j_^hij_^_ey_fufkeh\hf 3, 6, 8 48. 1. E_^gbd ² wlh dZd [u h]jhfgZy j_dZ hq_gv f_^e_ggh kiheaZxsZy k ]hj 2. Kha^Zgb_ ibkvf_gghklb — qj_a\uqZcgh keh`guc ijhp_kk aZgy\rbc g_ h^gh lukyq_e_lb_ 49. 1.<q_jZmlhfe_ggucoh^v[hcih[hehlm ... . 2. ... ,ih^ijbg_k_gghc ...? 3. ... , bajZkoh^h\Z\aghy ...]hjbahglZ ... ,fu ... . 4. ... ,fu...g_l_ji_gby ... . 5. ... ,hgb , dhlhjZy ... . <k_wlbijbf_juhlghkylkydi_j\hcklj_ed_bgkljmdpbb 50.;Zjhg ,dZdh^gZ`^u ... ,hg ,lhjqZ\r_]h ... .Mkgm\rbc , hg ,dh]^Z ... . Dhgy ,lhevdh ... . 51. 1. ...`b\hlgu_ ... j_qb ... . 2. ... , \g_rg_ ... . Gh , m^Ze_ggu_ hl gZk Z _keb ihkfhlj_lv k ^jm]hc klhjhgu hl^Zey_l ij_^f_lu gZoh^ysb_ky [ebadh Ik_\^hkdhi ^_eZ_lkjZamblhb^jm]h_[ebadh_hl^Zey_lZ ... .FbjjZkkfZljb\Z_fuc ,dZ`_lky \u\_jgmlufgZbagZgdm 52. 2. ... , Zevibgbkl ... . 3. ... , ijbq_kZgguc b ijbebqgh h^_luc ... . 5. ... , bkke_^h\Zl_eb ... . 6. ... ,fZeur ... . 7. ...hiZkghklvx ... . AgZq_gbyijbqbgu — 2, 6;mkeh\by — 3;mklmibl_evgh_ — 5, 7. 96 53. 1. ... emqZfb ... . 2. F_` xguo `_g m\_gqZgguo p\_lZfb ... . 3. ... ex[\b ... ih[_`^Zxsbc ...k\_l ...fbj ... . 4. ...lmq ... . 5. ... ,qlhkhe^Zlu ...ihe_c ...dh]^Z lh ... H[hjhlu bf_xsb_ ^h[Z\hqgh_ h[klhyl_evkl\_ggh_ agZq_gb_ fgbfu \_rgbfb emqZfbhk\h[h`^_ggh_hllmq 54.>_\mrdZ ...djZxh\k_o ... ,mr_^rbo\fhj_h\k_oaZ[u\rbo ... .LZd ...]hehk ...dmiheb ...ie_q_b ...kemrZe ... .B\k_fdZaZehkvqlh ...[m^_lqlh ...dhjZ[ebqlh ... .B ...keZ^hdb ...lhghdb...\ukhdh ...\jZl ...lZcgZf ...hlhfqlh ... . < i_j\hf q_l\_jhklbrbb 1 hkgh\Z \h \lhjhf lj_lv_f b q_l\_jlhf — ih 4. Hij_^_e_gb_k^h[Z\hqgufagZq_gb_f — ijbqZklguclZcgZf 55. 1. ...jmdb ...\\_joihdZ ... . 2. ...[_]hf ... ,aZdhlhjufkh[ZdZ ... .Iha`_ , \uqbklb\ ... .BkdmkZggZykh[Zdhc ... . 56. ... , bkihevamy fZ]gblhnhg ... , qlh ... . Hgb ... , \hkijhba\h^b\rbc , \ dhlhjhf , jZa]h\Zjb\Zxsbo , b ^Z`_ ... . ?keb , qlh , \kihfgbl_ qlh ... . >_evnbgu ,q_fex^blZdqlhdh]^Z ,hgZ ... . K_cqZk ,bdh]^ZnZdl_fh`gh , lZdqlh ... . 57. Ijbeh`_gby k\h[h^u k_yl_ev imklugguc b lZbgkl\_gguc i_\_p Hij_^_ey_fh_keh\h —ebqgh_f_klhbf_gb_y 58. 1. ...hiulkughrb[hd ljm^guob ]_gbciZjZ^hdkh\^jm]2. ... ,lh ]_jhclh fhj_ieZ\Zl_evlhiehlgbd ... . 3. ... ,kZlbjukf_ehc\eZkl_ebg ... ,^jm]k\h[h^u ... . 4. ... ,a\mqgZyih^jm]Z^hkm]Z...ljm^Z ... ,hg_f_eZ ... . 59. 1. ... — a^Zgb_ ... ]Zjfhgbqghklvx — ... . 2. Fhg_lu ... agZdb ... Xghgu dhlhjmx ... .Jbfeyg_ ,]^_ ... . 3.<h\j_f_gZ —kj_^kl\h , oh^b\r__ihljhkm — .... < XIX \_d_ — ^_lZev ... . B lhevdh — ZiiZjZlm kh\_jrZ\r_fm ... . 4. =h\hjyl qlh ImwjlhJbdh ... fhj_ — ... . Wlb , q_f ... . 5. <i_j\u_ ... rZj — ZwjhklZl gZiheg_gguc \ha^mohf — ... . 6. DZjbZlb^m — klZlmx ... , ih^^_j`b\Zxsmxa^Zgby — ... .Wlh ,]^_:jl_fb^u[h]bgbhohluBgh]^Z — fm`kdb_ ,gZa\Zggu_ ,^_j`Z\r_]h ... . Keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gby\ijbf_jZo 2 h[Z 4 h[Z 6 (WlhgZa\Zgb_...). 60. 1. ... hd_Zg_ ... . GZ hkljh\_ , Z .... 2. ... , lh fhj_ lh khegp_ lh \vx]Z lh Zg]_eu lh \hjhgv_ >\_ \_qguo ^hjh]b — ex[h\v b jZaemdZ — (beb ex[h\v b jZaemdZ —). 3. Fu ^_lb kljZrguo e_l Jhkkbb ... . 4. Ba \k_o — rbeebg] ... . <_k_euc ,h[sbc^jm]q_eh\_q_kl\Z ... . 5.=jbg —aghcguc ,ihkljh_gguc ... . Hk_gvx —]hjh^p\_lh\ ... . Keh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_GZhkljh\_lhf_klvfh]beZZ .... 97 61. 1.HgiZ^Ze —ihjlj_l ... . 2. ... —ih^Zjhd ... . 3. ... —^hqv ... . 4. bkdmkkl\Z — ... dj_ihkl_c imr_d lZjZgh\ b fZrbg ... . 5. GZijbf_j ]ZfZd — ... . Bah[j_eb hdZjbgm — ....MfZcyaZf_qZl_evgh]h:f_jbdb ... ,q_f ... . 62. 1. ... ,yaudhagZgbb ... —hghfZklbdZ ... .AgZf_gblh]h ,]_jhy ,\u ... .Bfy , lZddZd ... . 2. ... ,^hq_jbpZjyIjbZfZ ... . Keh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_BfyR_jehdOhefkklZeh ... . 63. 1. ... , hl_p bklhjbb ... kljZg ]hjh^h\ fhj_c ... . <_ebqZcrbc , `b\rbc wju ... .Ba\_klguc ,khklZ\bl_evagZf_gbluoZleZkh\ ...bf_gZdhlhju_ ... . 2. ... , ijhn_kkhj I_l_j[mj]kdhc dhgk_j\Zlhjbb dhfihablhj b ^bjb`_j ... . 3. ... , ebp_ckdbclh\ZjbsImrdbgZ ...km^Zqlh[u ,qlh ... . 64. 1. ... ,djZkb\ucklZlgucbkbevgucfZevqbd ... .<f_klh ,agZdhfuchlpZ ... . Hg ,qlh ,dhlhjZy ... . 2. ... ,dZd]j_db ... .KbeZq ,gh ... .Lhevdh ...\ha^mo ... . 3. ... ,Z .... 4. ... ,\h_gguc\jZq ... jhfZgbkl ... ,klZ\ ... .R_jehdZ ,gZ[ex^Zl_evgh]h jZkkdZah\ ... . 5. ... , ]eZ\gh]h hkljh\Z Yihgbb ... ^_j_\_gv ... — ^_j_\ygguo dmdhe gZihfbgZxsbo ... . 6. ... ,klhebp_Gb]_jbb ... .Ihke_ ,qlh —f_klgu_ ,dhlhju_ ... . Ij_^eh`_gby k ^__ijbqZklgufb h[hjhlZfb Lhevdh hlhj\Z\ \jZ]Z ... . :jlmj DhgZg>hce ... . 65.;_cd_jkljbl]^_ ,—lboZy ... . Ghlml ,dhlhjh]h ,hl_p ... . Ko_fZi_j\h]hij_^eh`_gby 66. 1. ...^ZlkdbcibkZl_evkdZahqgbd ... 2. ... ,aZf_qZl_evgucg_f_pdbcdhfihablhj 3. ...\u^Zxsbckymq_gucnbabd ... 4. ...Zf_jbdZgkdh]hibkZl_eynZglZklZ ... 67. >h[Z\hqgh_ agZq_gb_ bf__l ijbeh`_gb_ \h \lhjhf ijbf_j_ AgZdb klZ\ylky lZd ... iml_r_kl\_ggbd ... ,ghb ... . 68. 1. ...aZdhgh^Zl_ev ...Zdljbk ...dmebk ... . 2. ... ,:jlmj ,gZh^ghc ... . 3. ... ,kug [_^gydZ b ^jm] :g^_jk_gZ ... . 4. Q_eh\_d ... kgZ ... . H^gZdh ... , lZdhc ... . 5. ... gZkeZ`^_gbc ... . 6. ... ,Hev]hxie_g_gguc...g_agZ\ ... . 7. ...fheqZ\rbc ... . 8. ... , wlbkms_kl\Z ... . 9. ... ,Zg]ebqZg_<Ze_glbgZ — ... . 10. ... ,ghb ,FZjd ... . Ghf_jZ ijbf_jh\ \ dhlhjuo hij_^_e_gby b ijbeh`_gby bf_xl ^h[Z\hqgh_ agZq_gb_ 1, 2, 4 H^gZdhjZa[m`_ggucdjbdhf ...), 5, 7, 8, 9, 10. Ghf_jZijbf_jh\kijbqZklgufbb^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfb 4, 6, 7, 8. 98 69. 1. ... ,lh_klv ... . 2. ... ,\lhfqbke_bjmkkdbc ... . 3. ... ,agZxsb_fgh]hyaudh\ lZdgZau\Z_fu_iheb]ehlu ... ,Z .... 4. ... —e_kgu_ex^b ...iq_e — ... ,qlh[u ,lh _klv ,dZd ... . 5. ... ,dZd ...hlZ[Zd_fhckughg`_djZkghdh`bc[jZl ...\uykgblv ... ,q_fm ... . 6. ...e_l\dgb]_ih^gZa\Zgb_fIjZ\^b\u_bklhjbb]^_ ,y .... 70. 1. ?s_ =_jh^hl :jbklhl_ev ... [_]_fhlZ beb ]biihihlZfZ beb qlh lh `_ kZfh_j_qgmxehrZ^vbeb ,dhlhjZy (3ijbeh`_gby 2. ... ,bebDxoeyjmkkdbc g_f_p ba^Zl_ev , fheh^hc q_eh\_d [_eh[jukuc imq_]eZauc ^he]h\yauc b g_mdex`bc ... (5ijbeh`_gbc 71. 1. ... ,ihdebqd_F_nbklZ ... . 2. ...ldZgb ... .HgZ ... ,hldhlhjh]h ... .K^_eZggu_ ... ,beb^`bgku 3. ... ,klZjZyghj\_`dZ ...hlhf ... . 72. KdZl_jlvkZfh[jZgdZ kZih]bkdhjhoh^u rZidZg_\b^bfdZ dh\_jkZfhe_l ]mkebkZfh]m^uf_qdeZ^_g_p`ZjilbpZdhg_d]hj[mghd 73. 1.IjhdZagbpZFZjlurdZ 2.Ihiju]mgvyKlj_dhaZ 3.PZjvilbpZ 74. 1. ... ,]hkm^Zjugyju[dZ 2. ... ,hljhdb^jm]b ...! 3. ... ,bfZlmrdbabfu 4. ... mebpZaf_y ... . 5.KZfhjZkdbgm\emqrZ]b ... . 6.DlhpZjvdhehdheih^gbf_l"Dlh pZjvimrdmih\_jg_l" 7.Fhjha\h_\h^Z ... . 8. ...dfZlmrd_i_ohl_ 75. ... f_^\_^x d [hevrhfm [hyjbgm ... [hevrb_ ... f_gvrb_ ... \hed^\hjygbg Ijboh^be lml [h[j lhj]h\uc ]hklv Ijboh^beZ eZklhqdZ^\hjyghqdZ Ijboh^beZ [_ehqdZdgy]bg_qdZIjboh^beZebkbpZih^vyqboZih^vyqboZdZagZq_boZ 76. 1. ... —i_j\Zy\fbj_`_gsbgZfZl_fZlbd 2. ...fbn ...\_ebdZgjZa[hcgbd ... . Hg ... ,ijb\yau\Ze ... ,dhlhju_jZkijyfeyykv ...Hl\Z`guc ... ,kugpZjyW]_y ... . 77. 1. ... , [hevrhc ex[bl_ev hohlu ... — A_e_gu_ ohefu :njbdb 2. ... >bdZy kh[ZdZ>bg]hbebIh\_klvhi_j\hc ex[\b —wlhihegZyk\_lZ ... . 3. ... ibkZl_ey nZglZklZ Z\lhjZ agZf_gbluo jhfZgh\ >_lb dZiblZgZ =jZglZ LZbgkl\_gguc hkljh\ "80lukyqdbehf_ljh\ih^\h^hc ,Z —<_jg 4.AZq_luj_]h^ZjhfZgZ Iylv g_^_ev gZ \ha^mrghf rZj_ Iml_r_kl\b_ d p_gljm A_feb Iml_r_kl\by b ijbdexq_gby dZiblZgZ =Zll_jZkZbK A_feb gZ Emgm 5. ... dgb]b A_fey ex^_c Ghqghcihe_lFZe_gvdbcijbgp — kdZadmhj_[_gd_bghieZg_lygbg_b<h_gguc e_lqbd —jZkkdZah[h_\uoihe_lZo 78.Ehg]j_gfZljhkHjbhgZ ...[jb]ZgZdhlhjhf ,q_f ,^he`_g[uegZdhg_p ... . < h^gh ba _]h j_^dbo \ha\jZs_gbc ^hfhc hg g_ m\b^_e ... . <f_klh g__ — gh\h]hEhg]j_gZ — ... . 79. 1. ... Fhkd\Zj_db , ih^ gZa\Zgb_f DjZkguc ..." . ;hevrb_ dhgn_l ... . <ureZ —gZrZ]hkl_ijbbfgZy ... 2. ... ,ih^gZa\Zgb_f ... 99 3. ... ,lh_klv ... 4. ... —i_j\h]h ... 5. ... ,ihdebqd_ ... 6. ... —aZf_qZl_evgh]h ... 7. ... —h^gh ... 80. ... ,\kbyxs__ ... .:ih\ZjylZ ,kj_^b^mrbklh]h]hjhrdZ ... . 81. ... . ,g_kdhevdhlukyqe_lgZaZ^ ... . 82. Wlhl iZfylgbd , \ gZqZe_ , gZ g_f , b .... Ih^gy\rbkv iv_^_klZem klZjuc , d ^Zevgbf Gbdblkdbf <hjhlZf ... . H[udgh\_ggh , ih i_j\hfm ... . Moh^be ,bgh]^Z^Z`_\iheghqv ... . WlhliZfylgbd ... . 2)Moh^behg ... . Mlhqgyxsb_h[klhyl_evkl\Zf_klZ Mlhqgyxsb_h[klhyl_evkl\Z\j_f_gb \gZqZe_L\_jkdh]h[mev\ZjZd^Zevgbf Gbdblkdbf<hjhlZf ihi_j\hfmkmfjZdmbgh]^Z^Z`_\ iheghqv 83. 1. ... , ih^ <bkehc khgghc ... . 2. ... , m g_agZdhfh]h ihk_edZ gZ [_aufygghc \ukhl_ 3. ... ,mkZfhcdjhfdb[hjlh\ ... . 84. 1. ... ,gZ^iuevxi_j_mehqghcgZ^kdmdhcaZ]hjh^guo^Zq ... . 2. ... ,b ,b , kj_^vlvfub ,b .... 3. ... ,a_e_gu_ ... . 4. ... ,aZkbg_c]ms_ceh]Z\a_e_gbha_j ... . 5. ... ,\i_jgZlhciZfylbfh_c ... , b\wlhf ... . 6. ... ,aZ]jZgvx]hem[hc ... .HfZjl Zij_evdZdb_7. ...b^j_fe_ldZqZykvbkg_]hf ... . 8. ... ,\f_jpZgbbk\_lbe ... .G_ ihlhfmqlh[ex[beZihlhfmqlh ... . 9.MljhfjZgh ... . Ij_^eh`_gby[_ah[hkh[e_gguomlhqgyxsboh[klhyl_evkl\ 3, 7, 9, 10. 85. 1. ... ,\Fma__Q_eh\_dZ ...jbkmgdh\ ... . 3. ... ,dhlhjuf ... .<k\h_c ,dhlhjuc ... . 4. ... ,g_^Ze_dhhl__klhebpuFZgZ]mZ ... .<DZjb[kdhf ,\[ebab<_g_kmweu ... hkljh\ dhlhjuc , Z .... 5. Fgh]b_ , \ jZa]Zj ^_lkdbo _ehqguo ijZa^gbdh\ b , k\hckl\_ggmx ... . 6. ... ,\iylgbpmlj_lv_]hZ\]mklZ ...ljbdZjZ\_eeuKZglZFZjby Gbgvy ... . Ko_fZkhhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gbx 4 (<DZjb[kdhffhj_). 86. 1.Qlhbs_l^Ze_dhc"Qlhjh^ghf" 2. ...dhgqbgu ... ,dZd]h^ ... . 3.BlZf ...i_kdh\ ...ljhklgbdh\kibl ,^h[uqZ\hegu ... . 5. ... ,lhl ,aZk\hbfklhehf ... : 6. ... , \ p_glj_ Ehg^hgZ ... dhjZ[ev ihkljh_gguc JbfZ ... . 7. ... , ih gZa\Zgbx Fhglbgvyd\p_glj_NjZgpbb\h[eZklbI_jb]hj ...iZrl_lu ... .Hgb^jm]hf — ... . 8. ...\IZgZf_ ... . 9. ... ,gZx]_NjZgpbb ...=_jp_gm ... . 10. ... ,gZ[_j_]mG_\u ... WjfblZ`Z — ... . Ij_^eh`_gbykijb^Zlhqgufb\gmljb]eZ\gh]h — 2,7. 87. 1.LZfe_kb^he\b^_gbcihegulZfhaZj_ ... . 2.LZf ...g_ih]h^u ... . 3. ... ,m h\jZ]Z ... .LZf\_qghl_gv<hdjm] -jmqvye_gvp\_lu ,bgbdh]^ZijhgbdZxl ... . 4. ... ,dZdjZa\lhl^_gv ... . 100 5.LZf\iZjd_[Z[mrdZkdZadm h ^jZdhg_ b ijbgp_ ... `b\mx b f_jl\mx ... . 6. < Q_obb ... h[eZklb ... gZ [hehl_ klhe_lgbc ... . GZ wlhf gZqZlv jZajZ[hldb ... . >_j_\hlhggi_j_\_aeb ... .K_cqZkdbiZjbkFhkl ... . 7. ...q_j_iZobdjhdh^beh\ gZ^hgZx] ... . Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 3 (<hdjm] —jmqvy). 88. 1. ... , \ =jmabb ... j_ebd\byfb ihkf_jlghc , aZ\_a_gghc ... , b ^bZ^_fhc ... . >bZ^_fZ ,gZ[ZjoZl_ ... . 2. ... ,aZN_h^hkb_c ... .BgZ^\k_fgZ^^hfhf=jbgZ ... — klhyeh ... . 3. ... ]hjh^hf gZ \ Fhkd\_ — a^Zgby ihkljh_ggh]h ... gZaZ^ ... ^\h_ <heZg^b:aZa_eeh4. ... ,gZm]em ... .GZ^djur_c ,b\wlhc[Zrg_ ... .H[klZgh\dZ ... kdjhfgZy ...djh\Zlv ...klhe ...ysbdZfb ...dZjlhl_dZlukyqb ... .Bak\h_]h —hg \k_]^ZkZ^bekyaZjZ[hlm\iylv mljZ —gZ[ex^Ze ... IZjh\hagu_ ,^hghkb\rb_kyk \hdaZeZijh\h`Zeb ... H[tykg_gb_ 1. <=jmabb —mlhqgyxs__h[klhyl_evkl\hf_klZ^\mfyj_ebd\byfb — h[h[sZxs__ keh\h ijb h^ghjh^guo qe_gZo aZ\_a_gghc d_flh \ lZdmx ^Zev — jZkijhkljZg_ggh_hij_^_e_gb_klhys__ihke_hij_^_ey_fh]hkeh\Z 89. Km^hjh`gh a_\gm\ ijhdmjZlhj , kgye , iheh`be ... . ;Zg]Z ... , ]heh\Z d ]heh\_bijhdmjZlhjiheh`b\r_xaZdjuegZdhg_p ... . 90.;Zg]Z ...^urZme_]ky ... ,ijbq_f ... ,qlh]jhaZ_^bgkl\_ggh_... ,q_]h ... ,Z lZd`_blhqlh ...lmljy^hf ... ,dhlhjh]h ... ,m\Z`Zeex^_c[eZ]h^Zjy ... ,\ukrbf ... . LZdh[Zhgbbi_kbq_eh\_d^jm]Z ... . 91. 2. ... ,g_aZ^he]h^haZoh^ZkhegpZ ... 3.Lm^Z\]hju ... 7. ... ,dh]^Z ... 92. Kh]eZkgh ... ij_^Zgbx ... hl ijhjbpZl_ey qlh ... , ih bf_gb :obee ... . <hij_dbijhjhq_kl\m ... .=em[hdhc ,mlZb\wlhhl\k_o ... .Ijbwlhf ... ,b\k_ , djhf_ ... .Dh]^Z ,hg ... .Gh\h\j_fy ... ,\ke_^kl\b_q_]h ... .WlZ ,qlh ... . 93.Ba\_klguc ... ,qlh ... .<f_klh ... ,hg ... ,dhlhjuc ... .?keb[umg_]h ... ,hg , \ke_^kl\b_q_]h ... .;eZ]h^Zjywlhcbklhjbb ...\ujZ`_gb_[mjb^Zgh\hk_eBf ... , dhe_[exsboky ... . Djhf_i_j\h]hbihke_^g_]hij_^eh`_gbc\h\k_o_klvh[hkh[e_gbykij_^eh]Zfb 94. Kh]eZkgh ... e_]_g^_ lblZg ... bkdmkkl\Z j_f_keZ mf_gb_ ... , gZmqbe ... , Z ... , ih^Zjbe ... ,ihobs_gguc ... .?]h ...khegp_ ...^h`^v 101 ...[mjbbihfbfh\k_]hwlh]hdZ`^uc ... .Fmq_gby ... ,ihdZ ... ,\hij_db\he_[h]h\ ... . 95. 1. Y g_ ohl_e qlh[u ... , djhf_ f_gy ... \hijhku ... . 2. ... , qlh ... khk_^b ijhbkr_^rbfjZaju\hfb ... ,\hij_db ...\hcguijhmqblv ... . 3.<hij_db ... ,ohaybg ... , gh ... jZkihjy^beky ihdhjfblv gZk b ... . 4. B ... , djhf_ dhevpZ ... ^_j_\v_\ b gbq_]h ... ,djhf_ ... . 5.<^h\hevgh ... ,djhf_ ...lhfh\h\dmkghc ... . 6.Bhl_pkkughf \f_klh ...hlemqdb ...b\[hdZb\ihykgbpmb\]jm^vlhhlklmiZybh]ey^u\Zykv ... . 96. 1.G_kfhljy ...ih]h^m ... . 2.;eZ]h^Zjy ...ih\ZjZ ... . 3.K\_jo ... h`b^Zgby ... . 4. AZ g_bf_gb_f ghqe_]Z ... . 5. <_q_jhf kh]eZkgh ljZ^bpbb ... . 6. GZjy^m k lmjbklkdbfb ... ]h^h\ b ... . 7. < @b]meyo ... , q_f ... , aZ bkdexq_gb_f ... . 8. Y ... , djhf_ \hjh[vy ... . 9. G_ ijhreh ... , dZd ... , djhf_ ^\molj_o ... . 10. AZ dhjfhc , djhf_ieZ\gh ... . 11.<k_e_lhbkdexqZydhg_qgh ... ,y ... ,l_ieufbghqZfb^Z`_ ... , ih^Zj_gghc ... . 102 =eZ\Z III H^\h_lhqbyoblbj_[_kkhxaguo ij_^eh`_gbyobijyfhcj_qb AZq_fbah[j_eb^\h_lhqb_" JZa\_ fZeh h^ghc lhqdb" AZq_f p_euo ^\_" LhqdZ — hq_gv gm`guc b \_kvfZ m\Z`Z_fuc agZd Gh hgZ kihkh[gZ khh[sblv h dhgp_ ij_^eh`_gby Gb d q_fm qlh ijhbkoh^bl \gmljb ij_^eh`_gby lhqdZ hlghr_gby g_ bf__l : f_`^m l_f \gmljb ij_^eh`_gbyfgh]hkfukeh\b\Z`guokhh[s_gbclj_[mxsbok\hboagZdh\ DZdb_`_kfukeuihfh]Z_l\ujZablvlZdhckbevgucagZddZd^\h_lhqb_"H^bgba gbo \u m`_ agZ_l_ Wlh ^\h_lhqb_ ihke_ h[h[sZxs_]h keh\Z aZ dhlhjuf ke_^mxl h^ghjh^gu_qe_gu 1. < ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo gZc^bl_ h[h[sZxsb_ keh\Z b aZ^Zcl_ hl gbo \hijhk d ijh^he`_gbxij_^eh`_gbyaZibrbl_ij_^eh`_gbyjZkklZ\eyygm`gu_agZdb 1.>_j_\hfbjZijbghkbl^\ZkeZ^dboieh^Zihwabxb^jm`[m bg^bckdZygZjh^gZy fm^jhklv 2. Dgb]Z _klv `bagv gZr_]h \j_f_gb < g_c \k_ gm`^Zxlky klZju_ b fheh^u_ <=;_ebgkdbc 3. K i_j\uo rZ]h\ k\h_c mfkl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb y ihklZ\be k_[_ ^\_ iZjZee_evgu_ aZ^Zqb jZ[hlZlv ^ey gZmdb b ibkZlv ^ey gZjh^Z D:Lbfbjya_\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, <lhcqZklbij_^eh`_gbydhlhjZyb^_l^h^\h_lhqbyijyq_lky\hijhk?]hfh`gh fuke_ggh ihklZ\blv d ijh^he`_gbx ij_^eh`_gby lZd dZd ijh^he`_gb_ jZkdju\Z_l kfukeij_^u^ms_cqZklb <hijhk h[yaZl_evgh \hagbdZ_l ihke_ h[h[sZxs_]h keh\Z i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfbH[h[sZxs__keh\hdZd\uihfgbl_²wlhh[s__`bebs_\k_oh^ghjh^guo qe_gh\ <_jgbl_kvdaZ^Zgbx 1b\kihfgbl_dZdb_\hijhku\uihklZ\beb M \Zk ^he`gu ihemqblvky \hijhku q l h b f _ g g h " d l h b f _ g g h " b d Z d b _ b f _ g g h " )Bgh]^Zwlb\hijhkufh]mlklhylv\^jm]boiZ^_`ZoFh]ml aZ^Z\Zlvkyb^jm]b_\hijhku >\h_lhqb_ klZ\blky g_ lhevdh ihke_ h[h[sZxs_]h keh\Z gh b f_`^m qZklyfb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby kh_^bg_ggufb bglhgZpb_c LZdb_ ij_^eh`_gby gZau\Zxlky keh`gufb[_kkhxagufbij_^eh`_gbyfbGhklZ\blky\gbo^\h_lhqb_g_\k_]^ZZ lhevdhijbhij_^_e_gguomkeh\byo >Z\Zcl_ \kihfgbf <ZrZ i_j\Zy aZih\_^v ijb klhedgh\_gbb k ij_^eh`_gb_f — \uykgblv ijhklh_ hgh beb keh`gh_ <lhjZy aZih\_^v _keb hgh keh`gh_ — \uykgblvq_fkh_^bg_gu_]hqZklb1)[_ahiZkgufbkhxaZfbbebih\lhjyxsbfbky hiZkgufb khxaZfb beb khxagufb keh\Zfb beb 2) h^bghqgufb hiZkgufb khxaZfbbeb 3)lhevdhbglhgZpb_c 103 >\h_lhqb_\[_kkhxaghfkeh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb DZd\uihfgbl__kebqZklbkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbykh_^bg_gulhevdhbglhgZpb_c f_`^mgbfbfh`_lklhylvh^bgbaq_luj_oagZdh\bebaZiylZybeblhqdZkaZiylhc beb ^\h_lhqb_ beb lbj_ Ijb hlkmlkl\bb khxah\ wlb agZdb kb]gZebabjmxl h kfukeh\uo hlghr_gbyo f_`^m qZklyfb ij_^eh`_gby H^gbf ba kb]gZeh\ p_ehc ]jmiiu kfukeh\ y\ey_lky ^\h_lhqb_ < lZdbo [_kkhxaguo ij_^eh`_gbyo \lhjZy Z bgh]^Zbihke_^mxsb_qZklbkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbyjZkdju\Zxlkh^_j`Zgb_i_j\hc Hlg__lhbklZ\blkyh^bgbake_^mxsbo\hijhkh\ 1) i h q _ f m " i h d Z d h c i j b q b g _ " beb 2) h^bg ba \hijhkh\ iZ^_`_c beb 3) d Z d " d Z d b f h[jZahf" <lhjZy qZklv [_kkhxagh]h keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby fh`_l hl\_qZlv b gZ \hijhk Z dZdhc bf_ggh" b hij_^_eylv dZq_kl\Z ijbagZdb k\hckl\Z lh]h h q_f b^_l j_qv \ i_j\hcqZklbjZkdju\Zyklhys__\i_j\hcqZklbhij_^_e_gb_ BlZd^\h_lhqb_klZ\blky 1)i_j_^h^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb_kebh[h[sZxs__keh\h klhbl i_j_^ gbfb bgh]^Z g_ jy^hf k gbfb Z g_kdhevdh jZgvr_ 2) f_`^m qZklyfb [_kkhxagh]h keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby _keb \ i_j\hc qZklb ijyq_lky \hijhk gZ dhlhjuchl\_qZ_lihke_^mxsZyqZklvij_^eh`_gby >Z`_ _keb \u _s_ g_ agZ_l_ dZdb_ \hijhku fh]ml ijylZlvky \u m`_ fh`_l_ jZaebqblvqlhi_j_^\Zfbbebh^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh[h[sZxsbfkeh\hfbeb\lhjZy qZklvkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby GZko_f_[_kkhxagu_keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gbyk^\h_lhqb_fh[hagZqZxlkylZd : . 2. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby AZg_kbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu Ij_^eh`_gbykh[h[sZxsbfbkeh\Zfb ihke_dhlhjuoklhbl^\h_lhqb_ ;_kkhxagu_keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gbyk ^\h_lhqb_f 1. IbkZl_ev Bevy Bevn jZkkdZau\Ze qlh \ fZe_gvdhf ]hjh^d_ ]^_ jh^beky FZjd L\_g _klv iZfylgbd _]h agZf_gbluf ]_jhyf Lhfm Khc_jm b =_ddev[_jjb Nbggm < wlhf iZfylgbd_ oZjZdl_j fZevqbdh\ \hiehs_g \_kvfZ \ujZabl_evgh h^bg ba gbo ^_j`bl aZ o\hkl ^hoemx dhrdm 2. < Bg^bb ijboh^blky keurZlv bkdmkkl\h lZgpZ `b\hibkbldZq_kl\Zx\_ebjgh_bkdmkkl\h\k_wlh_jmg^ZihkjZ\g_gbxkbkdmkkl\hf moh^Z aZ kehghf 3. Km\hjh\ agZe fgh`_kl\h yaudh\ g_f_pdbc njZgpmakdbc blZevygkdbc ihevkdbc nbgkdbc lmj_pdbc ZjZ[kdbc i_jkb^kdbc ibkZe klbob gZ wlbo yaudZo b ^Z`_ i_qZlZe bo 4. Dh]^Z Zf_jbdZgpu k[jhkbeb Zlhfgmx [hf[m gZ Objhkbfm\]hjh^_\h^ghf]gh\_gb_ih]b[eh\k_ij_djZkgu_`beu_a^Zgby^\hjpu iZjdbex^bQ_f\gbfZl_evg_c\_ebkvihbkdbl_f[hevr_i_qZevguokljZgguol_g_c gZoh^bebgZdZfgyol_gbljZ\bp\_lh\l_gb^_lkdbojmdb`_gkdbo 104 ijhnbe_c ^jZfZlbq_kdb_ l_gb fm`kdbo nb]mj Gb ex^_c gb ljZ\ g_ [ueh hgb k]bgmeb bkiZjbebkv jZkiZebkv gZ Zlhfu hklZ\b\ ihke_ k_[y lhevdh l_gb 5. < k\h_c kdZad_ FZe_gvdbc ijbgp njZgpmakdbc ibkZl_ev b e_lqbd :glmZg K_glWdaxi_jb ijhklh b ijhgbdgh\_ggh ]h\hjbl h kZfhf ]eZ\ghf h ^he]_ b \_jghklb h ^jm`[_ b ex[\b d `bagb b d ex^yf b h lhf dZdbf ^he`_g [ulv q_eh\_d gZ wlhc ih^qZk g_^h[jhc gh ex[bfhc b _^bgkl\_gghc gZr_c ieZg_l_ A_fey G=Zev 6. < Lhdbh b ^jm]bo djmiguo ]hjh^Zo Yihgbb kms_kl\m_l ijZ\beh _keb gZ f_kl_ [m^ms_]h g_[hkdj_[Z klhbl ojZf lh ojZf i_j_ghkyl gZ djurm wlh]h ^hfZ Ijb wlhf ojZf ijh^he`Z_l ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ ex[hc qZk kdhjhklghc ebnl ^hklZ\bl \Zk d _]h jZkiZogmluf^\_jyf ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 3. Ijh^he`bl_ dZ`^h_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \ ^\mo \ZjbZglZo h^bg k ^\h_lhqb_f ^jm]hc k aZiylhcIj_^eh`_gby\aylubafbnh\>j_\g_c=j_pbb 1.F_^maZ=hj]hgZ[ueZkljZrgufqm^h\bs_f ... . 2.GZg__g_evay[uehkfhlj_lv ... . 3.GhI_jk_cih[_^be__ ... . >Z\Zcl_ hklZgh\bfky ih^jh[g__ gZ kfukeZo h dhlhjuo khh[sZ_l ^\h_lhqb_ \ [_kkhxaghfkeh`ghfij_^eh`_gbbA^_kvfh`gh]h\hjblvhg_kdhevdbokemqZyo K e m q Z c i _ j \ u c . <lhjZy qZklv beb g_kdhevdh qZkl_c keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gbyjZkdju\Z_lijbqbgmijhbkoh^ys_]h\i_j\hcMeh\b\ijbqbggmxk\yav bgZc^yf_klh]^_\hagbdZ_l\hijhkihq_fm"\u[_aljm^ZihklZ\bl_^\h_lhqb_gZ gm`gh_f_klh Wlhfh`_l\u]ey^_lvlZd 1. K\_lbevgbdb gZ^h [_j_qv i h q _ f m " : ihju\ \_ljZ fh`_l ih]Zkblv bo :K_glWdaxi_jb 2. :jobl_dlmjZlh`_e_lhibkvfbjZi h q _ f m " : hgZ]h\hjbl lh]^Zdh]^ZfheqZlbi_kgbbij_^Zgby =;_evkdZy L_i_jv fuke_ggh ij_\jZlbl_ wlb ij_^eh`_gby \ ij_^eh`_gby k khxahf M \Zk _kl_kl\_ggh\hagbdg_lkhxaihlhfmqlhZi_j_^gbf\klZg_laZiylZyKfukeblh]h b^jm]h]hij_^eh`_gby[m^_lh^bgblhl`_ZagZdbjZagu_ 4.Ihevamykvih^klZgh\dhc\hijhkZi h q _ f m " bfuke_ggufij_\jZs_gb_f^Zggh]h ij_^eh`_gby\ij_^eh`_gb_kkhxahfihlhfmqlhihklZ\vl_g_^hklZxsb_agZdb\ ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo 1.KdhevdhgZieZg_l_A_fey]_h]jZnbq_kdboh[t_dlh\b]_h]jZnbq_kdbogZa\Zgbc" Boqbkehg_ih^^Z_lky mq_lm\_^vgZgZr_cieZg_l_h]jhfgh_ dhebq_kl\h ]hjh^h\ Z _s_[hevr_k_eb^_j_\_gvbf_xsbogZa\Zgby E:<\_^_gkdZyGIDhe_kgbdh\ 2.Kihjvkq_eh\_dhfmfg__l_[yhgl_[yih[_^blGhbakZfh]hl\h_]hihjZ`_gbylu fh`_rv ba\e_qv ihevam ^ey k_[y Kihjv k q_eh\_dhf mfZ jZ\gh]h aZ d_f [u gb hklZeZkv ih[_^Z lu bkiulZ_rv m^h\hevkl\b_ [hjv[u Kihjv k q_eh\_dhf mfZ keZ[_cr_]h kihjv g_ ba `_eZgby ih[_^u gh lu fh`_rv [ulv _fm ihe_aguf BKLmj]_g_\ 105 H^bgkhe^ZlgZk\_l_`be DjZkb\ucbhl\Z`guc Ghhgb]jmrdhc^_lkdhc[ue \_^v[uekhe^Zl[mfZ`guc Hgi_j_^_eZlvfbjohl_e qlh[[uekqZkleb\ufdZ`^uc ZkZfgZgblhqd_\bk_e \_^v[uekhe^Zl[mfZ`guc Hg[ue[ujZ^²\h]hgvb\^uf aZ\Zkih]b[gmlv^\Z`^u ghihl_rZebkv\k_gZ^gbf \_^v[uekhe^Zl[mfZ`guc <h]hgv"Gmqlh`b^bB^_rv" BhgrZ]gmeh^gZ`^u blZfk]hj_ehggbaZ]jhr \_^v[uekhe^Zl[mfZ`guc ;Hdm^`Z\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, K e m q Z c \ l h j h c .<lhjZyqZklv [_kkhxagh]hkeh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby fh`_l \h \k_o iZ^_`Zo b qbkeZo hl\_qZlv gZ \hijhku Z d Z d h c b f _ g g h " Z d Z d Z y b f _ g g h " b^jm]b_hij_^_eyyijbagZdbk\hckl\ZdZq_kl\Zlh]hhq_f b^_lj_qv\i_j\hcqZklb<lhjZyqZklvhlghkblkydhij_^_e_gbxklhys_fm\i_j\hc qZklb <hldZdwlhfh`_l\u]ey^_lv 106 <hg\b^brvebq_j_aj_dmlhlfhkl" Hgk\b^mohlvbijhkl :k\hckl\hqm^gh_bf__l ZdZdh_bf_ggh" E`_pgbh^bgmgZkihg_fijhclbg_kf__l B:Djueh\ 5.GZc^bl_\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZof_klh]^_fh`ghihklZ\blv\hijhkhij_^_e_gbyb ihklZ\vl_^\h_lhqb_JZkklZ\vl_g_^hklZxsb_agZdb HgbojZgbeb\`bagbfbjghc Ijb\uqdbfbehcklZjbgu MgbogZfZke_gbp_`bjghc <h^bebkvjmkkdb_[ebgu :KImrdbg 2. < ^j_\g_f ?]bil_ kms_kl\h\Ze ex[hiulguc h[uqZc gZ ih^f_ldZo kZg^Zebc jbkh\Zeb bah[jZ`_gb_ \jZ]Z qlh[u _]h ^hklhbgkl\h dZ`^uc ^_gv ihibjZehkv ba `mjgZeh\ ?klvb]jZhklhjh`gh\hclb Qlh[\gbfZgv_ex^_cmkuiblv B]eZaZfb^h[uqmgZclb BaZg_cg_aZf_lghke_^blv :;ehd Qbklh_k_j^p_\^hjh]m]hlh\v >j_\gyyfm^jhklv]h^blkyb\gh\v g_ihdmiZxlkyg_ihdmiZxlky ^h[jh_bfylZeZglbex[h\v ;Hdm^`Z\Z KhklZ\vl_ko_fmij_^eh`_gby Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 6. Kh ke_^mxsbfb ijbf_jZfb ijh^_eZcl_ lZdmx jZ[hlm jZkklZ\vl_ g_^hklZxsb_ agZdb aZibrbl_ghf_jdZ`^h]hijbf_jZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu Keh`gu_[_kkhxagu_ij_^eh`_gby AgZq_gb_ijbqbgu Hij_^_ebl_evgh_agZq_gb_ 1. KljZmk [_]Z_l k bamfbl_evghc [ukljhlhc aZ qZk hg fh`_l ijh[_`Zlv 180 \_jkl ba `mjgZeh\ 2. Fgh]b_ fZkl_jZ iju`dZ k r_klhf fh]ml ihaZ\b^h\Zlv dmag_qbdm \ukhlZ _]h iju`dZ \ ^_kylv jZa [hevr_ _]h kh[kl\_ggh]h jhklZ 3. < G_iZe_ kms_kl\m_lbgl_j_kguch[jy^^_\hq_d\\hajZkl_ 8-12e_lh[jmqZxlk^_j_\hfWlhl h[jy^ k\yaZg k `_klhdbf j_eb]bhaguf h[uqZ_f g_kdhevdh \_dh\ lhfm gZaZ^ dh]^Z mfbjZefm`gZdhklj_k`b]Zeb_]h\^h\mQlh[uh[hclbwlhl m`Zkguch[uqZc[ueh \u^mfZghh[jmq_gb_k^_j_\hf\kemqZ_kf_jlbfm`Z\^h 107 \mg_k`b]ZxlihlhfmqlhhgZh^gh\j_f_gghy\ey_lky`_ghc^_j_\Z ba`mjgZeh\ 4. Fbgbkl_jkl\h k_evkdh]h ohayckl\Z Yihgbb h[jZlbehkv d `bl_eyf jZchgh\ ih^\_j`_gguo a_fe_ljyk_gbyf k ijbau\hf jZa\h^blv \ Zd\ZjbmfZo [_emx ju[dm aZ g_kdhevdh qZkh\ ^h a_fe_ljyk_gby hgZ gZqbgZ_l [_kihdhcgh f_lZlvky ih Zd\Zjbmfm >ey yihgp_\ wlh ihbklbg_ ahehlZy ju[dZ \_^v m gbo _`_^g_\gh \ jZaguo f_klZo kljZguijhbkoh^blhllj_o^hiylba_fe_ljyk_gbc GKeZ^dh\ KhklZ\vl_ko_fuij_^eh`_gbcbaijbf_jZ Wlhlh[jy^Qlh[uh[hclb ...). Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, BlZd \u magZeb ^\Z agZq_gby dh]^Z \ [_kkhxaguo ij_^eh`_gbyo klZ\blky ^\h_lhqb_ijbqbggh_bebhij_^_ebl_evgh_ JZkkfhljbfl j _ l b c k e m q Z c <lhjZyqZklvjZkdju\Z_lkh^_j`Zgb_i_j\hc hl\_qZygZ\hijhkuiZ^_`_cWlhfh`_l\u]ey^_lvlZd Y^he`_gihfgblv (q l h " bebh q _ f " : i_qZevijhc^_l Bkgh\ZjZ^hklvijb^_l =:iheebg_j 7. IhklZ\vl_ \hijhku iZ^_`_c f_`^m qZklyfb ij_^eh`_gby b agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ hlju\dZobakdZahd:KImrdbgZ =hklb\b^yl\h^\hjp_ PZjvkb^bl\k\h_f\_gp_ <wlh\j_fygZdjuevp_ I_kaZeZyeb^_\bpZ <b^blgbsZyq_jgbpZ Oh^blih^\hjm KemrZch[h\k_fh[wlhf IhjZa^mfZcluiml_f G_jZkdZylvky[ihlhf G_\b^Zlvfbeh]h^jm]Z Lhevdh\b^bl\v_lky\vx]Z Kg_]eh`blkygZihey <ky[_e_r_gvdZa_fey <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\ dhgp_]eZ\u,,, GZ^__fky qlh wlZ jZ[hlZg_[ueZ ^ey \Zk hkh[_ggh ljm^ghc Bgh]^Z hgZ ljm^g__ Wlh [u\Z_l lh]^Z dh]^Z keh\Z lbiZ m\b^_e beb mkeurZe ijhims_gu b lhevdh ih^jZamf_\Zxlky GZijbf_j Y ijbkemrZeky hldm^Zlh ^hghkbebkv ij_djZkgu_ b i_qZevgu_a\mdbkdjbidbLh]^Zb\hijhk\b^hbaf_gy_lkyIjbf_jghlZd 108 YijbkemrZeky (b q l h y m k e u r Z e " ): hldm^Zlh^hghkbebkvij_djZkgu_ bi_qZevgu_a\mdbkdjbidb?keb\lhjZyqZklvkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbyfh`_lhl\_lblv gZ \hijhku b q l h y m \ b ^ _ e " b q l h y m k e u r Z e " — fh`_l_ kihdhcghklZ\blvi_j_^g_c^\h_lhqb_ 8.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby Nehlm`dhkljh\mih^oh^bl Dgyav=\b^hgljm[mgZ\h^bl PZjvgZiZem[_klhbl B\ljm[mgZgbo]ey^bl =ey^vhiylvi_j_^gbfa_feygdZ GZihjh]_kb^bl_]hklZjmoZ :ij_^g_xjZa[blh_dhjulh :KImrdbg Ijhkgmeky\rbjhdb_s_ebkZjZy =ey^ylky\_k_eh]hkhegpZemqb Y\u]eygmel_fgZylmqZ\bk_eZ GZ^gZrbfl_ZljhfdZdjZa G:G_djZkh\ Kfhljbldhjrmg\fhj_lhg_l Bg_ilbqvbfdjbdhfklhg_l :KImrdbg 109 Bdbgme\ahjuydjm]hf LhldjZcdZaZekyfg_agZdhf FXE_jfhglh\ Fg_gjZ\bebkv_]hq_jlu F_qlZfg_\hevgZyij_^Zgghklv G_ih^jZ`Zl_evgZykljZgghklv Bj_adbchoeZ`^_ggucmf :KImrdbg <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbyg_hlghkys_]hkydlj_lv_fmkemqZxihklZgh\db^\h_lhqby \[_kkhxaghfij_^eh`_gbb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 9. I_j_^ \Zfb hlj_adb ij_^eh`_gbc dhlhju_ \aylu ba fbnh\ >j_\g_c =j_pbb JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby lZf ]^_ \u m\_j_ggh fh`_l_ wlh k^_eZlv AZibrbl_ ghf_jdZ`^h]hijbf_jZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu M\_j_gghklZ\exaZiylmx M\_j_gghklZ\ex^\h_lhqb_ G_ykghqlhihklZ\blv 1. ... bkq_aeh \k_ b ]hju ... 2. ... \ ex^yo bgh]^Z h[gZjm`b\Zxlky q_jlu jZaguo `b\hlguo ev\bgZy ... 3. Dh]^Z ihy\beky A_\k b hklZevgu_ [h]b Ijhf_l_c ... 4. ... ijbr_e gZ a_fex ]heh^ ihey b ^_j_\vy m`_ g_ ... 5. ... \u ihfgbl_ qlh ex^b _s_ gbq_]hg_ ... 6. ...g_kljZ^Zehl]heh^Zboheh^Z ... 7. ...g_mf_eb\_^vboba[Zeh\ZeZ ... 8. ...hklZ\Zeky_^bgkl\_ggucimlvgZ^h[ueh ... 9.Bhgihgyegm`gh\_jgmlv ... 10. ... ihdeyeky\_ebdhcbg_jmrbfhcdeyl\hc ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Q _ l \ _ j l u c k e m q Z c ?keb f_`^m qZklyfb keh`gh]h [_kkhxagh]h ij_^eh`_gbyklZ\ylky\hijhkuZ d Z d b f _ g g h " Z d Z d b f h [ j Z a h f " — \u \ijZ\_ ihklZ\blv ^\h_lhqb_ <hl lZd <_jlbl hqdZfb lZd b kyd Z d Z d b f _ g g h " : lhd l_fxboijb`f_llhbogZo\hklgZgb`_llhboihgxoZ_l lhboiheb`_l B:Djueh\ 10.JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo 1. <hl dZd [Zjhg Fxgo]Zma_g ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Ze k\h_ bkdmkkl\h gZ_a^gbdZ hg aZklZ\be dhgy \kdhqblv gZ qZcguc klhe b ijb wlhf g_ jZa[blv gb h^ghc qZrdb 2. ;Zjhg Fxgo]Zma_g \kdhqbe \_johf gZ imr_qgh_ y^jh dhlhjh_ e_l_eh \ klhjhgm g_ijbyl_eyZh[jZlgh^h[jZekylZd^h`^Zeky\klj_qgh]hy^jZe_l_\r_]hbadj_ihklb ijhlb\gbdZ i_j_kdhqbe gZ g_]h b g_\j_^bfuf \_jgmeky d k\hbf 3. ;Zjhg Fxgo]Zma_g ih ]hjeh ijh\Zebeky \ [hehlh \f_kl_ kh k\hbf dhg_f b fh] [u ih]b[gmlv_keb[ug_\ur_ebawlh]hhiZkgh]hiheh`_gbylZdhgmo\Zlbek_[yaZdhkm b\ulZsbeba[hehlZg_lhevdhk_[yghbdhgydhlhjh]hdj_idhaZ`Zef_`^mdhe_g ih WJZki_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 110 : l_i_jv ihjZ[hlZ_f kh \k_fb kemqZyfb dh]^Z kfuke i_j\h]h ij_^eh`_gby jZkdju\Z_lkyihke_^mxsbfb 11.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc 1.<BkiZgbb_klvh[uqZci_j_^[h_f[udh\dh]^Z[udm`_\uims_gdZdZygb[m^v agZf_gblZy i_\bpZ \uoh^bl gZ Zj_gm b ih_l bkiZgkdmx i_kgx \ lh \j_fy dZd jZatyj_gguc [ud \g_ k_[y hl [_r_gkl\Z f_q_lky \hdjm] g__ :=hnf_ckl_j 2. GZau\ZebwlmiehsZ^viehsZ^vxA\_a^uihke_^mxs_cijbqbg_hgZ[ueZhdjm`_gZ h]jhfgufbh^bgZdh\hc\ukhlubnhjfu^hfZfbbihdjulZkl_deyggufdmihehfqlh ^_eZeh__ihoh`_cgZdhehkkZevgucpbjd XHe_rZ 3.Lb[meg_\_jbek\hbfmrZf dZimklgZy]heh\Z\u^Z\ZeZk_[yaZq_eh\_q_kdmx XHe_rZ Qlhlhkeurblkyjh^gh_ <^he]boi_kgyoyfsbdZ LhjZa]mev_m^Zeh_ Lhk_j^_qgZylhkdZ :KImrdbg H^gh ba ke_^mxsbo ij_^eh`_gbc kljhdb ;Hdm^`Z\u ih \u[hjm aZihfgbl_ b aZibrbl_ihiZfylb :o\hcgZqlh`luk^_eZeZih^eZy KlZeblbobfbgZrb^\hju GZrbfZevqbdb]heh\uih^gyeb² Ih\ajhke_ebhgb^hihju Kd\hav\j_fyqlhfghxg_ijhc^_gh Kd\havkf_ogZrdhjhldbcbieZq Ykeurm\u\h^blf_eh^bx DZdhclh]jy^msbcljm[Zq Ijhklbl_i_ohl_ QlhlZdg_jZamfgZ[u\Z_lhgZ <k_]^Zfumoh^bf Dh]^ZgZ^a_fe_x[mrm_l\_kgZ GZk\j_fymqbeh @b\bihihoh^ghfm^\_jvhl\hjy Lh\Zjbsfm`qbgZ :\k_`_aZfZgqb\Z^heyl\hy <_kv\_dlu\ihoh^_ Blhevdhh^ghhlju\Z_lhlkgZ Q_]h`fumoh^bf Dh]^ZgZ^a_fe_x[mrm_l\_kgZ" <beZfb]emihibkZlvih\h^_ >jm]^hjh]hcihagZ_lky\[_^_ Bijbf_qZl_evghlhaZf_qZl_evgh Qlh[_aex[\bg_lm`bagbgb]^_ 111 11.K\hckl\hfm^jh]hq_eh\_dZkhklhbl\lj_o\_sZoi_j\h_ -^_eZlvkZfhfmlhqlh hgkh\_lm_l^_eZlv^jm]bf\lhjh_ —gbdh]^Zg_ihklmiZlvijhlb\kijZ\_^eb\hklbb lj_lv_ — l_ji_eb\h kghkblv keZ[hklb ex^_c hdjm`Zxsbo _]h E GLheklhc 12. Fukeblv ihke_^h\Zl_evgh km^blv ^hdZaZl_evgh hijh\_j]Zlv g_ijZ\bevgu_ \u\h^u ^he`_g mf_lv \kydbc nbabd b ihwl ljZdlhjbkl b obfbd Hkh[_ggh \ gZr_ \j_fy ijbghkys__ fgh`_kl\h hldjulbc b bah[j_l_gbc \ jZaghh[jZaguo h[eZklyo \ ]_h]jZnbb \ iheblbd_ \ h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb WDhevfZg HAbo 13. :\lhfh[bev [uebah[j_l_gljm^hffgh]boex^_cdZ`^ucbadhlhjuo\g_kk\hxg_[hevrmx^hex h^bgk^_eZe[_gabgh\uc^\b]Zl_ev^jm]hcihklZ\bewlhl^\b]Zl_evgZdhe_kZlj_lbc ijb^mfZe j_abgh\u_ lbgu gZ^mlu_ \ha^mohf D>hf[jh\kdbc 14. < dbgh gZ^ dZ`^ufnbevfhfjZ[hlZxlfgh]b_ex^bjZaguoki_pbZevghkl_cj_`bkk_jjmdh\h^bl kt_fdhc hi_jZlhj kgbfZ_l Z ^bj_dlhj nbevfZ hj]Zgbam_l kt_fdm b aZgbfZ_lky \hh[s_ \k_fb Z^fbgbkljZlb\gufb \hijhkZfb k\yaZggufb k ijhba\h^kl\hf nbevfZ D>hf[jh\kdbc 15. < dhgp_ dhgph\ ihemqbehkv lZd hr_ehfe_gguc hl kljZoZ Fxgo]Zma_ge_`ZegZa_fe_ihaZ^bg_]h ]hlh\bekydiju`dme_\Z \i_j_^bjZabgme iZklvdjhdh^beB\hldZdwlhdhgqbehkve_\jbgmekydg_fmghkjZa[_]mi_j_kdhqbe _]h b ihiZe ijyfh \ iZklv djhdh^beZ b ]heh\Z h^gh]h aZkljyeZ \ ]ehld_ ^jm]h]h ih WJZki_ Kj_^bwlboij_^eh`_gbc_klv^\Zdhlhju_khhl\_lkl\mxlko_f_ <uibrbl_ghf_jZwlboij_^eh`_gbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd ijhimklbl_ ke_^mxs__ aZ^Zgb_ _keb [ueb \uihegycl_\k_ih^jy^ 12. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bd lZ[ebpu Ij_^eh`_gb_ kh[h[sZxsbfb AgZq_gb_ keh\Zfb ijbqbgu ;_kkhxagh_keh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_ >hihegbl_evgh_ Hij_^_ebl_evgh_ Hl\_lgZ \hijhku agZq_gb_ agZq_gb_ dZd bf_ggh" dZdbf h[jZahf? 1. IZmklh\kdbc kqblZe \iheg_ \hafh`guf klZ\blv iZfylgbdb ebl_jZlmjguf ]_jhyf >hg Dbohlm beb =meeb\_jm LZjZkm ;mev[_ Iv_jm ;_amoh\m e_jfhglh\kdhfm FZdkbfm FZdkbfuqm beb ;we_ 2. ;Zjhg Fxgo]Zma_g h[_jgmeky \k_c aZ^g_c qZklb _]h [_^gh]h dhgy dZd g_ [u\Zeh 3. Fxgo]Zma_g gZklhjh`beky kh klhjhgu ^hjh]b ihkeurZeZkv 112 ihklmiv obsgbdZ ih WJZki_ 4. GZ hkljh\_ [ue jZkiheh`_g klZjuc nhjl < wlhf nhjl_ \k_ [ueh jhfZglbqgh b ihemjZajmr_ggu_ ih^t_fgu_ fhklu b dZa_fZlu b ihjhoh\u_ ih]j_[Z b klZjbggu_ imrdb DIZmklh\kdbc 5. E_\blZg hklZ\be hdheh klZ hk_ggbo dZjlbg g_ kqblZy wlx^h\ GZ gbo [ueb bah[jZ`_gu agZdhfu_ k ^_lkl\Z \_sb klh]Z k_gZ ihq_jg_eu_ hl kujhklb fZe_gvdb_ j_db djm`Zsb_ \ \h^h\hjhlZo iZemx ebkl\m h^bghdb_ ahehlu_ [_j_au _s_ g_ h[[blu_ \_ljhf g_[h ihoh`__ gZ lhgdbce_^ DIZmklh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 13.I_j_^\Zfbhlj_adbij_^eh`_gbcJZkklZ\vl_\gboagZdb]^_kfh`_l_AZibrbl_ ghf_jdZ`^h]hhlj_adZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu M\_j_gghklZ\exaZiylmx M\_j_gghklZ\ex^\h_lhqb_ G_ykghqlhihklZ\blv 1.Yjmdh\h^kl\h\ZekyijZ\behfg_e_av ... 2.<Bg^bbjZkl_lm^b\bl_evgh_^_j_\h ... 3.>hdlhjih^gye]eZaZbh[hfe_ewlh[ueZ ... 4.<_l_jkjZamklZeoheh^gufihlhfm qlh ... 5.<klj_qZe_lys_]hkZfhe_lZkilbpZfbfh`_ldhgqblvkyieZq_\gh ... 6.Ghb gZa_fe_ilbpu^hkZ`^ZxlZ\bZlhjZf ... 7.Ih\ZjZkm_lbebkv\h\kxhgb]hlh\beb ... 8. Ih\ZjylZ[eZ`_gkl\h\Zebihlhfmqlh ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 14. Ijh^he`bl_ dZ`^h_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \ ^\mo \ZjbZglZo h^bg \ZjbZgl k ^\h_lhqb_f ^jm]hckaZiylhc 1. Bklhjbq_kdZy [b[ebhl_dZ \ Fhkd\_ — h^gh ba djmig_crbo \ fbj_ dgb]hojZgbebs ... 2. Gbdh]^Z g_ klu^bkv kijZrb\Zlv ... 3. FZevqbd dbgmeky gZ `Zeh[gh_fymdZgv_ ... 15. AZ^Zgb_ k meu[dhc H^bg q_eh\_d gZibkZe h k_[_ <k_o iZevp_\ m f_gy ^\Z^pZlv iylv gZ h^ghc jmd_ klhevdh `_ gZ ^jm]hc jmd_ ^Z gZ h[_bo gh]Zo ^_kylv DZd \u k_[_ ij_^klZ\ey_l_ wlh]h q_eh\_dZ" Qlh[u hg \u]ey^_e ghjfZevgh ^hklZlhqgh ihklZ\blv_s_h^bgagZdij_ibgZgbyHij_^_ebl_dZdhcagZdb\dZdhff_kl_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 16. JZkkdZ`bl_ h[ wlbo ij_^eh`_gbyo \k_ qlh agZ_l_ H[tykgbl_ jZkklZgh\dm agZdh\ ij_ibgZgby Gbdh]^Zg_aZ[m^m hg[uebebg_[ue Wlhl\_q_j ih`ZjhfaZjb Kh``_ghbjZa^\bgmlh[e_^gh_g_[h BgZ`_elhcaZj_nhgZjb :;ehd 113 ?kebyaZ[he_x d\jZqZfh[jZsZlvkyg_klZgm H[jZsZxkvd^jmavyf g_khqlbl_qlhwlh\[j_^m ihkl_ebl_fg_kl_iv aZgZ\_kvl_fg_hdgZlmfZghf \ba]heh\v_ihklZ\vl_ ghqgmxa\_a^m YKf_eydh\ BlZd fu h[km^beb ^\Z kemqZy ihklZgh\db ^\h_lhqby khh[sZxs_]h h \hijhk_ b ij_^klhys_fhl\_l_h[h[sZxsb_keh\Zi_j_^h^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbb[_kkhxagu_ keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gby IjyfZyj_qvk^\h_lhqb_f QlhlZdh_ijyfZyj_qv" IhgZ[ex^Zcl_dZdh^gbex^bjZkkdZau\Zxlh^jm]bo JZkkdZaqbd aZqZklmx ih\lhjy_l `_klu fbfbdm bglhgZpbb lh]h h dhf ]h\hjbl h^gbf keh\hf i_j_^jZagb\Z_l _]h B dhg_qgh dZd fh`gh [he__ lhqgh ih\lhjy_l _]h keh\Z LZeZgleb\u_ jZkkdZaqbdb [md\Zevgh i_j_\hiehsZxlky \ k\hbo i_jkhgZ`_ci_j_^Z\Zyboj_qv : _keb jZkkdZaqbd khh[sZ_l h dhflh g_ mklgh Z ibkvf_ggh" DZd i_j_^Zlv gZ [mfZ]__]h]hehk_]hbglhgZpbx"Wlh]h\ugbdZdg_kmf__l_Ghfh`ghihdjZcg_c f_j_\h[s_fihlhd_j_qbjZkkdZaqbdZ\u^_eblvj_qvlh]hhdhfjZkkdZau\Zxl>ey wlh]hkms_kl\m_lki_pbZevgucgZ[hjagZdh\ij_ibgZgby <]jZffZlbd_keh\ZjZkkdZaqbdZgZau\Zxlkykeh\ZfbZ\lhjZZkeh\Zlh]hhdhf jZkkdZau\Zxlbf_xl^\_jZagh\b^ghklbijyfmxbdhk\_ggmxj_qv IjyfZy j_qv — wlh lhqgZy i_j_^ZqZ qm`hc j_qb khojZgyxsZy __ kh^_j`Zgb_ b nhjfmGZijbf_jFZevqbdkdZaZeMf_gyk_]h^gym^Zqguc^_gv L_`_keh\ZfZevqbdZ\dhk\_gghcj_qb\u]ey^yllZdFZevqbdkdZaZeqlhmg_]h k_]h^gym^Zqguc^_gv <Z`gh_ mkeh\b_ ijZ\bevgh]h \u^_e_gby ijyfhc j_qb gZ ibkvf_ wlh mf_gb_ hlebqblv__hlkeh\Z\lhjZ >ey wlh]h \Z`gh h[eZ^Zlv \gmlj_ggbf kemohf qblZy dgb]b beb aZibku\Zy k\hc l_dkl gm`gh qm\kl\h\Zlv jZaebqb_ \ bglhgZpbb Z\lhjZ b _]h i_jkhgZ`Z beb i_jkhgZ`_c DZ`_lky qlh wlh ljm^gh gh gZ kZfhf ^_e_ _keb \u ihklZ\bl_ i_j_^ kh[hc lZdmx aZ^Zqm lh ij_djZkgh k g_c kijZ\bl_kv Ihlhfm qlh bglhgZpby \k_]^Z a\mqbl \gmljb gZk ^Z`_ _keb fu g_ hkhagZ_f wlh]h Gh d kh`Ze_gbx g_ \k_ ijbkemrb\Zxlky d g_c BglhgZpbhggZy ]emohlZ qZklh \b^gZ \ \Zrbo ibkvf_gguo jZ[hlZo ijyfZy j_qv b keh\Z Z\lhjZ kf_rb\Zxlky Z lZdb_ \ujZabl_eb `b\hc bglhgZpbbdZd\hijhkbl_evgu_b\hkdebpZl_evgu_agZdb\hh[s_g_ihy\eyxlky 114 Mf_gb_ bglhgZpbhggh \u^_eylv ijyfmx j_qv jZa\b\Z_lky ijb ql_gbb _keb \u klZjZ_l_kvfuke_gghkeurZlvZ\_jg__\hh[jZ`ZlvjZagu_]hehkZ <u^_eylv ijyfmx j_qv ihfh]Zxl b ki_pbZevgu_ keh\Zkb]gZeu — ]eZ]heu ]h\hj_gbyHgbij_^mij_`^Zxlqlhk_cqZkijha\mqZlbebm`_ijha\mqZebqvblh keh\Z QZs_ \k_]h mihlj_[eyxlky keh\Z kdZaZe kijhkbe hl\_lbe Gh _keb \u h]jZgbqb\Z_l_kv wlbfb keh\Zfb \ZrZ j_qv hdZau\Z_lky h[_^g_gghc ihlhfm qlh gZ kZfhf^_e_]eZ]heh\]h\hj_gbykms_kl\m_l[_kqbke_ggh_fgh`_kl\h Q_f [hevr_ \u bo agZ_l_ b mf__l_ magZ\Zlv ijb \klj_q_ l_f m\_j_gg__ [m^_l_ \u^_eylvijyfmxj_qvijbibkvf_ >Z\Zcl_ ih]jmabfky \ fbj ]eZ]heh\ ]h\hj_gby b gZmqbfky ihevah\Zlvky \k_f fgh]hh[jZab_fwlbokeh\>eylZdh]hih]jm`_gbyg_h[oh^bfhdh_qlh\kihfgblv >ey\Zk^Z\ghm`_g_k_dj_ldZd\u^_ey_lkyijyfZyj_qv_kebkeh\ZZ\lhjZklhyl i_j_^g_cihke_gboklZ\blky^\h_lhqb_aZl_fke_^m_lijyfZyj_qv\dZ\uqdZob k [hevrhc [md\u H[hagZqbf keh\Z Z\lhjZ [md\hc : Z ijyfmx j_qv [md\hc I aZdexqb\__\dZ\uqdb DZ\uqdZfb ijyfZy j_qv dZd [u hl]hjZ`b\Z_lky hl hklZevgh]h l_dklZ <hl qlh ihemqblky : I LhqdZ klZ\blky aZ dZ\uqdZfb lZd dZd hgZ aZ\_jrZ_l \k_ ij_^eh`_gb_ : l_i_jv j_rbl_ kZfb dZdb_ _s_ ^\Z ijZ\beZ g_h[oh^bfh \kihfgblv qlh[u m\_j_gghh[jZsZlvkykijyfhcj_qvx <uijZ\u_kebjZkkm`^ZeblZd Ihkdhevdm ijyfZy j_qv i_j_^Z_l bglhgZpbx `b\hc j_qb hq_gv \Z`gh ihfgblv h agZdZo dhgpZ ij_^eh`_gbc <hl ko_fZ ijyfhc j_qb k \hijhkbl_evguf ij_^eh`_gb_f:I"A^_kv\hijhkbl_evgucagZdhlghkblkylhevdhdijyfhcj_qb bdZ\uqdbklZ\ylkyihke_g_]h Ihke_dZ\uq_dlhqdZ\wlhfkemqZ_g_klZ\blky IjyfZyj_qvk\hkdebpZl_evgufagZdhfgZko_f_h[hagZqZ_lkylZd : I <hkdebpZl_evguc agZd klZ\blky \gmljb dZ\uq_d lhqdZ ihke_ g_]h g_ klZ\blky : ihkdhevdm ijyfZy j_qv d dhfmlh h[jZs_gZ g_iehoh ihfgblv b h[ h[jZs_gbyo L_i_jv fu fh`_f gZqZlv gZrm bgkljmdpbx ^ey ijyfhc j_qb dhlhjZy g_ jZaju\Z_lkykeh\ZfbZ\lhjZ kfk 116). Kh[_j_f\k_ko_fu\f_kl_ kfk 117). <hhjm`b\rbkvwlbfbagZgbyfbijbklmiZ_fdlj_gbjh\d_ 17. <uibrbl_ ]eZ]heu ]h\hj_gby IhklZjZcl_kv m]Z^Zlv Z\lhjZ dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo IkZjbdjbqZl:olbj_[ylZ\hj Imklbekyfhcoblj_p\i_j_]h\hjubgZqZelZd >jmavyDq_fm\_kvwlhlrmf IjbieueZdg_fmju[dZkijhkbeZ Q_]hl_[_gZ^h[ghklZjq_ 115 DgyavlbohgZq_j_idhgygZklmibe Bfhe\beKib^jm]h^bghdbc Bfhe\behgk\_jdgm\hqZfb J_[ylZg_Fhkd\ZevaZgZfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 18.L_i_jvfuij_^eZ]Z_f\Zfg_kdhevdhbaj_q_gbc\u^Zxsbokyex^_cAZibrbl_bo dZd ijyfmx j_qv ihke_ keh\ Z\lhjZ ^h[Z\b\ hl k_[y keh\Z Z\lhjZ B jZamf__lky jZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. FZl_fZlbdZ _^bgkl\_gguc kh\_jr_gguc f_lh^ iha\heyxsbc ijh\_klb kZfh]h k_[y aZ ghk :Wcgrl_cg 2. >ebggZy j_qv lZd `_ g_ ih^\b]Z_l ^_eZ dZd ^ebggh_ ieZlv_g_ihfh]Z_l\oh^v[_ LZe_cjZg 3.Q_eh\_dmk\hckl\_gghhrb[ZlvkyZ]emipm gZklZb\Zlv gZ k\h_c hrb[d_ Pbp_jhg 4. DZd fu fh`_f lj_[h\Zlv qlh[u dlhlh khojZgbe gZrm lZcgm _keb fu kZfb g_ mf__f __ khojZgblv EZjhrnmdh 5. G_evay [ulvfZl_fZlbdhfg_[m^mqb\lh`_\j_fybihwlhf\^mr_ KhnvyDh\Ze_\kdZy 6. HklZlvky[_a^jma_ckZfh_]hjr__ihke_gbs_lug_kqZklv_ >Zgbwev>_nh 7.>mjZdb [hevr_\k_]h]h\hjylhfm^jhklbZg_]h^ybh^h[jh^_l_eb IZmevWjgkl Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, : l_i_jv \uibrbl_ ba \Zrbo ij_^eh`_gbc ]eZ]heu ]h\hj_gby b ihkfhljbl_ ^hklZlhqgh eb hgb jZaghh[jZagu DZd fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb h^ghh[jZab_ ]eZ]heh\ ]h\hj_gby =h]hev kdZaZe Lheklhc gZibkZe — h^bg ba kZfuo m^jmqZxsbo g_^hklZldh\rdhevguokhqbg_gbc 116 Fgh]hh[jZab_keh\kb]gZeh\ bbof_klh Kdhevdh`_keh\kb]gZeh\ijyfhcj_qbfh`_l[ulv\yaud_" <keh\Zj_kbghgbfh\dkeh\mkdZaZlv^Z_lky 29kbghgbfbqguo]eZ]heh\Zdkeh\m ]h\hjblv — 24]eZ]heZdkeh\mkijhkblv — 6kbghgbfh\Zdkeh\mhl\_lblv — 9. Ijb^mfZcl_kZfbdZdfh`gh[hevr_kbghgbfh\dwlbf]eZ]heZf Kdhevdhm\Zkihemqbehkv" ;h]Zlkl\h kbghgbfbq_kdbo jy^h\ — wlh [h]Zlkl\h \Zr_c kh[kl\_gghc mklghc b ibkvf_gghcj_qbWlh[h]Zlkl\h^hklmighm`_kZfuffeZ^rbfrdhevgbdZfZ\Zfb ih^Z\gh IhagZdhfvl_kv \gbfZl_evgh kh kibkdhf keh\kb]gZeh\ ijyfhc j_qb ba ^_lkdhc dgb]b GGhkh\Z Ijbdexq_gby G_agZcdb kdZaZe hl\_lbe jZkkdZau\Ze b ^Z\Zc djbqZlv ]h\hjbeb klZe ijhkblv kh]eZkbeky kijhkbe ij_^eh`be h[tykgbe [hjfhlZe ijh k_[y djbqbl \h \k_ ]hjeh ijh\hjqZe ijbdjbdgme h[ty\be i_j_^jZagbeijh^he`Ze\hjqZlvaZ\hibeih^o\ZlbehijZ\^u\Zekyj_\_eZ\lhjbeZ _c [mjdgme k_[_ ih^ ghk ih^l\_j^be ihijhkbe ihdeyeky aZ]h\hjbeb \klZ\beZ ^h[Z\beZZogmeZijhlygmeZij_^mij_^beZihdeyeky\hkdebdgmeZ 117 aZrbi_e aZr_ilZe \hajZabe aZy\be \afhebeZkv kdhfZg^h\Ze hdebdgme ijb]eZkbe ijb\_lkl\h\Ze \ukdZaZe ij_^iheh`_gb_ ijhi_eZ \hafmlbeZkv m]h\Zjb\Ze khkljbeZijbagZekyih\lhjbeZaZhjZe\koebiu\Zekihjbeih^kdZaZeaZ\ue 19.:l_i_jvij_^eZ]Z_f\Zfkibkhdij_^eh`_gbcdZ`^h_badhlhjuo²ijyfZyj_qv g_bf_xsZykeh\Z\lhjZ<ZfgZ^hk^_eZlv\hlqlh gZclbih^oh^ysb_ihkfukem keh\Zkb]gZeu ^hibkZlv d gbf hl k_[y keh\Z Z\lhjZ ihf_klb\ bo i_j_^ ijyfhc j_qvx 1.Wc\uKe_aZcl_k_cqZk`_ 2.Fh`_l[ulvbawlh]hqlhgb[m^vbihemqblky 3. Ijhrm dklhem 4. Dh]^Z`_\imlv" 5.Gm dhg_qgh`_ 6. : y k wlbf g_ kh]eZk_g 7. >h[jh_mljh 8.Gm\hl_s_ 9.AZ\ljZ\^\_gZ^pZlvqZkh\hldju\Z_lkyke_llmjbklh\ 10. Kl_deh jZa[be y 11. <_qgh \u ihiZ^Z_l_ \ dZdb_lh ]emiu_ bklhjbb 12. Jmdb \\_jo13.Ghy`_g_fh]ihklmiblvbgZq_ 14.Gmih`ZemcklZih^h`^bg_fgh`dh 15.>Zg_m`_eb" 16.Gb\dh_fkemqZ_ 17.Hklhjh`ghLZfkehfZgZklmi_gvdZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Fgh]b_ g_ \u^_eyxl ijyfhc j_qb \ ijbf_jZo lZdh]h lbiZ m gbo ihemqZ_lky lZd Lhgy kfhlj_eZ gZ ahehlu_ emqb b ijh]h\hjbeZ k ]em[hdhc ]jmklvx G_m`_eb gZrZ ^jm`[Zm]Zkg_ldZdm]ZkZ_lk_cqZkkhegp_" GHkljh\kdbc BkijZ\vl_hrb[dmbihijh[mcl___h[tykgblv <u ijZ\u _keb ^mfZ_l_ lZd <hafh`gh l_ dlh hrb[ky g_ m\b^_eb kb]gZevgh]h keh\Z\\h^ys_]hijyfmxj_qv:hgh_klvghklhblg_i_j_^gZqZehfijyfhcj_qbZ g_kdhevdhjZgvr_Wlhkeh\hijh]h\hjbeZ 20. >Z\Zcl_ ihjZ[hlZ_f k ijbf_jZfb \ dhlhjuo kb]gZevgu_ keh\Z klhyl g_ i_j_^ ijyfhcj_qvxJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbybih^q_jdgbl_kb]gZevgu_keh\Z 1. Dh]^Z jbfkdbc bfi_jZlhj <_kiZkbZg g_ mki_\Ze k^_eZlv aZ ^_gv gb h^gh]h ^h[jh]h^_eZhg]h\hjbek]hj_qvx>jmavyyihl_jye^_gv2.Hl_p]_hf_ljbb?\deb^ ijhbaghkbedh]^ZaZdZgqb\ZedZ`^uck\hcfZl_fZlbq_kdbc\u\h^Qlhblj_[h\Zehkv ^hdZaZlv 3. Xebc P_aZjv lZd khh[sbe \ Jbf h [ukljhf ih[_^hghkghf kjZ`_gbb Ijbr_em\b^_eih[_^be 4.Ex^bfgh]hjZafureyxlh[mf_b]emihklb<hlqlhh[ wlhf kdZaZe ^Z]_klZgkdbc ihwl JZkme =ZfaZlh\ Ihe_a_g b y^ af_b _keb hg \ mf_euo jmdZo<j_^_gbiq_ebgucf_^_kebhg\jmdZo^mjZdZ 5.KijhkbebmEmdbZgZMdh]h lumqbeky\_`eb\hklbHghl\_lbeMg_\_`^Y\ha^_j`b\Zxkvhlj_q_cbihklmidh\ dhlhju_fg_\gbog_ijbylgu Ki_j\uo^g_c]h^bgu]hjvdhc FbjkeuoZekd\hav]jhaguc]jhf Ih\lhjye<ZkbebcL_jdbg I_j_l_jibf²i_j_lj_f :L\Zj^h\kdbc 118 ImklvqblZl_ev\_jhylguc KdZ`_lkdgb`dhx\jmd_ <hlklbobZ\k_ihgylgh <k_gZjmkkdhfyaud_ :L\Zj^h\kdbc <uibrbl_ ghf_jZ ijbf_jh\ \ dhlhjuo keh\Z Z\lhjZ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Keh\Zkb]gZeu ijb ijyfhc j_qb fh]ml khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv g_ lhevdh ]eZ]heZf ]h\hj_gby gh b keh\Zf kh agZq_gbyfb mkeurZe jZa^Zehkv beb ijha\mqZeh ih^mfZebbokbghgbfZf <m`_mihfygmlhcgZfb^_lkdhcdgb`d_Ijbdexq_gbyG_agZcdbfugZreblZdb_ keh\hkhq_lZgby k kb]gZevgufb ]eZ]heZfb jZa^Zeky ]hehk AgZcdb fh`gh [ueh keurZlv mkeurZe G_agZcdZ r_ihl ihkeurZeky r_ihl jZa^Zehkv k_j^blh_ rbi_gb_ihkeurZebkvkh\k_oklhjhg\ha]eZku^he_lZeb]hehkZ 21.Ih^q_jdgbl_keh\Zkb]gZeub\u^_ebl_ijyfmxj_qv\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo Lh]^Zlhk\ur_\^hogh\_gguc JZa^Zekya\mqguc]eZkI_ljZ AZ^_ehk;h]hf >Ze_q_]jygmehMjZ Ihedbm\b^_ebI_ljZ Fh]mqbcHe_]]heh\hxihgbd B^mfZ_lQlh`_]Z^Zgv_ B^mfZehg Hlk_ev]jhablvfu[m^_fr\_^m :KImrdbg Bkeurmkihdhcg_crbc]hehkhdk_dj_lZjy HgbgZ^\moaZk_^ZgbyokjZam <FZydh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Fgh]b_ agZdhfu_ gZf rdhevgbdb g_ kmf_eb \u^_eblv ijyfmx j_qv \ ij_^eh`_gbb GZ [jhg_ lZgdZ [ueh gZpZjZiZgh Kf_jlv g_f_pdbf aZo\ZlqbdZf <uykgbehkvqlhhgbg_gZreb\g_fkb]gZevgh]hkeh\ZIhijh[mcl_wlhk^_eZlv\u <u ijZ\u _keb \u^_ebeb keh\hkhq_lZgb_ [ueh gZpZjZiZgh Qlh agZqbl gZpZjZiZgh" GZibkZgh g_djZkb\uf g_jh\guf ihq_jdhf beb gZibkZgh q_flh hkljuf gZ l\_j^hc ih\_joghklb LZdbf h[jZahf keh\h gZpZjZiZlv kbghgbfbqgh keh\m gZibkZlv : kbghgbfh\ m wlh]h keh\Z h^bggZ^pZlv ihijh[mcl_ \kihfgblv kdhevdhkfh`_l_ b\k_hgbfh]ml[ulvkb]gZevgufbkeh\Zfb 119 LZdbf `_ kb]gZevguf fh`_l [ulv b keh\h ijhqblZlv B ijyfZy j_qv hnhjfe_ggZywlbfbkeh\Zfb\u]ey^bllZd jZkklZ\vl_agZdb NjZgpmakdbc ibkZl_ev b mq_guc ;e_a IZkdZev ibkZe Q_f q_eh\_d mfg__ b ^h[j__ l_f[hevr_hgaZf_qZ_l^h[jZ\ex^yo <u dhg_qgh ihfgbl_ dZd gZau\Z_lky ij_^eh`_gb_ beb keh\hkhq_lZgb_ gZibkZggh_ beb ijhbag_k_ggh_ h^gbf q_eh\_dhf b bkihevah\Zggh_ ^jm]bf² pblZlZ<ibkvf_gghfl_dkl_pblZlZhnhjfey_lkydZdijyfZyj_qv 22. Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf g_kdhevdh bgl_j_kguo \ukdZau\Zgbc AZibrbl_ bo dZd pblZlu ^hihegb\hlk_[ykeh\ZfbZ\lhjZJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. < q_eh\_d_ \k_ ^he`gh [ulv ij_djZkgh b ebph b h^_`^Z b ^mrZ b fukeb :IQ_oh\ 2.Rmfgbq_]hg_^hdZau\Z_ldmjbpZdhlhjZykg_keZycphqZklhd\hoq_l lZddZd[m^lhkg_keZ[hevrmxieZg_lm FL\_g 3.KZfh_g_ihgylgh_\wlhffbj_lh qlh hg ihgyl_g :Wcgrl_cg 4. Emqrb_ nbehkhnu gZ k\_l_ fZevqbrdb m dhlhjuo ijh[b\Z_lky [hjh^Z IeZlhg 5. FZgby \_ebqby wlh dh]^Z furv \hh[jZabeZ k_[y dhrdhcbkZfZk_[ykt_eZ FK\_leh\ GZc^bl_ kj_^b wlbo pblZl ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ k h[h[sZxsbf keh\hf b h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblv q_f ijbkh_^bgy_lky ijyfZy j_qv \ lZdhf ijbf_j_ Ih mebpZf h^gh]h ihjlm]Zevkdh]h ]hjh^dZ ih ijbdZam ]hjh^kdbo \eZkl_c ijh\_eb \_j_gbpm hkeh\ b \_j[ex^h\ gZ qvbo r_yo [helZebkv lZ[ebqdb Lhevdh fu g_ qblZ_fdgb] ba`mjgZeh\ Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf \u[jZlv lhl hl\_l dhlhjuc \u kqblZ_l_ ijZ\bevguf 1) g_ ijbkh_^bgy_lky gbq_f 2) ijbkh_^bgy_lky ih kfukem ijbkh_^bgy_lky ijhims_ggufbkeh\Zfbdhlhju_fh`gh\hkklZgh\blv <u ijZ\u _keb kqblZ_l_ qlh lml kijZ\_^eb\u ^\Z hl\_lZ b \lhjhc b lj_lbc IjyfZy j_qv a^_kv m]Z^u\Z_lky ih kfukem b djhf_ lh]h fh`gh fuke_ggh ih^klZ\blv keh\Z lbiZ [ueh gZibkZgh beb bo kbghgbfu : djhf_ lh]h g_ aZ[u\Zcl_ \Zr\gmlj_ggbckemo\k_]^Z\Zfih^kdZ`_l]^_ijyfZyj_qvihlhfmqlh hgZbf__l^jm]mxbglhgZpbxg_`_ebkeh\ZZ\lhjZBlZd_klvljbkihkh[ZhihagZlv ijyfmxj_qv 1)ijhgbdgh\_gb_\fukev 2)fuke_ggZyih^klZgh\dZkb]gZevguokeh\ 3) fuke_ggh_ keurZgb_ bglhgZpbb <hhjm`b\rbkv wlbfb kihkh[Zfb i_j_oh^bf d lj_gbjh\d_ 23.JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ijbf_jZo Koh^m^\bgme\^\_jv]jZgZlhc Kiju]gme\gbaijhiZe\^ufm Hnbp_jubkhe^Zlu <uoh^bihh^ghfm 120 AZ^Ze_db_ijb]hjdb Moh^bekjZ`_gvy`Zj GZkg_]m<ZkbebcL_jdbg G_ih^h[jZgguce_`Ze Kg_]ih^gbfgZ[jydrbdjh\vx <ayeky]jm^hce_^yghc Kf_jlvkdehgbeZkvdba]heh\vx Gmkhe^Zlihc^_fkhfghc >jh]gmeL_jdbgaZf_jaZy GZihkl_ebkg_]h\hc Yg_a\Zel_[yDhkZy Ykhe^Zl_s_`b\hc :L\Zj^h\kdbc <uibrbl_ghf_jZijbf_jh\kh[hkh[e_ggufbh[klhyl_evkl\Zfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, I_j_^ \Zfb keh\Z dhlhju_ kZfb ih k_[_ g_ y\eyxlky kb]gZeZfb ijyfhc j_qb gh fh]ml [ulv bfb ^hiheg_gu fuke_ggh jZkk_j^beky h[b^_eky m^b\beky aZbgl_j_kh\Zeky \kdbi_e ijb]jhabe bkim]Zeky aZkf_yeky aZ[_kihdhbebkv h[jZ^h\Zekyh^h[jbeZ 24.Gb`_^Zguij_^eh`_gbydZ`^h_badhlhjuofh`_lklZlvijyfhcj_qvxIh^[_jbl_ d dZ`^hfm ij_^eh`_gbx ih^oh^ys__ ih kfukem keh\h ^h[Z\vl_ hl k_[y keh\Z Z\lhjZihf_klb\boi_j_^ijyfhcj_qvx 121 1.MjZAZ\ljZ\pbjd 2.AZf_qZl_evgh 3.Hcg_fh]mIjhklhmfhjZ 4.DZd[ug_ ihemqbehkvom`_ 5.QlhaZ[_ah[jZab_ 6.:hggZgZkg_gZiZ^_l" 7.G_m`_eb\k_wlh ijZ\^Z" 8. Q_jl agZ_l qlh wlh lZdh_ 9. <hl y \Zk khj\Zgpu 10. Ihq_fm lu gZ f_gy djbqbrv" 11.KdZ`bl_ih`ZemcklZZdZd\k_wlhijhbahreh" BglhgZpbydhgpZij_^eh`_gby \ijyfhcj_qb Wlhkh\k_fg_ljm^ghghh[wlhfqZklhaZ[u\Zxl:f_`^ml_fijyfZyj_qvl_kgh k\yaZgZk`b\hcq_eh\_q_kdhcj_qvxbbgh]^ZijyfhlZdbmfhey_lh\hijhkbl_evghf beb\hkdebpZl_evghfagZd_ 25.>Z\Zcl_jZkklZ\bfagZdbihfgyhagZdZodhgpZij_^eh`_gby IhcfZebilbqdm]hehkbklm Bgmk`bfZlv__jmdhc Ibsbl[_^gy`dZ\f_klhk\bklm :_cl\_j^ylIhcilbqdZihc =J>_j`Z\bg F_`^mi_qZevxbgbq_f Fu\u[jZebi_qZev Bkijhkbldlhgb[m^vAZq_f :dlhlhkdZ`_l@Zev ;Qbqb[Z[bg BkdZaZeb^\ZlZgdbklZ =ZjfhgbklmAgZ_rv^jm] G_agZdhfuevfuklh[hx G_l_[yebwlh[jZl Qlhlhihfgblkyba[hy >hklZ\eyebfu\kZg[Zl :L\Zj^h\kdbc 4. G_f_pdbc _kl_kl\hbkiulZl_ev :e_dkZg^j =mf[hev^l lZd ]h\hjbe h ihy\e_gbb gh\uo bklbg KgZqZeZ ]h\hjyl DZdZy qmrv Ihlhf aZf_qZxl < wlhf qlhlh _klv < dhgp_ dhgph\ ]h\hjyl k Ziehf[hf Dlh `_ wlh]h g_ agZ_l 5. :ev[_jl Wcgrl_cg ih^hc^ydk\h_fm ^hfm kijhkbe =^_`b\_l]hkih^bg Wcgrl_cg R\_cpZj m^b\e_ggh \hkdebdgmeGh\u`_b_klv]hkih^bgWcgrl_cgWcgrl_cgmeu[gmekyWlhyagZxgh yaZ[ue]^_y`b\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 26.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc\lhfqbke_bagZdbdhgpZ ij_^eh`_gbyihke_fgh]hlhqby 1. ... g_^hmf_\Zy kijZrb\Zeb AZq_f ... 2. <a\hegh\Zgguc \k_f ijhbkoh^ysbf hg m`_g_k^_j`b\ZykvdjbdgmeI_j_klZgvl_ ... 3.KdZaZe[uy<hi_j\uog_ ... 4. ...lZd keZ^dh qmlv ^urZ =hem[mrdZ dZd ... 5. ... k mij_dhf Ihq_fm lu gbdh]^Z ... 6. ... bgl_j_kh\ZebkvDlhwlh ... 122 Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, L_i_jv \Zf agZdhfu ljb kemqZy mihlj_[e_gby ^\h_lhqby 1) ihke_ h[h[sZxsbo keh\i_j_^h^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb 2)\[_kkhxaguokeh`guoij_^eh`_gbyo 3)i_j_^ ijyfhcj_qvxklhys_cihke_keh\Z\lhjZ IhmijZ`gy_fky\jZaebq_gbbwlbokemqZ_\ 27.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyAZg_kbl_ghf_jdZ`^h]hijbf_jZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bdlZ[ebpuJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc IjyfZyj_qv ;_kkhxagu_ij_^eh`_gby H[h[sZxsb_keh\Zijb h^ghjh^guoqe_gZo 1. ;u\Z_l lZd =hklv m`_ h^_eky ihijhsZeky gh \k_ _s_ klhbl m ^\_j_c b ijh^he`Z_l jZa]h\Zjb\Zlv k ohaybghf Bf_ggh d wlhfm kemqZx hlghkblky jmkkdZy ihkeh\bpZG_[hcky]hklykb^yq_]hZ[hckyklhyq_]h:g]ebqZg_\ih^h[guokemqZyo ]h\hjyllZdMoh^ymoh^b:gZ<hklhd_wlZfukev\ujZ`Z_lky\keh\Zo=hklvih^h[_g \^uoZ_fhfm \ha^mom ?keb hg \oh^bl b ^he]h g_ \uoh^bl ohaybg aZ^uoZ_lky ba `mjgZeh\ Eh`v\k_]^Zhi_j_^bl Bklbgmg_fgh`dh Ghg_[hcl_kvih[_^bl IjZ\^Z[hkhgh`dZ KYFZjrZd 3. Yaud gZjh^Z y\ey_lky g_bkkydZ_fuf bklhqgbdhf djueZluo keh\ ihkeh\bp ih]h\hjhd 4. Fgh]b_ djueZlu_ keh\Z ijboh^yl \ gZr yaud ba ebl_jZlmju f_ldb_ \ujZ`_gbyZnhjbafuibkZl_e_cmq_guobklhjbq_kdbobh[s_kl\_gguo^_yl_e_c <klZgvl_kwlh]h^b\ZgZ :g_lhlZf[m^_lyfZ G_oh^bl_ihdh\jm <uijhlj_l_\g_f^ujm Bg_ljh]Zcl_djh\Zlv Ijhklugvfh`_l_ihfylv Bg_gZ^hrdZnfhcljh]Zlv M\Zkkebrdhfhkljucgh]hlv Bg_gZ^hdgb]b[jZlv Bo\ufh`_l_ihj\Zlv Bg_klhcl_gZimlb :og_emqr_ev\Zfmclb H=jb]hjv_\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, ?keb m \Zk \k_ [ueh \_jgh i_j_oh^bl_ d ke_^mxs_c l_f_ _keb [ueb hrb[db \uihegycl_\k_ih^jy^ 123 28.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. FZjdm L\_gm ijbgZ^e_`bl h^gZ ba kZfuo kf_rguo njZa ijha\mqZ\rbo dh]^Z eb[hDh]^Zij_kkZklZeZjZkijhkljZgylvg_\_jgu_ba\_klbyqlhhgmf_jhgkhh[sbe \ij_kk_`_Kemobhfh_ckf_jlbg_kdhevdhij_m\_ebq_gu XHe_rZ @fmjmdb^mjZdZfh[_bfbjmdZfb DZdfgh]bf\kmsghklbh[yaZgufubf <_^v_keb[g_[ueb^jm]b_^mjZdZfb Lh^mjZdZfb[ulvijbrehkv[ugZfkZfbf KYFZjrZd 3.<X`ghc:f_jbd_yih^f_lbeh^gm\_svdhlhjZykgZqZeZhq_gvm^b\beZf_gy\ gZk_e_gguo jZchgZo af_c ]hjZa^h [hevr_ q_f \ g_hk\h_gguo < gZk_e_gguo f_klghklyo bklj_[e_gu beb ba]gZgu ae_crb_ \jZ]b af_c ilbpu b djmigu_ fe_dhiblZxsb_ J;ehf[_j] 4. H k\hbo kh]jZ`^ZgZo ]j_q_kdbc nbehkhn KhdjZl ]h\hjbe>Zyfm^j__boihlhfmqlhyagZxqlhgbq_]hg_agZxZhgbgbq_]hg_agZy ^mfZxlqlh\k_agZxl Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 29.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. ...q_eh\_q_kdbf]hehkhfHlimklbf_gy ... 2. ...aZf_jhlg_h`b^ZgghklbijyfhgZ g_]h ... 3. ...gZqZelZd>jmavydq_fm ... 4. ...ljb\_ebdb_^h[jh^_l_ebfm^jhklv ... 5. ... ex[be ih\lhjylv Gbdh]^Z g_ ... 6. ... meu[gbl_kv \_^v meu[dZ ... 7. ... a\hgdbf hl \hklhj]Z]hehkhf>Za^jZ\kl\m_l ... 8. ...b\b`mkb^yl ... 9. ...]hehkhfhlpZ=^_fhb ... 10. ..._e_meh\bfu_a\mdbdlhlhhklhjh`gufbrZ]Zfb ... 11. ...bajZaguo]hjh^h\ba ^j_\g_]hIkdh\Zb ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, G_kdhevdhbklhjbc ba`bagblbj_ I_j\Zybklhjby —ihklZgh\dZlbj_f_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fufWlZbklhjby \Zf ^Z\gh agZdhfZ jZkkdZ`bl_ __ k_[_ kZfb Gh ijb wlhf mqlbl_ qlh \ g_c _klv q_luj_wibah^Zdh]^Zlbj_f_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fufklZ\blkyljbwibah^Z — dh]^Z g_ klZ\blky Ba\_klgu \Zf b ^\Z wibah^Z dh]^Z klZ\blky lbj_ \ g_iheghf ij_^eh`_gbb ?keb \u g_ kfh`_l_ \kihfgblv \k_ wlh h[jZlbl_kv d i_j\hc qZklb dgb]bAgZdbij_ibgZgbybih\lhjbl_]eZ\mLbj_\gmljbij_^eh`_gby <lhjmx bklhjbx ba `bagb lbj_ \u g_^Z\gh ih\lhjyeb HgZ ih\_kl\m_l h ihklZgh\d_lbj_ihke_h^ghjh^guoqe_gh\<g_c^\Zwibah^Z<kihfgbl_bokZfb< kemqZ_aZljm^g_gbyihkfhljbl_]eZ\m I^Zgghcdgb]b 124 Lj_lvy bklhjby — lbj_ k ijbeh`_gbyfb ?_ \u lh`_ fh`_l_ \kihfgblv kZfb Z _kebg_ihemqblky —\_jgbl_kvd]eZ\_ II. Lbj_\[_kkhxaguoij_^eh`_gbyo Q_l\_jlZy bklhjby ba `bagb lbj_ ih`Zemc kZfZy keh`gZy lbj_ \ [_kkhxaghf keh`ghf ij_^eh`_gbb IhklZgh\dZ wlh]h agZdZ aZ\bkbl hl kfukeh\uo hlghr_gbc dhlhjufb h[t_^bg_gu qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby JZkkfhljbf g_kdhevdh kemqZ_\ lZdbo kfukeh\uo hlghr_gbc Qlh[u hgb [ueb gZf ykg__ \havf_f kgZqZeZ ij_^eh`_gby k khxahf Hij_^_ebl_ dZdbf kfukehf h[t_^bg_gu qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo 1. ?keb g_ [m^_l_ iheb\Zlv jZkl_gb_ hgh g_ kfh`_ljZa\b\ZlvkyghjfZevgh 2.Dh]^Z]hkih^Z^_jmlkymkem]e[ulj_sZl ?keb\u\^mfZebkvbkfukeuwlboij_^eh`_gbc \Zf ykgh qlh \ i_j\hf ijbf_j_ i_j\Zy qZklv h[hagZqZ_l mkeh\b_ ^_ckl\by ijhbkoh^ys_]h \h \lhjhc qZklb Z \h \lhjhfijbf_j_ —\j_fy : qlh ihemqblky _keb fu ijhimklbf khxau" <hl qlh 1. G_ [m^_l_ iheb\Zlv jZkl_gb_ — hgh g_ kfh`_l jZa\b\Zlvky ghjfZevgh 2. =hkih^Z ^_jmlky — m kem] e[ulj_sZl Kfukeh\u_ hlghr_gby \ wlbo ij_^eh`_gbyo khojZgyxlky lhevdh bo kb]gZeZfb y\eyxlky m`_ g_ khxau Z lbj_ Lbj_ dZd [u \hiehsZ_l h`b^Zgb_ gm b qlh [m^_l" Qlh^Zevr_" 30.Ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zfg_kdhevdhij_^eh`_gbcJZkklZ\vl_\gboagZdbZihlhf\uibrbl_ ghf_jZ ij_^eh`_gbc \ dhlhjuo lbj_ h[hagZqZ_l kfukeh\u_ hlghr_gby \j_f_gb b mkeh\byJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc Meu[Zebkvljbkf_eu_^_\bpu GZkibg_m[_g]Zevkdhclb]jbpu L_i_jv`_\k_ljb Mlb]jbpu\gmljb :meu[dZgZfhj^_lb]jbpu KYFZjrZd 2.GZa\Zeky]jma^_fihe_aZc\dmah\ 3.Keh\hg_\hjh[_c\ue_lblg_ihcfZ_rv 4. AZ ^\mfy aZcpZfb ih]hgbrvky gb h^gh]h g_ ihcfZ_rv 5. G_ iexc \ dheh^_p ijb]h^blky \h^u gZiblvky 6. :jlmj DhgZg >hce ihk\ylbe R_jehdm Ohefkm ^_\ylv dgb] q_luj_ jhfZgZ b iylv k[hjgbdh\ jZkkdZah\ \k_]h iylv^_kyl r_klv jZkkdZah\ D:g^j__\ 7.=eZ\gh_ qlh ijb\e_dZ_l qblZl_e_c \ R_jehd_ Ohefk_ aZf_qZl_evgZy kbeZ _]h fukeb R_jehd Ohefk qmlv g_ _^bgkl\_gguc i_jkhgZ` ^_lkdhc fbjh\hc ebl_jZlmju]eZ\gh_aZgylb_dhlhjh]hfure_gb_eh]bdZJZkkdZauhR_jehd_Ohefk_ gZau\Zxlky ^_l_dlb\gufb lZd dZd ^_l_dlb\ ihZg]ebckdb kusbd DQmdh\kdbc 8. JZ^mxlky ex^b \hagbdZ_l \_k_eZy i_kgy AZ^mfu\Zxlky ]jmklyl gZ mf ijboh^bl f_eh^by i_qZevgZy g_lhjhieb\Zy : ]hj_ gZ\Zebehkv gbqlh g_ \ujZabl _]h lZd dZd fmaudZi_kgy ihGDhehkh\hc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 125 < wlhf aZ^Zgbb \u g_ lhevdh jZ[hlZeb k gh\uf fZl_jbZehf gh b ^he`gu [ueb \kihfgblvfgh]hm`_ba\_klgh]hJZkkdZ`bl_k_[_qlh\Zfm^Zehkv\kihfgblv Ke_^mxsbcwibah^ba`bagblbj_ihk\ysZ_lky\aZbfhhlghr_gbyf^_ckl\byb_]h j_amevlZlZ<kydh_^_ckl\b_bf__ldZdhceb[hj_amevlZlM^ZjbrvjZd_ldhcihfyqm —b q l h [ m ^ _ l " —hg\ae_lbl m^ZjbrvihklZdZgm —b q l h [ m ^ _ l " — hg jZae_lblky \^j_[_a]b ?keb qZklb [_kkhxagh]h ij_^eh`_gby hlghkylky ^jm] d ^jm]mihkfukemdZd^_ckl\b_b_]hj_amevlZllhf_`^mgbfbklZ\blkylbj_ 31. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby <uibrbl_ ghf_jZ ij_^eh`_gbc kh kfukeh\uf hlghr_gb_f^_ckl\b_²j_amevlZl Luk\bklgbl_[yg_aZklZ\exy`^Zlv G_lmg_]hg_e`b\uc\a]ey^ ?]h]eZaZg_e]ml HgbijZ\^b\h]h\hjyl Qlhbo\eZ^_e_pieml J;_jgki_jKYFZjrZdZ G_[ueh]\ha^y Ih^dh\Z IjhiZeZ G_[uehih^dh\u 126 EhrZ^v AZojhfZeZ EhrZ^vaZojhfZeZ DhfZg^bj M[bl DhggbpZjZa[blZ :jfby ;_`bl <jZ]\klmiZ_l <]hjh^ Ie_gguog_sZ^y Hllh]hqlh\dmagbp_ G_[ueh =\ha^y :g]ebckdZyi_k_gdZi_jKYFZjrZdZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Mq_gu_ — hq_gv k_jv_aguc gZjh^ H^gZdh JZkkdZau\Zxl qlh h^gZ`^u d ZdZ^_fbdmIZ\eh\mijbr_emq_gbdbm\b^_eqlhB\ZgI_ljh\bqimkdZ_ldhjZ[ebdb\ lZam k \h^hc < hl\_l gZ m^b\e_gguc \a]ey^ k\h_]h ]hkly IZ\eh\ kdZaZe AZ_f m ^_lkl\Z <gZr_cdgb]_lh`_[m^_l\j_fyhl\j_f_gb\klj_qZlvkyaZ_fm^_lkl\Zhlju\db ba^_lkdboklboh\kdZahd\_k_euobklhjbcWlhiha\heblgZfbgh]^Zmeu[gmlvky\h \j_fykZfhck_jv_aghcjZ[hluIhfgbl_meu[dZ —^jm]q_eh\_dZ 32.Kh[_jbl_jZkkuiZggu_ij_^eh`_gbybaohjhrhagZdhfhc\ZfkdZadbihklZ\vl_\ gbogm`gu_agZdbbh[tykgbl_bo 1. ;hyjkdZy klj_eZ imklbe ^hqv miZeZ kug ^\hj b klZjrbc __ [hyjkdbc ih^gyeZgZklj_em 2.?_miZeZdmi_q_kdbcklj_em^hqvkj_^gbcih^gyeZkugb dmi_q_kdZy gZ klj_eZ ^\hj imklbe 3. ;hehlh \ imklbe ey]mrdZ kug miZeZ feZ^rbcbklj_em__klj_eZih^gyeZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, <hafh`gh\uihfgbl_\_k_eu_^_lkdb_klbobihwlZJhfZgZK_nZ GZk\_l_\k_gZ\k_ihoh`_af_y —gZj_f_rhdbadh`bemgZ —gZdjm]euc]eZa h]jhfguc`mjZ\ev —gZlhsbcdjZgih^t_fgucdhlihehkZluc —gZib`Zfmy²gZ l_[yZlu —gZfZfm JZa]h\hj h ihoh`_f bf__l k\h_ \ujZ`_gb_ \ imgdlmZpbb Hlghr_gby koh^kl\Z f_`^mqZklyfbkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby \ujZ`Zxlky agZdhf lbj_ b g_ lhevdh \ ij_^eh`_gbyo[_akhxah\gh^Z`_baj_^dZb\ij_^eh`_gbyokkhxaZfb_kebwlh ih^kdZau\Z_lbglhgZpby 33.I_j_ibrbl_jZkklZ\eyyagZdbij_ibgZgby 1. BojZa\_ke_ihcg_aZf_lbl :ajyqbchgbo]h\hjbl 127 Ijhc^_lkeh\ghkhegp_hk\_lbl Ihkfhljbljm[e_fih^Zjbl G:G_djZkh\ GZk\ylhcJmkbgZr_cfZlmrd_ G_gZclbg_kukdZlvlZdhcdjZkZ\bpu Oh^blieZ\gh[m^lhe_[_^mrdZ KfhljblkeZ^dhdZd]hem[mrdZ Fhe\blkeh\hkheh\_cih_l FXE_jfhglh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 34.IjhqblZcl_i_j_kdZa^j_\g__]bi_lkdh]hfbnZJZkklZ\vl_agZdb DZ`^uc^_gvieu\_lkheg_qguc[h]JZihg_[_kghfmGbemZ\_q_jhfi_j_oh^bl\ ghqgmx eZ^vx gZ dhlhjhc ieu\_l ih ih^a_fghfm Gbem Dh]^Z eZ^vy JZ ^hklb]Z_l ih^a_fguo\hjhlgZg_]hgZiZ^Z_l_]hkljZrguc\jZ]af_c:ohiJZih[_`^Z_l\jZ]Z b[h]bkeZ\yl_]hlZdhci_kg_c Kbe_gJZkeZ[u\jZ]b <ukhdJZgbadb\jZ]b @b\JZf_jl\u\jZ]b KulJZ]heh^gu\jZ]b GZih_gJZ`Z`^ml\jZ]b <hag_kkyJZiZeb\jZ]b >hieu\_lJZ^hih^a_fguo]hjhldjhxlkyi_j_^gbf\hjhlZ]hjbahglZI_j_ky^_l JZbaghqghceZ^vb\^g_\gmxhaZjbla_fexk\hbfkbygb_f Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, : l_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblv kZfb dZdb_ kfukeh\u_ hlghr_gby k\yau\Zxl qZklbij_^eh`_gbc\i_kg_dhlhjZykeZ\blJZ <u ijZ\u _keb ^mfZ_l_ qlh a^_kv hlghr_gby ijhlb\hihklZ\e_gby ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb B \u \_jhylgh m`_ ^h]Z^Zebkv qlh ijb lZdbo kfukeh\uo hlghr_gbyof_`^mqZklyfbij_^eh`_gbcklZ\blkylbj_ BlZd _keb f_`^m qZklyfb ij_^eh`_gbc kms_kl\mxl hlghr_gby ijhlb\hihklZ\e_gbyijhlb\hiheh`ghklblhf_`^mgbfbklZ\blkylbj_ ?keb\ukhfg_\Z_l_kvgZ^hebihklZ\blvwlhlagZdih^klZ\vl_ fuke_gghgZwlhf f_kl_ghbebZ?kebwlhihemqblkykf_ehklZ\vl_lbj_ 35. Ihijh[mcl_ fuke_ggh ih^klZ\blv f_`^m qZklyfb ij_^eh`_gby khxau gh beb Z b jZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby H[_avygd_[uehhq_gviehoh Q_eh\_dm[uehfgh]hom`_ :=Zebq 128 Ljb`^u]jhfdbcdebqihdebdZeb Gbh^bg[h_pg_ljhgmeky FXE_jfhglh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yghhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, BlZd \u ihagZdhfbebkv kh ke_^mxsbfb lbiZfb kfukeh\uo hlghr_gbc f_`^m qZklyfb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby 1) hlghr_gby \j_f_gb beb mkeh\by 2) hlghr_gby f_`^m ^_ckl\b_f b j_amevlZlhf 3) hlghr_gby \hagbdZxsb_ ijb kjZ\g_gbb koh^kl\Zijhlb\hiheh`ghklbijhlb\hihklZ\e_gby >h[Z\bf d wlhfm _s_ h^bg lbi hlghr_gbc — dh]^Z \lhjZy qZklv y\ey_lky ke_^kl\b_flh]hqlhijhbahreh\i_j\hcGZijbf_jJZa^Zeky]jhf — klZjmob\ m`Zk_aZdj_klbebkv 36. L_i_jv ihjZ[hlZ_f k wlbfb kfukeh\ufb hlghr_gbyfb JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb \ ijbf_jZo AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bd lZ[ebpu JZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc Ihc^_lgZijZ\hi_kgvaZ\h^bl GZe_\hkdZadb]h\hjbl :KImrdbg JZafZogmekylh]^ZDbjb[__\bq Bm^Zjbe\i_j\hcdmipZDZeZrgbdh\Z Bm^Zjbe_]hihk_j_^v]jm^b AZlj_sZeZ]jm^vfheh^_pdZy FXE_jfhglh\ AZ^mfZxj_db[hevrb_ GZ^he]hmijyqmih^e_^ Ihkljhxfhklue_^ygu_ DZdbog_ihkljhblgZjh^ G:G_djZkh\ Yhl\hjbebf`blgbpuyaeZlh JZkkuiZebfybfkukdZejZ[hlu Hgb`f_gy[_kgmykvijhdebgZeb Y^hqvfhxfgbehkqZkleb\blv[jZdhf DZd[mjykf_jlvmghkbl`_gboZ AZfghc]gZebkvy^mohfg_kfmlbeky B^_jahklvxg_\hebba[_`Ze :KImrdbg G_]h\hjbl_fg_Hgmf_jHg`b\_l Imklv`_jl\_ggbdjZa[blh]hgv_s_iueZ_l ImklvjhaZkhj\ZgZhgZ_s_p\_l_l IMKLV ZjnZkehfZgZZddhj^_s_ju^Z_l KYIZ^khg HgagZdih^Zklb\k_oehihqml Hgiv_l\k_ivxlb\k_djbqZl 129 HgaZkf__lky\k_ohohqml GZofmjbl[jh\b\k_fheqZl :KImrdbg Ex^fbeZrZidhcaZ\_jl_eZ GZ[jh\bijyfhgZ[_dj_gv BaZ^hfgZi_j_^gZ^_eZ Bqlh`"hqm^hklZjuo^g_c Ex^fbeZ\a_jdZe_ijhiZeZ I_j_\_jgmeZi_j_^g_c Ex^fbeZij_`gyyij_^klZeZ GZaZ^gZ^_eZkgh\Zg_l KgyeZb\a_jdZe_ :KImrdbg Fu\k_\hcgurZevgu_^_lb B]_g_jZebjy^h\hc Hiylv\_kgZgZ[_ehfk\_l_ ;_jbrbg_evihreb^hfhc ;Hdm^`Z\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Fu k \Zfb lZd m\e_debkv ihklZgh\dhc lbj_ qlh \hagbdeZ hiZkghklv ihaZ[ulv h ^jm]boagZdZoZ\_^vkms_kl\mxl_s_baZiylZyb^\h_lhqb_blhqdZkaZiylhc 37. Ke_^mxs__ aZ^Zgb_ gZ jZkklZgh\dm agZdh\ fu ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf ih^ ^_\bahf DZ`^hcihkeh\bp_²k\hcagZdJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc 1.=^_ dlhjh^bekylZfbijb]h^beky 2. >_eh g_ f_^\_^v \ e_k g_ mc^_l 3. AZdhg qlh ^ureh dm^Z ih\_jgme lm^Z b \ureh 4. Dhrd_ b]jmrdb furd_ ke_adb 5. Hl emggh]hk\_lZbkg_][_e__lhlfm^jh]hkeh\ZbjZamfgucmfg__l 6.GZihkme_qlhgZ klme_ ihkb^brv ^Z \klZg_rv 7. Ex[h\v aeZ ihex[brv b dhaeZ 8. ;_amf_p ebdm_l fm^j_p\u`b^Z_l 9.Fbeu_[jZgylkylhevdhl_rZlky 10.KdZaZghmaehfaZ\yaZgh 11. Dm^Zdhgvkdhiulhflm^ZbjZdkde_rg_c 12.DhgvmagZ_lkyijb]hj_^jm]ijb[_^_ 13.<k_fbg_lkyh^gZijZ\^ZhklZg_lky14.Mq_gv_k\_lg_mq_gv_lvfZ 15.G_ex[hg_ kemrZc Z \jZlv g_ f_rZc 16. Khegp_ \ahc^_l h`b\_l ijbjh^Z Dgb]m ijhql_rv ijhk\_le__lkymf 17.Keh\hg_\hjh[_c\ue_lblg_ihcfZ_rv Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 38.I_j_ibrbl_l_dklbjZkklZ\vl_\g_fagZdb IjhnbeZdlbdZjZa\h^h\ GZ h^ghf ba =_[jb^kdbo hkljh\h\ kms_kl\m_l lZdhc h[uqZc i_j_^ \klmie_gb_f \ [jZd `_gbo ^he`_g ijhklhylv p_emx ghqv gZ h^ghc gh]_ gZ kl_g_ \ex[e_gguo jZkiheh`_gghc gZ^ kdZebkluf [_j_]hf :leZglbq_kdh]h hd_ZgZ Klhbl k^_eZlv h^gh g_\_jgh_^\b`_gb_[m^msbcfm`fh`_ljZa[blvkyhdZfgbG_m^b\bl_evghihwlhfm qlhgZhkljh 130 \Zo lZd j_^db jZa\h^u hohlgbdh\ ijhclb q_j_a lZdh_ bkiulZgb_ \lhjhc jZa hq_gv fZeh ba`mjgZeh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yghhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 39. IhjZ[hlZcl_ dhjj_dlhjhf Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf g_kdhevdh Znhjbafh\ b ihkeh\bp GZc^bl_bbkijZ\vl_\gboimgdlmZpbhggu_hrb[db Ohq_rvk_[ybamqblvihkfhljbgZex^_cb^_eZbo Ohq_rvex^_cbamqblv\k_j^p_dk_[_aZ]eygb FFboZceh\ 2.;helmgih^h[_gfZylgbdmlh]hb^jm]h]hgZ^hhklZgh\blv DhavfZIjmldh\ 3. <kydZy \_sv — _klv nhjfZ ijhy\e_gby [_kij_^_evgh]h jZaghh[jZaby DhavfZ Ijmldh\ 4. G_kh\k_fihgbfZx —ihq_fmfgh]b_gZau\Zxl km^v[m bg^_cdhx Z g_ dZdhxeb[h ^jm]hx [he__ gZ km^v[m ihoh`_x ilbp_x" DhavfZ Ijmldh\ 5. Ghk \ulZsbe o\hkl m\ya 6. =jhf g_ ]jyg_l fm`bd g_ i_j_dj_klblky 7. AZklZ\v ^mjZdZ ;h]mfheblvkyhgbeh[jZkrb[_l Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 40.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. ... \kydb_ iZdhklb lh hgb ih^[jZku\Zxl ... 2. ... g_ ihemqZ_lky ihlhfm qlh dhl E_hihev^ ... 3. ...mkljhyl_fmeh\mrdmkZfb`_\g__ ... 4. ...]h\hjbebkhkljZohfih ghqZf \ aZfd_ ... 5. ... ^mfZeb qlh wlh ijbajZd ... 6. ... ijhdjbqbl i_lmo ijbajZd kdjh_lky ... 7.DZdgbklZjZebkvgbq_]h ... 8.Lhevdhihah\bylml`_ ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, BlZd\umagZebh[h\k_okemqZyoihklZgh\dblbj_\keh`guoij_^eh`_gbyo Ke_^mxsZybklhjbyba`bagblbj_ —wlhlbj_\ijyfhcj_qb <ke_^aZijyfhcj_qvx Ihfgbl_ eb \u qlh ijhbkoh^bl _keb i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb klhbl h[h[sZxs__ keh\h" Ihke_ g_]h klZ\blky ^\h_lhqb_ Z aZl_f ke_^mxl h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu ?keb `_ h[h[sZxs__ keh\h f_gy_l ihabpbx b hdZau\Z_lky ihaZ^b lh i_j_^ gbfklZ\blkylbj_LZdb_`_ij_\jZs_gbyi_j_`b\Z_lbimgdlmZpbhggh_hnhjfe_gb_ ijyfhc j_qb keh\Z Z\lhjZ i_j_^ ijyfhc j_qvx aZ\_jrZxlky ^\h_lhqb_f Z ihke_ ijyfhc j_qb bf_xs_c l_ agZdb dhgpZ ij_^eh`_gby dhlhju_ _c iheZ]Zxlky i_j_^ keh\ZfbZ\lhjZklZ\blkylbj_Ko_fZlbq_kdbwlhbah[jZ`Z_lkylZd kfk 132). L_i_jvfufh`_f^hihegblvm`_qZklbqghagZdhfmxgZfbgkljmdpbx^eyijyfhc j_qbg_jZahj\Zgghckeh\ZfbZ\lhjZ kfk 133). 41.>Z\Zcl_baf_gbfihabpbxkeh\Z\lhjZihhlghr_gbxdijyfhcj_qbI_j_^_eZcl_ ke_^mxs__ij_^eh`_gb_baf_gb\f_klhkeh\Z\lhjZ 131 GZ njhglhg_ ]j_q_kdh]h ojZfZ :iheehgZ \ :nbgZo [ueZ lZdZy gZ^ibkv IhagZc kZfh]hk_[y Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Dh]^Z keh\Z Z\lhjZ klhyl ihaZ^b ijyfhc j_qb lZf `_ hdZau\Zxlky b keh\Z kb]gZeu khh[sZxsb_ h ijyfhc j_qb dZd [u aZ^gbf qbkehf Ihwlhfm jZkihagZlv ijyfmxj_qv\lZdhfiheh`_gbbljm^g__ 42. >Z\Zcl_ jZkklZ\bf agZdb b \u^_ebf kb]gZevgu_ keh\Z \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo ba [Zk_gDjueh\Z IhkemrZcdZkhk_^lmlEh\qbci_j_j\Ze\hl\_l >ZjZ[hlZeZevlue_lh]h\hjbl_cFmjZ\_c Kl_iZgmrdZjh^ghcg_\u^Zcfbeuc Baih^f_^\_^yhg\afhebeky[ZljZdm :oluh[`hjZZoaeh^_clml<ZkvdmIh\Zjmdhjy_l <hl^jm]Zyex[ex\kdjbqZe>_fvyg G_emqr_evgZk_[ydmfZh[hjhlblvky_cFbrdZ hl\_qZe Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 132 43.I_j_ibrbl_jZkklZ\eyygm`gu_agZdb 1.Q_]hg_agZ_lq_eh\_dQ_eh\_dg_agZ_lij_^_eZk\h_ckbeu]eZkblfhg]hevkdZy gZjh^gZyfm^jhklv 2.Q_eh\_dmklZ_ldh]^Z_fmg_q_]h^_eZlv]h\hjblky\ma[_dkdhc ihkeh\bp_ 3. Mfguc djZlhd \ keh\Zo gh ^_yl_e_g \ ihklmidZo ]h\hjyl \ Bg^bb 4. Emqr_ \k_]h l\_j^hklv [_a ]g_\Z gZklhcqb\hklv [_a kihjZ \_`eb\hklv [_a gZ^f_gghklb lZd kqblZxl \ BjeZg^bb 5. IhdZ q_eh\_d g_ k^Z_lky hg kbevg__ k\h_c km^v[uibkZeg_f_pdbcibkZl_evZglbnZrbklJ_fZjd Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 44.Ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zfg_kdhevdhbaj_q_gbc\u^Zxsbokyex^_cBf_gZwlboex^_c^Z_f \kdh[dZoihke_dZ`^h]hbaj_q_gby>hibrbl_hlk_[ykeh\ZZ\lhjZbihf_klbl_bo ihke_ ijyfhc j_qb HdZaZ\rbkv \ jheb Z\lhjZ ihklZjZcl_kv qlh[u \Zrb keh\Z g_ [uebh^ghh[jZagufbJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. Dlh jZa^m\Z_l ieZfy kkhju b \hjhqZ_l ]heh\gb lhl g_ ^he`_g `Zeh\Zlvky _keb bkdju ihiZ^Zxl _fm \ ebph <NjZgdebg 2. ;_a \hh[jZ`_gby g_\hafh`gh khklZ\e_gb_ gbdZdh]h km`^_gby :jbklhl_ev 3. < jZ[hl_ fukeb _klv jZ^hklv aZo\Zlu\ZxsZy^mokbeZ]Zjfhgby <B<_jgZ^kdbc 4. OjZ[ju_ ihagZxlky \ [bl\_ k_fvyb^_lb\[_^_Z^jmavy\g_kqZklv_ bg^bckdZyihkeh\bpZ GZklZg_l^_gvbqZkijh[v_l Dh]^Zmfmbq_klb 133 GZ\k_ca_fe_ijb^_lq_j_^ KlhylvgZi_j\hff_kl_ J;_jgk 6.H[jZsZckyk^jm]bfblZddZdluohl_e[uqlh[uh[jZsZebkvklh[hc <hevl_j 7.Ihegh\h^gZyj_dZkihdhcgZ mfgucq_eh\_dg_aZghkqb\ fhg]hevkdZyihkeh\bpZ 8.Fha]ohjhrhmkljh_ggucklhbl[hevr_q_ffha]ohjhrhgZiheg_gguc Fhgl_gv 9. ?keb \u ohlbl_ aZ[ulv qlhgb[m^v g_f_^e_ggh aZibrbl_ qlh \u ^he`gu wlh aZihfgblv W^]Zj Ih 10. <_k_eu_ ex^b [uklj__ \ua^hjZ\eb\Zxl b ^hevr_ `b\ml :f[jmZaIZj_ Kj_^b wlbo baj_q_gbc _klv ^\Z ij_^eh`_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsb_^Zgghcko_f_<uibrbl_boghf_jZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 45.L_i_jvijhqblZcl_iZjuijbf_jh\kjZ\gbl_bobjZkkdZ`bl_hgbo\k_qlhfh`_l_ JZkklZ\vl_g_^hklZxsb_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1.H\dmkZog_kihjyl —]h\hjbeb^j_\gb_jbfeyg_Wlhcihkeh\bp_khhl\_lkl\m_l jmkkdZyGZ\dmkgZp\_llh\ZjbsZg_l 2.Ki_rbf_^e_ggh —kh\_lh\ZeZeZlbgkdZy fm^jhklv WlZ `_ fukev \ujZ`_gZ \ jmkkdhc ihkeh\bp_ Ihki_rbrv ex^_c gZkf_rbrv Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, ?keb \u h[^mfZggh kjZ\gbeb wlb ^\_ iZju ijbf_jh\ lh fh]eb aZf_lblv ke_^mxs__ 1) < dZ`^hc iZj_ ijbf_jh\ ^\_ ihkeh\bpu h^gZ ^j_\g_jbfkdZy ^jm]Zy kh\j_f_ggZyjmkkdZyWlbihkeh\bpuihjZaghfm\ujZ`Zxlh^gmblm`_fukev 2)DZ`^Zyihkeh\bpZhnhjfe_gZ dZd ijyfZy j_qv ijb ihfhsb keh\ Z\lhjZ Keh\Z Z\lhjZ \ dZ`^hf kemqZ_ nhjfmebjmxlky ihjZaghfm B \ h^ghf kemqZ_ hgb klhyl i_j_^ijyfhcj_qvxZ\^jm]hf —ihke_ 46.Ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zf_s_g_kdhevdhiZjlZdboihkeh\bp>hihegbl_ bo keh\Zfb Z\lhjZ i_j_^ijyfhcj_qvxbihke_g__baZibrbl_ 1. ?klv f_jZ \ \_sZo eZl <k_ ohjhrh \ f_jm jmkkd 2. ?keb `b\_rv \ Jbf_ `b\b \ kh]eZkbb k jbfkdbfb h[uqZyfb eZl K \hedZfb `blv — ih\heqvb \ulv jmkkd 3. =g_\ \ex[e_gguo — \hah[gh\e_gb_ ex[\b eZl Fbeu_ [jZgylky — lhevdhl_rZlky jmkkd 4.IjZ\^Zjh^blg_gZ\bklv eZl IjZ\^Z]eZaZdhe_l jmkkd Fuk\ZfbmagZeb^\ZkemqZy\aZbfgh]hjZkiheh`_gbyijyfhcj_qbbkeh\Z\lhjZ i_j_^ijyfhcj_qvxbihke_g__ Dh]^Zkeh\ZZ\lhjZ\gmljbijyfhcj_qb h^gh]hlbj_fZeh :l_i_jvhij_^_ebl_]^_gZoh^ylkykeh\ZZ\lhjZ\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo 134 Ijhrm\Zkijhqlbl_qlha^_kvgZibkZgh²ihijhkbeklhys_]hjy^hffm`qbgm ibkZl_ev aZ[u\rbc ^hfZ hqdb Ba\bgbl_² hl\_lbe lhl gh y lZdhc `_ h[b`_gguckm^v[hcdZd\uylh`_g_mf_xqblZlv <u ijZ\u _keb j_rbeb lZd < i_j\hf ij_^eh`_gbb keh\Z Z\lhjZ klhyl ihaZ^b ijyfhcj_qbZ\h\lhjhf —\gmljbg__bjZaju\Zxl__gZ^\_qZklb DZdjZkklZ\blvagZdb\wlhfkemqZ_" WlhaZ\bkblhllh]hgZdZdhff_kl_\gmljbijyfhcj_qbhdZau\Zxlkykeh\ZZ\lhjZ dhlhju_ __ jZaju\Zxl \ h^ghf ij_^eh`_gbb beb f_`^m ^\mfy ?keb \ h^ghf ij_^eh`_gbblhgZf_kl_jZaju\Zfh][uklhylvex[hcagZdk_j_^bguij_^eh`_gby beb \hh[s_ gbdZdh]h agZdZ ?keb f_`^m ^\mfy lh gZ f_kl_ jZaju\Z fh] [u klhylv ex[hcagZddhgpZij_^eh`_gby <k_\hafh`gu_\ZjbZgluagZdh\_kebijyfZyj_qvjZaju\Z_lkykeh\ZfbZ\lhjZfu h[t_^bgbeb\bgkljmdpbbdhlhjhc\u[m^_l_ijbg_h[oh^bfhklbihevah\Zlvky JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ijbf_j_ Fg_ g_ gZ^h gbq_]h g_h[oh^bfh]h ex[be ]h\hjblv ihwl FboZbe K\_leh\ gh y g_ fh]m[_aebrg_]h BB]bg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 135 48. IjhqblZcl_ ijbf_ju \uibrbl_ ghf_jZ l_o ijbf_jh\ dhlhju_ y\eyxlky ijhklufbij_^eh`_gbyfb \uibrbl_ihf_jijbf_jZkhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hko_f_ Ihke_ wlh]h hnhjfbl_ wlb ij_^eh`_gby dZd ijyfmx j_qv ^h[Z\b\ hl k_[y keh\Z Z\lhjZ\gmljbijyfhcj_qbbaZibrbl_ihemq_ggu_ij_^eh`_gbyjZkklZ\eyyagZdb ij_ibgZgby<kemqZ_aZljm^g_gbyaZ]ey^u\Zcl_\bgkljmdpbx 1.OhjhrhihklZ\blv\hijhkagZqbl m`_gZiheh\bgmj_rblv_]h >BF_g^_e__\ 2.FZl_fZlbdZ_^bgkl\_gguckh\_jr_ggucf_lh^iha\heyxsbcijh\_klbkZfh]hk_[y aZghk :Wcgrl_cg 3.Lhfmdlhg_ihklb]gZmdb^h[jZ\kydZybgZygZmdZijbg_k_l ebrv \j_^ Fhgl_gv 4. JZ^hklv \b^_lv b ihgbfZlv _klv kZfuc ij_djZkguc ^Zj ijbjh^u :Wcgrl_cg 5. <k_ `Zemxlky gZ k\hx gZfylv ih gbdlh g_ `Zem_lky gZ k\hcmf EZjhrnmdh 6.=emi_pihjZ`Z_ldjbdhffm^j_pih]h\hjdhcijb\_^_gghcd f_klm JZkme=ZfaZlh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Keh\Z Z\lhjZ fh]ml hdZaZlvky f_`^m dhgphf h^gh]h ij_^eh`_gby b gZqZehf ^jm]h]h < wlbo kemqZyo imgdlmZpbhggh_ hnhjfe_gb_ keh\ Z\lhjZ aZ\bkbl hl lh]h f_`^m dZdbfb ij_^eh`_gbyfb hgb klhyl Dh]^Z keh\Z Z\lhjZ klhyl ihke_ ij_^eh`_gby gZ dhgp_dhlhjh]hlhqdZZihke_gbogZqbgZ_lkygh\h_ij_^eh`_gb_wlh\u]ey^bllZd I²Z —I 49.JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ke_^mxs_fijbf_j_kh\_lmykvkwlhcko_fhc G_l gbq_]h jZ^hklg__ b ijbylg__ ^_eZgby ^h[jZ ibkZe Khdheh\Fbdblh\ >Z`_ kZfh_ fZe_gvdh_ ^h[jh hdZaZlv mkem]m mklmiblv f_klh ihfhqv \klZlv ijbylgh b ohjhrh Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, ?keb keh\Z Z\lhjZ klhyl ihke_ ij_^eh`_gby gZ dhgp_ dhlhjh]h klhbl \hijhkbl_evguc beb \hkdebpZl_evguc agZd lh hgb hnhjfeyxlky agZdZfb ij_ibgZgbylZdI" —Z —II —Z —I :l_i_jvkh[_j_f\k_ko_fu^Zggu_\bgkljmdpbb\f_kl_ kfk 137). 50.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo 1. Lhevdh ^h[juc b lZeZgleb\uc gZjh^ fh`_l khojZgblv \_ebqZ\h_ kihdhckl\b_ ^moZ b xfhj \ ex[uo kZfuo ljm^guo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo iheZ]Ze \_ebdbc agZlhd jmkkdh]h keh\Z <eZ^bfbj >Zev Ihkeh\bpu ih]h\hjdb ijb[Zmldb jh`^Zykv \ g_^jZo gZjh^guofZkk]h\hjylha^hjh\hffh]mq_fhj]Zgbaf_ 2.?klvlZdb_djZldb_ baj_q_gbybihkeh\bpudhlhju_\k_fbijbgylubmihlj_[eyxlkyaZf_lbejbfkdbc hjZlhjD\bglbebZgLZdb_baj_q_gbyg_i_j_oh^beb[uba\_dZ\\_d_k 136 137 eb [u \k_f ex^yf g_ dZaZebkv bklbggufb 3. ?keb [u y g_ jZ[hlZe qlh [u y ^_eZe a^_kv gZ a_fe_ ibkZe ba\_klguc om^h`gbd KZev\Z^hj >Zeb KdmqZe [u dZd mkljbpZ Ihwlhfmyl_ji_lvg_fh]mmkljbp ba]Za_l 4.G_l_jyc]eZajmdmbl_f[he__]heh\m ibkZeKZev\Z^hj>Zeb?kebluklZg_rvom^h`gbdhfhgbijb]h^ylkyl_[_ ba]Za_l 5. DhjZ[ev ih^hc^_l \_ebq_kl\_ggh d kZfhfm [_j_]m ih^ a\mdb ij_djZkghc fmaudb AZq_f \u ijb_oZeb Dh]h \u bs_l_ kijhkyl ex^b gZ [_j_]m 6. Lh]^Z lu m\b^brv ojZ[jh]h djZkb\h]h ijbgpZ hg [m^_l klhylv b ijhly]b\Zlv d l_[_ jmdb A^jZ\kl\mc :kkhevkdZ`_lhg>Ze_dh^Ze_dhhlkx^Zym\b^_el_[y\hkg_bijb_oZeqlh[um\_alb l_[ygZ\k_]^Z\k\h_pZjkl\h :=jbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, : l_i_jv ² \k_ \f_kl_ JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby b aZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpuJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc i_j_^ijyfhcj_qvx Keh\ZZ\lhjZ ihke_ijyfhcj_qb \gmljbijyfhcj_qb 1. Ljm^gh eb [jhkblv dmjblv kijhkbeb agZf_gblh]h Zf_jbdZgkdh]h xfhjbklZ FZjdZ L\_gZ FZjd L\_g hl\_lbe Kh\k_f g_ ljm^gh y jZa klh [jhkZe 2. H^gZ`^u dh]^ZFZydh\kdbc[ue\:f_jbd__fmkdZaZebDZdhc\u\ukhdbcQlh\um^b\e_ggh hl\_lbe <eZ^bfbj <eZ^bfbjh\bq Y kZfuc fZe_gvdbc g_[hkdj_[ 3. H^bg \ukhdhiZjgucihf_sbdj_rbeihl_rblvkygZ^\_l_jbgZjhfbkijhkbe_]h<ub_klv ^hdlhj ^ey kdhlbgu >Z y kihdhcgh hl\_lbe lhl : qlh m \Zk [hebl" 4. M Oh^`b GZkj_^^bgZ kijhkbeb Dh]^Z g_kml ihdhcgbdZ lh ]^_ ke_^m_l gZoh^blvky ihaZ^b beb \i_j_^b ]jh[Z Lhevdh g_ \gmljb hl\_lbe Oh^`Z Z lZf ]^_ ohlbl_ 5. DZd kljhyl \ukhdb_ [Zrgb kijhkbeb m Oh^`b GZkj_^^bgZ Hq_gv ijhklh hl\_lbe hg Jhxl ]em[hdb_ dheh^pu b \u\hjZqb\Zxl bo gZbagZgdm 6. <h \j_fy njZgpmakdhc j_\hexpbb lheiZ ihlZsbeZ Z[[ZlZ Fhjb d nhgZjx qlh[u ih\_kblv KlZg_l eb \Zf k\_le__ kijhkbe Z[[Zl _keb \u ih\_kbl_ f_gy gZ wlhf nhgZj_ RmldZ kiZkeZ _fm `bagv 7.LhqlhfuagZ_fh]jZgbq_gghibkZenjZgpmakdbcZkljhghfEZieZkZlhq_]h fu g_ agZ_f [_kdhg_qgh 8. M^b\bl_evgh g_ lh qlh a\_a^gh_ ihe_ lZd \_ebdh ibkZe :gZlhevNjZgkZlhqlhq_eh\_d_]hbaf_jbe 9.Dh]^Zfui_j_klZ_f^_eZlv ]h\hjbe ;_jgZj^Rhmfui_j_klZ_f`blv 10.?kebm\Zk_klvy[ehdhb mf_gy_klvy[ehdhb fuh[f_gy_fkywlbfby[ehdZfblhm\Zkbmf_gyhklZg_lkyihh^ghfmy[ehdmex[be ]h\hjblv;_jgZj^Rhm :_keb m \Zk_klvb^_yb m f_gy _klv b^_y b fu h[f_gy_fky wlbfbb^_yfblhmdZ`^h]hbagZk[m^_lih^\_b^_b 11.Ba[_]Zcl_l_odlhklZjZ_lky ih^hj\Zlv\Zrm\_jm\k_[yibkZeFZjdL\_gWlZq_jlZk\hckl\_ggZf_edbfex^yf Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 138 IjyfZyj_qv\hdjm`_gbb Z\lhjkdbokeh\ <h \k_o jZkkfhlj_gguo ijbf_jZo ijyfZy j_qv k ^\mo klhjhg hdjm`Z_l keh\Z Z\lhjZ Gh [u\Z_l b gZh[hjhl ohly b j_`_ dh]^Z keh\Z Z\lhjZ k ^\mo klhjhg hdjm`Zxlijyfmxj_qv <hldZdwlhfh`_l\u]ey^_lvgZko_f_ 52.Jmdh\h^kl\mykvwlbfbko_fZfbjZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ke_^mxsbohlju\dZobaihwfu :L\Zj^h\kdh]h<ZkbebcL_jdbg Bkhimrdbhl^Ze_gghc BaaZlukyqbdhe_k BadhgpZ\dhg_pdhehggu IhfZrbgZf^hg_kehkv <hlm`_mdjZcg_coZlu Ih^gyehgeZ^hgvdmkZf 139 Fheh^pu\i_j_^j_[ylZ DjbdgmelZdfheh^p_\Zlh Keh\gh[ueQZiZ_\kZf Imklv\dZdhcgb[m^vdZil_jd_ Mdmohggh]hdjuevpZ KdZ`ml\rmldmWcluL_jdbg IjhdZdh]hlh[hcpZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Ih^\_^_f blh]b \k_fm qlh fu magZeb h ijyfhc j_qb \ \b^_ bgkljmdpbb kf k 141). LjZ]_^bb^bZeh]Z Ihfgbl_ eb \u gZbamklv hlju\hd ba klbohl\hj_gby G_djZkh\Z Jmkkdb_ ^_lb ba\_klguc ih^ gZa\Zgb_f Fm`bqhd k gh]hlhd" ?keb ihfgbl_ — aZibrbl_ ih iZfylb ?keb g_ ihfgbl_ ihijhkbl_ dh]hgb[m^v ijh^bdlh\Zlv \Zf wlhl hlju\hd Z ihlhf ijh\_jvl_ k_[y ih dgb`d_ ?keb m \Zk \k_ ihemqbehkv iha^jZ\ey_f \Zk Ih gZrbfgZ[ex^_gbyfqZs_\k_]hhlhrb[hdhdZau\Zxlkyk\h[h^gufblhevdhi_j\u_ ^\_ kljhqdb : ^Zevr_ pZjbl lZdZy g_jZa[_jboZ qlh g_\hafh`gh ihgylv dhfm ba ^_ckl\mxsbo ebp ijbgZ^e_`Zl l_ beb bgu_ keh\Z Bgh]^Z keh\Z ijhbag_k_ggu_ jZagufb ^_ckl\mxsbfb ebpZfb kde_b\Zxlky \ h^gm njZam gZijbf_j A^hjh\h iZjgbs_ KlmiZc k_[_ fbfh Bgh]^Z keh\Z ijhbag_k_ggu_ h^gbf ^_ckl\mxsbf ebphf jZaju\Zxlky lZdbf h[jZahf dZd [m^lh bo ijhbaghkbeb jZagu_ ex^b gZijbf_jBae_km\_klbfh — Hl_pkeurbrvjm[blZyhl\h`m I_j_qblZcl_ aZibkZgguc \Zfb hlju\hd jZa[_jbl_kv ]^_ qvb keh\Z b jZa^_ebl_ keh\Z^_ckl\mxsboebplZdqlh[uihemqbeZkvjZa[_jboZ L_dkl wlh]h klhev ljm^gh]h g_djZkh\kdh]h hlju\dZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc jZa]h\hj ^\mo ^_ckl\mxsbo ebp J_qv dhlhjZy i_j_^Z_l jZa]h\hj ^\mo beb g_kdhevdbo ebp gZau\Z_lky ^bZeh]hf hl ]j_q_kdh]h keh\Z ^bZeh]hk — jZa]h\hj ^\mo DZ`^Zy ijhbag_k_ggZy h^gbf ba ^_ckl\mxsbo ebp njZaZ gZau\Z_lky j_iebdhc H^gZ j_iebdZhl^jm]hc^he`gZ[ulvh[yaZl_evghhl^_e_gZlbj_:_keb_klv_s_bkeh\Z Z\lhjZ hgb ^he`gu [ulv hl^_e_gu hl [eb`Zcr_c d gbf j_iebdb \ khhl\_lkl\bb k m`_agZdhfufb\ZfijZ\beZfb GZijbf_jDlhlZfklmqblky\iha^gbcqZk" —Dhg_qghyNbg^e_c —B^b ^hfhc\k_kiylmgZk —G_\k_ —kdZaZeNbg^e_c J;_jgk 53.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby<uibrbl_ghf_jZijbf_jh\\dhlhjuog_l^bZeh]Z JZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc 1. Kijhkbeb m EmdbZgZ M dh]h lu mqbeky \_`eb\hklb M g_\_`^ hl\_lbe hg Y \ha^_j`b\Zxkv hl j_q_c b ihklmidh\ dhlhju_ fg_ \ gbo g_ijbylgu KZZ^b 2. Pbjdh\hcZjlbkl:gZlhebc>mjh\keZ\bekyhkljhmfb_fbkf_ehklvx<hlh^bgba_]h ghf_jh\<uoh^ygZpbjdh 140 141 \hc fZg_` hg ^he]h [jhkZe gZ dh\_j ih^gbfZe b kgh\Z [jhkZe ahehlmx fhg_lm =Z^Z_l_ gZ hjeZ b j_rdm" kijZrb\Zeb _]h G_l hl\_qZe hg Y aZgyl f_g__ \Z`guf ^_ehf DZdbf `_" >Z ijhklh ^mjZdZ \Zeyx hl\_qZe Zjlbkl ihdZau\Zy ebp_\mx klhjhgm fhg_lu k bah[jZ`_gguf gZ g_c pZjkdbf ijhnbe_f 3. H^gZ`^u d :e_dkZg^jm >xfZ dhlhjuc ml\_j`^Ze qlh g_gZ\b^bl km^_ckdh_ khkeh\b_ ijbreb ijhkblv gZ ihohjhgu km^_[gh]h bkihegbl_ey Gm`gh ljb^pZlv njZgdh\ fkv_ >xfZ <k_]hebrvljb^pZlvnjZgdh\gZh^gh]hkm^_[gh]hbkihegbl_ey<hl\Zfr_klv^_kyl ihohjhgbl_ ^\hbo Wlhl Zg_d^hl hg khqbgbe ijh k_[y kZf Z gZ kZfhf ^_e_ hg [ue hq_gv^h[jb\k_]^Z]hlh\ih^_eblvkybihke_^gbfnjZgdhfbfbeebhghf_kebhg m g_]h[ue ihD:g^j__\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, < kdZad_ :glmZgZ ^_ K_glWdaxi_jb FZe_gvdbc ijbgp jZkkdZau\Z_lky dZd \h \j_fy iml_r_kl\by \ f_`a\_a^ghf ijhkljZgkl\_ FZe_gvdbc ijbgp ihk_sZ_l djhr_qgmxieZg_lmgZdhlhjhc`b\_livygbpZ 54. I_j_ibrbl_ khklhy\rbcky f_`^m gbfb ^bZeh] klZ\y gm`gu_ agZdb Wlh [m^_l e_]q_k^_eZlv_keb\ufuke_gghjZau]jZ_l_ihjheyfwlmkp_gdm Qlh wlh lu ^_eZ_rv kijhkbe FZe_gvdbc ijbgp Ivx fjZqgh hl\_lbe ivygbpZ AZq_f Qlh[u aZ[ulv H q_f aZ[ulv kijhkbe FZe_gvdbc ijbgp _fm klZeh `Zev ivygbpmOhqmaZ[ulvqlhfg_kh\_klghijbagZekyivygbpZbih\_kbe]heh\mHlq_]h `_ l_[_ kh\_klgh kijhkbe FZe_gvdbc ijbgp _fm hq_gv ohl_ehkv ihfhqv [_^gy]_ Kh\_klghiblvh[tykgbeivygbpZb[hevr_hlg_]hg_evay[ueh^h[blvkygbkeh\Z B FZe_gvdbc ijbgp hlijZ\beky ^Zevr_ jZkl_jygguc b g_^hmf_\Zxsbc >Z [_a khfg_gby\ajhkeu_hq_gvkljZggucgZjh^^mfZehgijh^he`Zyimlv Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd ijhimklbl_ ke_^mxs__ aZ^Zgb_ ?keb [ueb \uihegycl_\k_ih^jy^ 55. < jhfZg_ F:;me]Zdh\Z FZkl_j b FZj]ZjblZ _klv ^bZeh] f_`^m Ihglb_f IbeZlhfbZj_klh\ZggufOjbklhfI_j_ibrbl__]hjZkklZ\eyyagZdbij_ibgZgby :l_i_jv kdZ`b fg_qlh wlhlu \k_ \j_fy mihlj_[ey_rv keh\Z ^h[ju_ ex^b Lu \k_olZdqlhebgZau\Z_rv<k_ohl\_lbe Zj_klZgl aeuo ex^_c g_l gZ k\_l_ <i_j\u_ keurm h[ wlhf kdZaZe IbeZl mkf_ogm\rbkv gh fh`_l [ulv y fZeh agZx `bagv < dZdhcgb[m^v ba ]j_q_kdbo dgb] lu ijhqblZe h[ wlhf G_l y k\hbf mfhf ^hr_e ^h wlh]hBluijhih\_^m_rvwlh>Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Kms_kl\m_lh[e_]q_gguckihkh[aZibkb^bZeh]Z ?keb dZ`^mx j_iebdm ^bZeh]Z gZqbgZlv k ih\hc kljhqdb lh hl^_eblv bo ^jm] hl ^jm]Zkh\k_fijhklhi_j_^dZ`^hcj_iebdhc\gZqZe_keh\ZklZ\blkylbj_<hllZd 142 ²=^_lu[ueZk_]h^gydbkdZ" ²Mdhjhe_\umZg]ebckdhc ²Qlhlu\b^ZeZijb^\hj_" ²<b^ZeZfurdmgZdh\j_ :g]ebckdZyi_k_gdZ ?keb \u mf__l_ fuke_ggh hl^_eblv h^gm j_iebdm hl ^jm]hc mki_o lZdhc aZibkb \Zfh[_ki_q_g 56.JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ke_^mxsbol_dklZoJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc :oluL_jdbgGmbfZeuc B\dh]hlum^Zeky LhevdhfZlvgZ\_jghagZeZ Yhll_ldbjh^beky L_jdbgl_ldbg_edbiZedb Kuiv_s_gZaeh\jZ]m G_fh]mLZeZglZ`Zedh >h[hf[_`db[_j_]m :L\Zj^h\kdbc Wc]hj_phlq_]h G_ghkbrvludbg`ZeZ Dh]^Zghrm_]h G_ba[_`ZlvkdZg^ZeZ Wc]hj_phlq_]h Dbg`Ze[_j_rv\^hjh]m Dh]^Zy[_ag_]h KdZg^Zeh\kebrdhffgh]h =Zabf;_]<Z]^Zgh\ DZd_s_i_j_^Zlv qm`mxj_qv Ihijh[mcl_ih^h[jZlvZglhgbfdkeh\hkhq_lZgbxijyfZyj_qvQlh\Zfijboh^bl \]heh\mdjb\Zyj_qv"DhkZyj_qv"Djm]eZyj_qv"G_ldhg_qghDhk\_ggZyj_qv Q_f`_hlebqZ_lkydhk\_ggZyj_qvhlijyfhc" Dh]^Z jZkkdZaqbd i_j_^Z_l j_qv ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ keh\Zfb kZfh]h wlh]h q_eh\_dZ [_a baf_g_gbc — wlh ijyfZy j_qv Dh]^Z `_ hg i_j_^Z_l wlm j_qv k\hbfb keh\Zfb g_fgh]hbaf_gyy__lhwlhdhk\_ggZyj_qv 57. GZ^__fky qlh \u [_a ljm^Z hlebqbl_ ijyfmx j_qv hl dhk\_gghc \ ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo g_aZ[m^vl_jZkklZ\blv\gboagZdbij_ibgZgby 1. =j_q_kdhfm \jZqm =biihdjZlm ijbgZ^e_`Zl keh\Z @bagv dhjhldZ bkdmkkl\h \_qgh 2.XebcP_aZjv]h\hjbeEmqr_[ulvi_j\uf\>_j_\g_q_f\lhjuf\Jbf_ 3. H^bg fm^j_p kdZaZe qlh q_eh\_d ihemqZ_l agZgby ba eZ^hg_c ^jm]bo ex^_c 4. >j_\gb_]j_dbml\_j`^Z 143 eb qlh fmaudZ bae_qb\Z_l [he_agb 5. Y fukex ke_^h\Zl_evgh y kms_kl\mx ibkZe njZgpmakdbc nbehkhn J_g_ >_dZjl 6. >j_\gb_ jbfeyg_ ]h\hjbeb qlh dgb]b bf_xl k\hxkm^v[m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 58.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyAZg_kbl_ghf_jdZ`^h]hijbf_jZ\khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bdlZ[ebpuJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc Ijbf_jukijyfhcj_qvx Ijbf_jukdhk\_gghcj_qvx Ijbf_jubklhcbk ^jm]hcj_qvx 1.H^gZ`^udZdjZkkdZau\Z_l^j_\g_]j_q_kdbcfbn\eZ^udZfbjZA_\k\ha\_klbe [h]Zf qlh \ wlhl qZk gZ a_fe_ jh^blky \_ebqZcrbc ]_jhc Hg [m^_l fhbf ex[bfuf kughfy^Zf _fm \eZklvgZ^\k_c =j_pb_cb^jm]b_ ]_jhb [m^ml kem`blv _fm kdZaZe A_\k Kmijm]Z A_\kZ =_jZ h[b^_eZkv qlh lZdmx kbem b keZ\m A_\k ohq_l hl^Zlv kugm kf_jlghc`_gsbgub mg__\hagbd dh\ZjgucieZg HgZkdZaZeZA_\km Ihdeygbkv`_ qlh lhl dlh i_j\uc jh^blky \ wlhl qZk ihemqbl \eZklv gZ^ \k_c =j_pb_c b ^jm]b_ ]_jhb ^he`gu [m^ml kem`blv _fm < wlm fbgmlm [h]bgy h[fZgZ :lZ hl\e_deZ _]h \gbfZgb_bA_\kg_aZf_lbeobljhklbHgkdZaZeDeygmkvLZdb[m^_l 2.LjbLheklydZ kdZaZebfg_<ugvk_j^p_fZevqbdZbk^_eZc^eyg_]h`_e_agh_k_j^p_YkdZaZeqlh g_evay ebrZlv q_eh\_dZ _]h q_eh\_q_kdh]h k_j^pZ Qlh gbdZdh_ k_j^p_ gb `_e_agh_ gb e_^ygh_ gb ahehlh_ g_ fh`_l [ulv ^Zgh q_eh\_dm \f_klh ijhklh]h gZklhys_]h q_eh\_q_kdh]hk_j^pZ XHe_rZ 3.Gh\ke_^mxsbcfb]Ibl_jm`_klhyegZkdZe_ hg meu[Zeky Z ]^_lh \gmljb g_]h [be fZe_gvdbc [ZjZ[Zgqbd Hg \uklmdb\Ze lZdb_ keh\Z Qlh ` mf_j_lv wlh \_^v lh`_ [hevrh_ b bgl_j_kgh_ ijbdexq_gb_ IlbpZ djbqZeZ Ibl_jm qlh ieu\_l d g_fm qlh[u \ujmqblv _]h ba [_^u Z hg kijZrb\Ze __ qlhhgZlZf^_eZ_lgh\ky[_^Z\lhfqlhhgbg_agZebyaudZ^jm]^jm]Z >`;Zjjb Reb[hcpuaZgZfbke_^hf Ihdb^Zyie_ggucdjZc Yh^gmihebl[_k_^m Ih\lhjyeG_mgu\Zc Yh^ghkdZ`mqlhgZf[u IhmijZ\blvkyk\hcghc Hlh^\bgmlvwlm^Zf[m AZij_^_ea_febjh^ghc B\h^bgij_djZkguc\_q_j <^jm]kemqblkyjZa]h\hj JZaj_rbl_\Zfijb\klj_q_ =heh\ghc\jmqblvm[hj :L\Zj^h\kdbc 144 7.Dh]^Z:e_dkZg^jZ>xfZkijZrb\ZebdZdjh`^Zxlky_]hijhba\_^_gbyhg^_eZe \b^ qlh wlh ijhbkoh^bl kZfh kh[hc Kijhkbl_ m keb\h\h]h ^_j_\Z dZd hgh ^_eZ_l keb\u]h\hjbehg ihD:g^j__\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 59. IjyfZy b dhk\_ggZy j_qv bf_xl h^gb b l_ `_ khklZ\eyxsb_ keh\Z jZkkdZaqbdZ b keh\Z lh]h h dhf b^_l jZkkdZa < dhk\_gghc j_qb keh\Z jZkkdZaqbdZ beb Z\lhjZ [u\Zxl ]eZ\guf ij_^eh`_gb_f Z qm`b_ i_j_kdZau\Z_fu_ keh\Z ² ijb^Zlhqguf GZc^bl_ijbf_julZdh]hihkljh_gby\m`_aZibkZgguo\Zfbij_^eh`_gbyo 60.Dhk\_ggmxj_qvfh`ghij_h[jZah\u\Zlv\ijyfmxbgZh[hjhl>Z\Zcl_ihijh[m_f wlhk^_eZlvg_aZ[u\ZyjZkklZ\eylvkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_agZdbij_ibgZgbyKlZjZcl_kv jZaghh[jZablvf_klhkeh\Z\lhjZ 1.H^gbfbbaihke_^gbokeh\^_yl_eynjZgpmakdhcj_\hexpbbFbjZ[h[uebkeh\Z h lhf qlh khegp_ — _keb hgh g_ kZf ;h] lh \h \kydhf kemqZ_ _]h ^\hxjh^guc [jZl X He_rZ 2. F =hjvdbc ml\_j`^Ze qlh qm^Zdb mdjZrZxl fbj 3. >j_\g_jbfkdbc ihwlX\_gZekqblZeqlhdj_[_gdm^he`ghhlghkblvkyk\_ebqZcrbfm\Z`_gb_f I_j_\_klb ijyfmx j_qv \ dhk\_ggmx aZqZklmx [u\Z_l ljm^g__ ihlhfm qlh gZ^h aZf_gylv ebph f_klhbf_gbc k i_j\h]h gZ lj_lv_ Z bgh]^Z b baf_gylv dZdb_eb[h keh\Zbebbof_klh\ij_^eh`_gbb Ihijh[mcl_ ij_h[jZah\Zlv \ dhk\_ggmx j_qv ijbf_j Y m\Z`Zx ex[u_ m[_`^_gby b ij_`^_ \k_]h l_ dhlhju_ g_kh\f_klbfu k fhbfb² ibkZe agZf_gblucom^h`gbdKZev\Z^hj>Zeb KgZqZeZaZibrbl_k\hc\ZjbZglZihlhfkjZ\gbl__]hkgZrbf AgZf_gblucom^h`gbdKZev\Z^hj>ZebibkZeqlhhgm\Z`Z_lex[u_m[_`^_gby bij_`^_\k_]hl_dhlhju_g_kh\f_klbfuk_]hkh[kl\_ggufb 61. AZibrbl_ ke_^mxsb_ ijbf_ju dZd dhk\_ggmx j_qv G_ aZ[m^vl_ jZkklZ\blv agZdb ij_ibgZgby 1. Nbehkhn K_g_dZ \hkiblZl_ev jbfkdh]h bfi_jZlhjZ G_jhgZ bf_e fm`_kl\h kdZaZlv k\h_fm [u\r_fm mq_gbdm Kdhevdh [u lu gb m[b\Ze ex^_c lu gbdh]^Z g_ kmf__rv mkljZgblv k\h_]h ij__fgbdZ 2. GZ k\h_f \_dm y fgh]h \klj_qZe jZaguo \ajhkeuo Dh]^Z y \klj_qZe \ajhkeh]h dhlhjuc fg_ dZaZeky jZamfg__ b ihgyleb\__ ^jm]boyihdZau\Ze_fmk\hcjbkmghd²y_]hkhojZgbeb\k_]^Zghkbekkh[hx :K_glWdaxi_jb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, 62.IhjZ[hlZcl_j_^ZdlhjhfGZc^bl_bbkijZ\vl_klbebklbq_kdb_hrb[db 1.Hl_pkdZaZeFbrd_qlhyg_ihc^mklh[hc\pbjdihlhfmqlh^hdhgpZg_^_eby aZgylih]hjeh 2.>_\hqdZijb`ZeZdk_[_b]jmrdmbaZy\beZqlhygbdhfmg_hl^Zf fhxdmdem 3.J_[ylZdeyebkv^jm]^jm]mqlhgbdZdZykbeZg_kfh`_lgZjmrblvgZrm ^jm`[m 145 Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, :l_i_jv —^eyex[bl_e_chkljuohsms_gbc 63. AZ^Zgb_ ih\ur_gghc ljm^ghklb Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf g_kdhevdh l_dklh\ k dhlhjufb gZ^hjZ[hlZlv\^\ZwlZiZI_j\uc²jZkklZ\blv\gboagZdbij_ibgZgby<lhjhc² ij_h[jZah\Zlvijyfmxj_qv\dhk\_ggmx<uibkZlvghf_jZl_ol_dklh\kdhlhjufb g_m^Zehkvwlhk^_eZlv 1.>j_\gb_]j_db]h\hjbebLuhk_e_keblug_\b^_e:nbgLuqmj[Zg_keb\b^_e bo b g_ \hklhj]Zeky : _keb lu ih k\h_c hohl_ ihdbgme bo lh lu \_j[ex^ 2. : ih\hjhlbkvdZkugWdhclukf_rghcdZdhcQlhwlhgZ\ZkaZihih\kdb_ih^jykgbdbB wlZd oh^yl \k_ \ ZdZ^_fbb lZdbfb keh\Zfb \klj_lbe klZjuc ;mev[Z ^\mo kugh\_c k\hbomqb\rboky\[mjk_bijb_oZ\rbodhlpm G<=h]hev Ke_^mxsbc hlju\hd \ayl ba jhfZgZ : NZ^__\Z Fheh^Zy ]\Zj^by WlZ kp_gdZ ijhbkoh^bl \h \j_fy \hcgu dh]^Z gZk_e_gb_ DjZkgh^hgZ \dexqZy fbebpbx ihdb^Z_l ]hjh^ Z Ex[dZ R_\ph\Z hklZxsZyky \ ]hjh^_ ^ey iZjlbaZgkdhc [hjv[u dhff_glbjm_l hlklmie_gb_fbebp_ckdbokh_^bg_gbckZfufg_e_klgufh[jZahf 3.<hgkdhevdh\ZkihgZeZabeh[exklbl_ebaZdjbqZeZEx[dZG_llh]hqlh[ugZjh^ mkihdhblv kZfb — nxblv — B q_]h a\hgbl ^mjZ h[b`_gguc wlhc y\ghc g_kijZ\_^eb\hklvx h]juagmeky k ]jmah\bdZ fbebp_ckdbc gZqZevgbd k_j`Zgl Gh \b^gh hg wlh k^_eZe gZ [_^m k_[_ : lh\Zjbs >jZidbg ijb\_lkl\h\ZeZ _]h Ex[dZ Hldm^Z wlh lu \ubkdZeky djZkguc \blyav AZfheqbrv lu beb g_l \kiuebe \^jm] djZkguc\blyav 4.HklZgh\bekyLZjZkb\kdjbdgmeKlhc\uiZeZexevdZklZ[Zdhfg_ ohqmqlh[ubexevdZ^hklZeZkv\jZ`vbfeyoZf Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, AZdZgqb\ZyjZa]h\hjhijyfhcj_qbg_aZ[u\Zcl_\k_hlghkysb_kydg_cijZ\beZ ihfh]ml\Zflhevdhlh]^Zdh]^Z\ukmf__l_\mf_jZaebqZlvih\_kl\h\Zl_evgmxj_qv Z\lhjZbj_iebdbhklZevguo^_ckl\mxsboebp 64. I_j_^ \Zfb hlj_adb ij_^eh`_gbc dhlhju_ fh`gh ijh^he`blv ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf lhevdh ijyfhc j_qvx lhevdh dhk\_gghc j_qvx dZd ijyfhc lZd b dhk\_gghc j_qvx AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h hlj_adZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bd lZ[ebpuKhklZ\vl___ 1. ...ijh]h\hjbekd\havam[u ... 2. ...ex[beih\lhjylv ... 3. ...jZatykgbeqlh ... 4. ... bkhh[sbe ... 5. ...\gmrbl_evghijhbag_k ... 6. ...bjZkkdZaZehlhf ... 7. ...aZy\beijb \k_o ... 8. ... kdZaZe j_rbl_evguf lhghf ... 9. ... b \hkdebdgme ... 10. ... gh \k_]^Z ml\_j`^Zeqlh ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,,, Hl\_lu 1. 1. ... ieh^Z ... ihwabx b ^jm`[m 2. ... \k_ gm`^Zxlky ... klZju_ ... 3. ^\_ ... aZ^Zqb ... . 146 2. Ij_^eh`_gbykh[h[sZxsbfbkeh\Zfb ihke_dhlhjuoklhbl^\h_lhqb_ ;_kkhxagu_keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gbyk ^\h_lhqb_f 1 IbkZl_ev ... ), 3, 4 Dh]^ZZf_jbdZgpu ... ; Q_f\gbfZl_evg_c ... ), 5 1 <wlhfiZfylgbd_ ... ), 2, 4 Gb ex^_c ... ), 6 1. ... ,qlh ... ,]^_ ... ,_klv ...]_jhyf ... .<wlhf ...\ujZabl_evgh ... . 2. ...keurZlv ... lZgpZ `b\hibkb ldZq_kl\Z x\_ebjgh_ bkdmkkl\h — \k_ wlh ... . 3. ... yaudh\ g_f_pdbc njZgpmakdbc blZevygkdbc ihevkdbc nbgkdbc lmj_pdbc ZjZ[kdbc i_jkb^kdbcibkZe ... . 4. ... ,\]hjh^_ ...\k_ ...a^Zgby^\hjpuiZjdb ... .Q_f ... ,l_f ... dZfgyo l_gb ljZ\ b p\_lh\ ... ijhnbe_c ... . Gb ex^_c gb ljZ\ g_ [ueh hgb k]bgmebbkiZjbebkv ...gZZlhfuhklZ\b\ ... . 5. ...]eZ\ghf ... ,h^jm`[_ ... ,dZdbf ... ,ih ... . 6. ...ijZ\beh_keb ... ,lh ... .Ijbwlhf ...^_ckl\h\Zlv ... . 4. 1. Bo qbkeh ... : \_^v ... , Z ... , bf_xsbo ... . 2. Kihjv ... l_[y hg ... . Kihjv ... jZ\gh]haZd_f[u ... ,lu ... .Kihjv ...keZ[_cr_]hkihjv ...ih[_^ugh ... . 3. ...`be ... hl\Z`guc ... [ue \_^v ... . Hg ... , qlh[ ... , Z ... \bk_e \_^v ... . Hg ... \ ^uf ... ^\Z`^ugh ... :\_^v ... .Bhg ... ,blZf ... :\_^v ... . 5. 1. ... klZjbgu ... . 2. ... h[uqZc gZ ... \jZ]Z qlh[u ... . 3. ?klv b]jZ ... , qlh[ ... mkuiblv b ... gZclb b ... . 4. Qbklh_ ... ]hlh\v ^j_\gyy ... \gh\v g_ ihdmiZxlky g_ ihdmiZxlky ...bfy ... . Ko_fZij_^eh`_gby 2: 6. 1. ...[ukljhlhc ... . 2 ...dmag_qbdm ... . 3. ...h[jy^ ... .Wlhl ... h[uqZ_f ... ,dh]^Z ... fm` ... . Qlh[u ... h[uqZc ... k ^_j_\hf ... , ihlhfm qlh ... . 4. ... jZchgh\ ... a_fe_ljyk_gbyf ...ju[dm ... .>eyyihgp_\ ...ju[dZ .... Keh`gu_[_kkhxagu_ij_^eh`_gby AgZq_gb_ijbqbgu Hij_^_ebl_evgh_agZq_gb_ 2, 3 Qlh[uh[hclb ), 4 1, 3 <G_iZe_ ... ;Wlhlh[jy^ ... ) Ko_fuij_^eh`_gby 3. 147 7. 1. ...\b^yl ... . 2. ... ,b ...\b^bl ... . 3.KemrZc ...iml_f ... . 4. ...\b^bl ...\vx]Z ...ihey ... . Ko_fZkhhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gbx 2. 8.1. ... ih^oh^bl ... gZ\h^bl ... . 2. =ey^v ... a_feygdZ ... klZjmoZ Z ... . 3. Ijhkgmeky ... . 4. Y \u]eygme ... . 5.Kfhljbl ... . 6. ... djm]hf ... . 7. ... q_jlu ... ij_^Zgghklv ...kljZgghklvbj_adbc ... . <ij_^eh`_gbb 7 ^\h_lhqb_ klhbl ihke_ h[h[sZxs_]h keh\Z i_j_^ h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb 9. 1. ...\k_b ... . 2. ...`b\hlguo ... . 3. ...[h]b ... . 4. ...]heh^ ... . 5. ... ,qlh ... . 6. AgZdg_yk_g 7. ...g_mf_eb\_^v ... . 8. ...imlvgZ^h ... . 9. ...ihgyegm`gh ... . 10.AgZd g_yk_g M\_j_gghklZ\ex M\_j_gghklZ\ex^\h_lhqb_ G_ykghqlhihklZ\blv aZiylmx 3, 5 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9 6, 10 10. 1. ...gZ_a^gbdZ ... . 2. ... ,dhlhjh_ ... ,Z ...lZd ... ,e_l_\r_]h ... ijhlb\gbdZ ... . 3. ... ,_keb[u ...lZd ... ,ghbdhgy ... . 11. 1. ...h[uqZc ... ,dh]^Z ...\uims_g ...i_kgx\lh\j_fydZd ... . 2. ...ijbqbg_ ... , qlh ... . 3. ... mrZf ... ! 4. ... yfsbdZ lh ... , lh ... . 5. :o \hcgZ qlh ... , ih^eZy ... ^\hju ...ih^gyeb —ih\ajhke_eb ... . 6. ... ,qlh ...ijhc^_gh ...keurm ... . 7. ...i_ohl_ ...hgZ ...moh^bf ... . 8. ...mqbeh ...ihihoh^ghfm ... . 9. ...fm`qbgZZ ... :\_kv ...\ ihoh^_ ...hlkgZ ...moh^bf ... ? 10. ...Bijbf_qZl_evghlhaZf_qZl_evghqlh ... . 11. ...\_sZoi_j\h_ —^_eZlv ... ,qlh ...^jm]bf\lhjh_ —gbdh]^Z ...lj_lv_ —l_ji_eb\h ... ex^_c ... . 12. ... ihke_^h\Zl_evgh ... ^hdZaZl_evgh ... \kydbc ... b ihwl ... . Hkh[_ggh ... ,ijbghkys__ ...h[eZklyo\]_h]jZnbb\iheblbd_\ ... . 13. ... ,dZ`^uc ...^hexh^bg ... , ^jm]hc ... ,lj_lbc ... ,gZ^mlu_ ... . 14. ...ki_pbZevghkl_cj_`bkk_j ... , hi_jZlhj kgbfZ_l Z ... , k\yaZggufb ... . 15. ... lZd ... a_fe_ ... e_\ Z ... . B \hl ... dhgqbehkve_\ ... ,gh ... ,b]heh\Zh^gh]h ... . Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\mxlij_^eh`_gby 14, 15 <dhgp_dhgph\ ... ). 12. 1. ...]_jhyf ...=meeb\_jmLZjZkm ... ,Iv_jm;_amoh\m ... . 2. ...h[_jgmeky ... . 3. ...gZklhjh`beky ... . 4.<wlhf ...jhfZglbqghb... ,b ... ,b ... ,b ... . 5. ... ,g_kqblZy ... . GZgbo ...\_sb ...k_gZ ...kujhklb ... ,djm`Zsb_ ...ebkl\m ...[_j_au_s_ ... ,g_[h ... . ;_kkhxagh_keh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_ Ij_^eh`_gb_ k AgZq_gb_ >hihegbl_evgh_ Hij_^_ebl_evgh_ Hl\_lgZ\hijhku h[h[sZxsbf ijbqbgu agZq_gb_ agZq_gb_ dZdbf_ggh" bkeh\Zfb dZdbf h[jZahf" 3 2 1, 4 < g_l g_l wlhf 5 GZ gbo ...) 148 13. 1. - :g_e_av ... . 2.G_ykghqlhihklZ\blv 3. ...h[hfe_e ... . 4. ... ,ihlhfmqlh ... . 5, 6.G_ykghqlhihklZ\blv 7. ...\h\kx ... . 8. — ,ihlhfmqlh ... . 14. M\_j_gghklZ\ex^\h_lhqb_ M\_j_gghklZ\exaZiylmx G_ykghqlhihklZ\blv 1, 3, 7 4, 8 2, 5, 6 15.GZ^hihklZ\blv^\h_lhqb_ihke_keh\Z^\Z^pZlv 17. 1.IkZjbdjbqZl:olbj_[ylZ\hj B:Djueh\ 2. ...lZd>jmavy ... ?" B :Djueh\ 3. ...ju[dZkijhkbeZQ_]h ... ,klZjq_"4. ...bfhe\beKib ... !" :K Imrdbg 5. ...hg ...hqZfbJ_[ylZ ... ?" FXE_jfhglh\ 18. 1. ... :FZl_fZlbdZ — ...f_lh^ ... ". 2. ... : " ... ,dZd ... ". 3. ... : "... ,Z]emipm — ... ". 4. ... : " ... ,qlh[u ... ,_keb ... ?" 5. ... : " ... ,g_[m^mqb ... ". 6. ... : " ... —kZfh_ ... ". 7. ... : " ... ,Z ... ". 19. 1. AZdjbqZe 2. <ukdZaZe ij_^iheh`_gb_ 3. Ijb]eZkbe 4. Kijhkbe 5. Kh]eZkbeky 6.<hajZabe 7.Ijb\_lkl\h\Ze 8.Hl\_lbe 9.Khh[sbe 10.KhagZeky 11. Ijh\hjqZe 12. KdhfZg^h\Ze 13. HijZ\^u\Zeky 14. Ihijhkbe 15. M^b\beky 16. <hajZabe 17.Ij_^mij_^be 20. 1. ... ^_eZ ... k ]hj_qvx >jmavy ... ". 2. ... , dh]^Z ... \u\h^ Qlh ... ". 3. ... : Ijbr_em\b^_e ... ". 4.<hl ...JZkme=ZfaZlh\ " ... , _keb ... .<j_^_g ... ,_keb ... ". 5. ... : " ... ?" Hg ... : M g_\_`^ Y ... , dhlhju_ ... ". 6. ... ]jhf ih\lhjye ... L_jdbg I_j_l_jibf — ... ". 7. ...\jmd_<hl ... ,Z\k_ihgylgh ... ". Kb]gZevgu_ keh\Z 1) ]h\hjbe 2) ijhbaghkbe 3) khh[sbe 4) kdZaZe 5) kijhkbeb hl\_lbe 6) ih\lhjye 7)kdZ`_l Keh\ZZ\lhjZij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hckeh`gh_ij_^eh`_gb_\ijbf_jZo 1, 2, 6. 21. 1. ... ,k\ur_\^hogh\_gguc ...I_ljZAZ^_ehk;h]hf2. ...]jygmehMjZ 3. ...b^mfZ_lQlh ... ?" 4. ...hgHlk_ev ... ". 5. ...k_dj_lZjyHgb ... ". Keh\Zkb]gZeu 1) jZa^Zeky 2) ]jygmeh 3) ^mfZ_l 4) ^mfZe5) keurm 22. 1. ... : " ...ij_djZkghb ... ,b ... ,b ... ,b ... ". 2. ... : " ...g_^hdZau\Z_l ... ,dhlhjZy ...ycph ...lZd ... ". 3. ... : " ... —lhqlh ... ". 4. ... : " ...gZk\_l_ — ... ,mdhlhjuo ... ". 5. ... : " ... —wlhdh]^Z ... ". Ijhklh_ij_^eh`_gb_kh[h[sZxsbfkeh\hfbh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb — 1. 23. 1. ... ]jZgZlhc ... \gba ijhiZe \ ^ufm Hnbp_ju b khe^Zlu ... !" 2. Kg_] ... , gZ[jydrbdjh\vx ... .Kf_jlv ...dba]heh\vxGmkhe^Zl ... !">jh]gme ... ,aZf_jaZy ...kg_]h\hc " ... ,DhkZy ... ". 149 Ij_^eh`_gby k h[hkh[e_ggufb h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb 2 Kg_] ih^ gbf ... ; >jh]gme L_jdbg ... ). 25. 1.Ibsbl ... k\bklm Z _c l\_j^yl " ... , ilbqdZ ... !" 2. B kijhkbl dlhgb[m^v AZq_f":dlhlhkdZ`_l@Zev 3. ...]Zjfhgbklm" ... ,^jm] ...klh[hx" ... ,[jZl ... kZg[Zl" 4. ...bklbgKgZqZeZ]h\hjyl " ...qmlvIhlhfaZf_qZxl " ..._klv<dhgp_ dhgph\ ...kZiehf[hf " ...g_agZ_l" 5. ... ,ih^hc^y ...^hfmkijhkbe " ...Wcgrl_cg" R\_cpZj ... \hkdebdgme " ... Wcgrl_cg Wcgrl_cg meu[gmeky " ... , ih ... , ]^_ ... `b\m 26. 1. ... , g_^hmf_\Zy kijZrb\Zeb AZq_f ... ?" 2. ... , hg m`_ ... , djbdgme I_j_klZgvl_ ... !" 3. ...y<hi_j\uo ... ". 4. ...keZ^dhqmlv^urZ=hem[mrdZdZd ... !" 5. ...kmij_dhfIhq_fmlu ... ?" 6. ...bgl_j_kh\ZebkvDlhwlh ... ?" 27. 1. =hklv m`_ h^_eky ... , gh ... . Bf_ggh ... ihkeh\bpZ " ... , Z ... klhyq_]h :g]ebqZg_ ... lZd " ... , moh^b : iZ <hklhd_ ... \ keh\Zo " ... \ha^mom ?keb ... \uoh^bl ... ". 2. ... ,ghg_[hcl_kv ... . 3. ...keh\ihkeh\bpih]h\hjhd 4.Fgh]b_ ... ebl_jZlmju ... \ujZ`_gby Znhjbafu ibkZl_e_c mq_guo ... . 5. ... ^b\ZgZ ... . G_ oh^bl_ihdh\jm ... .Bg_ljh]Zcl_djh\Zlv ... .Bg_gZ^h ...ljh]Zlv ... .Bg_gZ^h ... [jZlv ... . :o ... ? , IjyfZyj_qv ;_kkhxagu_ij_^eh`_gby H[h[sZxsb_keh\Zijb h^ghjh^guoqe_gZo 4 2, 5 G_oh^bl_Bg_ 1 Bf_gghdwlhfm ... ; ljh]Zcl_Bg_gZ^hBg_ :g]ebqZg_ ... ;:gZ gZ^h <hklhd_ ... ) 28. 1. ... ,ijha\mqZ\rbo ... .Dh]^Z ... ,qlh ... ,hg ...`_Kemob ... ". 2. ...jmdZfbDZd ...bf ...^mjZdZfb ... . 3. ... ,dhlhjZy ...f_gy ...[hevr_q_f ... .<gZk_e_gguo ...af_c ... . 4. ...]h\hjbe>Z ...boihlhfmqlh ... ,qlh ... ,Zhgbgbq_]hg_agZy^mfZxlqlh ... ". 29. 1. ... ]hehkhf Hlimklb ... ". 2. ... : ijyfh ... . 3. ... lZd >jmavy ... ?" 4. ... ^h[jh^_l_eb ... . 5. ...ih\lhjylvGbdh]^Z ... ". 6. ...meu[gbl_kv ... 7. ...]hehkhf>Z a^jZ\kl\m_l ... !" 8. ...b\b`m ... 9. ...hlpZ=^_ ... ?" 10. ...a\mdb ... 11. ...]hjh^h\ ... 30. 1.L_i_jv ...ljb — ...\gmljbZ ... . 2. ...]jma^_f — ... . 3. ...\hjh[_c\ue_lbl — ... . 4. ...ih]hgbrvky — ... . 5. ... dheh^_p ... . 6. ...dgb] ... —\k_]h ... . 7. ... ,qlh ... Ohefk_ — ... . R_jehd Ohefk — qmlv ... ebl_jZlmju ... — fure_gb_ eh]bdZ ... . JZkkdZau ... ,lZddZd... —kusbd 8.JZ^mxlkyex^b —\hagbdZ_l ... .AZ^mfu\Zxlky ]jmklyl — ...i_qZevgZy ... .E]hj_gZ\Zebehkv — ...lZddZdfmaudZi_kgy Ghf_jZij_^eh`_gbc\dhlhjuolbj_h[hagZqZ_lhlghr_gby\j_f_gbbebmkeh\by 2, 3, 4, 8. 150 31. 1.Luk\bklgb — ... . 2.G_l ...\a]ey^_]h ...Hgb ...]h\hjyl ... ! 3]\ha^y — ... . G_[uehih^dh\u — ... . EhrZ^v aZojhfZeZ — ... . DhggbpZ jZa[blZ — ... . <jZ] ... , ie_gguog_sZ^y ... ! Ghf_jZ ij_^eh`_gbc kh kfukeh\uf hlghr_gb_f ^_ckl\b_ — j_amevlZl 1, 3 G_ [ueh]\ha^y ... ;G_[uehih^dh\u ... ;EhrZ^vaZojhfZeZ ... ;DhggbpZ ... ). 32. 1.Imklbeklj_emklZjrbckug —miZeZklj_eZgZ[hyjkdbc^\hjbih^gyeZ__ [hyjkdZy^hqv 2.Imklbeklj_emkj_^gbckug²miZeZklj_eZgZdmi_q_kdbc^\hjb ih^gyeZ__dmi_q_kdZy^hqv3.Imklbeklj_emfeZ^rbckug —miZeZklj_eZ\[hehlh bih^gyeZ__ey]mrdZ 33. 1. ...g_aZf_lbl ...]h\hjblijhc^_l — ... ,ihkfhljbl — ... . 2. —g_gZclb ... djZkZ\bpu ...ieZ\gh —[m^lhe_[_^mrdZ ...keZ^dh — ...]hem[mrdZ ...keh\h — ... . 34.DZ`^uc ... ,Z ... ,gZdhlhjhc ... .Dh]^Z ...\hjhl ...\jZ] —af_c:dhiJZ ... ,b .... Kbe_g JZ — ... . <ukhd JZ — ... . @b\ JZ — ... . Kul JZ — ... . GZih_g JZ — ... . <hag_kkyJZ — ... .>hieu\_l ...]hj — ... . I_j_ky^_l ...\^g_\gmx — 35. 1. ...iehoh — ... . 2. ...ijhdebdZeb — ... . 36. 1. ...gZijZ\h — ...aZ\h^blgZe_\h — ... . 2. ...DZeZrgbdh\Z ... ]jm^b — ... . 3. AZ^mfZx — ...e_^ ...e_^ygu_ dZdbo ... . 4. ...`blgbpuy ... ,y bf ... jZ[hlu — ... , [_kgmykv ... .Y ...[jZdhf —dZd[mjy ... . 5. ...]gZebkv — ... . 6. ...fg_Hgmf_j ... Imklv ...jZa[bl — ...iueZ_l ...khj\ZgZ — ...p\_l_limklvZjnZkehfZgZ — ... . 7. ... ih^Zkl — ... ; hgiv_l — ... ;hgaZkf__lky — ... ;gZofmjbl[jh\b — ... . 8. ...aZ\_jl_eZ gZ [jh\b ijyfh ... . B qlh `" ... ^g_c ... ijhiZeZ i_j_\_jgmeZ — ... ij_^klZeZ ... gZ^_eZ — ... ; kgyeZ — ... ! 9. ... ^_lb b ]_g_jZe b jy^h\hc Hiylv ... k\_l_ — ... rbg_ev ... . 37. 1. ...jh^beky ... . 2. ...f_^\_^v ... . 3. ... :dm^Zih\_jgmelm^Z ... . 4.Dhrd_ — b]jmrdbfurd_ —ke_adb 5. ...[_e__l ... . 6. ...gZklme_ ... . 7. ...aeZ ... . 8. ...ebdm_l — ... . 9. ...[jZgylky — ... . 10.KdZaZgh — ... . 11. ...kdhiulhf ... . 12. ...]hj_^jm] — ... . 13. ...fbg_lky — ... . 14. ...k\_l — ... . 15.G_ex[h — ... ,Z ... . 16. ...\ahc^_l — ... . Dgb]mijhql_rv — ... . 17. ...g_\hjh[_c\ue_lbl — ... . 38.GZh^ghf ...h[uqZc ... ,jZkiheh`_gghc ... .Klhbl ...^\b`_gb_ —[m^msbc ... . G_m^b\bl_evgh ... ,qlh ...jZa\h^u ... . 39. 1. ...bamqblv — ... ;ohq_rvex^_cbamqblv — ... . 2. ...fZylgbdm ... . 3.<kydZy \_sv_klv ... . 4. ...ihgbfZx ...bg^_cdhxZg_dZdhxeb[h^jm]hx ... . 5. ...\ulZsbe — ... . 6. ...g_]jyg_l — ... . 7. ...fheblvky — ... . 40. 1. ...iZdhklb ... . 2. ... ,ihlhfmqlh ... . 3. ...eh\mrdm — ... . 4. ...khkljZohf ... . 5. ... ,qlh ... . 6. ...i_lmo — ... . 7. ... ,gbq_]h ... . 8. ...ihah\b — ... . 151 41. IhagZc kZfh]h k_[y — lZdZy gZ^ibkv [ueZ gZ njhglhg_ ]j_q_kdh]h ojZfZ :iheehgZ\:nbgZo 42. 1.IhkemrZcdZkhk_^ —lmlEh\qbci_j_j\Ze ... . 2.>Z ... e_lh" —]h\hjbl ... . 3.Kl_iZgmrdZjh^ghcg_\u^Zcfbeuc — baih^ ...\afhebeky ... . 4.:olu h[`hjZ :o aeh^_c — lml ... mdhjy_l 5. <hl ... ex[ex — \kdjbqZe ... . 6. G_ emqr_ ... ,dmfZh[hjhlblvky" —_cFbrdZhl\_qZe 43. 1.Q_]h ...q_eh\_d" ...kbeu —]eZkbl ... . 2.Q_eh\_d ... ,dh]^Z ...^_eZlv — ]h\hjblky ... . 3.Mfguc ... ,gh ...\ihklmidZo —]h\hjyl ... . 4.Emqr_ ...[_a]g_\Z ...[_akihjZ ...[_agZ^f_gghklb — lZd ... . 5.IhdZ ... ,hg ...km^v[u —ibkZe ... . 44. 1. " ... ,lhl ... ,_keb •...ebph — ... . 2.;_a ... ", — ... . 3. " ... ,aZo\Zlu\ZxsZy ^mokbeZ ... ", — ... . 4. " ...\[bl\_ ... —\[_^_Z ... —\g_kqZklv_ — ... . 5. " ... ,b ... ,dh]^Z ... ", — ... . 6. " ... ,dZd... ,qlh[u ... ", — ... . 7. " ... ,mfguc ... ", — ... . 8.Fha] ohjhrhmkljh_gguc ... ,q_f ... ,ohjhrh ... ", — ... . 9. " ... ,aZibrbl_qlh ... ", — ... . 10.<_k_eu_ ...", — ... . Ghf_jZij_^eh`_gbckhhl\_lkl\mxsboko_f_ 1b 9. 45. 1. H ... kihjyl — ... . Wlhc ... jmkkdZy GZ \dmk gZ ... g_l 2. Ki_rb f_^e_ggh —kh\_lh\ZeZ ... .WlZ`_ ...ihkeh\bp_Ihki_rbrv — ... ". 47.Fg_ ...g_h[oh^bfh]h —ex[be ...K\_leh\ —gh ...ebrg_]h 48. 1) 1, 2, 4; 2) 3. 1. Ohjhrh ihklZ\blv \hijhk — ... > B F_g^_e__\ — agZqbl ... ". 2. FZl_fZlbdZ — ... : Wcgrl_cg — _^bgkl\_gguc ... f_lh^ ... ". 3. Lhfm dlh ... ^h[jZ — ... Fhgl_gv — \kydZy ... ". 4. JZ^hklv ... , — ... Wcgrl_cg — _klv ...". 5. <k_ ... , — ...EZjhrnmdh —gh ... ". 6.=emi_p ...", — ...JZkme=ZfaZlh\ —fm^j_p —ih]h\hjdhcijb\_^_gghc ... " 49.G_l ...^h[jZ —ibkZeKhdheh\Fbdblh\ —>Z`_ ...^h[jh ... mkem]m ...f_klh ...\klZlv — ...ohjhrh 50. 1.Lhevdh ... , —iheZ]Ze ...>Zev —Ihkeh\bpuih]h\hjdbijb[Zmldb ...fZkk ]h\hjyl ... ,fh]mq_fhj]Zgbaf_ 2.?klv ... ,dhlhju_...mihlj_[eyxlky —aZf_lbe ... D\bglbeebZg —LZdb_ ... ,_keb[u ... bklbggufb 3.?keb[u ... ,qlh ... ,gZa_fe_" —ibkZe ...>Zeb — KdmqZe[udZd ... .Ihwlhfm ...mkljbp 4.G_l_jyc ... ,jmdm ... ]heh\m —ibkZeKZev\Z^hj>Zeb —?keb ... ,hgb ... ". 5.AZq_f\uijb_oZeb"Dh]h \u bs_l_" — kijhkyl ... . 6. A^jZ\kl\mc :kkhev — ... hg — >Ze_dh^Ze_dh ... , qlh[u ...pZjkl\h 51. 1. Ljm^gh ... dmjblv" — kijhkbeb ... . FZjd L\_g hl\_lbe Kh\k_f ... , y ... [jhkZe 2. H^gZ`^u dh]^Z ... \ :f_jbd_ ... kdZaZeb DZdhc \u \ukhdbc — Qlh \u" — m^b\e_ggh ... <eZ^bfbjh\bq — Y ... ". 3. ... b kijhkbe _]h <u ... ^ey kdhlbgu"²>Zy — ...lhl — 152 :qlh -[hebl" 4. ...kijhkbebDh]^Z ... ,lh]^_ ...gZoh^blvky ...]jh[Z" —Lhevdh g_ \gmljb — hl\_lbe Oh^`Z — Z ... ". 5. DZd ... [Zrgb" — kijhkbeb m Oh^`b GZkj_^^bgZ —Hq_gvijhklh —hl\_lbehg —Jhxl ...gZbagZgdm 6. ... ,qlh[u ... . KlZg_l ... k\_le__ — kijhkbe Z[[Zl — _keb ... nhgZj_" RmldZ ... . 7. Lh qlh ... , h]jZgbq_ggh —ibkZe ...EZieZk —Zlh ...g_agZ_f[_kdhg_qgh 8.M^b\bl_evgh ... ,qlh ...\_ebdh —ibkZe:gZlhevNjZgk —Zlhqlh ...baf_jbe9.Dh]^Z ...^_eZlv —]h\hjbe;_jgZj^Rhm —fu ... `blv 10. ?keb ... , b m f_gy ... , b fu ... , lh ... y[ehdm — ex[be ]h\hjblv ;_jgZj^ Rhm — : _keb .... b m f_gy ... , b fu ... , lh ... b^_b 11.Ba[_]Zcl_l_odlh ...\k_[y —ibkZeFZjdL\_g —WlZ ...ex^yf i_j_^ijyfhcj_qvx 1 FZjdL\_g ... ), 2 H^gZ`^u ... ) 3 H^bg ... ) 4 MOh^`b ... ) Keh\ZZ\lhjZ ihke_ijyfhcj_qb 1 Ljm^gheb ... ), 5 DZdkljhyl ... ) \gmljbijyfhcj_qb 2 Qlh\u ... ), 3 >Zy ... ), 4 Lhevdh ... ), 5 Hq_gvijhklh ... ), 6 KlZg_leb ... ), 7, 8, 9,10, 11 52. 1. ... dhehggu Ih fZrbgZf — ^hg_kehkv 2. ... d mkZf Fheh^pu <i_j_^ j_[ylZ — djbdgme lZd fheh^p_\Zlh ... . 3. ... \ rmldm Wc lu L_jdbg — ijh dZdh]hlh[hcpZ 53. 1. ... :Mdh]h ...\_`eb\hklb" —Mg_\_`^ —hl\_lbehg — Y ... ,dhlhju_ ... g_ijbylgu 2. <uoh^y ... fZg_` ... dh\_j ... . =Z^Z_l_ gZ hjeZ b j_rdm" —....— G_l —hl\_qZehg —Y ... ". —DZdbf`_" —>Z ...\Zeyx — ...Zjlbkl ... . 3. ... , dhlhjuc ... ,qlh ...khkeh\b_ ... .Gm`gh ... ,fkv_>xfZ —<k_]h ...bkihegbl_ey" <hl\Zfr_klv^_kyl ... ".Wlhl ... ,Z ...ih^_eblvkyb ... ,bfbeebhghf_keb ... . 54.Qlh ...^_eZ_rv" —....—Ivx —....—AZq_f" —Qlh[uaZ[ulv —Hq_f aZ[ulv" — ...ijbgp ... . —OhqmaZ[ulvqlh ... ", — ijbagZeky ... . —Hlq_]h`_ l_[_kh\_klgh" — ...ijbgp ... . —Kh\_klghiblv — ... ,b ... .B ...^Zevr_ ... .>Z [_akhfg_gby\ajhkeu_ — ...gZjh^ —^mfZehg ... . 55. : l_i_jv ... , qlh ... ^h[ju_ ex^b" Lu \k_o lZd qlh eb ... ?" — <k_o — hl\_lbe Zj_klZgl — aeuo ... ". — <i_j\u_ keurm h[ wlhf — kdZaZe IbeZl mkf_ogm\rbkv —ghfh`_l[ulv ...`bagv ...<dZdhcgb[m^v ...h[wlhf" —G_l ... ^hwlh]h —Blu ...wlh" — >Z 56. ²:oluL_jdbgGmbfZeuc B\dh]hlum^Zeky" LhevdhfZlvgZ\_jghagZeZ 153 ²Yhll_ldbjh^beky ²L_jdbgl_ldbg_edbiZedb Kuiv_s_gZaeh\jZ]m ²G_fh]mLZeZglZ`Zedh >h[hf[_`db[_j_]m ²Wc]hj_phlq_]h G_ghkbrvludbg`ZeZ" ²Dh]^Zghrm_]h G_ba[_`ZlvkdZg^ZeZ ²Wc]hj_phlq_]h Dbg`Ze[_j_rv\^hjh]m" ²Dh]^Zy[_ag_]h KdZg^Zeh\kebrdhffgh]h 57. 1. ...keh\Z@bagv ... ,bkdmkkl\h ... ". 2. ...]h\hjbeEmqr_ ... , q_f ... ". 3. ... , qlh ... . 4. ... ,qlh ... . 5.Y ... ,ke_^h\Zl_evgh ... ", — ... . 6. ... ,qlh ... . 58. 1. ... ,dZd ...fbn\eZ^udZ ... ,qlh ... .Hg ... ,y ... ,b ... _fm² ... .Kmijm]Z ... , qlh ...`_gsbgub ... .HgZ ... :Ihdeygbkv`_qlhlhldlh ...qZk ...=j_pb_c ... .<wlm ... ,b ... .Hg ... :DeygmkvLZdb[m^_l 2. ...fg_<ugv ...k_j^p_Y ... ,qlh ... .Qlh ...k_j^p_gb... ,gb ... ,gb ... —g_fh`_l ...ijhklh]h ... . 3. ... ,hg ... ,Z ....Hg ... : Qlh ` ... —wlh ... ".IlbpZ ... ,qlh ... ,qlh[u ... ,Z ... ,qlh ... ,gh ... , qlh .... 4. ... ,ihdb^Zy ... .Y ...ih\lhjyeG_mgu\Zc 5. ... ,qlh ...k\hcghc ... . 6. ...jZa]h\hjJZaj_rbl_ ... m[hj 7. ... ,dZd ... ,hg ... , qlh ... .Kijhkbl_ ... ,dZd ... ", — ... . Ijbf_jukijyfhcj_qvx 1 Hg[m^_l ... ;HgZ kdZaZeZA_\km ... ;Hg kdZaZe ... ), 2 Ljb ... ), 3 Hg\uklmdb\Ze ... ), 4, 6 Ijbf_jukdhk\_gghc j_qvx 1 H^gZ`^u ... ), 2 Y kdZaZe ... ;QlhgbdZdh_ ...), 3 IlbpZ ... ), 5 Ijbf_jubklhcbk^jm]hc j_qvx 7 61. 1.NbehkhnK_g_dZ\hkiblZl_evjbfkdh]hbfi_jZlhjZG_jhgZbf_efm`_kl\h kdZaZlvk\h_fm[u\r_fmmq_gbdmqlhkdhevdh[uhggbm[b\Zeex^_chggbdh]^Zg_ kmf__l mkljZgblv k\h_]h ij__fgbdZ 2. :glmZg K_glWdaxi_jb ibkZe qlh gZ k\h_f \_dm hg \klj_qZe fgh]h jZaguo \ajhkeuo Dh]^Z hg \klj_qZe \ajhkeh]h dhlhjuc dZaZeky_fmjZamfg__bihgyleb\__^jm]bohgihdZau\Ze_fmk\hcjbkmghdHg \k_]^Zghkbe_]hkkh[hx 62. 1. Hl_p kdZaZe Fbrd_ qlh hg g_ ihc^_l k gbf \ pbjd ihlhfm qlh ^h dhgpZ g_^_eb hg aZgyl ih ]hjeh 2. >_\hqdZ ijb`ZeZ d k_[_ b]jmrdm b aZy\beZ qlh hgZ gbdhfm g_ hl^Zkl k\hx dmdem 3. J_[ylZ ihdeyebkv ^jm] ^jm]m qlh gbdZdZy kbeZ g_ kfh`_lgZjmrblvbo^jm`[m 154 63. 1. - ]h\hjbeb Lu hk_e ... . Lu qmj[Zg ... . : _keb ... bo ... ". >j_\gb_ ]j_db kqblZeb hkehf q_eh\_dZ dhlhjuc g_ \b^_e :nbg qmj[Zghf lh]h dlh \b^_e bo b g_ \hklhj]Zekyb\_j[ex^hf lh]hdlhihk\h_c\he_ ihdbgme bo 2. " ... , kug Wdhc ... dZdhc Qlh ... ih^jykgbdb" B ... \ ZdZ^_fbb"² lZdbfb ... k\hbo ... . 3. <hg ... , [exklbl_eb — ...Ex[dZ —G_llh]hqlh[u ... ,kZfb —nxblv —B ... ,^mjZ — ...g_kijZ\_^eb\hklvx ... ,k_j`ZglGh\b^gh ... .:lh\Zjbs>jZidbg — ...Ex[dZ —Hldm^Z ... ,djZkguc\blyav" —AZfheqbrv...g_l" — ...djZkguc\blyav 4. ... \kdjbdgmeKlhc ...klZ[Zdhf ... , qlh[u ... ".HklZgh\bekyLZjZkbaZdjbqZeqlh m g_]h \uiZeZ exevdZ k lZ[Zdhf Hg g_ ohl_e qlh[u b exevdZ ^hklZeZkv \jZ`vbf eyoZf 64.G_evayi_j_\_klb\dhk\_ggmxj_qvhlju\db 2b 3. Ijbf_jukijyfhc j_qvx 5, 9 Ijbf_jukdhk\_gghc j_qvx 3, 6, 10 Ijbf_jubklhcbk^jm]hc j_qvx 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 155 =eZ\Z IV Keh\Z]jZffZlbq_kdb g_k\yaZggu_kij_^eh`_gb_f DZdb_wlhqe_guij_^eh`_gby" < ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo hij_^_ebl_ dZdbfb qe_gZfb ij_^eh`_gby y\eyxlky \u^_e_ggu_keh\Z 1. — Gmihr_e`_jZ^b;h]Z G_[h_evgbdbi_khd² G_\_k_eZy^hjh]Z — WckZ^bkvdhfg_^jm`hd G:G_djZkh\ Mklmibfg_kd\hj_pm]hehd Ihk_ebf_gy\klZjhfkd\hj_rgbd_ Hl^Zxl_[_^mrm\aZeh] AZl\hb]hem[u_ih^kg_`gbdb GAZ[hehpdbc 3. Imrdbg ih _]h keh\Zf k dZ`^hc hk_gvx jZkp\_lZe \gh\v DZ`^mx hk_gv hg fheh^_e Hq_\b^gh ijZ\ [ue =_l_ dh]^Z ml\_j`^Ze qlh m ]_gb_\ gZ ijhly`_gbb `bagb[u\Z_lg_kdhevdh\ha\jZlh\xghklb DIZmklh\kdbc 5. G_lfug_om`_^jm]bob^Z\gh <gZkgZebehkvbkhaj_eha_jgh G:G_djZkh\ M^Zehkv\Zfhij_^_eblvdZdb_wlhqe_guij_^eh`_gby" <u ijZ\u _keb g_ m^Zehkv Wlh gbdZdb_ qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby Hgb gZau\Zxlky lZdkeh\Z]jZffZlbq_kdbg_k\yaZggu_kij_^eh`_gb_fLZdb_keh\Zg_\klmiZxl k^jm]bfbkeh\Zfbij_^eh`_gbygb\dZdhc\b^]jZffZlbq_kdhck\yabbkem`Zl^ey ijb\e_q_gby \gbfZgby b ^ey \ujZ`_gby jZaebqguo wfhpbc H[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ gZ agZdbihke_wlbokeh\\hkdebpZl_evgucagZdbebaZiylZy H[jZs_gby AgZdhfkl\h kh keh\Zfb ]jZffZlbq_kdb g_ k\yaZggufb k ij_^eh`_gbyfb fu gZqg_fkh[jZs_gbcH[jZs_gbyfbgZau\Zxlkykeh\Zdhlhju_gZau\Zxllhdq_fm h[jZs_gZj_qv :j_qvfh`_l[ulvh[jZs_gZdq_fmm]h^ghdex^yf`b\hlgufkbeZfijbjh^ub ^Z`_ d ij_^f_lZf ^hfZrg_]h h[boh^Z \kihfgbl_ agZf_gblh_ q_oh\kdh_ >hjh]hc fgh]hm\Z`Z_fucrdZn DZd \u^_eyxlky h[jZs_gby" AZiylufb Z _keb lj_[m_l bglhgZpby — \hkdebpZl_evgufagZdhf 156 1.<u^_ebl_h[jZs_gbykihfhsvxagZdh\ij_ibgZgby ?klvfgh]h_gZk\_l_^jm]=hjZpbc Qlhbg_kgbehkvgZrbffm^j_pZf <R_dkibj Aebkv\_l_j>mcihdZg_ehigmls_db <R_dkibj Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 Ij_`^_\k_]hgZ^hm\b^_lvh[jZs_gb_kj_^b^jm]bokeh\ 2.GZc^bl_h[jZs_gby\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZoJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby Lub\hkg_g_h[uqZcgZ L\h_ch^_`^ug_dhkgmkv >j_fexbaZ^j_fhlhclZcgZ B\lZcg_luihqb_rvJmkv .................................................. >j_fexbaZ^j_fhlhclZcgZ B\lZcg_ihqb\Z_lJmkv HgZb\kgZog_h[uqZcgZ ?_h^_`^ug_dhkgmkv :;ehd <klZgmy\mljhlmfZggh_ Khegp_m^Zjbl\ebph Luebih^jm]Z`_eZggZy <oh^brvdhfg_gZdjuevph ................................................... Kgbfbb\mljhlmfZggh_ Khegp_b\_l_j\ebph Kgbfbih^jm]Z`_eZggZy <koh^bldhfg_gZdjuevph :;ehd ;m^v`_kqZkleb\ZF_jb Khegp_`bagbfh_c Gblhkdbgbihl_jb Gbg_gZkleb\uo^g_c Imklvg_\_^Z_lF_jb :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 DZdb_[u\Zxlh[jZs_gby"Ij_`^_\k_]hg_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_bah^gh]hkeh\Z M[_^bl_kv\wlhfkZfb 3.I_j_ibrbl_jZkklZ\eyyg_^hklZxsb_agZdb 157 M\Z`Zcl_fZeyjh\² a\hgdbodjZkhdfZkl_jh\ E_cl_kvdjZkdb ihcl_dbklb DjZkvfZeyj b[m^va^hjh\ ;Hdm^`Z\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ;u\Zxlbh[jZs_gbyba^\mob[he__keh\ —jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ 4.GZc^bl_h[jZs_gb_ih^q_jdgbl__]hbihklZ\vl_gm`gu_agZdb Fhckugex[h\vkhxak_j^_p D[eZ`_gkl\mi_j\ucrZ] <Dmjhqdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 B gZdhg_p \klj_qZxlky p_ihqdb klhysbo jy^urdhf h[jZs_gbc LZdb_ kemqZb hiZkgu m\b^bl_ h^gh h[jZs_gb_ jZ^hklgh \u^_ebl_ _]h aZgylufb Z hklZevgu_ fh`_l_ ijhoehiZlv Ihwlhfm kfhljbl_ \gbfZl_evgh kdhevdh h[jZs_gbc i_j_^ \Zfb" 5.Ih^q_jdgbl_\ijbf_j_lZdmxp_ihqdmIhklZ\vl_gm`gu_agZdb >_\bpudjZkZ\bpu >mr_gvdbih^jm`_gvdb JZau]jZcl_kv^_\bpu JZa]meycl_kvfbeu_ :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yghhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ?s_ h^bg fZe_gvdbc k_dj_l h[jZs_gbc hgb bgh]^Z h[t_^bgyxlky \ ^jm`_kdbc khxakf_`^hf_lb_fhH<he]Zdheu[_evfhy G:G_djZkh\ :kmlvwlh]hk_dj_lZ\lhfqlhf_`^mhbh[jZs_gb_faZgylZyg_klZ\blky 6.GZc^bl_h[jZs_gbyIhklZ\vl_gm`gu_agZdb >Zcdhjufg_h[_j_aZ @_elhc^Zcdhju[_j_aZ =Ehg]n_eeh 7.L_i_jvdjZldhjZkkdZ`bl_k_[_h[h[jZs_gbbbihlj_gbjmcl_kvjZkklZ\vl_agZdbb aZibrbl_ghf_jdZ`^h]hijbf_jZ\gm`gucklhe[bdlZ[ebpuJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc G_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ h[jZs_gby JZkijhkljZg_ggu_h[jZs_gby P_ihqdbh[jZs_gbc 158 IjhsZcg_fulZyJhkkby KljZgZjZ[h\kljZgZ]hkih^ B\ufmg^bju]hem[u_ BluihkemrgucbfgZjh^ FXE_jfhglh\ KibfeZ^_g_pfhcij_djZkguc ;Zxrdb[Zx Lbohk\_lblf_kypykguc <dheu[_evl\hx FXE_jfhglh\ IjbgbfZxl_[yg_m^ZqZ Bm^ZqZl_[_fhcijb\_l <aZdhe^h\Zgghch[eZklbieZqZ <lZcg_kf_oZ²ihahjgh]hg_l :;ehd KdZ`bfg_\_ldZIZe_klbgu =^_lujhkeZ]^_lup\_eZ DZdboohefh\dZdhc^hebgu LumdjZr_gb_f[ueZ" FXE_jfhglh\ Ghex[exl_[yjh^bgZdjhldZy :aZqlh²jZkkdZaZlvg_fh]m 159 <_k_eZl\hyjZ^hklvdhjhldZy K]jhfdhci_kg_c\_kghcgZem]m K?k_gbg >mo[jh^y`bcLu\k_j_`_j_`_ JZkr_\_eb\Z_rvieZf_gvmkl HfhymljZq_ggZyk\_`_klv ;mckl\h]eZabiheh\h^v_qm\kl\ Yl_i_jvkdmi__klZe\`_eZgvyo @bagvfhybevluijbkgbeZkvfg_" Keh\ghy\_k_gg_c]medhcjZgvx IjhkdZdZegZjhah\hfdhg_ K?k_gbg Fbeu_[_j_ah\u_qZsb Lua_feyB\ujZ\gbgi_kdb I_j_^wlbfkhgfhfmoh^ysbo Yg_\kbeZokdjulvfh_clhkdb K?k_gbg <havf_fkyaZjmdb^jmavy Qlh[g_ijhiZklvihh^bghqd_ ;Hdm^`Z\Z >hk\b^ZgbyfZevqbdb FZevqbdb IhklZjZcl_kv\_jgmlvkygZaZ^ ;Hdm^`Z\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 Ih]h\hjbfhf_klhbf_gbyolub\u K ^_lkl\Z \u keurZeb bo b \ h[boh^ghc j_qb b \ kdZadZo GZijbf_j Lu q_jg__ ljm[hqbklZIhex[mckygZk_[y DQmdh\kdbc Beb :\uagZ_l_qlhm :\uagZ_l_qlhiZ :\uagZ_l_qlhiu QlhmiZiufh_]h ;uehkhjhdkugh\_c >OZjfk Ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblv dZdbfb qe_gZfb ij_^eh`_gby y\eyxlky \ wlbo ijbf_jZo f_klhbf_gbylub\uIjZ\bevgh_keb\uj_rbebqlhb\lhfb\^jm]hfkemqZ_wlh ih^e_`Zsb_ Ih lh]^Z ijb q_f `_ lml h[jZs_gby" Gb ijb q_f Lu b \u aZ j_^dbf bkdexq_gb_f Wc lu B^b kx^Z gbdh]^Z g_ [u\Zxl h[jZs_gbyfb Z lhevdh ih^e_`Zsbfb G_\a^mfZcl_\u^_eylvboaZiylufb Bgh]^Z \ ij_^eh`_gbyo k h[jZs_gbyfb ih^e_`Zs__ khojZgy_lky Z bgh]^Z bkq_aZ_llZddZdklZgh\blkyg_gm`gufM[_^bl_kv\wlhf 160 8.Ih^q_jdgbl_bijbf_jZohkgh\ubjZkklZ\vl_agZdb Dm^ZlZddmfmrdZ[_`brvlu[_ah]ey^db" Ijbey]dZ[jZlbhl^hogb Khk_^dZkeurZeZevlu^h[jmxfhe\m" B:Djueh\ Rbjhdhlukl_iv IhjZkdbgmeZkv DfhjxQ_jghfm IhgZ^\bgmeZkv :Dhevph\ Ex[exl_[yI_ljZl\hj_gv_ Ex[exl\hckljh]bckljhcguc\b^ G_\u^_j`Z\gh_l_q_gv_ ;_j_]h\hc__]jZgbl :KImrdbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 :l_i_jvih]h\hjbfhibkvfZoIbkvfZ —wlhlhl\b^ibkvf_gghcj_qb\dhlhjhf h[yaZl_evgh\klj_qZxlkyh[jZs_gby 9. Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf g_kdhevdh hlju\dh\ ba agZdhfuo \Zf ibk_f gZibkZgguo ba\_klgufbebl_jZlmjgufbi_jkhgZ`Zfb<ZrZaZ^ZqZ²g_lhevdhi_j_ibkZlvwlb hlju\dbjZkklZ\eyyagZdbij_ibgZgbyghbhl\_lblvdlhwlhibkZebdhfm 1.Ijb_a`ZcludgZfkhdhebdfhcykgucful_[_behrZ^_c\ure_fiZI_khqgh_ 2.B\wlhkZfh_f]gh\_gv_g_luebfbeh_\b^_gv_\ijhajZqghcl_fghl_f_evdgme" 3.Ki_rmm\_^hfblvl_[y^mrZLjyibqdbgdZdb_khfghcqm^_kZ 4.Ijb_a`Zcfbeuc ^_^mrdZOjbklhf;h]hfl_[yfhex\havfbf_gyhlk_^Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 10.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1.:gh\_q_jZfy\k_qZs_\kihfbgZxhl_[_fhc ... 2.KdZ`bfg_^h[juc ... 3.: \um\Z`Z_fuc ... 4. ...wlhlhevdhl_[_fhcfbeucihlhfmqlhlhevdhlu ... 5.Gh_keb \ukgh\Zihijh[m_l_ ... 6. ...\Zf^hjh]b_fhb^jmavykkZfuf^h[juf ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 <\h^gu_keh\Z <\h^gu_ keh\Z - wlh lh`_ keh\Z ]jZffZlbq_kdb g_ k\yaZggu_ k ij_^eh`_gb_f >eyq_]h`_lh]^Zbokha^ZeyaudbaZq_fhgbihiZ^Zxl\ij_^eh`_gby" 161 <\h^gu_keh\Zi_j_^Zxl[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hkfukeh\bkfukeh\uohll_gdh\[_a dhlhjuoyaudg_kfh][u[ulviheghp_ggufkj_^kl\hfh[s_gbyf_`^mex^vfb <ij_^eh`_gbyofuhihagZ_f\\h^gu_keh\Zihkfukemb\u^_ey_faZiylufb Mkeh\ghfh`ghjZa^_eblv\k_\\h^gu_keh\ZgZg_kdhevdh]jmii M\_j_gghklvbg_m\_j_gghklv <i_j\mxhq_j_^vwlhkeh\Z \ujZ`Zxsb_hsms_gb_ m\_j_gghklb^hklh\_jghklb khh[s_gby dhg_qgh ^_ckl\bl_evgh [_kkihjgh \ kZfhf ^_e_ [_a khfg_gby jZamf__lky 11.<ke_^mxsboijbf_jZogZc^bl_lZdb_keh\ZJZkklZ\vl_agZdb 1.;_kkihjghrZofZluZjZ[kdh_keh\hlZddZdZjZ[uijb\_aebwlmb]jmbaBg^bb\ I_jkbx 2. D ibjZfb^Zf b aZ]Z^hqghfm knbgdkm fu jZamf__lky hlijZ\bebkv gZ \_j[ex^Zo Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 : l_i_jv ijhqlbl_ lZdb_ keh\Z b hij_^_ebl_ kZfb dZdb_ kfukeu b kfukeh\u_ hll_gdbhgb\ujZ`ZxlgZ\_jgh_dZ`_lkyih\b^bfhfmfh`_l[ulv\_jhylgh <u ijZ\u _keb hl\_lbeb lZd \ wlbo keh\Zo \ujZ`Z_lky g_m\_j_gghklv ij_^iheh`_gb_ 162 12.GZc^bl_\ijbf_jZolZdb_keh\ZbjZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby Y\Zkex[beex[h\v_s_[ulvfh`_l <^mr_fh_cm]ZkeZg_kh\k_f :KImrdbg Ijbjh^Z²knbgdkBl_fhgZ\_jg_c K\hbfbkdmkhf]m[blq_eh\_dZ Qlhfh`_lklZlvkygbdZdhcmg_c AZ]Z^dbg_lbg_[uehhl\_dZ NLxlq_\ 3. Dh]^Z fu hk\hbf dhkfhk lh gZ\_jgh_ h[gZjm`bf agZqbl_evgh [hevr_ nhjf `bagbq_fh`b^Z_f Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 13. JZa^_ebl_ keh\Z gZ ^\_ ]jmiiu \ujZ`Zxsb_ m\_j_gghklv \ujZ`Zxsb_ g_m\_j_gghklvIhklZjZcl_kvaZihfgblvwlbkeh\ZbmagZ\Zlvboijb\klj_q_ Dhg_qgh \_jgh \_jhylgh \hafh`gh fh`_l [ulv ^he`gh [ulv ijZ\^Z [_amkeh\gh jZamf__lky ^_ckl\bl_evgh ih\b^bfhfm \b^bfh [_kkihjgh g_khfg_ggh ih`Zemc gZ\_jgh_ \ kZfhf ^_e_ dZ`_lky [_a khfg_gby ih \k_c \_jhylghklbkZfhkh[hcjZamf__lky Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 BlZd \u ihagZdhfbebkv k \\h^gufb keh\Zfb \ujZ`Zxsbfb m\_j_gghklv b g_m\_j_gghklv b l_i_jv [m^_l_ magZ\Zlv bo \ ebph b [_ah \kydhc g_m\_j_gghklb \u^_eylvaZiylufb G_jZ\gh^mrgu_keh\Z I_j_oh^bf d keh\Zf dhlhjufb g_ ihevamxlky jZ\gh^mrgu_ ex^b Wlh keh\Z \ujZ`Zxsb_qm\kl\ZdkqZklvxdkh`Ze_gbxdgZr_fmm^b\e_gbx 14.JZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ijbf_jZo 1.Fubag_fh]Zebhl`Z`^ughdkqZklvx\kdhj_ mkeurZeb`mjqZgb_jmq_cdZ 2. @mqdZ ih^gyeZkv gZ aZ^gb_ eZiu b d \_ebqZcr_fm m^h\hevkl\bx kh[jZ\rboky bkihegbeZ kh[Zqbc \Zevk 3. @hg]e_j d m^b\e_gbx im[ebdb k^_eZe g_\_jgh_ ^\b`_gb_ b [e_klysb_ rZjbdb ihkuiZebkv gZ Zj_gm 4. D g_kqZklvx eh^dZ gZdehgbeZkvaZq_jigmeZ\h^ubihreZdh^gm Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 BlZd\uagZ_l_h[jZs_gbybljb]jmiiu\\h^guokeh\ 15. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby b aZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpuJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc 1. >_evnbgu \ mfkl\_gghf hlghr_gbb klhyl ih\b^bfhfm gZ agZqbl_evgh [he__ \ukhdhfmjh\g_q_ffukqblZeb^hkboihjNZd 163 ludZdfg_dZ`_lky^hdZau\Zxlkms_kl\h\Zgb_m^_evnbgh\ijbfblb\gh]hyaudZ > Ebeeb 2.>_ckl\bl_evghabfgbc\_q_j\ihke_^gbc^_gv^_\ylgZ^pZlh]h\_dZg_[ue ihoh`gZ\k_hklZevgu_ DIZmklh\kdbc 3.Q_j_iZobg_khfg_gghhlghkylkydkZfuf ^he]h\_qguf `b\hlguf G_dhlhju_ kqblZxl qlh hgb `b\ml ^h iylbkhl e_l gh wlh kdhj__\k_]hij_m\_ebq_gb_ J;ehf[_j] HiZfylvk_j^pZlukbevg_c JZkkm^dZiZfylbi_qZevghc D;Zlxrdh\ 5. Fh`_l [ulv ;ehd bkdZe lbrbgm b [ebahklv fhjy ihlhfm qlh hgZ \ha\jZsZ_l kfyl_gghfm q_eh\_q_kdhfm k_j^pm kihdhckl\b_ D IZmklh\kdbc 6. >h ijboh^Z bg^_cp_\\:f_jbdmex^_clZf\_jhylghgh[ueh =hjh^qm^guc]hjh^^j_\gbc Lu\f_klbe\k\hbdhgpu BihkZ^ub^_j_\gb BiZeZlub^\hjpu N=ebgdZ Ihjhchiylv]Zjfhgb_cmivxkv GZ^\ufukehfke_aZfbh[hevxkv Bfh`_l[ulvgZfhcaZdZli_qZevguc ;e_kg_lex[h\vmeu[dhxijhsZevghc :KImrdbg H[jZs_gby m\_j_gghklv <\h^gu_keh\Z g_m\_j_gghklv Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 16.:l_i_jvijhqlbl_ij_^eh`_gbyJZkklZ\vl_agZdbb\uibrbl_ghf_jZijbf_jh\\ dhlhjuo_klv\\h^gu_keh\Z 1. D kqZklvx \k_ g_h[oh^bfh_ hdZaZehkv ih^ jmdhc 2. D kqZklvx klj_fblky dZ`^uc q_eh\_d 3. Hg fh`_l [ulv fhbf ^jm]hf 4. Fh`_l [ulv fu klZg_f ^jmavyfb 5. >_ckl\bl_evgh aZ\ljZ hldju\Z_lky fheh^_`guc n_klb\Zev 6. Ijb]eZr_gb_^_ckl\bl_evghgZ\kxg_^_ex7.>_j_\h\oehivyokg_]ZdZ`_lky>_^hf Fhjhahf 8.DZ`_lkybKg_]mjhqdZjy^hf Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 L_i_jv\uagZ_l_g_lhevdhh[jZs_gbyghbke_^mxsb_\\h^gu_keh\Z ih\lhjbl_ bokZfb ... . 164 BklhqgbdbgnhjfZpbb IhagZdhfvl_kv_s_kh^ghc]jmiihc\\h^guokeh\<k_]^Zeb\u]h\hjbl_lhqlh ijb^mfZeb kZfb" Beb fh`_l [ulv i_j_^Z_l_ qlhlh kh keh\ ^jm]bo ex^_c beb lh qlh keurZeb ih jZ^bh kfhlj_eb ih l_e_\b^_gbx" Beb kkueZ_l_kv gZ h[uqZb" < lZdbokemqZyofu]h\hjbfihkeh\ZflZdh]hlhihkhh[s_gbyf]Za_lihkemoZfb l^ 17.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1.OjbklhnhjDhemf[ ^he`_g[ueih^ bkiZgkdbf neZ]hf ieulv gZ aZiZ^ ihdZ g_ ^hklb]g_l kdZahqguo kljZg ]^_ ih kemoZf gZoh^bebkv [_kqbke_ggu_ deZ^u b khdjh\bsZ 2. Ih keh\Zf fhjydh\ ;ZcdZem ohq_lky gZau\Zlvky fhj_f _keb `_ _]h gZah\mlha_jhfhglhlqZkgZqbgZ_l[mr_\ZlvGhihij_^Zgbxgbh^bgjmkkdbc\g_f g_mlhgme 3.<kkued_:e_dkZg^j=jbgfgh]hibkZeqblZehohlbekybih_]hkeh\Zf hl^hogmehlijhrehcdZlhj`ghc`bagb DIZmklh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 IhkemrZcl_ ?s_ h^gZ ]jmiiZ \\h^guo keh\ kms_kl\m_l ^ey lh]h qlh[u ijb\e_qv \gbfZgb_ kh[_k_^gbdZ KdZ`_f \u ]h\hjbl_ b ohlbl_ hl kh[_k_^gbdZ [he__ Zdlb\gh]h [he__ \gbfZl_evgh]hkemrZgbyBlh]^Z\u_fm]h\hjbl_ihkemrZcl_bebihgbfZ_l_beb ij_^klZ\vl_k_[_bebba\bgbl_ih`ZemcklZij_^iheh`bfbfgh]h^jm]bokeh\ 18.JZkklZ\vl_\ij_^eh`_gbyoagZdbij_ibgZgby 1. ?keb \_jgh qlh ljmkhklv kZfuc ly`_euc ihjhd lh ih`Zemc kh[ZdZ \ g_f g_ \bgh\ZlZ F;me]Zdh\ Ih`ZemcklZ]hem[qbdg_eb`bkv IhcfbkhfghcohlvkZfh_ijhklh_ <_^vlug_agZ_rvqlhlZdh_`bagv G_agZ_rvluqlh`blvgZk\_l_klhbl K?k_gbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 BlZd\ul_i_jvagZ_l_h[jZs_gbybjZaghh[jZagu_\\h^gu_keh\Z 19. JZkklZ\vl_ \ ijbf_jZo agZdb ij_ibgZgby b aZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu H[jZs_gby <\h^gu_keh\Z m\_j_gghklv g_m\_j_gghklv g_jZ\gh^mrgu_ bklhqgbdbgnhjfZpbb keh\Z 165 1. M hf_eu hq_gv iehlgu_ ebklhqdb heb\dh\h]h p\_lZ Hf_eZ ih gZjh^guf ih\_jvyf ijbghkbl kqZklv_ `b\uf b ^he]mx iZfylv mf_jrbf 2. GZ k\_l_ g_l ih`Zemc`b\hlgh]h[he__kljhcgh]hk[he__djZkb\hcb ]hj^hchkZgdhcq_f`bjZn Wlh]h\hjylkZfh_\ukhdh_q_l\_jhgh]h_gZa_fe_ FZcgJb^ HkqZklv_fu\k_]^Zebrv\kihfbgZ_f :kqZklv_\kx^mFh`_l[ulvhgh <hlwlhlkZ^hk_ggbcaZkZjZ_f Bqbkluc\ha^moevxsbcky\hdgh B;mgbg 4. Ba^Z\Zlv a\mdb `b\h_ kms_kl\h fh`_l kZfufb jZaebqgufb kihkh[Zfb <u dhg_qgh agZ_l_ qlh dmag_qbdb b pbdZ^u ba^Zxl a\mdb gh]Zfb 5. Fhc ^jm] gbdh]^Z fg_ gbq_]h g_ h[tykgye Fh`_l [ulv hg ^mfZe qlh y lZdhc `_ dZd hg Gh y d kh`Ze_gbxg_mf_x\b^_lv[ZjZrdZkd\havkl_gdbysbdZ 6.Fh`_l[ulvyg_fgh`dh ihoh` gZ \ajhkeuo 7. GZ\_jgh_ y klZj_x : K_glWdaxi_jb 8. Dh]^Z y [ue fZe_gvdbf fZevqbdhfy `be \ klZjhfij_klZjhf ^hf_ < g_f dZd jZkkdZau\Zeb [ue aZijylZgdeZ^JZamf__lkygbdlh_]hlZdbg_hldjueZfh`_l[ulvgbdlhgbdh]^Zbg_ bkdZeGhbaaZg_]h^hf[uekeh\ghaZdhe^h\Zg ih:K_glWdaxi_jb IjhsZcl_jh^gu_ IjhsZcl_^jmavy =j_gZ^Z=j_gZ^Z =j_gZ^Zfhy FK\_leh\ <Zfhl^mrb`_eZxy >jmavy\k_]hohjhr_]h :\k_ohjhr__^jmavy >Z_lkygZfg_^_r_\h KYFZjrZd 11.FZfZijZ\^Z^hfh\uog_lZ_klvlhevdhmijZ\^hfu" JZa]h\hjgZmebp_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 20. I_j_ibrbl_ ij_^eh`_gby jZkklZ\eyy agZdb ij_ibgZgby <uibrbl_ ghf_jZ ij_^eh`_gbc\dhlhjuo_klv\\h^gu_keh\Z 1. <_jhylgh fu kmf__f ih_oZlv \ wdki_^bpbx 2. LZdh_ jZa\blb_ kh[ulbc \iheg_ \_jhylgh 3. Ihfh_fm \k_ b^_l ohjhrh 4. <k_ b^_l ih fh_fm ieZgm 5. D jZ^hklb j_[yl \ ^hf_ ihy\beZkv imrbklZy _ehqdZ 6. D jZ^hklb j_[yl ijb[Z\beZkv haZ[hq_gghklv 7. >himklbf \ ]hjh^ ijb_^ml lmjbklu 8. Fu bo ^himklbf gZ l_jjblhjbxfhgZklujy Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 21.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. G_hihagZgguc e_lZxsbc h[t_dl g_h`b^Zggh ihy\b\rbcky gZ^ ]hjh^hf ih fg_gbx ... 2.F_jpZxsbclZbgkl\_gguf]hem[ufk\_lhf 166 hg dh \k_h[s_c jZ^hklb ... 3. Ih m\_j_gbyf g_dhlhjuo hq_\b^p_\ ba lZbgkl\_ggh]h dhjZ[ey\ureb ... 4.Ghkgbfbd[hevrhfmh]hjq_gbxg_ m^Zehkv ... 5.Fh`_l[ulv dh]^Zgb[m^vfukfh`_f ... 6.LZbgkl\_ggu_e_lZxsb_h[t_dluihkhh[s_gbyf ... 7. GhihdZex^bA_febdkh`Ze_gbx ... <hi_j\uogZdhg_pb^jm]b_ Dh]^Z \u qlhlh ^_eZ_l_ beb ]h\hjbl_ \u ij_djZkgh ihgbfZ_l_ qlh \hi_j\uo Z qlh\h\lhjuoqlhgZdhg_pqlhke_^h\Zl_evghZqlhblZdbeblZdbfh[jZahfGh^ey lh]hqlh[u\ZkihgbfZeb^jm]b_gm`guki_pbZevgu_\\h^gu_keh\Z mdZau\Zxsb_ gZ k\yav fuke_c b ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv baeh`_gby <hl wlb keh\Z blZd ke_^h\Zl_evgh agZqbl gZh[hjhl gZdhg_p f_`^m ijhqbf klZeh [ulv gZijbf_j lZdbfh[jZahf\hi_j\uo\h\lhjuokh^ghcklhjhguk^jm]hcklhjhgubfgh]b_ ^jm]b_I_j_qblZcl_wlhlkibkhdihlhfaZdjhcl__]hbihijh[mcl_ih\lhjblvklhevdh keh\kdhevdhkfh`_l_ 22.:l_i_jvijbf_juJZkklZ\vl_\gboagZdb ²>_evgucqlhb]h\hjblv ;ueklZjbdlhlkZfuc Qlhijb^mfZekmi\Zjblv GZdhe_kZoijyfh Kmi²\hi_j\uo<h\lhjuo DZrm\ghjf_ijhqghc G_lklZjbdhg[ueklZjbd Qmldbc²wlhlhqgh :L\Zj^h\kdbc 2.BlZd\yaud_q_eh\_dZkij_kkh\Zgh[s_kl\_gguchiulq_eh\_q_kdh]hdhee_dlb\Z : E_hglv_\ 3. ;ulv kdjhfguf g_ agZqbl [ulv ebr_gguf qm\kl\Z kh[kl\_ggh]h ^hklhbgkl\ZGZh[hjhlkdjhfghklv\ujZ`_gb_m\_j_gghklb\k_[_ >eyq_eh\_dZ gZpbhgZevghklv bg_aZkem]Zbg_\bgZ ?keb\kljZg_ ml\_j`^ZxlbgZq_ agZqbl g_kqZklgZywlhkljZgZ JJh`^_kl\_gkdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 GZdhg_p —wlhkeh\h\uau\Zxs__[hevrb_kihjuihlhfmqlhbgh]^Zhghlj_[m_l aZiylhc Z bgh]^Z g_ lj_[m_l Qlh[u \Zf g_ ijboh^behkv \klmiZlv \ wlb kihju aZihfgbl_keh\hgZdhg_pg_\u^_ey_lky_keb_]hfh`ghaZf_gblvkeh\hkhq_lZgb_f\ dhgp_dhgph\Z\h\k_o 167 hklZevguo kemqZyo \u^_ey_lky <hhjm`b\rbkv wlbf agZgb_f \uihegbl_ mijZ`g_gby 23.IhklZ\vl_agZdb\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo 1.Ijhf_l_cg_lhevdhih^Zjbeex^yfh]hgvghbgZmqbebobkdmkkl\Zfbj_f_keZf ql_gbxbibkvfmihagZdhfbeke_dZjkl\ZfbbgZdhg_pih^Zjbebf iZfylv 2. >he]h ieueb fhj_ieZ\Zl_eb \ ihbkdZo ahehlh]h jmgZ b gZdhg_p ijbieueb \ Dheob^m 3. @bl_ev ^j_\g_]h ]hjh^Z Wn_kZ =_jhkljZl g_ h[eZ^Ze gbdZdbfb lZeZglZfb h^gZdh ohl_e ijhkeZ\blvky b khojZgblv \ ihlhfkl\_ iZfylv h k_[_ GZdhg_p hg k`_] agZf_gbluc ojZf [h]bgb :jl_fb^u dhlhjuc kqblZeky qm^hf bkdmkkl\Z b _]h bfy [uehaZij_s_ghijhbaghkblv\]hjh^Zobk_eZoFZehc:abb 4.<[b[e_ckdhffbn_h \k_fbjghf ihlhi_ jZkkdZaZgh dZd ^he]b_ ^gb b ghqb dh\q_] Ghy ghkbeky gh [mrmxsbf \hegZf b gZdhg_p ]hem[dZ ijbg_keZ heb\dh\mx \_l\v dhlhjZy [ueZ \_klvxh[mfbjhl\hj_gbbkljZrghcklbobb 5.Fgh]hg_^_evhkZ`^Zeb]j_dbLjhxb j_rbeb gZdhg_p ijb[_]gmlv d \h_gghc obljhklb 6. MqZklgbdb khj_\gh\Zgbc \ fZjZnhgkdhf[_]_ihevamxlky[hevrhcihimeyjghklvxh^gZdhg_\k_agZxlqlhwlhl [_] gZ h]jhfgmx ^bklZgpbx ihemqbe gZa\Zgb_ \ iZfylv ^j_\g_]j_q_kdh]h \hbgZ dhlhjucijh[_`Zeh]jhfgh_jZkklhygb_baf_kl_qdZFZjZnhg\:nbguqlh[u khh[sblv ]j_dZf h ih[_^_ b gZdhg_p iZe f_jl\uf ijb ihke_^g_fkeh\_ <uibrbl_ ghf_jZ ij_^eh`_gbc dhlhju_ khhl\_lkl\mxl ke_^mxsbfko_fZf Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 24.L_i_jv\k_\f_kl_JZkklZ\vl_ijhims_ggu_agZdbJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc 1. ?keb [u iheyjgu_ ev^u jZklZyeb lh ih ih^kq_lZf mq_guo mjh\_gv hd_ZgZ ih^gyeky [u gZ 40-50 f_ljh\ 2. H[sbc jZamf q_eh\_q_kl\Z kh[bjZ_lky ljm^Zfb ihdhe_gbc ke_^h\Zl_evgh [_a ex^_c bklhjbq_kdh]h \q_jZ g_ [ueh [u ex^_c bklhjbq_kdh]hk_]h^gy 3.BlZdij_^klZ\bfk_[_qlh\:dZ^_fbxgZmdbaImedh\kdhc h[k_j\Zlhjbbijbrehba\_klb_qlh\Kb[bjbkh[bjZ_lkyijba_feblvkyf_`ieZg_lguc dhjZ[evK_cqZkhgb\uc^ml\ijhq_fdhg_qghg_\uc^ml:\^jm]khijbdhkgh\_gb_k A_fe_c\qZklghklbkZlfhkn_jhc\j_^gh^eygboLh]^Zhgb\_jhylg__\k_]hgZc^ml kihkh[k\yaZlvkykgZfbbgZq_IhjZ^bhgZijbf_j?kebfug_kfh`_fbom\b^_lvlh [_amkeh\ghkfh`_fmkeurZlvD\_ebqZcr_fmkh`Ze_gbxwlZ\klj_qZ_^\Zebkdhjh hkms_kl\blky ihE:E_hglv_\m KemrZcfhb^jm]lbrbgm ihegZhgZrmfhf\heg ihegZhgZwohf]hj 168 LbrbgZ kdehgbeZk\h_ebph da_fe_ N=EhjdZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 :l_i_jvihijh[m_f\uykgblvdZdb_\\h^gu_keh\Zmihlj_[eyxldblZcpu DblZcpu g_ \ukdZau\Zxl [_aZi_eeypbhgguo km`^_gbc Hgb ]h\hjyl Y iheZ]Zx qlhwlhlZdbeb\hafh`ghbeb\_jhylghZlhbih-\b^bfhfm ba`mjgZeh\ Hij_^_ebl_ddZdhc]jmii_\\h^guokeh\hlghkylkywlbkeh\Z <uijZ\u_kebj_rbebqlhhgb\ujZ`Zxlg_m\_j_gghklv 25.IhjZ[hlZcl_dhjj_dlhjhfBkijZ\vl_imgdlmZpbhggu_hrb[db 1. <_jhylgh wlh b [ueZ i_j\Zy ex[h\v Fg_ [ueh y ^mfZx iylv e_l >_\hqdZ ih`Zemc [ueZ klZjr_ gh g_ kebrdhf Ihfgx kmf_jdb gZ mebp_ i_j_^ h]jZ^hc dZdh]hlhkZ^bdZ<_jhylghih[ebahklb\ajhkeu_ghfukgbfbg_h[sZ_fky 2.HlpZ yfh`ghkdZaZlvihfgxkh\k_ffheh^ufIh`Zemc_fmg_l_s_bljb^pZlbe_ldh]^Z y m`_ agZx qlh wlh fhc hl_p I_j_^h fghc dZd \kihfbgZx y l_i_jv klhbl fheh^hc q_eh\_dy\b`mdZdfheh^hih\hjZqb\Z_lky_]hie_qh<^_lkl\_fg_]h\hjbebqlhy ihoh` gZ hlpZ F_`^m l_f dh]^Z y m`_ gZmqbeky ihgbfZlv qlh a_jdZeh hljZ`Z_l bf_gghf_gyygZh[hjhlm\b^_ekoh^kl\hkfZl_jvx XHe_rZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 26.<klZ\vl_ijhims_ggu_\\h^gu_keh\Z<kemqZ_aZljm^g_gbyih^kfhljbl_\hl\_l 1. ...aZ\ljZ[m^_lykgZykheg_qgZyih]h^Z 2.?kebfuihlhjhibfkylh ...mki__f\ l_Zlj 3. DZkiZjh\ eb^bjm_l ... m g_]h _klv rZgku \ub]jZlv q_fibhgZl 4. Fu ijb]hlh\beb d hlimkdm \hi_j\uo [j_a_glh\mx iZeZldm ... [Zc^Zjdm b ... gZ^m\ghc fZljZk 5.Gh\hjh`^_ggZy`bjZnZ ...kZfh_hqZjh\Zl_evgh_`b\h_kms_kl\hgZa_fe_ 6. K h^ghc klhjhgu wlh ehofZlh_ kms_kl\h ^hklZ\eyeh \k_f fgh]h jZ^hklb ... kha^Z\Zeh \ ^hf_ fZkkm [_kihdhckl\Z 7. Iml_r_kl\b_ ih madhc dZf_gbklhc ]hjghc ljhi_ ... aZdhgqbehkv [eZ]hihemqgh 8. Lmjbklu ^he]h h[km`^Zeb \hafh`guc fZjrjml b ... \u[jZeb imlv d jZajmr_gghfm aZfdm 9. Ohly fu h`b^Zeb kZfh]h om^r_]h\k_ ...aZdhgqbehkv[eZ]hihemqgh 10.Ihimlbdde_ld_iZ\ebgZfuh`b^Zeb m\b^_lv ij_djZkgmx ilbpm b ... ilbpZ hdZaZeZkv \_ebdhe_ighc 11. Y \Zk hq_gv ijhrm ^Zcl_ fg_ ... gZ g_kdhevdh ^g_c wgpbdehi_^bq_kdbc keh\Zjv 12. < lmfZg_ h[jbkh\Zehkvqlhlhg_ykgh_ ...wlh[uefm`qbgZ\ukhdh]hjhklZ 13.Kkh`Ze_gb_f jZkklZ\Zebkv fu k ^j_\gbf ]hjh^hf ... fu dh]^Zgb[m^v _s_ \_jg_fky kx^Z 14. < kZ^mjhkebj_^db_ij_djZkgu_p\_lu ...q_jgu_lxeviZgu Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 169 Ihijhklm]h\hjy DZdfuh[km`^Z_fdZdfu]h\hjbf"<ugZ\_jgh_^Z`_g_aZ^mfu\Zebkvh[wlhf GhgZr yaud kha^Ze hij_^_e_gguc djm] \\h^guo keh\ dhlhju_ khh[sZxl bf_ggh h lhf dZd fu ]h\hjbf <kemrZcl_kv dhjhq_ ]h\hjy bgZq_ ]h\hjy h^gbf keh\hf kh[kl\_ggh ]h\hjy ihijhklm ]h\hjy fy]dh \ujZ`Zykv lZd kdZaZlv lhqg__ kdZaZlv<kihfgbl_bebijb^mfZcl_kh[kl\_ggu_ijbf_jukwlbfbkeh\Zfb Fu k \Zfb ijhreb [hevrhc imlv q_j_a aZjhkeb \\h^guo keh\ >Z\Zcl_ ih^\_^_f blh]gZr_fmiml_r_kl\bx Hl\_lvl_gZ\hijhkugZau\ZydZdfh`gh[hevr_keh\ 1.DZdb_\\h^gu_keh\Zkem`Zl^ey\ujZ`_gbym\_j_gghklb" 2.DZdb_\\h^gu_keh\Z\ujZ`Zxlg_m\_j_gghklvkhfg_gb_" 3.DZdb_\\h^gu_keh\ZmdZau\ZxlgZbklhqgbdbgnhjfZpbb" 4.DZdb_\\h^gu_keh\Z\ujZ`ZxljZ^hklvh]hjq_gb_m^b\e_gb_bl^" 5. DZdb_ \\h^gu_ keh\Z mdZau\Zxl gZ k\yav fuke_c ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv baeh`_gby" 6.DZdb_\\h^gu_keh\Zkhh[sZxlhlhfdZdex^b]h\hjyl" 27. L_i_jv gZc^bl_ \\h^gu_ keh\Z \ jZkkuiZgguo ij_^eh`_gbyo Ihlhf kh[_jbl_ b aZibrbl_wlbij_^eh`_gby 1.Fhjkdb_bkq_agm\rmx[_afhe\gu_kdju\Zxl:leZglb^m\hegufh`_l[ulv 2. Dh]^Zlh \hafh`gh kimlgbdhf [ue F_jdmjbc <_g_ju 3. DjZcg_ ih ihemq_gguf ^Zgguf Zlfhkn_jhc FZjk h[eZ^Z_l jZaj_`_gghc 4. DeZ^ gZclb fhg_lijZ\^ZklZjbgguobgl_j_kgh" 5.M_klv`_eZgb_dZ`^h]h^_lkl\_lZdh_\ gZ\_jgh_ 6. Kdmihc ih`Zemc hlghkylky jupZjv imrdbgkdbc lj_i_lhf _s_ q_f fhg_lZf[hevrbfkklZjbggufki_pbZebklugmfbafZlud Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 28.L_i_jvihklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1.IjZ\^Z_s_bl_i_jv_klvf_klZ]^_ ... 2.M`_klhlukyqe_lgZaZ^\wlboi_s_jZo \_jhylghh[blZeb ... 3.Fh`_l[ulvq_eh\_q_kl\h^he`gh[m^_lk\udgmlvkykfukevx qlh ... 4.H^gbf keh\hf ^_evnbgZ kbevgh ih^haj_\Zxl \ lhf qlh ... 5. GZrZ kbkl_fZ bkqbke_gby\hagbdeZih\b^bfhfm\^j_\g_cBg^bbhldm^Z ... 6.Kq_ljZa\b\Z_lkydZd ijZ\behhlij_^f_lh\d ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 Ijb]eZrZ_f \Zk d hldjh\_gghfm jZa]h\hjm M Zg]ebqZg _klv deyl\Z dhlhjmx hgb ijhbaghkyl\km^_hgbdeygmlky]h\hjblv\kxijZ\^mlhevdhijZ\^mbgbq_]hdjhf_ ijZ\^uFuh`b^Z_fqlh \u lZd `_ [m^_l_ jZkkdZau\Zlv gZf h dZ`^hf aZibkZgghf ijbf_j_ KgZqZeZ \u q_klgh hl\_lbl_ kdhevdh \ ij_^eh`_gbb qZkl_c ijhklh_ hgh beb keh`gh_ Ihlhf \u lZd `_ hldjh\_ggh khh[sbl_ q_f hkeh`g_gu qZklb b ^Z`_ _kebhgbhkeh`g_gug_h^bgjZabdZ`^ucjZaq_flh^jm]bf\uwlh]hg_kdjh_l_B ijbwlhfgbq_]hg_aZ[m^_l_bgbq_]hg_ 170 i_j_imlZ_l_bkmf__l_kh\f_klblvwlhkijZ\bevghcjZkklZgh\dhcagZdh\<wlhf\Zf ihfh`_l bgkljmdpby k dhlhjhc \u m`_ agZdhfu b dhlhjmx \ ^Zevg_cr_f [m^_l_ ^hihegylv kfk 172). <u\h^u[m^_l_^h[Z\eylvihoh^m^Zevg_cr_]hijh^\b`_gbyq_j_afZl_jbZe 29.:l_i_jvi_j_oh^bl_d\Zr_chldjh\_gghclj_gbjh\d_ GZ\_jgh_kZfmxemqrmx gZwlhca_fghcklhjhg_ oh`mybi_k_gdmkemrZx HgZr_\_evgmeZkv\hfg_ ;Hdm^`Z\Z EZklhqdZa\hgdZyilbpZ Zg]_eih^djh\e_cfh_c qlh`_l_[_g_e_lblky Ie_gl_[_qlhebfbe_c ;Hdm^`Z\Z <Zr_[eZ]hjh^b_]hkih`Zih[_^Z agZqblfhyi_k_gdZ^hdhgpZg_ki_lZ I_j_klZgvl_q_jlb deyklvkygZdjh\b G_\_a_lfg_\kf_jlb ih\_a_l\ex[\b ;Hdm^`Z\Z ;ulvfh`_lwlbwe_dljhgu Fbju]^_iylvfZl_jbdh\ Bkdmkkl\ZagZgvy\hcguljhgu BiZfylvkhjhdZ\_dh\ ?s_[ulvfh`_ldZ`^ucZlhf <k_e_ggZy]^_klhieZg_l LZf\k_qlha^_kv\h[t_f_k`Zlhf GhlZd`_lhq_]ha^_kvg_l <;jxkh\ :fulZdb_abfuagZeb <`bebkv\lZdb_oheh^Z Qlh^Z`_g_[uehi_qZeb Ghlhevdh]hj^hklvb[_^Z BWj_g[mj] Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 Bgl_j_kghohjhrheb\uihfgbl_keh\Zjh^gh]hyaudZ"Mq_gu_ih^kqblZebqlh\ gZr_fyaud_ 30keh\^eyh[hagZq_gbym\_j_gghklbbg_m\_j_gghklbIhklZjZcl_kvbo \kihfgblv 30. L_i_jv \u agZ_l_ h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu ij_^eh`_gby h[jZs_gby b \\h^gu_ keh\Z >Z\Zcl_aZcf_fky\k_fwlbfh^gh\j_f_gghJZkklZ\vl_agZ 171 172 db ij_ibgZgby \ ijbf_jZo b aZg_kbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bd lZ[ebpu Ijbf_ju \ dhlhjuo [he__ h^gh]h ijZ\beZ aZibrbl_ khhl\_lkl\_ggh\^\Zbebljbklhe[bdZJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc H^ghjh^gu_qe_gu H[jZs_gby <\h^gu_keh\Z 1.>j_\gb_]j_dbbah[jZ`Zeb[h]bgxGhqbGbdlmk^\mfyfeZ^_gpZfb[ebag_pZfb gZjmdZoLZgZlhkhf kf_jlv b=bighkhf khg Hl_]hbf_gbijhbahrehkeh\h]bigha dhlhjh_ h[hagZqZ_l [ebadh_ dh kgm khklhygb_ q_eh\_dZ Hl ]bighaZ h[jZah\Zebkv ^jm]b_ keh\Z ]bighlbaf ]bighlbq_kdbc ]bighlbabjh\Zlv ]bighlba_j E : <\_^_gkdZyG : Dhe_kgbdh\ 2.Hq_\b^gh;_euc]mkvkqblZeqlh\k_\wlhffbj_ kms_kl\m_llhevdh^eyg_]hh^gh]hbgZ\_jgh_hq_gv[um^b\beky_keb[umagZeqlh kZflhhgijbgZ^e_`bl^_j_\_gkdhfmfZevqbrd_Kl_id_ ?Ghkh\ JhkkbygbsZyJhkkby Fg_ba[uk_ju_l\hb L\hbfg_i_kgb\_ljh\u_² DZdke_aui_j\u_ex[\b :;ehd 4. Fg_ dZ`_lky qlh _keb [u y ihiZe gZ K_\_jguc ihexk beb kdZ`_f gZ ihexk FZ]gblguc lh b lZf h[yaZl_evgh [u kb^_e b rfu]Ze ghkhf fZevqbrdZ k m^hqdhc dZjZmebe [u m ijhjm[b lj_kdm Z gZ FZ]gblghf ihexk_ \udh\ujb\Ze [u ba a_feb kehfZggufgh`hfdmkhq_dfZ]gblZ D IZmklh\kdbc 5.<Lb[_l__klvex^bdhlhju_ ohjhrh \eZ^_xl bkdmkkl\hf g_\b^bfhd D kqZklvx lZdbo ex^_c hq_gv fZeh Eh[[kZg] JZfiZ 6. Y \Zk ex[ex fhb ^h`^b < ?]hjh\ 7. DZd ba\_klgh [mfZ]Z dgb]hi_qZlZgb_ b dhfiZk [ueb bah[j_l_gu \ DblZ_ =j_[gh_ dhe_kh ihy\behkv gZ AZiZ^_kbah[j_l_gb_fiZjhoh^Z<DblZ_dZdk\b^_l_evkl\m_le_lhibkvaZljbgZ^pZlv \_dh\ ^h wlh]h [ue ihkljh_g [hevrhc dhjZ[ev k ]j_[gufb dhe_kZfb DklZlb k_cqZk ^_eZxlky hiulu ih \hajh`^_gbx ]j_[guo dhe_k gZ kh\j_f_gguo l_iehoh^Zo ba `mjgZeh\ <uibrbl_ij_^eh`_gbydhlhju_khhl\_lkl\mxlko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd i_j_oh^bl_ d ke_^mxs_c l_f_ ?keb [ueb ijh^he`Zcl_lj_gbjh\dm 31.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. BlZd k_^vfZy ieZg_lZ dhlhjmx ihk_lbe FZe_gvdbc ijbgp [ueZ A_fey A_fey ieZg_lZ g_ ijhklZy GZ i_c gZkqblu\Z_lky klh h^bggZ^pZlv dhjhe_c \ lhf qbke_ jZamf__lky b g_]jblygkdbo k_fv lukyq ]_h]jZnh\ ^_\ylvkhl lukyq ^_evph\ k_fv k iheh\bghcfbeebhgh\ivygbp 173 ljbklZ h^bggZ^pZlv fbeebhgh\ q_klhex[b\p_\ blh]h hdheh ^\mo fbeebZj^h\ \ajhkeuo : K_glWdaxi_jb 2.Ihfbehklb=hkih^g_cfu\:f_jbd_ihemqbebljb g_hp_gbfuo^ZjZk\h[h^mkeh\Zk\h[h^mkh\_klbb[eZ]hjZamfb_dhlhjh_m^_j`b\Z_l gZkhllh]hqlh[ubfbihevah\Zlvky FZjdL\_g <hlhiylvhdgh =^_hiylvg_kiyl Fh`_livxl\bgh Fh`_llZdkb^yl Bebijhklhjmd G_jZagbfml^\h_ <dZ`^hf^hf_^jm] ?klvhdghlZdh_ FP\_lZ_\Z B^ml\_dZrmfbl\hcgZ <klZ_lfyl_`]hjyl^_j_\gb :lu\k_lZ`fhykljZgZ <djZk_aZieZdZgghcb^j_\g_c :;ehd Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ?s_h^gZg_[hevrZyijh[e_fZ aZiylZyijbkeh\_h^gZdh Fu m`_ ]h\hjbebh ^\hcghc ijbjh^_ keh\Z h^gZdh lh wlh ijhlb\bl_evguc khxa lh\\h^gh_keh\hh^gZdhkijhlb\bl_evgufagZq_gb_f<kihfgbl_qlh\Zfba\_klgh hagZdZoij_ibgZgbyijbwlhfkeh\_bjZkkdZ`bl_k_[_H^gZdh_keb\uqlhgb[m^v aZ[ueb\_jgbl_kvd]eZ\_ I,i_j_qblZcl_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_Z[aZpubihke_wlh]h_s_ g_fgh]h ihlj_gbjmcl_kv Z i_j_^ wlbf i_j_qblZcl_ \_kv Z[aZp gZc^bl_ \ g_f keh\h h^gZdhbh[tykgbl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyijbg_f 32.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1.;h]b^j_\g_c=j_pbblZbebh]hgvhlex^_ch^gZdhIjhf_l_cihoblbe_]hkg_[Z ih^Zjbe ex^yf b gZmqbe bf ihevah\Zlvky 2. Ih [b[e_ckdhfm ij_^Zgbx `bl_eb ^j_\g_]h<Z\behgZklZebkljhblv[Zrgx\ukhlhc^hg_[Z;h]h^gZdhjZa]g_\Zekyb kf_rZe bo yaudb Hgb i_j_klZeb ihgbfZlv ^jm] ^jm]Z b kljhcdZ ij_djZlbeZkv 3. Kl_gu ^j_\g_]h iZe_klbgkdh]h ]hjh^Z B_jbohgZ kh]eZkgh ij_^Zgbx kqblZebkv g_khdjmrbfufb h^gZdh aZ\h_\Zl_eb dhlhju_ hkZ`^Zeb ]hjh^ h^gh\j_f_ggh ]jhfdh aZljm[beb \ k\ys_ggu_ ljm[u b kl_gu jmogmeb <ujZ`_gb_ b_jbohgkdZy ljm[Z h^gZdhk_]h^gymihlj_[ey_lky\^jm]hfkfuke_HghZ^j_km_lkyq_eh\_dmkhkebrdhf ]jhfdbf ]hehkhf 4. Fu g_ mihlj_[ey_f keh\h ZeZ[hj dhlhjh_ m k_\_jguo gZjh^h\ h[hagZqZ_l ihjy^hd h^gZdh rbjhdh ihevam_fky keh\hf [_aZeZ[_jguc agZq_gb_ dhlhjh]h\Zfohjhrhba\_klgh 174 GZ\hcg_k_[yaZ[m^v Ihfgbq_klvh^gZdh L_fh^gZdh^hjh`b QlhkemqZehkv\jZe^eykf_om Gbdh]^Zg_e]Ze^eye`b : L\Zj^h\kdbc <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h lZdhc ko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 33.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. ... \h\lhjuo l_ m dh]h d g_kqZklvx g_ hdZaZehkv ... 2. ... gh wlh ih`Zemc klZg_l ba\_klguf lhevdh lh]^Z dh]^Z ... 3. ... gh _keb [m^_l gm`gh lh fu dhg_qgh ... 4. ... kljZrgZy bklhjby ih kemoZf ... 5. Ih]h^Z aZ\ljZ ih khh[s_gbyf ... 6. BaaZ iehohc ih]h^unml[hevgucfZlqg_khklhyekydgZr_fm\_ebdhfm ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 <\h^gu_ij_^eh`_gby Ijhqlbl_ ^\Z ijbf_jZ b kjZ\gbl_ bo 1. GZ hkljh\_ >`_jk__ \ EZfZgr_ ]^_ <bdlhj =x]h `be \ ba]gZgbb _fm khhjm`_g iZfylgbd 2. H^gZ`^u wlh [ueh \h \lhjgbdihke_ihem^gyfuh[gZjm`beb\e_kmi_s_jm Qlhh[s_]hf_`^mwlbfb^\mfyij_^eh`_gbyfb" ?keb \u ijhy\beb gZ[ex^Zl_evghklv lh aZf_lbeb qlh dZ`^h_ ba wlbo ij_^eh`_gbcmkljh_ghihijbgpbimfZlj_rdZ\fZlj_rd_ — h^gh\^jm]hf : l_i_jv ihijh[mcl_ hl\_lblv q_f wlb ij_^eh`_gby jZaebqZxlky Ykgh eb \Zf wlh" ?kebihdZ_s_g_lihijh[mcl_bkdZlvhl\_llZdihklZ\vl_\hijhkhlgZjm`ghc qZklbij_^eh`_gbyd\gmlj_gg_c<i_j\hfkemqZ_\hijhkklZ\blkye_]dhgZhkljh\_ >`_jk__ — gZdZdhf"— ]^_<bdlhj=x]h`be\ba]gZgbb : dZd h[klhbl ^_eh kh \lhjuf ij_^eh`_gb_f" GbdZd <hijhk g_ klZ\blky khhl\_lkl\_ggh b hl\_lZ [ulv g_ fh`_l <gmlj_ggyy qZklv ij_^eh`_gby ]jZffZlbq_kdb g_ k\yaZgZ k \g_rg_c Hgb k\yaZgu lhevdh ih kfukem LZdb_ ij_^eh`_gbygZau\Zxlky\\h^gufb <\h^gu_ ij_^eh`_gby \u^_eyxlky k ^\mo klhjhg ijbq_f \ jZaguo kemqZyo hgb fh]ml \u^_eylvky ih jZaghfm G_[hevrb_ ih h[t_fm \\h^gu_ ij_^eh`_gby qZs_ \k_]h \u^_eyxlky aZiylufb [he__ jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ —kdh[dZfbbeblbj_k^\moklhjhg GZ ko_f_ \\h^gu_ ij_^eh`_gby h[hagZqZxlky lZd `_ dZdijb^Zlhqgu_\gmljb]eZ\guo 175 34. Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf ljb ijbf_jZ [_a agZdh\ dZ`^hf ba gbo gZc^bl_ \\h^gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ b \u^_ebl_ _]h aZiylufb beb kdh[dZfb beb lbj_ G_ aZ[m^vl_ jZkklZ\blvbhklZevgu_agZdb E_lZdkmjh\hcijha_dehgyl E_lZrZemgvxjbnfm]hgyl Bykh\a^hohfijbagZxkv AZg_ce_gb\_c\hehqmkv :KImrdbg Ih\_jvl_kh\_klv\lhfihjmdhc Kmijm`_kl\hgZf[m^_lfmdhc :KImrdbg 3. Nbemf_gby lZd gZau\Zxl kh[bjZgb_ kibq_qguo wlbd_lhd g_ f_g__ bgl_j_kgZ q_fkh[bjZgb_fZjhd Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 <dZdbokemqZyomihlj_[eyxlkydZdb_agZdb"LhqguoijZ\beihwlhfm\hijhkmg_ kms_kl\m_l Q_f [he__ kbevgh \u ohlbl_ \u^_eblv \\h^gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ l_f [he__ kbevgu_agZdbgm`guKZfufkeZ[uf\u^_e_gb_fy\eyxlkyaZiylu_kZfufkbevguf —kdh[db 35.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ij_^eh`_gbyoJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc 1. >j_\g_]j_q_kdb_ [h]b ih ij_^Zgbx h[blZeb gZ ]hj_ Hebfi Wlb [h]b bo gZau\ZebhebfibcpZfb[_amqZklghhlghkbebkvdkljZ^Zgbyfb\heg_gbyfex^_c<hl ihq_fm h q_eh\_d_ dhlhjuc khojZgy_l g_\hafmlbfh_ kihdhckl\b_ i_j_^ ebphf a_fguo\heg_gbc]h\hjylqlhmg_]hhebfibckdh_kihdhckl\b_ E:<\_^_gkdZyG I Dhe_kgbdh\ 2. DZdlh jZa dh]^Z y ^hklZe ba ysbdZ ]Z^xdm qlh[u ihdhjfblv __ kZfZ hgZ hldZau\ZeZkv _klv kemqbeky dhgnma <k_ iylv af_c dhlhju_ `beb \ wlhf ysbd_\uj\ZebkvgZ\hex J;ehf[_j] 3.<^_[jyoX`ghc:f_jbdbyihijbf_jm bg^_cp_\k m^h\hevkl\b_f_e djhdh^bebc o\hklWlhgZklhys__eZdhfkl\h <ijhq_f dh]^Zfg_\i_j\ucjZaij_^eh`bebhl\_^Zlvdjhdh^bev_]hfykZwlh[ueh\Wd\Z^hj_ yg_hsmlbehkh[h]h\hh^mr_\e_gby J;ehf[_j] 4.LuihkfhljbrvghqvxgZg_[h Z\_^vlZf[m^_llZdZya\_a^Z]^_y`b\m]^_ykf_xkvblumkeurbrvqlh\k_a\_a^u kf_xlky B dh]^Z lu ml_rbrvky \ dhgp_ dhgph\ \k_]^Z ml_rZ_rvky lu [m^_rv jZ^ qlhagZef_gydh]^Zlh :K_glWdaxi_jb 5.Qlhb]h\hjblv^hfZmfbkl_jZEhg]eb [ueh bgl_j_kgh Hg kh[jZe aZf_qZl_evgmx dhee_dpbx Z\kljZebckdbo ys_jbp J ;ehf[_j] 6. Kj_^b h[blZl_e_c i_j\hjh^guo \h^ Z dheu[_ev `bagb hd_Zg [ueb f_^mau dhlhju_ gZihfbgZeb ahglbd beb reyidm ]jb[Z k hims_ggufb smiZevpZfb Wlb klm^_gbklhijhajZqgu_ `b\hlgu_ dhlhju_ _^\Z aZf_lgu \ ijhajZqghc \h^_ dZ`mlky kh\_jr_ggh [_ah[b^gufb Ih hgb \_jhylbb i_j\u_ fhjkdb_ obsgbdb : AZ]hjygkdbc 7. Mq_guf \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ba\_klgh hdheh 30 lukyq fbg_jZeh\ klhevdh kh^_j`blky \ f_`^mgZjh^ghf dZlZeh]_ dhee_dpby dhlhjuo ijh^he`Z_l _`_]h^ghihihegylvky E:<\_^_gkdZyGIDhe_kgbdh\ 176 <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hlZdhcko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 36.DZ`^u_^\Zij_^eh`_gbykh_^bgbl_\h^ghlZdqlh[uh^ghbagboklZeh\\h^guf <hllZd A^Zgb_>\hjpZkt_a^h\bf__l\ukhlm\k_]hljb^pZlviylvf_ljh\?]hajbl_evguc aZe\f_sZ_lhdhehr_klblukyqq_eh\_d —A^Zgb_>\hjpZkt_a^h\ —_]hajbl_evguc aZe\f_sZ_lhdhehr_klblukyqq_eh\_d —bf__l\ukhlm\k_]hljb^pZlviylvf_ljh\ 1. >_evnbgu kiZkZeb ihkljZ^Z\rbo \ fhj_ ex^_c b ^hklZ\eyeb bo \ [_ahiZkgh_ f_klh LZdb_ kemqZb [ueb fgh]hdjZlgh 2. < ^Ze_db_ ]h^u ih \k_c __ l_jjblhjbb [jh^bebklZ^Z[bahgh\Lh]^ZK_\_jgZy:f_jbdZ_s_lhevdhaZk_eyeZkv 3.<h\j_fy g_f_pdhc hddmiZpbb njZgpmakdZy i_\bpZ W^bl IbZn ihfh]eZ hdZaZlvky gZ k\h[h^_ klZ ^\Z^pZlb ie_gguf HgZ \uklmiZeZ k dhgp_jlZfb \ g_f_pdbo eZ]_jyo ^ey \h_gghie_gguo 4. Q_eh\_q_kdbc fha] kZfh_ keh`gh_ \ __ ij_^_eZo mkljhckl\h Fu kjZ\gb\Z_f_]hkba\_klghcgZf<k_e_gghc 5.Kihkh[ghklbq_eh\_dZ\agZqbl_evghc qZklbjZkljZqb\Zxlky\imklmxWlh\iheg_\_jhylgh Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 37. I_j_ibrbl_ lZ[ebpm \ l_ljZ^v AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bd lZ[ebpu JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby JZ[hlZcl_ k ie_gdhc Ijbf_juk\\h^gufb keh\Zfb Ijbf_juk\\h^gufb ij_^eh`_gbyfb Ijbf_ju[_a\\h^guokeh\b ij_^eh`_gbc 1. Dhg_qgh ex[bl_eb ij_kfudZxsboky \klj_qZxlky j_^dh : \ijhq_f y ihagZdhfbeky k h[Zyl_evghc ih`behc e_^b dhlhjZy ^_j`ZeZ \ k\hbo ZjbklhdjZlbq_kdbo ihdhyo k ihe^x`bgu af_c Dhg_qgh af_b [ueb g_ hiZkgu_ gh fgh]b_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb f_klgh]h h[s_kl\Z hldZau\Zebkv ijboh^blv \ ]hklb d wlhc e_^b J ;ehf[_j] 2. <hh[jZ`_gb_ dZd y m`_ ]h\hjbe g_ fh`_l `blv [_a ^_ckl\bl_evghklb Hgh iblZ_lky _x K ^jm]hc klhjhgu \hh[jZ`_gb_ hq_gv qZklh \ dZdhclh f_j_ \eby_l gZ l_q_gb_ gZr_c `bagb gZ gZrb ^_eZ b fukeb gZ gZr_ hlghr_gb_dex^yf DIZmklh\kdbc Bm`_dZaZehkv^_^m KZfohl_elh]hbevg_l I_j_^\k_fbaZih[_^m Ebqguchg^_j`Zehl\_l :L\Zj^h\kdbc 4.E_kZ;jZabebbdbrZly^h\blufbaf_yfbbobsgufb`b\hlgufb Gh\^hf]^_ `b\_lijbjmq_ggucm^Z\g_aZihea_lgbh^gZaf_y5.IZfylv_klvdeZ^h\ZymfZgh\ wlhcdeZ^h\hcfgh]hi_j_]hjh^hdbihlhfmgZ^h[ghkdhj__mdeZ^u\Zlvdm^Zke_^m_l :<Km\hjh\ 6.G_ 177 dhlhju_ gZa\Zgby \hagbdeb baaZ g_^hjZamf_gbc MkeurZ\ keh\h hjZg]mlZg] lZd gZau\Zeb e_kguo `bl_e_c gZ hkljh\_ ;hjg_h _\jhi_cpu ijbgyeb wlh keh\h aZ gZa\Zgb_ q_eh\_dhh[jZaghc h[_avygu < hl\_l gZ \hijhk h gZa\Zgbb `b\hlgh]h Z\kljZebckdb_ `bl_eb kdZaZeb d_g]mjm lh _klv fu \Zk g_ ihgbfZ_f b wlh keh\h ijbklZeh d `b\hlghfm \ dZq_kl\_ _]h gZa\Zgby ;_eu_ kijhkbeb bg^_cp_\ h gZa\Zgbb f_klghklb mkeurZeb hl\_l DZgZ^Z wlh keh\h h[hagZqZ_l ob`bgZ b bf gZau\Zehkv [eb`Zcr__ g_[hevrh_ k_e_gb_ Z iha`_ wlh keh\h klZeh gZa\Zgb_f h]jhfghckljZgu ih<H^bgph\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ?keb hrb[hd g_ [ueh i_j_oh^bl_ d aZ^Zgbx 39, _keb [ueb — \uihegycl_ \k_ ih^jy^ 38.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1. Fgh]b_ a\_a^u kha\_a^by fZeu_ ieZg_lu b kimlgbdb [hevrbo ieZg_l ghkyl bf_gZ ]_jh_\ jZaebqguo fbnh\ :fmj :g^jhf_^Z IZeeZ^Z P_j_jZ G_j_b^Z Hjbhg Ie_y^ub^jm]b_ E:<\_^_gkdZyGIDhe_kgbdh\ Hfbeu_iemluDlhqZklhbo\b^_e Lhl\_jxyex[bldj_klvygkdbo^_l_c G:G_djZkh\ 3. Ijhreh wlh e_lh \ ]me_ khkgh\uo e_kh\ `mjZ\ebguo djbdZo b [_euo ]jhfZ^Zo dmq_\uo h[eZdh\ \ g_ijheZaguo iZomqbo aZjhkeyo lZ\he]b \ \hbgkl\_gguo i_lmrbguo \hieyo b i_kgyo ^_\mr_d kj_^b \_q_j_xsbo em]h\ dh]^Z aZdZl ahehlbl ^_\bqvb ]eZaZ b i_j\uc lmfZg hklhjh`gh dmjblky gZ^ hfmlZfb D IZmklh\kdbc 4. <havf_f gZijbf_j <_g_jm Wlh kZfZy yjdZy b djZkb\Zy ieZg_lZ gZ g_[_ <b^bfh aZ wlh b gZa\Zeb __ ih bf_gb ^j_\g_jbfkdhc [h]bgb djZkhlu b ex[\b <_g_jhc E: <\_^_gkdZyGIDhe_kgbdh\ <uibrbl_ ghf_j ijbf_jZ khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h lZdhcko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 39. >ey ex[bl_e_c hkljuo hsms_gbc ² aZ^Zqb ih\ur_gghc ljm^ghklb GZc^bl_ \ l_dkl_\\h^gh_ij_^eh`_gb_JZkklZ\vl_agZdb <k_e_gkdbchiul]h\hjbl Qlhih]b[ZxlpZjkl\Z G_hllh]hqlhly`_d[ul BebkljZrgufulZjkl\Z :ih]b[Zxlhllh]h Bl_f[hevg_cq_f^hevr_ Qlhex^bpZjkl\Zk\h_]h G_m\Z`Zxl[hevr_ ;Hdm^`Z\Z KhklZ\vl_ko_fmi_j\h]hij_^eh`_gby Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 178 40.<uibrbl_bal_dklZ\k_\\h^gu_ij_^eh`_gby <:glbevkdhf:glbevkdhffhj_ DZjb[kdbfah\ml_]hlZd`_ bkoe_klZgZaeufb\ZeZfb be_]dhxi_ghcmdjZr_gZ ih^khegp_fhgh__]hgbl Z\_l_jgZaZ^hl]hgy_l Zke_au`b\mllhevdh\i_kg_ dZqZ_lkyDm[ZgZdZjl_ A_e_gZy^ebggZyys_jbpZ k]eZaZfbdZd\eZ`gu_dZfgb G=bev_g Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 41.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 1. < ^Z\gb_^Z\gb_ \j_f_gZ dZd jZkkdZau\Z_lky \ klZjhc ... 2. Hq_j_^v m dZkku l_ZljZZwlhll_Zlj[ue ... 3. ...<h`^vdjZkghdh`bolZda\Zeb ... 4. ...gbdh]^Z\wlhfy l\_j^h m\_j_g g_ j_rblky gZ ... 5. Wlhl fZevqbrdZ y `_ _]h gZkd\hav \b`m aZ^mfZe qlhlh baaZ q_]h ... 6. — lhevdh kfhlj_e gZ gZk Z ]eZaZ m g_]h [ueb ykgu_ykgu_ b ^_eZe\b^qlh ... 7. <k_ kgZjy`_gb_ fu wlh ohjhrh ijh\_jbeb [ueh \ ihjy^d_ b fu fh]eb ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 :obbhob JZa]h\hjhf_`^hf_lbyo Hc :c Wo Mn o Hchchc Qlh \k_ wlh aZ keh\Z" <u dhg_qgh agZ_l_ Wlh f_`^hf_lbyGmZqlhhgbh[hagZqZxl"BebqlhgZau\Zxl"Jh\gufkq_lhfgbq_]h Fh`_lebwlh[ulv"<_^vihwlJZkme=ZfaZlh\kdZaZeG_lijhklh]hkeh\ZHgheb[h ijhdeylv_eb[hiha^jZ\e_gb_eb[h[heveb[hp\_lhdeb[heh`veb[hijZ\^Zeb[h k\_l eb[h lvfZ LZd dZdmx `_ jZ[hlm \uihegyxl wlb keh\Z dhlhju_ gbq_]h g_ h[hagZqZxlbg_gZau\Zxl" Hgb\ujZ`Zxlfgh`_kl\hq_eh\_q_kdboqm\kl\bhll_gdh\qm\kl\DZdgZijbf_j \uijhy\bl_qm\kl\hbkim]Zbebj_ZdpbxgZg_h`b^Zgghklv" Kdhj__\k_]h\hkdebpZgbyfbhcZc :dZdh_f_`^hf_lb_\uijhbag_k_l_k`Zeh[guf\ujZ`_gb_f" Kdhj__\k_]hho DZdbff_`^hf_lb_f\u\ujZabl_qm\kl\hkh`Ze_gby" <_jhylghm\u DZd\uijhy\bl_qm\kl\h[j_a]eb\hklb" GZ\_jgh_kdZ`_l_nmbeb^Z`_nb GmZqm\kl\h[hevrhcjZ^hklb" 179 Dhg_qghaZdjbqbl_mjZ B\k_wlbf_`^hf_lby\u^_eyxlkygZibkvf_eb[haZiylhceb[h\hkdebpZl_evguf agZdhf —\aZ\bkbfhklbhlkbeuqm\kl\bhlbglhgZpbb\ujZ`Zxs_cqm\kl\Z 42.IhklZ\vl_gm`gu_agZdb MjZfuehfbf]gmlkyr\_^u :KImrdbg :o:j[Zlfhc:j[Zl lufh_hl_q_kl\h gbdh]^Z^hdhgpZg_ijhclbl_[y ;Hdm^`Z\Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ?kebZoklhbljy^hfklubeb\ulhhgb\u^_eyxlkyaZiylhc\^\h_f <hllZd :oluh[`hjZ:oaeh^_c Lml<ZkvdmIh\Zjmdhjy_l B:Djueh\ 43.Ijh^he`bflj_gbjh\dmJZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbyJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc :oiheyfhb[hjha^ufbeu_ Ohjhrb\u\i_qZebk\h_c 180 Yex[exwlbob`bguobeu_ Kih^`b^Zgv_fk_^uofZl_j_c K?k_gbg Woih[_eufiheyfihrbjhdbf GZrbke_aukg_`dhfaZf_eh GZjh^gZyi_kgy Mn`Zjdh>hihe^gy]jb[ukh[bjZeb G:G_djZkh\ :odZdoheh^gh\^hjh]_ Mh[t_a^Z]^_gb[m^v DZdijho\Zlu\Z_l\_l_j DZdemgZl_iehf[_^gZ :odZdljm^gh\k_gZk\_l_ Kem`[Z`bagvabfZ\hcgZ :L\Zj^h\kdbc H\_jx\_jxkqZklv__klv K?k_gbg Wcyfsbdg_kb\h\kxQZcjh`^_gg_keZ[uf >mrm\uljyklbg_`ZevihlZdbfmoZ[Zf K?k_gbg M\uLZlvygZm\y^Z_l ;e_^g__l]Zkg_lbfheqbl :KImrdbg :olukl_ivfhy Kl_ivijb\hevgZy Rbjhdhlukl_iv IhjZkdbgmeZkv DfhjxQ_jghfm IhgZ^\bgmeZkv :Dhevph\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ?keb hrb[hd g_ [ueh i_j_oh^bl_ d ke_^mxs_fm jZa^_em ?keb [ueb \uihegbl_ ZgZeh]bqgh_aZ^Zgb_ 44.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby M\uhgkqZklbyg_bs_l Bg_hlkqZklby[_`bl FXE_jfhglh\ HdZdgZkdehg_gZrboe_l G_`g_cfuex[bfbkm_\_jg_c KbyckbycijhsZevguck\_l Ex[\bihke_^g_caZjb\_q_jg_c NLxlq_\ 181 :o\j_fy>Zcfm^juokh\_lh\ Bg_lhjhieb\uo^g_c KSbiZq_\ Lhevdhaf_bk[jZku\Zxldh`m Qlh[^mrZklZj_eZbjhkeZ Fum\ukhaf_yfbg_koh`b Fuf_gy_f^mrbg_l_eZ G=mfbe_\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 >Zbg_l Wlh ^\Z fZe_gvdbo gh kh\k_f g_ h^ghagZqguo keh\Z Bgh]^Z hgb \u^_eyxlky aZiylhcbeb^Z`_\hkdebpZl_evgufagZdhfZbgh]^Zg_lWlhaZ\bkblhlboagZq_gby ?keb hgb kh^_j`Zl hlq_leb\h \ujZ`_gguc ml\_j^bl_evguc beb hljbpZl_evguc kfukelh]^Z[_kkihjghklZ\blkyaZiylZy<hllZd 1. >ZiZfylvhjh^ghfk_e_ —wlh ^hjh]b_gZ \kx `bagv \hkihfbgZgby 2. AZ\beZkv iha_fdZ \ ihe_ G_l l_[y m` g_ gZc^ml :L\Zj^h\kdbc Gh ^Z b g_l fh]ml b]jZlv \ ij_^eh`_gbyo kh\k_f ^jm]b_ jheb G_l qZkl_gvdh hdZau\Z_lkykdZam_fufblh]^Zdhg_qghaZiylhcg_\u^_ey_lky<hllZdG_lj_db q_j_adhlhjmxg_[ueh[ui_j_ijZ\ug_lljm^gh]hiheh`_gbybadhlhjh]hg_[ueh [u\uoh^Z \hklhqgZyihkeh\bpZ 45.K^_eZcl_]jZnbq_kdbcjZa[hjij_^eh`_gbcJZkklZ\vl_agZdb < wlhf f_kl_ q_j_a j_qdm g_l fhklZ b g_l gb iZjhfZ gb eh^db ^ey i_j_ijZ\u Ijb^_lkyi_j_ijZ\eylvky\[jh^mgZkg_l^jm]h]h\uoh^Z Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 >Zfh`_lhdZaZlvky\agZdhfhc\ZfjhebkhxaZblh]^ZagZdklZ\blkyi_j_^gbfih m`_ba\_klguf\ZfijZ\beZf<hllZd 1. Ghqvx\_l_jaeblky^Zklmqbl\hdgh : N_l 2. Ie_s_lh[hjl\hegZ^ZqZcdbkdjbdhfghkylky\hdjm]dhjZ[ey 46.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyoJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc Ex^_cg_bgl_j_kguo\fbj_g_l Bokm^v[udZdbklhjbbieZg_l ??\lmr_gdh :]Zjfhgvah\_ldm^Zlh >Ze_dhe_]dh\_^_l G_ldZdhc\u\k_j_[ylZ M^b\bl_evguciZjh^ :L\Zj^h\kdbc 182 3.G_l^eyf_gykqZkleb\_cfbgmlq_fl_dhlhju_i_j_`b\Zxydh]^Z\\hkdj_k_gv_ mljhf\oh`m\dhg^bl_jkdmxihdmiZlvlhjl XHe_rZ G_lfbeucqblZl_evfhcdjblbdke_ihc IhdjZcghklb_klvmihwlZ Bjhkublmqdbb\_dahehlhc L_[_`g_^hklmigh\k_wlh :;ehd Khegp_j_`_kf__lky G_l\p\_lZo[eZ]h\hgvy Kdhjhhk_gvijhkg_lky BaZieZq_lkijhkhgvy D;Zevfhgl >ZyagZxy\Zfg_iZjZ Yijbr_eba^jm]hckljZgu Bfg_gjZ\blkyg_]blZjZ :^bdZjkdbcgZi_\amjgu G=mfbe_\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ?kebm\Zkg_[uehhrb[hdi_j_oh^bl_daZ^Zgbx 48,_keb[ueb — \uihegycl_\k_ ih^jy^ 47.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby >Z[m^_lgZjh^]hkm^Zj_f <k_]^ZgZ\k_]^Za^_kvblZf <Oe_[gbdh\ G_lbijhk\_lZ\g_[_ghqghf A\_a^ukdjuebkvg_`^bbo\ha\jZlZ <Kheh\v_\ G_l\ZfgZkdmqbebgb\u[_kieh^gu_² Qm`^u\ZfkljZklbbqm`^ukljZ^Zgby <_qghoheh^gu_\_qghk\h[h^gu_ G_lm\Zkjh^bgug_l\Zfba]gZgby FXE_jfhglh\ >Z\_^ZxlihlhfdbijZ\hkeZ\guo A_febjh^ghcfbgm\rmxkm^v[m :KImrdbg 5.Fg_dZ`_lkyqlhg_lgZk\_l_^jm]h]hbkdmkkl\Zdhlhjh_[ulZdjh^gbehex^_c dZdfmaudZ XRZihjbg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 48.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\hlj_adZoij_^eh`_gbc 183 1. ...m`_g_l ... 2.G_lbg_ ... 3.G_lfug_ ... 4.>Z[m^_lfbjgZ ... 5.>Z^jmavyfu kgh\Z ... 6. ...ijb]j_\Z_lkhegurdh^Z\_k_ggb_jmq_cdb ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 49. : l_i_jv ^Z\Zcl_ ih\lhjbf \f_kl_ \\h^gu_ keh\Z f_`^hf_lby b keh\Z ^Z b g_l JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijbf_jZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bd lZ[ebpuJZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc <\h^gu_keh\Zbij_^eh`_gby F_`^hf_lby Keh\Z^Zbg_l Qlh`_s_"B\k_ih`Zemc Keh\hfdgb]Zijh[hcpZ ;_agZqZeZ[_adhgpZ :L\Zj^h\kdbc Q_f^hevr_`b\_fful_f]h^udhjhq_ L_fkeZs_^jma_c]hehkZ :olhevdh[g_kfhedih^^m]hcdhehdhevqbd =eZaZ[u]ey^_eb\]eZaZ ;Hdm^`Z\Z >ZyfhjydBkdZl_evhkljh\h\ KdblZe_p^_jadbc\g_h]ey^ghffhj_ <;jxkh\ 4. DZ`^uc jZkkdZa h R_jehd_ Ohefk_ _klv lZd kdZaZlv gZ]ey^guc mjhd h fh]ms_kl\_q_eh\_q_kdh]hjZamfZ DQmdh\kdbc 5.G_limkdZcihkem`blhg\Zjfbb ^Zihlyg_leyfdm^ZihgxoZ_lihjhom^Z[m^_lkhe^ZlZg_rZfZlhg :KImrdbg G_lih\_klbi_qZevg__gZk\_l_ Q_fih\_klvhJhf_hb>`mev_ll_ <R_dkibj <havfb\_keheZ^vxhlqZev Bimklv\eZ^v_gZk[m^_l^\h_ :o[_aukoh^ghklvbi_qZev Khijh\h`^Zxl\k_a_fgh_ F<hehrbg 8.DZd[ulhgb[ueh\^`mg]eyog_lZdfgh]hy^h\bluoaf_cbijhqboqm^h\bs: l_dhlhju__klvijbijb[eb`_gbbq_eh\_dZklZjZxlkymclb J;ehf[_j] Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 ?keb hrb[hd g_ [ueh i_j_oh^bl_ d ke_^mxs_c ]eZ\_ ?keb [ueb ijh^he`Zcl_ jZ[hlmgZ^wlbfaZ^Zgb_f 50.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 184 G_lg_ihreZFhkd\Zfhy Dg_fmkih\bgghc]heh\hx :KImrdbg G_lmak\yl__lh\Zjbs_kl\Z G<=h]hev HgluJmkvfhyjh^bgZdjhldZy Ebrvdl_[_yex[h\v[_j_]m K?k_gbg Wo\ukZgb:dhgbdhgb <b^ghq_jlbogZa_fexijbg_k <aZebo\Zlkdhfkl_ighfjZa]hg_ Dhehdhevqbdohohq_l^hke_a K?k_gbg 5.H^gZ`^uwlh[uehiZkZfhf\hklhd_DblZygZrbfmaudZglu^Z\Zebdhgp_jlijb [eZ]h]h\_cghclbrbg_dhlhjZypZjbeZ\im[ebd_<^jm]g_ihgylghqlh_fm\a[j_eh\ ]heh\m]jhfdhaZklj_dhlZek\_jqhdbgbdZdg_m^Z\Zehkvmgylv_]h ba`mjgZeh\ 6.M DZdZy k\_jdZxsZy qm^gZy g_agZdhfZy fbjm ^Zev Jmkv 7. Wo ljhcdZ IlbpZ ljhcdZ dlhl_[y\u^mfZe" 8.WodhgbdhgbqlhaZdhgb G<=h]hev G_lg_aZ[ulvgb]hehkh\gbebp :odZd^Z\gh\k_wlhkgZfb[ueh :GFbog_\bq M`_dhgqZ_lkyfhy^hjh]Z H]h\hjbkhfghx]h\hjb =B\Zgh\ >ZjmdZkm^v[u F_gy\_eZbgufiml_f FXE_jfhglh\ G_l[_ah[jZavy\ijbjh^_ G:G_djZkh\ >Zkdbnufu^ZZabZlufu KjZkdhkufbb`Z^gufbhqZfb :;ehd H_keb[[uey lbobcdZd]jhf <FZydh\kdbc <uibrbl_ ghf_j ij_^eh`_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h lZdhc ko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 51.:l_i_jvfuijb]eZrZ_f\Zkdhldjh\_gghfmjZa]h\hjm KgZqZeZ\uijyfhkdZ`_l_hdZ`^hfijbf_j_kdhevdh qZkl_c \ ij_^eh`_gbb ijhklh_ hgh beb keh`gh_ : ihlhf [_a mlZcdb i_j_qbkebl_ \k_ q_fhkeh`g_ghdZ`^h_ij_^eh`_gb_BjZamf__lkyjZkklZ\bl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 185 G_lg_e_]dh\ihjy^hdijb\_klb Ghqgh_g_aZiheg_ggh_\j_fy G_h[dZlZlv_]hg_mljyklb KimklhlZfbb\iZ^bgZfb\k_fb HdZdl_i_jvgbqlh`_gdZd^Ze_d Imklhcghqgh]h\j_f_gbdhfhd KYFZjrZd G_l^jmavyex[h\v`_gu KhlgxjZaijh\_jvl_ GZ\hcg_kbevg_c\hcgu B[ulvfh`_lkf_jlb :L\Zj^h\kdbc :o[jZlpuDZdy[ue^h\he_g Dh]^Zp_jd\_cbdhehdhe_g KZ^h\q_jlh]h\ihemdjm] Hldjuekyij_^hfghx\^jm] DZdqZklh\]hj_klghcjZaemd_ <fh_c[em`^Zxs_ckm^v[_ Fhkd\Zy^mfZehl_[_ :KImrdbg :y\Zf]h\hjxqlhg_l gZijZkghijh`bluofghce_l g_gm`ghijhc^_gguoiml_c \imklmxkeurZgguo\_kl_c G_lg_\hkijbgyluofbjh\ g_lfbfhjha^Zgguo^Zjh\ ex[\bgZijZkghclh`_g_l ex[\bh[fZgmlhc[hevghc __g_le_gghqbkluck\_l \k_]^Z\hfg_ \k_]^Zkhfghc H;_j]]hevp GZr_k\ys_ggh_j_f_keh Kms_kl\m_llukyqbe_l Kgbfb[_ak\_lZfbjmk\_leh Gh_s_gbh^bgg_kdZaZeihwl Qlhfm^jhklbg_lbklZjhklbg_l :fh`_lbkf_jlbg_l ::ofZlh\Z KhklZ\vl_ko_fmij_^eh`_gby :y\Zf]h\hjx) <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u,9 186 Hl\_lu 1. 1. ... ,^jm]=hjZpbc ... . 2. ... ,\_l_j>mc ... ! 2. 1.>j_fexb ... ,b ... ,Jmkv>j_fexb ...lZcgZb\lZcg_HgZ ...g_h[uqZcgZ ... . 2. ...lmfZggh_ ... .Luebih^jm]Z`_eZggZy ... ? Kgbfb ...lmfZggh_ ...ebphK gbfbih^jm]Z`_eZggZy ... . 3. ... ,F_jb ... !Gblhkdbgb ... ,gb ...imklv ... . 3. ...E_cl_kvdjZkdb ... ,dbklb ... ,fZeyj ... ! 4.Fhckugex[h\v —khxak_j^_pd ... .H[jZs_gb_ — fhckug 5. >_\bpu djZkZ\bpu JZau]jZcl_kv^_\bpujZa]meycl_kvfbeu_ ^mr_gvdb ih^jm`_gvdb 6. ... ,h[_j_aZ ... ,[_j_aZ 7. 1. ... , g_fulZy Jhkkby kljZgZ jZ[h\ kljZgZ ]hkih^ b \u fmg^bju ]hem[u_ b lu ihkemrguc bf gZjh^ 2. ... , feZ^_g_p fhc ij_djZkguc ... . 3. ... , g_m^ZqZ b m^ZqZ ... !<aZdhe^h\Zgghch[eZklbieZqZ ...kf_oZ — ... . 4. ... ,\_ldZIZe_klbgu]^_ lujhkeZ ...p\_eZ" ... , dZdhc ... ? 5. ... , jh^bgZ djhldZy 6. >mo [jh^y`bc ... H fhy mljZq_ggZyk\_`_klv[mckl\h]eZa b iheh\h^v_ qm\kl\ ... @bagv fhy ... ? 7. Fbeu_ [_j_ah\u_qZsbLua_fey B\ujZ\gbgi_kdb 8. ... , ^jmavy ... . 9. ... , fZevqbdb FZevqbdb ... . G_jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ h[jZs_gby 3, 7, 8, 9 JZkijhkljZg_ggu_ h[jZs_gby 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 P_ihqdbh[jZs_gbc 6 8. 1. ... , dmfmrdZ ... ? 2. Ijbey]dZ [jZl ... . 3. Khk_^dZ keurZeZ ev lu ... ? 4. Rbjhdh lu kl_iv ihjZkdbgmeZkv ... . 5. Ex[ex l_[y I_ljZ l\hj_gv_ ex[ex ... , kljhcguc\b^ ...l_q_gv_ ... . 9. 1. ... , khdhebd fhc ykguc ... ba ibkvfZ gygb ?]hjh\gu <eZ^bfbjm >m[jh\kdhfm 2. ... ,fbeh_\b^_gv_ ... ? BaibkvfZLZlvygudHg_]bgm 3. ... ,^mrZ Ljyibqdbg ... baibkvfZOe_klZdh\Z 4. ... ,fbeuc^_^mrdZ ...fhex ... baibkvfZ <Zgvdb@mdh\Z 10. 1. ... ,fhc ... 2. ... ,^h[juc ... 3. ... ,m\Z`Z_fuc ... 4. ... ,fhcfbeucihlhfmqlh ... 6. ... ,^hjh]b_fhb^jmavy ... 11. 1.;_kkihjgh ... ,lZddZd ... . 2. ... ,jZamf__lky ... . 12. 1. ... ,[ulvfh`_l ... . 2. ... —knbgdkBl_f ...q_eh\_dZqlhfh`_lklZlvky ... . 3. ... ,lhgZ\_jgh_ ... ,q_f ... . 13. 1. Dhg_qgh \_jgh ijZ\^Z [_amkeh\gh jZamf__lky ^_ckl\bl_evgh [_kkihjgh g_khfg_ggh\kZfhf^_e_[_akhfg_gbykZfhkh[hcjZamf__lky 187 2.<_jhylgh\hafh`ghfh`_l[ulv^he`gh[ulvih\b^bfhfm\b^bfhih`Zemc gZ\_jgh_dZ`_lkyih\k_c\_jhylghklb 14. 1. ... ,ghdkqZklvx ... . 2. ...bd\_ebqZcr_fmm^h\hevkl\bxkh[jZ\rboky ... . 3. ... ,dm^b\e_gbxim[ebdb ... ,b .... 4.Dg_kqZklvx ...gZdehgbeZkv ... . 15. 1. ... ,ih\b^bfhfm ... ,q_f ... .NZdludZdfg_dZ`_lky ... . 2.>_ckl\bl_evgh ... . 3. Q_j_iZob g_khfg_ggh ... . G_dhlhju_ ... , qlh ... , gh wlh kdhj__ \k_]h ... . 4. ... k_j^pZ ... . 5.Fh`_l[ulv;ehd ... ,ihlhfmqlh ... . 6. ... ,\_jhylgh ... . 7. ...qm^guc ... ^j_\gbc b ihkZ^u b ^_j_\gb b iZeZlu b ^\hjpu 8. ... mivxkv ... h[hevxkv b fh`_l[ulv ... . H[jZs_gb_ 4, 7 <\h^gu_keh\Z m\_j_gghklv 2, 3 Q_j_iZob ...) g_m\_j_gghklv 1, 3 G_dhlhju_ 5, 6, 8 16. 1.DkqZklvx ... . 4.Fh`_l[ulv ... . 5.>_ckl\bl_evgh ... . 8.DZ`_lky ... . 17. 1. ... ,ihdZ ... ,]^_ihkemoZf ... . 2.Ihkeh\Zffhjydh\ ... ;_keb`_ ... ,hg ... . Ghihij_^Zgbx ... . 3. ... ,qblZehohlbekybih_]hkeh\Zf ... . 18. 1. ... ,qlh ... —kZfuc ... ,lhih`Zemc ... . 2.Ih`ZemcklZ]hem[qbdg_eb`bkv ihcfb ... .<_^v ... ,qlh ... ,g_agZ_rvluqlh ... . 19. 1.Hf_eZihgZjh^gufih\_jvyf ... . 2. ... ,ih`Zemc ...kljhcgh]hk[he__ ... , q_f ... .Wlh]h\hjyl ... . 3. ...\kihfbgZ_f ... .Fh`_l[ulv ...bqbkluc\ha^mo ... . 4. <udhg_qghagZ_l_qlh ... . 5.Fh`_l[ulvhg ... ,qlh ... ,dZd ... .Ghydkh`Ze_gbx ... . 6.Fh`_l[ulv ... . 7.GZ\_jgh_ ... . 8. ... ,y`be ... .<g_fdZdjZkkdZau\Zeb ... . JZamf__lky gbdlh ... , Z fh`_l [ulv ... . 9. ... , jh^gu_ ... , ^jmavy =j_gZ^Z ..., =j_gZ^Z ... . 10. ... ,^jmavy ... ,Z ... ,^jmavy ... ! 11.FZfZijZ\^Z^hfh\uo ... ,Z ... ? H[jZs_gby 9, 10, 11 <\h^gu_keh\Z m\_j_gghklv g_m\_j_gghklv g_jZ\gh^mrgu_ keh\Z 5 Ghy ... ) 2 GZk\_l_ ... ), 4 <u 3, 5 Fh`_l dhg_qgh ...), 8 JZamf__lky [ulv ... ), 6, 7, 8 ... ) JZamf__lky ... ), 11 bklhqgbd bgnhjfZpbb 1 Hf_eZ ...), 2 Wlh]h\hjyl ... ), 8 <g_f ... ) 188 20. 1.<_jhylgh ... . 3.Ihfh_fm ... . 5.DjZ^hklbj_[yl ... . 7.>himklbf ... . 21. 1. ... ,g_h`b^Zggh ... ,ihfg_gbx ... . 2. ... ,hg ... . 3. ...hq_\b^p_\ ... . 4. ... ,d ... , g_ ... . 5. ...[ulv ... . 6. ... ,ghkhh[s_gbyf ... . 7. ... ,dkh`Ze_gbx ... . 22. 1. ... ,qlhb]h\hjblv[ue ... ,qlh ... .<h\lhjuo ... .G_lklZjbdhg ... . 2.BlZd ... . 3. ... -g_agZqbl ... .GZh[hjhlkdjhfghklv — ... . 4. ... —bg_aZkem]Zbg_\bgZ ?keb ... ,agZqbl ... . 23. 1. ... ,gh ...j_f_keZf ...ibkvfmihagZdhfbe ...bgZdhg_p ... . 3. ... ,h^gZdh ... . GZdhg_p ... ,dhlhjuc ... ,b .... 4. ... ,dZd ...bgZdhg_p]hem[dZ ... ,dhlhjZy ... . 5. ... , gZdhg_p ... . 6. ... ,h^gZdh ... ,qlh ... , dhlhjuc ... ,qlh[u ... ,b .... Ko_fu 1) 4; 2) 6. 24. 1. ... ,lhihih^kq_lZfmq_guo ... . 2. ... ,ke_^h\Zl_evgh ... . 3.BlZdij_^klZ\bf ... ,qlh ... ,qlh ... .K_cqZk ... ,\ijhq_fdhg_qgh ... . :\^jm] ... ,\qZklghklb ... .Lh]^Z ... , \_jhylg__ \k_]h ... . Ih jZ^bh gZijbf_j ?keb fu ... , lh [_amkeh\gh ... . D \_ebqZcr_fmkh`Ze_gbx ... . 4. ... ,fhc^jm]lbrbgmihegZ ... ,ihegZ ... . 25. 1.<_jhylgh ... .Fg_ ... ,y^mfZx ... .>_\hqdZih`Zemc ... , gh ... .Ihfgx ... h]jZ^hc dZdh]hlh ... . <_jhylgh ... , gh fu k gbfb ... . 2. ... , fh`gh kdZaZlv ... . Ih`Zemc ... ,dh]^Z ... ,qlhwlh ... .I_j_^h ... , dZd\kihfbgZxyl_i_jv ...q_eh\_dy \b`m ... .<^_lkl\_fg_]h\hjbebqlh ... .F_`^ml_f ... ,qlh ...hljZ`Z_lbf_ggh ... , ygZh[hjhl ... . 26. 1.<hafh`gh \_jhylgh ... . 2. ... ,gZ\_jgh_ ... . 3. ... ,ke_^h\Zl_evgh ... . 4. ... , \h\lhjuo ...b\lj_lvbo ... . 5. ... ,ih`Zemc ... . 6. ... ,k^jm]hcklhjhgu ... . 7. ... ,d kqZklvx ... . 8. ...bgZdhg_p ... . 9. ... ,dkqZklvx ... . 10. ... ,b^_ckl\bl_evgh ... . 11. ... ,ih`ZemcklZ ... . 12.<hafh`gh ... . 13.Fh`_l[ulv ... . 14. ... ,gZijbf_j ... . 27. 1.;_afhe\gu_fhjkdb_\hegufh`_l[ulvkdju\Zxlbkq_agm\rmx:leZglb^m 2.F_jdmjbc\hafh`ghdh]^Zlh[uekimlgbdhf<_g_ju 3.Ihihemq_gguf^Zgguf FZjkh[eZ^Z_ldjZcg_jZaj_`_gghcZlfhkn_jhc 4.Bgl_j_kghgZclbdeZ^klZjbgguo fhg_lijZ\^Z" 5.GZ\_jgh_mdZ`^h]h\^_lkl\__klvlZdh_`_eZgb_ 6.Ki_pbZebklu gmfbafZluhlghkylkydklZjbgguffhg_lZfih`Zemck_s_[hevrbflj_i_lhfq_f imrdbgkdbckdmihcjupZjv 28. 1.IjZ\^Z_s_ ... ,]^_ ... 2. ... ,\_jhylgh ... 3.Fh`_l[ulv ... , qlh ... 4.H^gbf keh\hf^_evnbgZ ... ,qlh ... 5. ... ,ih\b^bfhfm ... , hldm^Z ... 6. ... ,dZdijZ\beh ... 29. 1 GZ\_jgh_ ... . Ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ hkeh`g_ggh_ \\h^guf keh\hf b h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb k g_ih\lhjyxsbfky khxahf b 2. EZklhqdZ a\hgdZy ilbpZ Zg]_eih^djh\e_cfh_cqlh ...? Ie_g ...?>\Zijhkluo\hijhkbl_evguoij_^eh`_gby I_j\h_hkeh`g_ghp_ihqdhc 189 h[jZs_gbc 3. <Zr_[eZ]hjh^b_]hkih`Zih[_^ZagZqbl ...g_ki_lZI_j_klZgvl_ q_jlb ...G_ ...\kf_jlb — ... .A^_kvljbij_^eh`_gbyI_j\h_ijhklh_hkeh`g_ggh_ h[jZs_gb_f b \\h^guf keh\hf <lhjh_ — ijhklh_ g_hkeh`g_ggh_ h[jZs_gb_f Lj_lv_² keh`gh_ [_kkhxagh_ ba ^\mo qZkl_c dhlhju_ ih kfukem ijhlb\hihklZ\e_gu ^jm] ^jm]m 4. ;ulv fh`_l wlb we_dljhgu — fbju ]^_ iylv fZl_jbdh\bkdmkkl\ZagZgvy\hcgu ljhgu ... . ?s_ [ulv fh`_l dZ`^uc Zlhf —\k_e_ggZy]^_klhieZg_llZf\k_qlha^_kv\h[t_f_k`Zlhfih lZd`_ lh q_]h a^_kv g_l I_j\h_ ij_^eh`_gb_²keh`gh_ qZklb _]h k\yaZggu_ khxaguf keh\hf ]^_ jZa^_e_gu aZiylhc =eZ\gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ hkeh`g_gh \\h^guf keh\hf ijb^Zlhqgh_ — h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb < ]eZ\ghf ih^e_`Zs__ b kdZam_fh_ \ujZ`_gukms_kl\bl_evgufb\bf_gbl_evghfiZ^_`_k\yadZijhims_gZ klZ\bf gZ __f_kl_lbj_<lhjh_ij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_k[_kkhxaghcbih^qbgbl_evghck\yavx GZ f_kl_ [_kkhxaghc k\yab ij_^eh`_gb_ jZkiZ^Z_lky gZ 2 qZklb \lhjZy ihykgy_l i_j\mx jZa^_ey_f bo ^\h_lhqb_f I_j\Zy qZklv [_kkhxagh]h ij_^eh`_gby \ k\hx hq_j_^v jZkiZ^Z_lky gZ 2 qZklb ]eZ\gZy²hkeh`g_gZ \\h^guf keh\hf \ g_c klhbl lbj_f_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fuf kf\ur_ ijb^ZlhqgZyke_^m_laZ]eZ\ghcb hl^_e_gZ aZiylhc <lhjZy qZklv [_kkhxagh]h ij_^eh`_gby² keh`ghih^qbg_ggh_ k ^\mfy ijb^Zlhqgufb i_j\h_ ijb^Zlhqgh_ \ k_j_^bg_ ]eZ\gh]h k ^\mo klhjhg \u^_e_gh aZiylufb \lhjh_ \ dhgp_ ]eZ\gh]h hl^_e_gh hl g_]h aZiylhc =eZ\gh_ hkeh`g_ghh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbkh_^bg_ggufbkhxahfghi_j_^ dhlhjufklZ\bf aZiylmx 5. ... agZeb ... oheh^Z ... i_qZeb ... . Ij_^eh`_gb_ keh`gh_ =eZ\gZy qZklv hl^_e_gZhlijb^ZlhqguoaZiylhcijb^Zlhqgu_jZa^_e_guaZiylhc=eZ\gZyb\lhjZy ijb^ZlhqgZyqZklbhkeh`g_guh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb 30. 1. ...gZjmdZo ... .Hl_]h ... ,dhlhjh_ ... .Hl ...keh\Z ..., ..., ... , .... 2.Hq_\b^gh ;_euc ... , qlh ... h^gh]h b gZ\_jgh_ hq_gv ... , _keb [u ... , qlh ... . 3. ... , gbsZy Jhkkby ...l\hbl\hb ...\_ljh\u_ — ... . A^_kvlbj_ —Z\lhjkdbcagZd^ey\Zkhgg_ h[yaZl_e_g 4. ... , qlh ... , kdZ`_f gZ ihexk ... , lh ... , dZjZmebe ... , Z ... . 5. ... , dhlhju_ ... . D kqZklvx ... . 6. ... , fhb ^h`^b 7. ... , [mfZ]Z ... . < DblZ_ dZd ... e_lhibkv ... .DklZlb .... H^ghjh^gu_qe_gu >j_\gb_Hl]bighaZ 3, 4 H[jZs_gby 3, 6 <\h^gu_keh\Z DkqZklvx Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 2. 31. 1. BlZd ... , dhlhjmx ... , [ueZ ... . A_fey — ... ! GZ g_c ... , \ lhf qbke_ jZamf__lkybg_]jblygkdbok_fv ... ,^_\ylvkhl ... ,k_fv ... ,ljbklZ ... --blh]h ... . 2. ... ^ZjZ ...keh\Zk\h[h^m ... ,dhlhjh_ ... ,qlh[u ... . 3. ... ,]^_ ... .Fh`_l ...\bghfh`_l lZdkb^yl ... .<dZ`^hf ... , ^jm] ... . 4. ...\_dZ ...\hcgZ ...fyl_` ...^_j_\gbZlu ... , fhykljZgZ\djZk_ ... . 190 32. 1. ... ,h^gZdh ... ,ih^Zjbe ... . 2. ...ij_^Zgbx ... .;h]h^gZdh ... . Hgb ... ,b .... 3. ... ,kh]eZkghij_^ZgbxkqblZebkv ... ,h^gZdh ... ,dhlhju_ ...]hjh^ ...aZljm[beb ... ,b ... .<ujZ`_gb_ ... ,h^gZdh ... . 4.Fu ... ,dhlhjh_ ... ,h^gZdhrbjhdh ... ,agZq_gb_ ... . 5. ...aZ[m^vihfgbq_klvh^gZdh 6. ... ,h^gZdh^hjh`bqlhkemqZehkv ...^eykf_om gbdh]^Z ... . Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 3 Kl_gu ... ). 33. 1. ... ,\h\lhjuo ,l_mdh]hdg_kqZklvx ... 2. ... ,ghwlh ,ih`ZemcklZg_l ... , dh]^Z ... 3. ... ,lhfudhg_qgh ... 4. ...kljZrgZybklhjby ... 5. ... ,ihkhh[s_gbyf ... 6. ... ,dgZr_fm ... 34. 1. ... dehgyl ... ]hgyl b y kh \a^hohf ijbagZxkv ... . 2. ... , kh\_klv \ lhf ihjmdhc ... . 3. ... —lZdgZau\Zxlkh[bjZgb_kibq_qguowlbd_lhd — ... ,q_f ... . 35. 1. ... ,ihij_^Zgbx ... .Wlb ... bogZau\ZebhebfibcpZfb ... . <hl ... ,dhlhjuc ...\heg_gbc]h\hjylqlh ... . 2. ... ,dh]^Z ... ,qlh[u... kZfZhgZhldZau\ZeZkv_klv ... . <k_ ... ,dhlhju_ ...ysbd_ ... . 3. ... ihijbf_jmbg^_cp_\ ... .<ijhq_fdh]^Z ... —wlh [ueh\Wd\Z^hj_ — ... . 4. ... ,Z ... ,]^_ ... ,]^_ ... ,b ... ,qlh ... .B ... \dhgp_dhgph\ \k_]^Z ml_rZ_rvky —lu ... , qlh ... . 5. ...]h\hjblv ... . 6. ... Z dheu[_ev`bagb — hd_Zg [ueb ... ,dhlhju_ ... .Wlb ... ,dhlhju_ ... ,dZ`mlky ... .Ghhgb\_jhylgh ... . 7. ... klhevdhkh^_j`blky\f_`^mgZjh^ghfdZlZeh]_ ... . Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 1 <hlihq_fm ... ). 36. 1. >_evnbgu — lZdb_ kemqZ_ [ueb fgh]hdjZlgh — kiZkZeb ihkljZ^Z\rbo \ fhj_ex^_cb^hklZ\eyebbo\[_ahiZkgh_f_klh 2.<^Ze_db_]h^u —lh]^ZK_\_jgZy :f_jbdZ_s_lhevdh aZk_eyeZkv — ih \k_c __ l_jjblhjbb [jh^beb klZ^Z [bahgh\ 3. <h \j_fy g_f_pdhc hddmiZpbb njZgpmakdZy i_\bpZ W^bl IbZn — hgZ \uklmiZeZ k dhgp_jlZfb\g_f_pdboeZ]_jyo^ey\h_gghie_gguo —ihfh]eZhdZaZlvkygZk\h[h^_ klZ^\Z^pZlbie_gguf 4. Q_eh\_q_kdbc fha] — fu kjZ\gb\Z_f _]h k ba\_klghc gZf <k_e_gghc — kZfh_ keh`gh_ \ __ ij_^_eZo mkljhckl\h 5. Kihkh[ghklb q_eh\_dZ — wlh\iheg_\_jhylgh —\agZqbl_evghcqZklbjZkljZqb\Zxlky\imklmx ?keb\u\u^_ebeb\\h^gu_ij_^eh`_gbyg_lbj_Zkdh[dZfb\ulh`_ijZ\u 37. 1.Dhg_qgh ... .:\ijhq_fy ... ,dhlhjZy ... .Dhg_qghaf_b ... , gh ... . 2. ... ,dZdy m`_]h\hjbe ... .K^jm]hcklhjhgu ...`bagb ... fukeb ... . 3. ...^_^mkZfohl_elh]h bevg_l ... . 4.Gh ... ,]^_`b\_lijbjmq_ggucm^Z\ ... . 5. ... ,gh ... ,b ... ,dm^Z ... . 6. MkeurZ\ ... lZd...;hjg_h ... .<hl\_l ... lh_klvfu\Zkg_ihgbfZ_f b ... .;_eu_ ...f_klghklb ...DZgZ^Z wlh ... ,b ...k_e_gb_ Z ... . 191 Ijbf_juk\\h^gufb keh\Zfb 1, 2 K^jm]hcklhjhgu ... ) Ijbf_juk\\h^gufb Ijbf_ju[_a\\h^guokeh\b ij_^eh`_gbyfb ij_^eh`_gbc 2 <hh[jZ`_gb_ ... ), 3, 6 2 Hgh ... ), 4, 5, 6 G_dhlhju_ ... ) MkeurZ\ ... ;<hl\_l ... ; ;_eu_kijhkbeb ... ) 38. 1. ... , kha\_a^by fZeu_ ieZg_lu b ... fbnh\ :fmj :g^jhf_^Z IZeeZ^Z P_j_jZG_j_b^ZHjbhgIe_y^u ... . 2. ...\b^_elhl\_jxy ... . 3. ...e_kh\ ...djbdZo ...h[eZdh\ ...lZ\he]b ...em]h\dh]^Z ... . 4. ... ,gZijbf_j ... .<b^bfh ... . Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 3. 39. 1. ...]h\hjblqlh ... ,qlh ... .:ih]b[Zxlhllh]h bl_f [hevg_cq_f^hevr_ qlh ... . Kdh[dZfb\u^_e_gh\\h^gh_ij_^eh`_gb_ Ko_fZi_j\h]hij_^eh`_gby 40. < :glbevkdhf ... — DZjb[kdbf ah\ml _]h lZd`_ — bkoe_klZgZ ... — hgh __ ]hgblZ\_l_jgZaZ^hl]hgy_lZke_au`b\mllhevdh\i_kg_ — .... 41. 1. ... ,dZd ... 2. ... —Zwlhl ... 3. ... lZda\Zeb ... 4. ... —\wlhf ... m\_j_g — ... 5. ... —y`_ ...\b`m — ... ,baaZq_]h ... 6. ... —Z]eZaZ ... ykgu_ykgu_ — ... ,qlh ... 7. ... — fu ...ijh\_jbeb — ... ,bfu ... 42. 1.MjZ ... . 2.:o:j[Zlfhc:j[Zllufh_hl_q_kl\h ... . 43. 1.:oiheyfhb ... ! 2.Wo ... ! 3.Mn ... ! 4.:odZd ...]^_gb[m^v ...\_l_jdZd ... !:o ...gZk\_l_kem`[Z`bagvabfZ ... . 5.H\_jx\_jx ... ! 6.Wcyfsbd ... !QZc ... . 7.M\u ...m\y^Z_l[e_^g__l ... . 8.:olukl_ivfhy ...ijb\hevgZyRbjhdh ... , kl_ivihjZkdbgmeZkv ... ! 44. 1.M\u ... . 2.H ... .Kbyc ... ,ijhsZevguck\_lex[\bihke_^g_caZjb ... . 3. :o ... ! 4. ...dh`m ... .Fum\u ...g_koh`b ...g_l_eZ 45.<wlhff_kl_q_j_aj_qdmg_lfhklZbg_lgbiZjhfZgbeh^dbaeyi_j_ijZ\u Ijb^_lkyi_j_ijZ\eylvky\[jh^mgZkg_l^jm]h]h\uoh^Z A^_kvg_l —kdZam_fh_ 46. 2. ... dm^Zlh ^Ze_dh ... . G_l dZdhc ... , j_[ylZ ... ! 3. ... , q_f l_ dhlhju_ ... , dh]^Z ... . 4.G_l ...qblZl_ev ... !IhdjZcghklb_klv ... , blmqdbb\_dahehlhc ... . 5. ...kf__lky ... . 6.>Z ...agZx ...iZjZ ... kljZgu ...]blZjZZ ... 192 47. 1. ... ,gZ\k_]^Z ... ! 2. ...ghqghf ...kdjuebkv -- ... . 3.G_l ... . <_qghoheh^gu_ ... k\h[h^gu_ ...jh^bgu ... .5.Fg_dZ`_lkyqlh ... , dhlhjh_ ... ,dZd ... . 48. 3.G_lfug_ ...>Z^jmavy ... 6. ...khegurdh^Z\_k_ggb_ ... 49. 1.B\k_ih`Zemckeh\hfdgb]Z ...[_agZqZeZ ... . 2. ... .l_f ... dhjhq_ ... .:o ... dhehdhevqbd ... . 3.>Z ... ! ...hkljh\h\ ... . 4. ... ,lZdkdZaZlv ... . 5.G_l ... ,^Z ... ,^Z ... ,^Z ... ,Z ... . 6. ... ,q_f ... . 7. ...g_keh ...hlqZev ... .:o ... . 8. ... ,\^`mg]eyo ... .:l_ dhlhju__klv ... . <\h^gu_keh\Zbij_^eh`_gby F_`^hf_lby Keh\Z^Zbg_l 1, 4, 8 2, 7 3, 5, 6 50. 1.G_l ... . 3.HcluJmkvfhy ...djhldZy ... . 4.Wo\u ... ! ... , dhgb<b^gh ... ,\ aZebo\Zlkdhf ... . 5. ... —wlh ...DblZy — ...lbrbg_dhlhjZy ... .<^jm] g_ihgylghqlh ...\]heh\m ... ,b ... . 6.M ...k\_jdZxsZyqm^gZy ...^ZevJmkv 7.WoljhcdZ ... ,dlh ... ? 8. Wo dhgb dhgb ... ! 9. G_l g_ ... , gb ebp :o ... ! 10. ... , h ]h\hjb kh fghx ]h\hjb 11.>Z ... . 13.>Zkdbnu ... ,^ZZabZlu ... ! 14.H ... . Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 5 H^gZ`^u ... ). 51. 1. G_l ...Ijhklh_ij_^eh`_gb_hkeh`g_ggh_hljbpZl_evgufkeh\hfg_lG_ ..._]h ... .Ijhklh_ij_^eh`_gb_kh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbHdZd ... ,dZd ... !Ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ k f_`^hf_lb_f b h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb 2. G_l ^jmavy ... — khlgx jZa ijh\_jvl_ — ... b [ulv fh`_l ... . Wlh ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ k \\h^guf ij_^eh`_gb_f \\h^guf keh\hf h[jZs_gb_f keh\hf g_l 3. :o ... ! ... , dh]^Z ... , kZ^h\ q_jlh]h\ ... ! A^_kv keh`ghih^qbg_ggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ khklhys__ ba ^\mo qZkl_cIjb^ZlhqgZyqZklvhkeh`g_gZh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb=eZ\ghcij_^r_kl\m_l h[jZs_gb_ k f_`^hf_lb_f 4. jZaemd_ ... km^v[_ Fhkd\Z ... ! Wlh ijhklh_ ij_^eh`_gb_kh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbbh[jZs_gb_f\hkdebpZl_evgh_ 5. ... , qlh ... e_l ... iml_c ... . Wlh keh`ghih^qbg_ggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ ijb^ZlhqgZy qZklv k h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb G_l ... fbjh\ ... ^Zjh\ ... g_l ... h[fZgmlhc [hevghc ... \h fg_ ... . Wlh keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ ba q_luj_o qZkl_c lj_lvy b q_l\_jlZy qZklb hkeh`g_guh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb 6. GZr_ ...Ijhklh_ij_^eh`_gb_Kgbf ... ,gh ... ihwl qlh ... g_l b klZjhklb ... , Z fh`_l ... . Wlh keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ k khqbg_gb_f b ih^qbg_gb_f >\_ qZklb ]eZ\gu_ dh \lhjhc ]eZ\ghc qZklb hlghkylky ljbijb^ZlhqguoIhke_^gyyijb^ZlhqgZyqZklvhkeh`g_gZ\\h^gufkeh\hf Ko_fZij_^eh`_gby 5 (: y\Zf]h\hjx ... ): >Zgghc ko_f_ khhl\_lkl\m_l ij_^eh`_gb_ 6 K gbf b [_ak\_lZ 193 =eZ\Z V AZiylZyi_j_^khxahfdZd GZrimlvkd\havaZjhkebijh[e_fjmkkdhcimgdlmZpbbaZ\_jrZ_lkyh^ghcbakZfuo keh`guol_f —ihklZgh\dhcaZiylhci_j_^khxahfdZd ?kebgZf^hklZlhqghljm^ghkl_c^hklZ\eye^\mebdbc^\m\ZjbZglguckhxablh k khxahf dZd \k_ h[klhbl _s_ keh`g__ hg ihbklbg_ fgh]hebd b g_ lhevdh ijbkh_^bgy_l jZaghh[jZag_crb_ kbglZdkbq_kdb_ dhgkljmdpbb gh \ h^gbo kemqZyo lj_[m_laZiylhci_j_^gbfbZ\^jm]bodZl_]hjbq_kdb__aZij_sZ_l I_j\uf\ZrbfagZdhfkl\hfkkhxahfdZd[uekemqZcdh]^Z wlhlkhxakh_^bgy_l qZklbkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbybg_ij_f_gghlj_[m_laZiylhc<udwlhfmijb\udebb wlZ ijb\uqdZ fh`_l \Zk ih^lhedgmlv d ihklZgh\d_ agZdZ lZf ]^_ hg g_ gm`_g Ihwlhfm h^gZ ba \Zrbo aZ^Zq — gZmqblvky fm^jhfm \ha^_j`Zgbx hl ihklZgh\db g_gm`gh]hagZdZ <Zf agZdhf kemqZc dh]^Z aZiylhc i_j_^ dZd g_ lj_[m_lky Wlh kemqZc dh]^Z h^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh_^bgyxlkykeh`gufkhxahfdZd ... ,lZdb ... .AZiylZyklZ\blky g_i_j_^dZdZi_j_^lZdbb[h__aZdhggh_f_klh —g_i_j_^h^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfb Zf_`^mgbfb >jm]hckemqZcdh]^ZaZiylhci_j_^dZdg_gZ^hfuk_cqZkjZkkfhljbf HkdZam_fuokkhxahfdZd 1.GZc^bl_hkgh\u\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyo 1. Y ^he]h gZ[ex^Ze dZd hlqZeb\Z_l iZjhoh^ 2. <^hogh\_gb_ [ueh dZd i_j\Zy ex[h\v Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 L_i_jvhl\_lvl_qlhijbkh_^bgy_lkhxadZd\dZ`^hfbawlboij_^eh`_gbc ?keb \u jZkkm`^Zeb ijZ\bevgh \Zf klZeh ykgh qlh \ i_j\hf ijbf_j_ khxa dZd ijbkh_^bgy_l \lhjmx qZklv keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby Z ih \lhjhf - bf_ggmx qZklv khklZ\gh]hbf_ggh]hkdZam_fh]h<ugZ\_jgh_aZf_lbeblZd`_qlh\i_j\hfkemqZ_ aZiylZyklhblZ\h\lhjhfg_l :dZd\Zf[_ahrb[hqghhij_^_eblvqlh\h\lhjhf kemqZ_ khxa dZd ijbkh_^bgy_l bf_gghqZklvkhklZ\gh]hkdZam_fh]h"Hq_gvijhklh<uihfgbl_qlhkdZam_fh_g_k_l ^\_gZ]jmadbkfukeh\mxb]jZffZlbq_kdmxZ]eZ]hevgZyk\yadZ[ue [ueZ[ueh — lhevdh]jZffZlbq_kdmx?keb[uebeb[ueZ[uehg_k_l\ij_^eh`_gbbh[_gZ]jmadb YlZf[ue lhwlhkZfhklhyl_evgh_kdZam_fh_;_ebkfukeh\hcgZ]jmadbmg_]hg_l lh wlh lhevdh ]eZ]hevgZy k\yadZ ijbkh_^bgyxsZy bf_ggmx qZklv KdZaZlv ijhklh \^hogh\_gb_[uehg_^hklZlhqghWlh_s_g_kdZam_fh_:[uehdZdi_j\Zyex[h\v — wlhm`_kdZam_fh_iheghklvx\u 194 jZ`Zxs__ kfuke Bf_ggh ih kfukeh\hc gZ]jmad_ \u b [m^_l_ magZ\Zlv kdZam_fh_ k khxahf dZd =eZ]hevgZy k\yadZ fh`_l b hlkmlkl\h\Zlv G_[h dZd dhehdhe Gh dZd dhehdheg_k_l kfukeh\mx gZ]jmadm kdZam_fh]h Bsbl_ kfukeh\mx gZ]jmadm — b \u [_ahrb[hqghhlebqbl_kdZam_fh_hl\k_]hhklZevgh]hqlhijbkh_^bgy_lkhxadZd AZihfgbl_ hq_gv \Z`gh_ ijZ\beh ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gby _keb khxadZdijbkh_^bgy_lbf_ggmxqZklvkhklZ\gh]hkdZam_fh]haZiylZyi_j_^gbf g_klZ\blky Ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zf_s_h^bgaZ_fm^_lkl\ZwlhaZ^Zgb_khklZ\e_ggh_ihex[bfuf \k_fb kdZadZf :g^_jk_gZ >xcfh\hqdZ Kg_`gZy dhjhe_\Z JmkZehqdZ b H]gb\h 2. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby b aZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu Keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gbykkhxahf dZd Bf_ggZyqZklvkdZam_fh]hkkhxahfdZd 1.>xcfh\hqdZjZ^h\ZeZkvqlhdjm]hflZddjZkb\hZ\h^ZgZkhegp_dZdq_j\hggh_ ahehlh 2.DZ`^Zykg_`bgdZ[ueZ^ey>xcfh\hqdbdZdp_eZyehiZlZkg_]Z^eygZk 3. >xcfh\hqdZ\k_^_eZeZlZddZdijbdZau\ZeZ^h[jZyklZjZyfurv 4.IlbpZjZkkdZaZeZ >xcfh\hqd_ dZd hgZ ihjZgbeZ k_[_ djueh 5. =eZaZ m Kg_`ghc dhjhe_\u [ueb dZd a\_a^u 6. : qlh `_ [ueh k fZe_gvdhc =_j^hc ihke_ lh]h dZd bkq_a D_c" 7. Dh`Z m jmkZehqdb [ueZ dZd e_i_kldb jhau Z ]eZaZ dZd kbg__ fhj_ 8. < hldjulu_ yglZjgu_ hdgZ\ieu\Zebju[dbdZd\gZrbhdgZbghcjZa\e_lZxleZklhqdb 9.M\lhjhckh[Zdb ]eZaZdZdf_evgbqgu_dhe_kZghlug_im]Zcky 10.Mlj_lv_ckh[ZdbqlhlZfkb^blgZ kmg^md_dZ`^uc]eZadZddjm]eZy[Zrgy 11.Khe^ZldZdb]h\hjbeZ\_^vfZhqmlbeky\ [hevrhfijhoh^_]^_]hj_ebeZfiu <uibrbl_ ghf_j ij_^eh`_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h lZdhc ko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u V. KhxadZdbh^ghjh^gu_qe_gu Ihijh[mcl_ hij_^_eblv dZdmx jhev b]jZ_l khxa dZd \ ke_^mxs_f ij_^eh`_gbb Dj_klvygkdbc fZevqbd dZd lhevdh jh^blky lZd b gZqbgZ_l kljZklgh f_qlZlv ijhdZlblvky\_johfgZehrZ^b <Khehmobg ?keb\Zfwlhg_m^ZehkvkjZamk^_eZcl_]jZnbq_kdbcjZa[hjwlh]hij_^eh`_gby L_i_jvkdZ`bl_q_fhkeh`g_ghwlhij_^eh`_gb_ <u ijZ\u _keb hl\_lbeb lZd hgh hkeh`g_gh ^\mfy h^ghjh^gufb kdZam_fufb jh^blkybgZqbgZ_lf_qlZlv 195 :qlhklhbli_j_^dZ`^ufbawlbokdZam_fuo"I_j_^i_j\ufdZdi_j_^\lhjuf — lZd b Wlh ^\hcghc khxa dZd lZd b ..., jZaemq_gguc ^jm]bfb keh\Zfb gh \uihegyxsbc _^bgmx jhev — kh_^bgyxsbc h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu Lj_[m_l eb hg aZiylhci_j_^dZd"<kihfgbfahehlh_ijZ\behh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\aZiylZyklZ\blky lhevdhf_`^mh^ghjh^gufbqe_gZfbghgbdZdg_i_j_^gbfbIhwlhfm\klj_qZykvk h^ghjh^gufb qe_gZfb kh_^bg_ggufb ^\hcguf khxahf dZd , lZd b , \ha^_j`bl_kvhlihklZgh\dbaZiylhci_j_^dZdZklZ\vl___lhevdhi_j_^lZd 3. L_i_jvjZkklZ\vl_agZdb\ke_^mxsboij_^eh`_gbyoIhke_wlh]h\uibrbl_ghf_jZ ij_^eh`_gbck^\hcgufkhxahfdZdlZdb 1. G_dhlhju_ `b\hlgu_ b gZk_dhfu_ dZd m^Zehkv mklZgh\blv mq_guf aZf_qZxl lhevdh ^\b`msb_ky ij_^f_lu 2. Lj_[h\Zgby jZaguo jZkl_gbc dZd d k\_lm lZd b d ^jm]bf nZdlhjZf `bagb g_h^bgZdh\u 3. Ex^b klZjZxlky ihgylv dZd \hagbdZxl a_fe_ljyk_gby qlh[u aZjZg__ ij_^mij_`^Zlv k\yaZggu_ k gbfb [_^kl\by 4. Ba beexfbgZlhjZ dhkfbq_kdhc jZd_lu EmgZ [ueZ \b^gZ lZd dZd hgZ [u\Z_l \b^gZ \ l_e_kdhi k A_feb b ^Z`_ emqr_ HgZ [ueZ dZd h]jhfguc k\_jdZxsbc djm] ih G Ghkh\m 5. Dhkfbq_kdbc dhjZ[ev ij_^klZ\eye kh[hc dZd [u k\h_h[jZagh_ a^Zgb_ h[hjm^h\Zggh_ \k_f qlh g_h[oh^bfh dZd ^ey gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc lZd b ^ey ghjfZevghc`bagb 6.GZdZgmg_[ue\_l_jbgZi_kd_ dZd\k_]^Z[u\Z_lihke_ \_ljZ e_`ZeZ\hegbklZyjy[v DIZmklh\kdbc 7.Ij_djZkgZykdZadZgm`gZdZd^_lyflZdb \ajhkeuf 8. H[jZsZcky k ^jm]bfb lZd dZd lu ohl_e [u qlh[u h[jZsZebkv k lh[hc <hevl_j 9. >\_ k ebrgbf lukyqb e_l gZaZ^ hibku\Zy dZd ^he`_g ^_j`Zlvky \_`eb\uc b \hkiblZgguc q_eh\_d :jbklhl_ev hkh[_ggh ih^q_jdgme qlh hg [m^_l hkl_j_]Zlvkyh]hjqZlvex^_c 10.DjZfhevgbdh\]hjyqhbkljZklgh[ueij_^Zgk\h_c kljZg_bhlebqghagZedZdijhr_^r__lZdbgZklhys____ KS_^jbg 11.Mebp\ ihk_ed_ g_ [ueh ^hfbrdb dZd \klZeb lZd b klhyeb nZkZ^Zfb\jZagu_klhjhgu 12.GZq_fibhgZl_fbjZgZrb nb]mjbklubf_eb[hevrhcmki_odZd\h^bghqghflZdb\ iZjghfdZlZgbb 13.Bf_ggh[eZ]h^ZjyyaudmdZdiheZ]Zxl mq_gu_ dZ`^h_ ihdhe_gb_ fh`_l gZdZieb\Zlv agZgby b i_j_^Z\Zlvbo^jm]bfihdhe_gbyf <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd i_j_oh^bl_ d ke_^mxs_fm jZa^_em ?keb gZ^h ihlj_gbjh\Zlvky_s_k^_eZcl_ke_^mxs__aZ^Zgb_ 4.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1.Mki_oh[_avygu\bkdmkkl\_h[jZs_gbykbgkljmf_glZfbaZ\bkbldZdhlmf_gby h[_avygujZkkm`^ZlvlZdbhl__kihkh[ghklbhldZaZlvkyhlijb\uqgh]hih\_^_gby 2. I_j_^Z\Zlvkb]gZeu^jm] ^jm]m fh]ml dZd ex^b lZd b `b\hlgu_ 3. Mq_guf ohq_lky magZlvdZdbaq_]hlhqlh_s_g_[uehyaudhf\hagbdyaud 4.<l_^gbdZdihjZ^bh lZd 196 bihl_e_\b^_gbxi_j_^Z\Zebkvgh\hklbhdhkfhgZ\lZo 5.Eh\blvex[h_`b\hlgh_gZ ijbjh^_^h\hevghhiZkghdZd^ey`b\hlgh]hlZdb^eyeh\pZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 GZjbkm_f\h[s_f\b^_dZjlm^hjh]gZdhlhjuo\klj_qZ_lkykhxadZd =ey^y gZ ljb i_j\u_ klj_edb \u fh`_l_ kjZam ko\Zlblv ljb ijZ\beZ ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]h ih\_^_gby ijb \klj_q_ k khxahf dZd 1) h qZklyo keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby \\h^guo ij_^eh`_gbyo \\h^guo keh\Zo 2) h[ bf_gghc qZklb khklZ\gh]hkdZam_fh]h 3)h[h^ghjh^guoqe_gZokhkeh`gufkhxahfdZd ... ,lZdb ... .Lhqlh\u\b^bl_gZ^\moihke_^gboklj_edZogm`^Z_lky\h[klhyl_evghfjZa[hj_b ^Zevg_cr_fijhq_jqb\ZgbbdZjluihoh^mjZ[hlu H^gh\j_f_ggh k wlbf \Zf klhbl bf_lv \ \b^m qlh dZd fh`_l ijbkmlkl\h\Zlv \ ij_^eh`_gbb g_ ijbkh_^bgyy j_rbl_evgh gbdZdh]h k_fZglbdhkbglZdkbq_kdh]h [ehdZ Z lhevdh y\eyykv kj_^kl\hf \ujZabl_evghklb j_qb Fu dZd ke_^m_l ihljm^bebkvYklZjZekydZdfh`gh 197 ^hevr_ g_ jZkklZ\Zlvky k ^jmavyfb Ly`_klv ihdeZ`b dZd [m^lh mf_gvrbeZkv Y dZdjZakh[bjZekyhlijZ\blvkygZdZlhdbli LZdb_ \klj_qb k dZd fh]ml klZlv ^ey \Zk eh\mrdhc ijh\hpbjmxs_c gZ g_hijZ\^ZggmxihklZgh\dmaZgylhcLZdqlh[m^vl_[^bl_evgu >h[Z\bf_s_h^gm^hjh`dmdgZr_cdZjl_ G_dhlhju_keh`ghklb khkeh`gufij_^eh`_gb_f <k_ qlh gZibkZgh gZ i_j\hc ^hjh`d_ gZr_c dZjlu \u m`_ ohjhrh agZ_l_ IhklZgh\dm aZiylhc i_j_^ [_ahiZkgufb khxaZfb b khxagufb keh\Zfb f_`^m qZklyfb keh`gh]hij_^eh`_gby\u_kebg_\khkZeb k fhehdhf fZl_jb lh \h \kydhf kemqZ_ agZ_l_ k l_o ihj dZd gZmqbebkv hlebqZlv keh`gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ hl ijhklh]h H^gZdh khxa dZd fh`_l kh_^bgylv qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khklZ\_ keh`guo khxah\ k l_o ihj dZd ih f_j_ lh]h dZd \ lh \j_fy dZd lZd dZd < lZdbo kemqZyo aZiylZy klZ\blky eb[h i_j_^ dZd eb[h i_j_^ \k_f keh`guf khxahf Ijb\_^_f ijbf_juBa[_]Zcimkluoj_q_clZddZdbkoh^bo —jZkdZygb_ ZjZ[kdZyihkeh\bpZ ?keb keh`guc khxa klhbl \ gZqZe_ ij_^eh`_gby hg lZd`_ g_ jZaj_aZ_lky aZiylhc i_j_^ dZd \ wlhf kemqZ_ aZiylZy klhbl lhevdh gZ ]jZgbp_ f_`^m qZklyfb ij_^eh`_gbyGZijbf_j Kl_oihjdZd\_qguckm^by Fg_^Ze\k_\_^_gv_ijhjhdZ <hqZoex^_cqblZxy KljZgbpuaeh[ubihjhdZ FXE_jfhglh\ 198 ?keb keh`gu_ khxau klhyl \ k_j_^bg_ ij_^eh`_gby \hafh`gZ jZaebqgZy ihklZgh\dZ agZdh\ Fu [em`^Zeb ih e_km k l_o ihj dZd gZqZeZkv ]jhaZ Fu [em`^Zebihe_kmkl_oihjdZdgZqZeZkv]jhaZ 5. I_j_ibrbl_ lZ[ebpm \ l_ljZ^v JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ ij_^eh`_gbyo ihevamykv ie_gdhc AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc klhe[bdlZ[ebpu Keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gbyqZklb dhlhjuokh_^bg_gu khxahfdZd Ij_^eh`_gbykh keh`gufkhxahf \dexqZxsbfdZd\ keh`ghfij_^eh`_gbb Ij_^eh`_gby\dhlhjuodZd — lhevdhkj_^kl\h\ujZabl_evghklb j_qb Ihql_ggucaZfhd[ueihkljh_g DZdaZfdbkljhblvky^he`gu BE_gkdbc`fmjye_\uc]eZa KlZelh`_p_eblvghdZdjZa Hg_]bg\uklj_ebe IjhfqZehkvfgh]hfgh]h^g_c Kl_oihjdZdxgZyLZlvygZ Bkg_cHg_]bg\kfmlghfkg_ Y\bebky\i_j\u_fg_ :KImrdbg Hljyogmehijylghjmdb BdZd^he]\_ebl\^hfm IhdehgbekybklZjmo_ Bkhe^ZlmkZfhfm :L\Zj^h\kdbc KZfu_ij_djZkgu_dm\rbgu >_eZxlkybah[uqghc]ebgu LZd`_dZdij_djZkgucklbo Kha^Zxlbakeh\ijhkluo J=ZfaZlh\ 6. Fgh]b_ jmkkdb_ keh\Z kZfb ih k_[_ baemqZxl ihwabx ih^h[gh lhfm dZd ^jZ]hp_ggu_dZfgbbaemqZxllZbgkl\_gguck\_l DIZmklh\kdbc 7.Ihg_[mdZdjZa \ wlhl fhf_gl \^jm] aZiheuoZeb aZlj_sZeb h]g_ggu_ af_b \ha^mo aZk\_jdZe b jZkdZebeky 8.Ih^h[ghlhfmdZdfbdjhkdhikem`blq_eh\_dmhdghf\g_\b^bfucfbj fbdjh[h\ lZd b l_e_kdhi fh`gh ih ijZ\m gZa\Zlv hdghf \h <k_e_ggmx D >hf[jh\kdbc 9. K l_o ihj dZd wdki_^bpby ihdbgmeZ jh^gu_ djZy ijhreb ^he]b_ f_kypu 10.Ihf_j_lh]hdZdimlgbdbm]em[eyebkv\e_^ygmximklugxijh^\b`_gb_ klZgh\behkv \k_ ljm^g__ 11. B ex^b b _a^h\u_ kh[Zdb [ueb bklhs_gu lZd dZd ijbiZkuih^oh^bebddhgpm Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 199 BlZd gZ ^Zgghf hlj_ad_ gZr_]h imlb fu l\_j^h agZ_f q_luj_ ijZ\beZ ohjhr_]h imgdlmZpbhggh]hih\_^_gby 1. ?keb khxa dZd kh_^bgy_l qZklb keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby i_j_^ gbf klZ\blky aZiylZy 2.?kebdZd\oh^bl\khklZ\keh`gh]hkhxaZ ih^h[ghlhfmdZdihf_j_lh]hdZdk l_oihjdZdbl^ aZgylZyklZ\blkyeb[hi_j_^\k_fkhxahfeb[hi_j_^dZd 3. ?keb khxa dZd ijbkh_^bgy_l bf_ggmx qZklv khklZ\gh]h kdZam_fh]h aZiylZy i_j_^gbfg_klZ\blky 4. Bgh]^Z dZd qZs_ \k_]h \ khq_lZgbyo dZd [u dZd jZa dZd ke_^m_l dZd fh`gh [hevr_ b lg g_ ijbkh_^bgy_l j_rbl_evgh gbdZdbo [ehdh\ b hl aZgylhc \ wlbo kemqZyogZ^h\ha^_j`Zlvky Ijbeh`_gb_gZ^\h_kdZaZeh Fuk\Zfbh[km^bebkemqZbdh]^ZaZgylZyi_j_^dZdlhqghklZ\blkybeblhqghg_ klZ\blky GZihfgbl_ wlb kemqZb kZfb k_[_ Z _keb wlh \Zk aZljm^gy_l ijhkfhljbl_ fZl_jbZe _s_ jZa L_i_jv fu i_j_oh^bf d [he__ dZijbaghfm kemqZx — d ijbeh`_gbx k khxahf dZd ?]h dZijbau aZ\bkyl hl ^hihegbl_evguo kfukeh\uo agZq_gbbdhlhjufbhghfh`_l[ulvgZ]jm`_gh 1. ?keb ijbeh`_gb_ k khxahf dZd bf__l agZq_gb_ ijbqbgghklb hgh \u^_ey_lky aZiylufb DZd bklbgguc njZgpma \ dZjfZg_ Ljbd_ ijb\_a dmie_l LZlvyg_ : K Imrdbg Ihq_fmhgijb\_admie_lLZlvyg_" — dZdbklbggucnjZgpma 2.?keb ijbeh`_gb_ k khxahf dZd bf__l kfukeh\h_ agZq_gb_ \ dZq_kl\_ lh hgh g_\u^_ey_lkyaZiylufb;h]Zlohjhrkh[hxE_gkdbc\_a^_[ueijbgyldZd`_gbo :KImrdbg ;ueijbgyl\dZdhfdZq_kl\_" — dZd`_gbo 3. ?keb ^hihegbl_evguo agZq_gbc m ijbeh`_gby g_l hgh \u^_ey_lky aZiylhc LZdhcbgkljmf_gldZdhl\_jldZ\k_]^Zijb]h^blky\ ohayckl\_ A^_kv gb lh]h gb ^jm]h]h\hijhkZihklZ\blvg_evay Ljm^ghklb \ \Zr_c jZ[hl_ k ijbeh`_gbyfb bf_xl ^\hydbc oZjZdl_j \hi_j\uo gZ^h hlebqZlv ijbeh`_gby hl \k_o m`_ agZdhfuo \Zf kemqZ_\ \h\lhjuo — jZaebqZlv^h\hevghlhgdb_kfukeh\u_hll_gdbijbeh`_gbc L_i_jvwlhlmqZklhdgZdZjl_gZrbo^hjh][m^_l\u]ey^_lvlZd kfk 199). 6. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby AZibrbl_ ghf_j dZ`^h]h ij_^eh`_gby \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbcklhe[bdlZ[ebpu Ijbeh`_gbykhagZq_gb_f\dZq_kl\_ Ijbeh`_gbykhagZq_gb_fijbqbgu 1.Mq_gu_oZjZdl_jbamxl`bjZnmkZfdmdZdiehomxfZlvdhlhjZyihdb^Z_lk\h_]h l_e_gdZ q_j_a f_kyp ihke_ jh`^_gby 2. < ihke_^g__ \j_fy g_dhlhju_ ahheh]b \ukdZau\Zxlij_^iheh`_gb_qlhihehkdbgZ 200 dh`_ a_[j ihy\bebkv dZd kj_^kl\h ij_^hojZgyxs__ hl mdmkh\ fmob p_p_ Mq_gu_ ij_^iheZ]Zxl qlh ba^Zeb fmoZ p_p_ \b^bl a_[jm ebrv dZd k\_lehk_jh_ iylgh 3. =_jZkbfmdZdhlebqghfmjZ[hlgbdmlml`_^Zebdhkm\jmdb BKLmj]_g_\ 4.DZd bklbggh ^h[juc ]_jhc kdZadb Wfbev gbdh]^Z g_ ohq_l gbdh]h h[b^_lv gZh[hjhl hg kljZklgh `_eZ_l qlh[u \k_f [ueh dZd fh`gh emqr_ K FboZedh\ 5. QblZxsZy im[ebdZ mki_eZ ijb\udgmlv d Q_oh\m dZd xfhjbklm D N_^bg 6. DZd q_eh\_d aZf_qZl_evgh]h mfZ ;ZaZjh\ g_ \klj_qZe jZ\gh]h k_[_ > IbkZj_\ 7. H kljhbl_evkl\_dbghl_ZljZ]h\hjbebdZdh^_e_j_r_gghf8.DZdbklbggucom^h`gbd Imrdbg g_ gm`^Zeky \ \u[hj_ ihwlbq_kdbo ij_^f_lh\ ^ey k\hbo ijhba\_^_gbc gh ^eyg_]h\k_ij_^f_lu[uebjZ\ghbkiheg_guihwab_c <=;_ebgkdbc 9.RdZlmedZ k ibkvfZfb i_j_oh^beZ ba jh^Z \ jh^ dZd \_ebqZcrZy ^jZ]hp_gghklv 10. DZd hiulguce_dlhj:e_dk_cijb[_j_]kZfh_bgl_j_kgh_khh[s_gb_gZdhg_pe_dpbb 11. Keh\Zjv MrZdh\Z dZd deZkkbq_kdbc k\h^ jmkkdhc e_dkbdb i_j_ba^Z_lky \ DblZ_ b KR:\hNjZgpbbbYihgbb <uibrbl_ ghf_j ke_^mxs_cko_f_ ij_^eh`_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h 201 Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 ?keb m \Zk g_ [ueh hrb[hd ijhimklbl_ ke_^mxs__ aZ^Zgb_ ?keb [ueb — \uihegycl_\k_ih^jy^ 7.JZkklZ\vl_ijhims_ggu_agZdb\ij_^eh`_gbyo 1. DZd ihwl gh\h]h \j_f_gb ;Zlxrdh\ g_ fh] \ k\hx hq_j_^v g_ aZieZlblv ^Zgb jhfZglbafm < = ;_ebgkdbc 2. DZd ebl_jZlhj =ZjbgFboZceh\kdbc jZ[hlZe \ kh\_jr_ggh g_ih^oh^ysbo mkeh\byo b m^b\bl_evgh qlh hg fh] ijb _]h g_ihk_^eb\hklbgZibkZlvlZdb_\_sbdZd>_lkl\hLzfu=bfgZabkluKlm^_glu 3. Ihqlb \ dZ`^hf jZkkdZa_ h ijbdexq_gbyo R_jehdZ OhefkZ _]h fukebl_evgZy jZ[hlZ ^_fhgkljbjm_lky dZd hkgh\ghc _]h ih^\b] D Qmdh\kdbc 4. M^b\bl_evghc dZaZeZkvex[h\vNjZ_jfZgZd>Zevg_fm<hklhdm_]hkihkh[ghklvhsmsZlvwlhldjZc dZd k\hx jh^bgm <_kv djZc \ jZkkdZaZo NjZ_jfZgZ dZd [u ihy\ey_lky ba mlj_gg_]h lmfZgZ b lhj`_kl\_ggh jZkp\_lZ_l ih^ khegp_f =eZ\gh_ \ dgb]Zo NjZ_jfZgZ wlh ex^b Ih`Zemc gbdlh ba gZrbo ibkZl_e_c _s_ g_ ]h\hjbe h ex^yo jZaguo gZjh^ghkl_c >Zevg_]h <hklhdZ h lmg]mkZo ]beydZo gZgZcpZo dhj_cpZo k lZdhc ^jm`_kdhc l_iehlhc dZd NjZ_jfZg D IZmklh\kdbc 5. Y agZe qlh djhf_ lZdbo [hevrbo ieZg_l dZd A_fey Xibl_j FZjk <_g_jZ kms_kl\mxl _s_ khlgb ^jm]bo b kj_^b gbo lZdb_ fZe_gvdb_ qlh bo ^Z`_ \ l_e_kdhi ljm^gh jZa]ey^_lv : K_gl Wdaxi_jb 6. >Z`_ dh]^Z fu g_ fh`_f ihfhqv q_eh\_dm gbqlh g_ fh`_l [ulv _fm lZd^hjh]hdZdg_kdhevdhh[h^jyxsbokeh\keh\mqZklby L_i_jvhl\_lvl_\dZdhfijbf_j_kh\k_fg_lijbeh`_gby <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hlZdhcko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 AZh^gh k ijbeh`_gbyfb h[jZlbf \gbfZgb_ gZ keh\hkhq_lZgby g_ dlh bghc dZd b g_qlhbgh_dZdA^_kvgbdZdboij_fm^jhkl_cg_lm\b^_eblZdh_keh\hkhq_lZgb_ — kf_ehklZ\vl_aZiylmxi_j_^dZdHk\_`bl_\iZfylbijZ\hibkZgb_wlboh[hjhlh\ >Z\Zcl_g_fgh]hihlj_gbjm_fky 8.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ke_^mxsboijbf_jZo 1.JZkl_gbydhlhju_fum\b^_ebgZkdehg_]hju[uebg_qlhbgh_dZdfZl_jbZe^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby e_dZjkl\ 2. Wlb qm^_kgu_ p\_lu [ueb g_ qlh bgh_ dZd lxeviZgu 3. I_j_^g_c[ueg_dlhbghcdZdiml_r_kl\mxsbci_rdhfW]evba\_klguckh[bjZl_ev i_k_ge_]_g^ij_^ZgbcbkdZahd :=jbg 4.AgZc`_[eZ]hkeh\_gg_crbcbahljhdh\ qlhyg_dlhbghcdZdfh]mqbcbijhkeZ\e_gguc\h\k_oq_luj_okljZgZok\_lZ^`bgg =ZkkZg:[^mjjZofZgb[gOhllZ[lh _klv kug OhllZ[Z 5. : wlhl hljhd b _klv g_ dlh bghcdZdl\hc^jm]@_gy" EEZ]bg Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 202 KjZ\gbl_evgu_h[hjhlu L_i_jv fu i_j_oh^bf d \Z`g_cr_c jZ[hl_ khxaZ dZd — d \u^_e_gbx kjZ\g_gby Wlm`_jZ[hlm\uihegyxlbkbghgbfukhxaZdZd[m^lhkeh\ghdZd[m^lh lhqgh jh\gh dZd b ^jm]b_ KjZ\g_gb_ lh _klv \uy\e_gb_ koh^kl\Z b jZaebqby f_`^m ij_^f_lZfb y\e_gbyfb kh[ulbyfb — h^gZ ba \Z`g_crbo klhjhg jZ[hlu gZr_c fukebIhfg_gbxnjZgpmakdh]hnbehkhnZ=_ev\_pby\_kvgZrmf\lhfbkhklhbl qlh[u aZf_qZlv koh^kl\Z b jZaebqby : kjZ\gbl_evgu_ h[hjhlu \ gZr_f yaud_ g_ lhevdh i_j_^Zxl koh^kl\h beb jZaebqb_ gh b ijb^Zxl yaudm djZkhlm b \ujZabl_evghklv ImgdlmZpbhggh_ ijZ\beh h kjZ\gbl_evghf h[hjhl_ g_ lZd m` keh`gh hg \k_]^Z \u^_ey_lkyaZiylufbk^\moklhjhg<hllZd:gqZjdZd]jhagucqZkh\hcklhblh^bg \h\k_c\k_e_gghc :KImrdbg <q_f`_aZdexqZxlky\Zrbljm^ghklbbhldm^Z[_jmlky\Zrbhrb[db" I_j\Zy ljm^ghklv — g_^hklZlhqgh \^mfqb\h_ hlghr_gb_ d l_dklm ?keb \u g_ ihgyeb qlh \ ij_^eh`_gbb qlhlh k q_flh kjZ\gb\Z_lky \u b g_ aZf_lbl_ kjZ\gbl_evgh]hh[hjhlZHlkx^Zg_obljuc\u\h^\k_]^ZklZjZcl_kvihgbfZlvl_dkl dhlhjuc\uaZibku\Z_l_ <lhjZyljm^ghklvkhklhbl\lhfqlhkj_^bkjZ\g_gbc\klj_qZxlkykbglZdkbq_kdb_ dZjebdb b kbglZdkbq_kdb_ \_ebdZgu <hl dZd fh]ml \u]ey^_lv kjZ\g_gby dZjebdb bo fh`gh kemqZcgh b g_ aZf_lblv Y kZf dZd a\_jv [ue qm`^ ex^_c b iheabijylZekydZdaf_c FXE_jfhglh\ :\hldZdfh]ml\u]ey^_lvkjZ\g_gby “\_ebdZgu I_j_^ gbfb dZd hdZf_g_\rb_ \h \j_fy rlhjfZ hd_Zgkdb_ \hegu jZkklbeZebkv ]hjgu_ oj_[lu DZdbo [_^ fh`gh gZl\hjblv k lZdbf ij_^eh`_gb_f" <hi_j\uo ijhklh aZ[ulv aZdjulv h[hjhl aZiylhc WlZ [_^Z kemqZ_lky kh \k_fb jZkijhkljZg_ggufb h[hjhlZfb meh\b\ _]h gZqZeh fgh]b_ g_ m^_j`b\Zxl _]h \ iZfylb ^h dhgpZ — b lh]^Z ijhsZc \lhjZy aZiylZy <h\lhjuo g_ \^mfZ\rbkv \ kfuke h[hjhlZ jZaj_aZlv \_ebdZgZ ihlhjhib\rbkv ihklZ\blv aZiylmx jZgvr_ \j_f_gbgZijbf_jihke_keh\ZhdZf_g_\rb_bl_fkZfufij_\jZlblvij_^eh`_gb_\ ihegmx[_kkfukebpm GZf ijboh^behkv aZf_qZlv qlh kjZ\g_gby mimkdZxlky ba \b^m qZs_ \ gZqZe_ b k_j_^bg_ij_^eh`_gbyq_f\dhgp_bg_ijZ\bevgh\u^_eyxlkyqZs_\klbohl\hjghf l_dkl_q_f\ijhaZbq_kdhf BgZdhg_pk_jv_agZyhiZkghklvkhklhbl\\hafh`ghklbi_j_imlZlvkjZ\gbl_evguc h[hjhlk^jm]bfbkemqZyfbmihlj_[e_gbykhxaZdZdkhkdZam_fufijbkh_^bgy_fuf wlbf khxahf k ijbeh`_gb_f bf_xsbf agZq_gb_ \ dZq_kl\_ b k njZa_heh]bq_kdbfbh[hjhlZfbhdhlhjuoj_qvihc^_l^Zevr_ Qlh[u qm\kl\h\Zlv k_[y m\_j_gg__ ijb \klj_q_ k khxahf dZd aZ^Z\Zcl_ k_[_ \hijhk kjZ\gb\Z_lky eb a^_kv qlhlh k q_flh" <hl lZd JZklj_iZgguc \hjh[_c \e_l_e \ ajbl_evguc aZe dZd jZa \ fhf_gl hdhgqZgby ki_dlZdey KjZ\gb\Z_lky eb a^_kv qlhlh k q_flh" G_l B \u^_eylv aZiylufb g_q_]h FZfZ ih^mfZeZ qlh \hl lZd `_ dZd kg_] kuiexlky gZ ex^_c kqZkleb\u_ kgu b kdZadb D IZmklh\kdbc A^_kv 203 kqZkleb\u_ kgu b kdZadb kjZ\gb\Zxlky k kuiexsbfky gZ ex^_c kg_]hf — b fu kf_eh\u^_ey_faZiylufbkjZ\gbl_evguch[hjhldZdkg_] DZd \b^bl_ ljm^ghkl_c fgh]h gh rZ] aZ rZ]hf fu bo ij_h^he__f DZd ]h\hjbl ihkeh\bpZ]eZaZ[hylkyZjmdb^_eZxl 9.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgbybih^q_jdgbl_kjZ\g_gby\ijbf_jZobaijhba\_^_gbc : K ImrdbgZ H^bg ba ijbf_jh\ ih \u[hjm aZihfgbl_ gZbamklv b aZibrbl_ ih iZfylb <^jm]rZl_j JZkiZogmekyb^_\bpZ R_fZoZgkdZypZjbpZ <kykbyydZdaZjy Lboh\klj_lbeZpZjy A^jZ\kl\mcdgyavlufhcij_djZkguc Qlh`lulbodZd^_gvg_gZklguc" Ibjm_lk^jm`bghx\_sbcHe_] Ijba\hg_\_k_ehfklZdZgZ Bdm^jbbo[_eudZdmlj_ggbckg_] GZ^keZ\ghc]eZ\hxdmj]ZgZ >bdZi_qZevgZfheqZeb\Z DZdeZgve_kgZy[hyaeb\Z HgZ\k_fv_k\h_cjh^ghc DZaZeZkv^_\hqdhcqm`hc. Mqbl_kv\eZkl\h\Zlvkh[hx G_\kydbc\ZkdZdyihcf_l Gh\hlm`[ebadhI_j_^gbfb M`[_ehdZf_gghcFhkd\u DZd`Zjdj_klZfbahehlufb =hjylklZjbggu_]eZ\u Hg\ha\jZlbekybihiZe DZdQZpdbckdhjZ[eygZ[Ze HgZdZdk^Z\gbfb^jmavyfb Kk\hbfbjhsZfb^m]Zfb ?s_[_k_^h\Zlvki_rbl Djm]eZdjZkgZebphfhgZ DZdwlZ]emiZyemgZ GZwlhf]emihfg_[hkdehg_ G_\Zf_lZeZkvdZd[hevghc <k\h_cihkl_eb[_kihdhcghc ;_amfguoe_lm]Zkr__\_k_ev_ Fg_ly`_ehdZdkfmlgh_ihof_ev_ GhdZd\bghi_qZevfbgm\rbo^g_c <fh_c^mr_q_fklZj_l_fkbevg_c 204 ;_`blbkeurblaZkh[hc DZd[m^lh]jhfZ]jhohlZgv_ Ly`_eha\hgdh_kdZdZgv_ Ihihljyk_gghcfhklh\hc GZdjuevp_ Kih^tylhceZihcdZd`b\u_ Klhyebev\uklhjh`_\u_ LZlvygZ^he]h\d_ev_fh^ghc DZdhqZjh\ZgZklhbl DZdmkljmfyguo[_ameu[db ;_a]jZffZlbq_kdhchrb[db Yjmkkdhcj_qbg_ex[ex L_i_jv \uibrbl_ ghf_jZ ijbf_jh\ \ dhlhjuo kjZ\g_gby gZoh^ylky \ k_j_^bg_ ij_^eh`_gby ghf_jZij_^eh`_gbckjZkijhkljZg_ggufbkjZ\g_gbyfb\_ebdZgZfb Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 >Z\Zcl_ g_ mimklbf ba \b^m qlh kjZ\gbl_evguc h[hjhl fh`_l gZqbgZlvky g_ lhevdh khxahf dZd beb _]h kbghgbfZfb keh\gh [m^lh dZd [m^lh lhqgh gh b khq_lZgbyfblZd`_dZdjZ\ghdZdb^j 10.JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby\ij_^eh`_gbyo 1. DmevlmjZ jZ\gh dZd b [_kdmevlmjv_ fh]ml ijhy\eylvky ihjZaghfm 2. >j_\gb_ jbfeyg_]h\hjbebqlhdgb]blZd`_dZdbex^bbf_xlk\hxkm^v[m E_^g_hdj_irbcgZj_qd_klm^_ghc Keh\ghdZdlZxsbckZoZje_`bl Hdhehe_kZdZd\fy]dhcihkl_eb <ukiZlvkyfh`ghIhdhcbijhklhj Ebklvyih[e_dgmlv_s_g_mki_eb @_elubk\_`be_`ZldZddh\_j G:G_djZkh\ 4. E_\blZg lZd `_ dZd Imrdbg b Lxlq_\ b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ `^Ze hk_gb dZd kZfh]h ^hjh]h]hbfbfhe_lgh]h\j_f_gb]h^Z DIZmklh\kdbc < q_l\_jlhf ijbf_j_ _klv eh\mrdZ dhlhjZy fh`_l kijh\hpbjh\Zlv \Zk gZ hrb[dm M^Zehkveb\Zfh[gZjm`blvwlmeh\mrdmbg_hrb[blvky" Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 : l_i_jv ^Z\Zcl_ mqblvky g_ imlZlv kjZ\g_gby k ^jm]bfb kemqZyfb mihlj_[e_gby khxaZdZd <hl\Zfijbf_judZdjZkkm`^Zlv\jZaguokemqZyo 1.YohqmieZ\ZlvdZdfh`gh[uklj__?klveba^_kvkjZ\g_gb_"G_lY\ey_lkyeb wlhij_^eh`_gb_keh`guf"G_lAgZqblbaZiylhcg_gZ^h 205 2. J_dZ dZd ]hem[Zy e_glZ A^_kv gZ^h j_rblv kdZam_fh_ wlh beb kjZ\gbl_evguc h[hjhlDZdb_keh\Z\wlhfij_^eh`_gbbg_kmlkfukeh\mxgZ]jmadmkdZam_fh]h"DZd ]hem[Zye_glZGbdZdh]h^jm]h]hkdZam_fh]ha^_kvg_lAgZqblaZgylhcg_gZ^h 3. HgZmkdhevag_ldZdaf_y\kihjog_lbmfqblkydZdilbqdZ FXE_jfhglh\ A^_kvhgZkjZ\gb\Z_lkybkhaf__cbkilbqdhcGZ^hklZ\blvaZiylu_ 11. JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby <uibrbl_ ghf_jZ ij_^eh`_gbc kh kjZ\g_gbyfb JZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc 1. IeZg_lZ FZe_gvdh]h ijbgpZ klhyeZ dZd jZa gZ^ gZfb 2. GZ jZkk\_l_ i_khd klZgh\bekyahehlhcdZdf_^ 3.Dh]^Zlu^Zefg_gZiblvkylZ\h^Z[ueZdZdfmaudZ 4. Wlh[uehdZdkZfucij_djZkgucibj 5.By[hxkvklZlvlZdbfdZd\ajhkeu_dhlhjuf gbq_]hg_bgl_j_kghdjhf_pbnj 6.Lu^eyf_gyihdZ\k_]hebrvfZe_gvdbcfZevqbd lZdhc `_ dZd klh lukyq ^jm]bo fZevqbdh\ 7. Y ih^[_`Ze d kl_g_ dZd jZa \h\j_fy qlh[uih^o\Zlblvfh_]hFZe_gvdh]hijbgpZ :K_glWdaxi_jb Hgij_djZk_g Hg\_kvdZd;h`by]jhaZ BhgihfqZekyij_^ihedZfb Fh]msbjZ^hkl_gdZd[hc DZdiZoZjv[bl\Zhl^uoZ_l :KImrdbg 11.YdZdfZljhkjh`^_ggucb\ujhkrbcgZiZem[_jZa[hcgbqv_]h[jb]Z Ih^gbfDZa[_ddZd]jZgvZefZaZ Kg_]Zfb\_qgufbkbye FXE_jfhglh\ :l_i_jvhl\_lvl__s_jZaijhkfhlj_\ij_^eh`_gbydZdmxjhevb]jZ_lkhxadZd\ hklZevguoij_^eh`_gbyo Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 12.K_cqZk\ukgh\ZjZkklZ\bl_agZdb\uibr_l_ghf_jZij_^eh`_gbckhkjZ\g_gbyfb bhij_^_ebl_dZdmxjhevb]jZ_lkhxadZd\hklZevguoijbf_jZo 1.H[_avyguba\_klgudZd\_kvfZbkdmkgu_ih^jZ`Zl_eb 2.>_evnbgudZdbex^b ihklhyggh h[sZxlky ^jm] k ^jm]hf 3. =hehkh\u_ mijZ`g_gby q_eh\_dhh[jZaguo h[_avygrbfiZga_\u]ey^yldZdgZ[hj\hie_cb\ha]eZkh\ 4.Ij_^Zgb_jZkkdZau\Z_l qlhi_j]Zf_gldZdfZl_jbZe^eyibkvfZbah[j_eb\fZehZabckdhf]hjh^_I_j]Zf_]^_ [ueZ aZf_qZl_evgZy [b[ebhl_dZ 5. Kms_kl\mxl ijhba\_^_gby bkdmkkl\Z fgh]h]jZggu_ dZd fbj b dZd hg g_bkq_jiZ_fu_ 6. Ihe_kv_ khojZgbehkv m f_gy \ iZfylbdZdi_qZevgZyghg_fgh]haZ]Z^hqgZykljZgZ DIZmklh\kdbc 7.?keb\j_fy fh`_l ih]Zkblv ex[h\v b \k_ ^jm]b_ q_eh\_q_kdb_ qm\kl\Z dZd b kZfmx iZfylv h q_eh\_d_ lh ^ey ih^ebgghc ebl_jZlmju hgh kha^Z_l [_kkf_jlb_ D IZmklh\kdbc 8. Hldgb]iZoehl_faZiZohfdhlhjuchklZeky\fhbo\hkihfbgZgbyodZdh^bg 206 baijbylg_crbo aZiZoh\ dZdhc m^Zehkv fg_ keurZlv ohly gh ijZ\^_ ]h\hjy wlh [ue aZiZo g_kdhevdh aZloeuc X Ke_rZ 9. Kj_^b om^h`_kl\_gguo ijhba\_^_gbc \hkvfb^_kyluo ]h^h\ ih ijhba\_^_gghfm gZ h[s_kl\h \i_qZle_gbx i_j\h_ f_klh \_jhylgh aZgye [u nbevf L:[meZ^a_ IhdZygb_ Hg \hkijbgbfZeky dZd nbevf h KlZebg_ h ^bdlZlhj_ \hh[s_ h l_jjhj_ h ^h[j_ b ae_ h ;h]_ b h ^vy\he_ h ^hjh]_ dhlhjZy g_ \_^_l d OjZfm ;Dhqm[_c 10. GZ[ex^Zl_evghklv R_jehdZ OhefkZ dZ`_lky ihqlb k\_jot_kl_kl\_gghc Hg \ujZ[hlZe __ \ k_[_ ^he]bfb ]h^Zfb lj_gbjh\db b[h gZ[ex^Zl_evghklv dZd b \kydmx ^jm]mx kihkh[ghklv mfZ fh`gh bahsjylv b kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zlv Hg ih^f_qZ_l \ hdjm`Zxs_f fbj_ lZdb_ y\e_gby fbfhdhlhjuofuh[uqghijhoh^bfdZdke_iu_ DQmdh\kdbc <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hlZdhcko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 13. IhjZ[hlZcl_ dhjj_dlhjhf GZc^bl_ b bkijZ\vl_ imgdlmZpbhggu_ hrb[db 1. Hkgh\ghc hkljh\ Yihgkdh]h Zjobi_eZ]Z Ohgkx g_ himkdZ_lky dZd ml\_j`^Zeb mq_gu_jZgvr_Zihkl_i_gghih^gbfZ_lkygZ^mjh\g_fLboh]hhd_ZgZ 2.RbfiZga_ <bdb fh]eZ mki_rgh khi_jgbqZlv kh k\hbfb k\_jklgbdZfb^_lvfb b \ mf_gbb jZah[jZlvky dZd hldju\Z_lky ysbd b \ kihkh[ghklb jZkkhjlbjh\Zlv ij_^f_lu ih lZdbf h[sbf ijbagZdZf dZd p\_l nhjfZ b jZaf_j 3. Fhy fZe_gvdZy ijbyl_evgbpZ ihqlbgbdh]^Zg_[_]ZeZbkf_yeZkvhq_gvj_^dhdh]^Z`_kf_yeZkvlhkf_o__a\mqZe dZd kZfuc fZe_gvdbc dhehdhevqbd <=Dhjhe_gdh 4. GZ q_jghf dZd m]hev g_[_ k\_jdZeb ebrv a\_a^u gh Emgu g_ [ueh JmdZ ih^gyeZkv dZd [u kZfZ kh[hc HgZ [ueZ e_]dZy dZd imrbgdZ ?_ ^Z`_ dZd [m^lh ih^lZedb\Zeh qlhlh kgbam H]g_ggh djZkgu_ ]hju dZd [u \a^ufZebkv kh ^gZ hdZf_g_\r_]h fhjy b lygmebkv k\hbfb aZhklj_ggufb\_jomrdZfbdg_[mGZ^\k_fwlbfijbqm^eb\uffbjhfdZd[_a^hggZy ijhiZklvabyehq_jgh_g_[hkfbjbZ^Zfbdjmiguobf_edboa\_a^ ihGGhkh\m <uibrbl_ghf_jZij_^eh`_gbckhhl\_lkl\mxsbolZdhcko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 Kh_^bgbfgh\u_agZgbykij_`gbfb 14. < ke_^mxsbo ijbf_jZo jZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby <kihfgbl_ dZdb_ ijZ\beZ \Zf ihgZ^h[bebkv hoZjZdl_jbamcl_ i_j\u_ljbijbf_jZ Ih^gZkuivx\hj\mg_dhr_ghf E_`blbkfhljbldZd`b\Zy <p\_lghfieZld_gZdhku[jhr_gghf DjZkb\Zybfheh^Zy :;ehd 207 G_fgh]he_llhfmgZaZ^ LZf]^_keb\Zykyrmfyl H[gy\rbkv[m^lh^\_k_klju Kljmb:jZ]\ubDmju ;uefhgZklujv FXE_jfhglh\ 3. :g^_jk_g ex[be ijb^mfu\Zlv k\hb kdZadb \ e_kZo Hg fh] jZkkfZljb\Zlv dmkhd dhju beb klZjmx rbrdm b m\b^_lv gZ gbo dZd kd\hav m\_ebqbl_evgmx ebgam lZdb_ ih^jh[ghklb ba dhlhjuo e_]dh fh`gh khklZ\blv kdZadm <hh[s_ \k_ \ e_km dZ`^uc aZfr_euc i_gv b dZ`^uc fmjZ\_cjZa[hcgbd dhlhjuc lZsbl dZd ihobs_ggmx ij_e_klgmx ijbgp_kkm fZe_gvdmx fhrdm k ijhajZqgufb a_e_gufb djueurdZfb\k_wlhfh`_lh[_jgmlvkykdZadhc DIZmklh\kdbc 4.Ex^_ch^bghdbo ihgZlmj_dhlhju_dZdjZdhlr_evgbdbebmebldZklZjZxlkymclb\k\hxkdhjemimgZ wlhf k\_l_ g_fZeh : I Q_oh\ 5. IZmklh\kdbc ibkZe h <bdlhj_ =x]h FmaudZ _]h dgb][ueZlZdhc`_fh]mq_cdZd]jhfhd_Zgkdboijb[h_\Hg\hj\Zeky\deZkkbq_kdbc kdmqgh\Zluc\_ddZdmjZ]Zgguc\_l_jdZd\bojvqlhg_k_lihlhdb^h`^yebklvylmqb e_i_kldbp\_lh\ihjhoh\hc^ufbkhj\Zggu_khreyidhdZj^uWlhl\_l_j[uegZa\Zg JhfZglbdhc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 15.KhklZ\vl_ko_fuijbf_jh\JZkklZ\vl_agZdbij_ibgZgby 1.FZydh\kdbcagZedZdfgh]hjZ^hklb^hklZ\ey_lq_eh\_dmaZkem`_ggZyiho\ZeZb klZjZeky^hklZ\blvex^yfwlmjZ^hklv 2.?keb\uohlvjZa\`bagboh^bebgZoh^meyo lh \Zf g_ gZ^h h[tykgylv dZd \Z`gh ijb wlhf g_ ihl_jylv jZ\gh\_kb_ 3. GZ^_lv jZ^bhhr_cgbdgZ`bjZnm^h\hevghijhklh_keb\uagZ_l_dZddhgkljmbjh\ZlvlZdb_ hr_cgbdbbdZdbogZ^_\Zlv`bjZn_gZr_x DZde_lZlvka_feb^ha\_a^ DZdihcfZlvebkmaZo\hkl DZdbadZfgyk^_eZlviZj AgZ_l^hdlhjgZr=ZkiZj XHe_rZ G_agZxydZdr_kl\mxl[h]bgb GhfbeZyklmiZ_liha_fe_ <R_dkibj L\hcklbodZd;h`bc^moghkbekygZ^lheihc Bhlau\fuke_c[eZ]hjh^guo A\mqZedZddhehdhegZ[Zrg_\_q_\hc <h^gblhj`_kl\b[_^gZjh^guo FXE_jfhglh\ By[uekljZr_g\wlhlfb] DZd[Zjkimkluggucaheb^bd YieZf_g_e\ba`ZedZdhg 208 DZd[m^lhkZfy[uejh`^_g <k_f_ckl\_[Zjkh\b\hedh\ Ih^k\_`bfiheh]hfe_kh\ FXE_jfhglh\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 16. : l_i_jv ² aZ^Zgb_ ih\ur_gghc ljm^ghklb ^ey ex[bl_e_c hkljuo hsms_gbc JZkklZ\vl_ agZdb ij_ibgZgby \ klbohl\hj_gbb FZjbgu P\_lZ_\hc khklhys_f ba h^gh]hkeh`gh]hij_^eh`_gbybkhklZ\vl_ko_fmwlh]hij_^eh`_gby FhbfklboZfgZibkZgguflZdjZgh Qlhbg_agZeZyqlhyihwl Khj\Z\rbfkydZd[jua]bbanhglZg" DZdbkdjubajZd_l <hj\Z\rbfkydZdfZe_gvdb_q_jlb <k\ylbebs_]^_khgbnbfbZf FhbfklboZfhxghklbbkf_jlb G_qblZggufklboZf JZa[jhkZgguf\iuebihfZ]ZabgZf =^_bogbdlhg_[jZebg_[_j_l FhbfklboZfdZd^jZ]hp_gguf\bgZf GZklZg_lk\hcq_j_^ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 KhxadZdbmeu[dbyaudZ JZa]h\hjhnjZa_heh]bq_kdboh[hjhlZo Fu \uykgbeb p_euc jy^ kemqZ_\ dh]^Z i_j_^ khxahf dZd g_ klZ\blky aZiylZy GZihfgbl_k_[_wlbkemqZbIjbaZljm^g_gbbijhkfhljbl_fZl_jbZekgh\Z : l_i_jv fu ih^hreb d kZfhfm bgl_j_kghfm kemqZx — d njZa_heh]bq_kdbf h[hjhlZfDh_qlh\um`_magZebhgbobai_j\hcqZklbwlhcdgb]bNjZa_heh]bafZfb ijhgbdgmlZ gZrZ j_qv Wlh mklhcqb\u_ keh\hkhq_lZgby hdjZr_ggu_ bjhgb_c oblj_phc emdZ\kl\hf GZijbf_j gm`_g dZd kh[Zd_ iylZy gh]Z ihfh`_l dZd f_jl\hfm ijbiZjdZ NjZa_heh]bafu \ghkyl \ gZrm j_qv g_ lhevdh h[jZaghklv gh b hahjkl\hmeu[dmBqlhhq_gv\Z`gh^ey\Zk —hgbg_lj_[mxlaZiylhci_j_^khxahf dZd Kljh]bo]jZffZlbq_kdboijZ\beihfh]ZxsbohlebqblvnjZa_heh]bafhlh[uqgh]h kjZ\gbl_evgh]h h[hjhlZ g_ kms_kl\m_l GZ^h ijhklh mf_lv magZ\Zlv ijb \klj_q_ dZd fh`gh [hevr_ njZa_heh]bafh\ Kh[kl\_ggh ]h\hjy \u bo ohjhrh agZ_l_ gZrZ j_qvijhgbaZgZbfb 17.Ij_^eZ]Z_fg_kdhevdh\hijhkh\Ih^[_jbl_dgbfhl\_lemqr_ihiZfylbZ_kebg_ kfh`_l_ ² gZc^bl_ \ hl\_lZo ihf_s_gguo ih^ \hijhkZfb Wlb hl\_lu ^Zgu \ jZa[b\dmbih^oh^ysbcgZ^hjZaukdZlv 209 1. DZd ]h\hjyl h kbevghf ^h`^_" 2. H q_eh\_d_ `b\ms_f \ fZl_jbZevghf ^hklZld_" 3. H q_eh\_d_ ihy\b\r_fky g_h`b^Zggh" 4. H [_kke_^gh ijhiZ\r_f q_eh\_d_bebij_^f_l_" 5.H q_eh\_d_ lmih mklZ\b\r_fkygZ qlhlh" 6. H q_eh\_d_ ]emohf dh \k_f ^h\h^Zf" 7. H g_^jm`guo ihklhyggh kkhjysboky ex^yo" 8. H q_eh\_d_hldhlhjh]hg_evay^h[blvkygbkeh\Z" 9.H[hq_gv[_^ghfg_bfms_f" 10. ?kebq_eh\_dq_]hlhhq_gvg_ex[bl" Hl\_luEx[bldZdkh[ZdZiZedmg_fdZdju[ZfheqbldZd\jhl\h^ugZ[jZedZd \\h^mdZgmedZdkd\hava_fexijh\ZebekydZddhjh\ZyaudhfkebagmeZ_fm\k_dZd h[kl_gdm]hjhodZdkuj\fZke_dZlZ_lky]hedZdkhdheev_ldZdba\_^jZkfhljbl dZd[ZjZggZgh\u_\hjhlZ`b\mldZddhrdZkkh[Zdhck\ZebekydZdkg_]gZ]heh\m Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 18.IhklZjZcl_kvaZdhgqblvij_^eh`_gbyih^oh^ysbfbihkfukemnjZa_heh]bafZfb 1.HgijbgyelZ[e_ldmbkdhjh[hevdZd ... 2.K\_jrbgu]hjuihk_ehd[ue\b^_g dZd ... 3.DgZqZemwdaZf_gh\yagZe\k_[be_ludZd ... 4.?]hbm]h\Zjb\Zebbklu^beb Z_fm\k_dZd ... 5.Ihqm\kl\h\Z\gZk_[_\gbfZl_evguc\a]ey^ij_ih^Z\Zl_eyklm^_gl ihdjZkg_edZd ... 6.;ebag_pu[uebihoh`bdZd ... 7.Gh\bqhdmklZ\bekygZdhfivxl_j dZd ... 8.FyqbkdZebih\k_faZdhmedZf^\hjZghhgdZd ... 9.=mfZgblZjgu_ij_^f_lu _fm^Z\Zebkve_]dhgh\fZl_fZlbd_hgjZa[bjZekydZd ... Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 19.JZkimlZcl_i_j_imlZggu_njZa_heh]bafu 1.>h`^vebedZdkg_]gZ]heh\m 2.<ijh^he`_gb_\k_]hk_ZgkZfZevqbrdZ_jaZe gZklme_h[hjZqb\Zekyh^gbfkeh\hfkb^_edZdgZeZ^hgb 3.Kdhjh^_ehgZeZ^behkv b ihreh dZd kb\uc f_jbg 4. =hklb k\Zebebkv \ ^hf dZd ba \_^jZ 5. FZevqbrdZ fheqZedZdju[Zh[e_^ 6. Kdhehdhevgb ]hjh^[ue\b^_gdZdgZb]hedZo 7.Y agZe Zj[Zlkdb_i_j_medbdZdju[Z\\h^_ 8.Hg[bekygZ^ljm^ghcaZ^Zq_cdZd\jhl\h^u gZ[jZe 9.Wlhlq_eh\_d\k_]^Z\j_ldZdihfZkem10.Mk_[y\h^\hj_FbrdZ[uedZd k\hbiylviZevp_\ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 Kj_^b mklhcqb\uo keh\hkhq_lZgbc g_ \u^_ey_fuo aZiylufb _klv b dZjebdb jZ[hlZ_ldZd\he bebdZdehrZ^v mklZebeb]heh^_gdZdkh[ZdZ]emidZdijh[dZ [_e dZd emgv dZd [_r_guc dZd hrZe_euc dZd \dhiZgguc b li G_ klZ\blky aZiylZy i_j_^ dZd \ khq_lZgbyo g_l dZd g_l b lml dZd lml G_ \u^_ey_lky aZiylufb b keh\hkhq_lZgb_\gmrbl_evguojZaf_jh\dZdgb\q_fg_[u\Zeh L_i_jv ijb \klj_q_ k khxahf dZd ijbkh_^bgyxsbf lhl beb bghc h[hjhl fu fh`_f^hihegblvgZrmdZjlm^hjh]lZdbfbljhibgdZfb 210 20. IhjZ[hlZcl_ dhjj_dlhjhf GZc^bl_ b bkijZ\vl_ imgdlmZpbhggu_ hrb[db JZ[hlZcl_kie_gdhc 1.Ih^gy\rbkvih\ur_hgbkgh\Zm\b^_ebkhegp_dhlhjh_dZdgb\q_fg_[u\Zeh dZkZehkv k\hbf [Z]jh\uf djZ_f q_jghc ebgbb ^Ze_dh]h ]hjbahglZ 2. OhllZ[uq s_edgme iZevpZfb b \f_klh h^gh]h [hevrh]h Kb^hj_eeb ih gba_gvdhfm [Zjv_jm fZg_`Z ih[_`Zeb h^bg aZ ^jm]bf k_fv^_kyl ^\Z fZe_gvdbo Kb^hj_eeb ihoh`bo gZ agZf_gblh]h nhdmkgbdZ dZd ^\_ dZieb \h^u Ijh[_`Z\ g_kdhevdh djm]h\ hgb kebebkv\h^gh]h[hevrh]hKb^hj_eeb dZdkeb\Z_lky\h^gm[hevrmxdZiex fgh]h fZe_gvdbo dZi_e_d jlmlb E EZ]bg 3. Hl_p ihr_e gZ dmogx qlh[u ml_rblv khk_^dm dhlhjZykb^_eZdZd\\h^mhims_ggZy 4. Wfbev kfhlj_e k_klj_gd_ \ ]hjeh kemrZe k_j^p_ b \uklmdb\Ze __ lhqv\lhqv dZd aZijZ\kdbc ^hdlhj Wfbev kb^_e \ aZi_jlhf kZjZ_ aehc dZd kh[ZdZ Hg [ue h^bg dZd i_jkl B \^jm] i_lmo miZe dZd ih^dhr_gguc Klhbeh _fm qmlvqmlv ih^gylvky dZd hg lml `_ \Zebeky ]heh\hc \i_j_^G_dhlhjh_\j_fyhg[_kkbevghdZqZeky\aZ^\i_j_^Zihlhf\^jm]hlqZyggh aZfZoZedjuevyfbaZdmdZj_dZebdZdihehmfgucdbgmekydklZcd_dmjWfbevagZe qlh hl kljZoZ fh`gh mf_j_lv Z lml hg k\hbfb ]eZaZfb m\b^_e dZd dmju klZeb iZ^Zlvh^gZaZ^jm]hc :Ebg^]j_g <uibrbl_ghf_jij_^eh`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hlZdhcko_f_ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u V. 211 L_i_jvdZjlZgZrbo^hjh]\u]ey^bllZd kfk 213). 21.L_i_jv\ugZklhevdhohjhrhhjb_glbjm_l_kv\h\k_o\ZjbZglZomihlj_[e_gbykhxaZ dZd qlh kfh`_l_ ihklZ\blv agZdb ^Z`_ \ g_aZdhgq_gguo ij_^eh`_gbyo <hae_ l_o ijbf_jh\]^_\ug_agZ_l_gm`gZebaZiylZyihklZ\vl_agZd\hijhkZ 1.:g]ebckdbcibkZl_ev:jlmjDhgZg>hceijbh[j_ef_`^mgZjh^gmxba\_klghklv ihke_lh]hdZd ... 2.R_jehdOhefk[_ahrb[hqghjZkdju\ZelZcguij_klmie_gbclZd dZd ... 3. Fhj_ [ueh dZd ... 4. Gb]^_ ijb \aZbfghc \klj_q_ g_ jZkdeZgb\Zxlky lZd [eZ]hjh^ghbg_ijbgm`^_gghdZd ... 5. <k_ijbkmlkl\mxsb_^_j`Zebk_[yaZklhehf qbgghbkihdhcghh^bglhevdhI_lykb^_edZd ... 6.IhdbgmlZyh[_avygdZ\a^uoZeZ\ m]em de_ldb dZd ... 7. G_kfhljy gZ \k_ klZjZgby ih]hgsbdZ hkebd klhye dZd ... 8. FZevqbdi_j_iju]gmeq_j_aaZ]hjh^dmlZd`_e_]dhdZd ... 9.FZfZklZjZeZkv^h[blvky hlGZlZrdbohly[uh^gh]hkeh\ZghhgZdZd ... LhdZda\_jvhgZaZ\h_l LhaZieZq_ldZd Kihcfg_i_kgxdZd Yihfgxqm^gh_f]gh\_gv_ I_j_^hfghcy\beZkvlu DZd Ex[h\vb^jm`_kl\h^h\Zk >hc^mlkd\havfjZqgu_aZl\hju DZd AZg_\_klhxk\h_c Dhjhe_\bq?ebk_c F_`^ml_fihk\_lmkdZq_l G_ldZd B\ibekydhfZjdZdjZa :KImrdbg Ijbe_]\a^j_fgmlvymeZn_lZ Bkeurgh[ueh^hjZkk\_lZ DZd Qmlvmljhhk\_lbehimrdb Be_kZkbgb_\_jomrdb NjZgpmaulmldZd Mfj_fl_`_ih^Fhkd\hc DZd FXE_jfhglh\ Fhcklboljm^hf]jhfZ^me_lijhj\_l by\blky\_khfh]jm[hajbfh dZd <FZydh\kdbc Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 212 213 ImgdlmZpbygZdhgqbd_i_jZ <uijhrebg_e_]dbcimlvkd\hav]mklu_aZjhkebagZdh\ij_ibgZgbyDdhgpmwlh]h imlbagZdbm`_^he`guijbjZklbddhgqbdm\Zr_]hi_jZIhy\behkvebm\Zkqm\kl\h imgdlmZpbhgghcm\_j_gghklb"BkiulZcl_k_[y 22. Ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf aZ^Zgb_ \k_]h ba lj_o ij_^eh`_gbc Hgh ih\ur_gghc ljm^ghklb AgZdb \ l_dklZo jZkklZ\e_gu Ijh^_eZcl_ k wlbfb ij_^eh`_gbyfb ke_^mxsmx jZ[hlm jZkkdZ`bl_dZdb_imgdlmZpbhggu_ijZ\beZ\gbokijylZebkv ^eywlh]h khkqblZcl_ kdhevdh qZkl_c \ dZ`^hf ij_^eh`_gbb b hij_^_ebl_ q_f hgb kh_^bg_gu hij_^_ebl_ hkeh`g_gu eb qZklb b _keb ^Z lh dZd ihijhkbl_ ijh^bdlh\Zlv\Zfwlbij_^eh`_gbyaZibrbl_bobijh\_jvl_k_[yihdgb`d_ G_fgh]bffh`_l[ulvba\_klgh Qlh^mo_]hg_mdjhlbf QlhjZ^bq_klghb[_kq_klgh <j_^blvhgg_^jm]Zfk\hbf Qlhgb_^bghchgh[b^u Kl_oihjdZd`b\g_aZ[u\Ze Qlh^Ze_dhij_klmigu\b^u KlZjbdgZ^f_ggucijhklbjZe Qlhhgg_\_^Z_lk\ylugb Qlhhgg_ihfgbl[eZ]hklugb Qlhhgg_ex[blgbq_]h Qlhdjh\v]hlh\hgeblvdZd\h^m Qlhij_abjZ_lhgk\h[h^m Qlhg_lhlqbagu^eyg_]h :KImrdbg Dh]^Z\hegm_lky`_el_xsZygb\Z Bk\_`bce_krmfblijba\md_\_l_jdZ Bijyq_lky\kZ^mfZebgh\Zykeb\Z Ih^l_gvxkeZ^hklghca_e_gh]hebkldZ Dh]^Zjhkhch[jua]Zgguc^mrbklhc Jmfyguf\_q_jhfbevmljZ\qZkaeZlhc Baih^dmklZfg_eZg^urk_j_[jbkluc Ijb\_leb\hdb\Z_l]heh\hc Dh]^Zklm^_gucdexqb]jZ_lihh\jZ]m Bih]jm`Zyfukev\dZdhclhqm^guckhg E_i_q_lfg_lZbgkl\_ggmxkZ]m IjhfbjgucdjZchldm^Zfqblkyhg² Lh]^Zkfbjy_lky^mrbfh_clj_\h]Z Lh]^ZjZkoh^ylkyfhjsbgugZq_e_ BkqZklv_yfh]mihklb]gmlvgZa_fe_ B\g_[_kZoy\b`m;h]Z FXE_jfhglh\ 214 H_keblukihdh_gg_jZkl_jyg Dh]^Zl_jyxl]heh\u\hdjm] B_kebluk_[_hklZeky\_j_g Dh]^Z\l_[yg_\_jblemqrbc^jm] B_keb`^Zlvmf__rv[_a\heg_gvy G_klZg_rveh`vxhl\_qZlvgZeh`v G_[m^_rvaeh[_gklZ\^ey\k_ofbr_gvx Ghbk\ylufk_[yg_gZah\_rv B_kebluk\h_c\eZ^__rvkljZklvx :g_lh[hx\eZkl\m_lhgZ B[m^_rvl\_j^\m^Zq_b\g_kqZklv_ Dhlhjuf\kmsghklbp_gZh^gZ B_keblu]hlh\dlhfmqlhkeh\h L\h_\eh\mrdmij_\jZsZ_lieml Bihl_ji_\djmr_gv_fh`_rvkgh\Z ;_aij_`gbokbe\hah[gh\blvk\hcljm^ B_keblukihkh[_g\k_qlhklZeh L_[_ijb\uqguf\ueh`blvgZklhe <k_ijhb]jZlvb\gh\vgZqZlvkgZqZeZ G_ih`Ze_\lh]hqlhijbh[j_e B_kebfh`_rvk_j^p_g_j\u`beu LZdaZ\_klbqlh[u\i_j_^g_klbkv Dh]^Zk]h^Zfbbaf_gyxlkbeu Blhevdh\hey]h\hjbl^_j`bkv B_keb[m^_rvf_jblvjZkklhygv_ K_dmg^ZfbimkdZykv\^Zevgbc[_] A_fey²l\h_fhcfZevqbd^hklhygv_ B[he__lh]hlu²q_eh\_d JDbiebg]i_jKYFZjrZdZ Ijh\_jvl_k_[yihhl\_lZf\dhgp_]eZ\u9 ?keb \u [eZ]hihemqgh kijZ\bebkv k wlbf aZ^Zgb_f \u fh`_l_ iha^jZ\blv k_[y \Zrb mkbeby g_ ijhiZeb ^Zjhf ?keb _s_ g_ \k_ ohjhrh hij_^_ebl_ dZdb_ imgdlmZpbhggu_l_fu\ug_^hlygmebbijhjZ[hlZcl_bokgh\Z @_eZ_fmki_oZ Hl\_lu 1. 1.YgZ[ex^ZehlqZeb\Z_liZjhoh^ 2.<^hogh\_gb_[uehdZdi_j\Zyex[h\v 2. 1. ...,qlh ...,Z ... . 3. ...,dZd ... . 4. ...,dZd ... . 6. ...,ihke_ ...? 7. ..., Z ... . 8. ...,dZd ... . 9. ...dZd ...,gh ... . 10. ....qlh ...,dZ`^uc ... . 11. ..., dZd ...\_^vfZhqmlbeky ...,]^_ ... . 215 Keh`gu_ij_^eh`_gbykkhxahf dZd 3, 4, 6, 8 Bf_ggZyqZklvkdZam_fh]hkkhxahfdZd 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10 Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 1. 3. 1. ....dZd ...mq_guf ... . 2. ...,lZdb ... . 3. ...,dZd ...,qlh[u ... . 4. ...,dZd ...kA_feb ... . 5. ...,h[hjm^h\Zggh_\k_fqlh ...,lZdb ... . 6. ...,b ...,dZd ...\_ljZ ... . 7. ...,lZdb ... . 8. ...lZd ...,qlh[u ... . 9. ..., hibku\ZydZd ...q_eh\_d:jbklhl_ev ...,qlh ... . 10. ...,lZd b ... . 11. ... g_[ueh^hfbrdblZdb ... . 12. ...,lZdb ... .13. ...,dZd ...mq_gu_ ... . Ij_^eh`_gbyk^\hcgufkhxahfdZd ...lZdb 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12. Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 8. 4. 1. ...,lZdb ... . 2. ...,lZdb ... . 3. ...,dZd ...,qlh ...yaudhf ... . 4. ...,lZdb ... . 5. ..., lZdb ... . 5. 1. ...,dZd ... . 2. ...,`fmjy ...]eZaklZe ...,gh ... . 3. ...^g_c ... , 4. ...,dZd^he]\_ebl \^hfm ...bklZjmo_b ... . 5. ...]ebgu ... . 6. ...ihwabx ... . 7. ...,aZlj_sZeb ...af_b ... . 8. ...,lZd ... . 9. ...djZy ... 10. ...imklugx ... . 11. ...,b_a^h\u_ ...,lZddZd ... . Keh`gu_ ij_^eh`_gbyqZklb dhlhjuokh_^bg_gu khxahfdZd 1, 4 Ij_^eh`_gbykhkeh`guf khxahf\dexqZxsbfdZd\ keh`ghfij_^eh`_gbb Ij_^eh`_gby\dhlhjuo dZdlhevdhkj_^kl\h \ujZabl_evghklbj_qb 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 2, 7 6. 1. ...,dhlhjZy ... . 2. ...,qlh ...,ij_^hojZgyxs__ ... .Mq_gu_ .... qlh ... . 3. ...,dZd ..., lml`_ ... . 4. ...,Wfbev ...,gZh[hjhlhgqlh[u ... . 6. ...mfZ ... . 8. ...,Imrdbg ....gh ... . 10. ...e_dlhj ... . 11. ... ,\hNjZgpbb ... . Ijbeh`_gbykhagZq_gb_f\ dZq_kl\_ 1,2,5,7,9,11 Ijbeh`_gbykhagZq_gb_fijbqbgu 3,4,6,8,10 Ij_^eh`_gb_khhl\_lkl\mxs__ko_f_ 4. 7. 1. ...\j_f_gb ... . 2. ...,b ...,qlh ...,dZd ...>_lkl\hLzfu=bfgZabklu ... . 4. ..., _]h ... . =eZ\gh_ ... — wlh ... . Ih`Zemc gbdlh ... <hklhdZ h lmg]mkZo ]beydZo gZgZcpZo ...l_iehlhcdZd ... . 5. ....qlhdjhf_ ...,dZdA_feyXibl_jFZjk<_g_jZ kms_kl\mxl ....qlh ... . 6. ...,gbqlh ...,dZd ...keh\ —keh\ ... . G_lijbeh`_gbc\ij_^eh`_gbb 4 (<_kvdjZc ... ; =eZ\gh_ ...). Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 2. 216 8. 1. ..., dhlhju_ fu m\b^_eb .... [ueb ... , dZd ... . 2. ..., dZd ... . 3. ..., dZd ... W]ev ba\_klguc ...,e_]_g^ij_^Zgbc ... . 4.AgZc`_[eZ]hkeh\_gg_crbc ...,qlh ...,dZd ...,lh _klv ... . 5. ...,dZd ...? 9. 1. ...,b^_\bpZr_fZoZgkdZypZjbpZ\ky ...,dZdaZjy ... . 2. ...,dgyav ...! ...,dZd ...? 3. ...,b ...,dZd ... . 4. ...,i_qZevgZfheqZeb\ZdZd ...[hyaeb\Z ... . 5. ...,dZdy ... . 6. ..., dZd`Zj ... . 7. ...,dZdQZpdbc ... . 8. ...,dZd ...^jmavyfbkk\hbfb ...,em]Zfb ... . 9. .... djZkgZ ..., dZd ... . 10. ...,dZd ... . 11. ...,dZd ... . 12.GhdZd\bgh ...,q_fklZj_l_f ... . 13. ...,dZd[m^lh ...]jhohlZgv_ ... . 14. ...,dZd`b\u_ ... . 15. ..., dZdhqZjh\ZgZ ... . 16. ...meu[db ... . Ijbf_ju\dhlhjuokjZ\g_gb_gZoh^blky\k_j_^bg_ij_^eh`_gby1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15. Ijbf_jukhkjZ\g_gbyfb\_ebdZgZfb 3, 9, 10, 16. 10. 1. ...,jZ\gh ...[_kdmevlmjv_ ... . 2. ....qlh ....lZd`_dZd ...,bf_xl ... . 3. ...,keh\gh dZd ...e_`blHdheh ...,dZd\fy]dhcihkl_eb ... . @_elu ...,dZddh\_j 4. ...,lZd`_dZd ImrdbgbLxlq_\bfgh]b_^jm]b_`^Ze ... . 11. 2. ...,dZdf_^ ... . 3.Dh]^Z ...,lZ ... . 5. ....dZd ...,dhlhjuf ...,djhf_ ... . 6. ...,lZdhc `_dZd ... . 7. ...,qlh[u ... . 8. ...ij_djZk_ghg ... . 9. ...,dZd[hc 10.DZdiZoZjv ... . 11. ....jh`^_gguc ... . 12. ...,dZd]jZgvZefZaZ ... . < ij_^eh`_gbyo 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12 khxa dZd ijbkh_^bgy_l kjZ\g_gb_ < ij_^eh`_gbyo 3, 4, 8, 11khxadZdijbkh_^bgy_lkdZam_fh_<ij_^eh`_gbyo 1, 7khxa dZdg_b]jZ_lgbdZdhc]jZffZlbq_kdhcjheb 12. 2. ...,dZdbex^b ... . 3. ....dZd ... . 4. ...,qlh ...,]^_ ... . 5. ...,fgh]h]jZggu_dZd fbjbdZdhg ... . 6. ...,gh ... . 7. ...,dZd ...,lh ... . 8. ...,dhlhjuc ...,dZdhc ...,ohlyih ijZ\^_]h\hjy ... . 9. ...,\_jhylgh ... . Hg ... h ..., h ..., h ..., h ..., h ... h ^vy\he_ h ..., dhlhjZy ... . 10.Hg ..., b[h ...,dZd ...mfZ ... .Hg ...y\e_gbyfbfh ...,dZd ... . Ghf_jZij_^eh`_gbckhkjZ\g_gbyfb 2, 5, 7, 10. < ij_^eh`_gbyo 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 Hg \hkijbgbfZeky ...) khxa dZd ijbkh_^bgy_l ijbeh`_gb_khagZq_gb_f\dZq_kl\_ Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 8. 13. 1. ...,dZdZ ... . 2. ...,dZdhldju\Z_lkyysbdb ... ,dZd ... . 3. ...,dh]^Z ....lh ...,dZd ... . 4. ..., dZd m]hev ..., gh ... . HgZ .... dZd imrbgdZ ?_ eZ`_ dZd [m^lh ... . H]g_ggh djZkgu_ ... kh ^gZ hdZf_g_\r_]h fhjy b lygmebkv ... . GZ^ \k_f ..., dZd [_a^hggZy ijhiZklv ...g_[hkfbjbZ^Zfb ... . Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\mxlij_^eh`_gby 1, 2. 14. 1. ...,\hj\mg_dhr_ghfe_`bldZd`b\Zy\p\_lghf ....gZdhku[jhr_gghf ... . A^_kv \u^_eyxlky mlhqgyxs__ h[klhyl_evkl\h f_klZ kjZ\g_gb_ b jZkijhkljZg_ggh_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihaZ^b hij_^_ey_fh]h keh\Z 2. ..., ]^_ keb\Zeky rmfylh[gy\rbkv[m^lh^\_k_klju ...Dm 217 ju, ... . <u^_eyxlky ijb^Zlhqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \gmljb ]eZ\gh]h h^bghqgu_ ^__ijbqZklby h^ghjh^gu_ qe_gu b kjZ\g_gb_ 3. Hg ..., dZd ... ebgam lZdb_ ..., ba dhlhjuo ... . <u^_eyxlky kjZ\g_gb_ b ijb^ZlhqgZy qZklv keh`gh]h ij_^eh`_gby <hh[s_ \k_ \ e_km dZ`^uc ..., dhlhjuc ..., dZd ... ijbgp_kkm fZe_gvdmx ... djueurdZfb²\k_wlh ...<wlhfijbf_j_h^ghjh^gu_qe_gukh[h[sZxsbfkeh\hf ijb^Zlhqgh_\gmljb]eZ\gh]hbkjZ\g_gb_ 4. ..., dhlhju_dZd ...mebldZ ...kdhjemim ... . 5. ... =x]hFmaudZ ...,dZd ... .Hg ...,dZd ....dZd ...,qlh ...^h`^yebklvylmqb e_i_kldbp\_lh\ ...". 15. 1. ...,dZd ...iho\ZeZb ... . 2. ...,lh ...,dZd ... . 3. ...,_kebdZd ... . 4. ...a\_a^ ... o\hkl ...iZj ... . 5. ...,dZd ...,gh ... . 6. ...,dZd;h`bc^moghkbekybdZd ...\_q_\hc ... . 7. ...fb]dZdaheb^bdy\ba`ZedZdhgdZd[m^lh .... 16. ...klboZf ...jZghqlh ...,qlhyihwlkhj\Z\rbfkydZd ..., dZd ...,\hj\Z\rbfky dZd ..., ...]^_ ...bnbfbZf ...kf_jlb ...klboZfjZa[jhkZgguf]^_ ...g_[_j_lfhbf ...,dZd ...\bgZf ... . MZ\lhjZqZklvij_^eh`_gby]^_bogbdlhg_[jZebg_[_j_l\u^_e_gZkdh[dZfb gh^ey\ZklZdh_\u^_e_gb_g_h[yaZl_evgh Ko_fZ 17. 1. Ev_l dZd ba \_^jZ 2. DZd kuj \ fZke_ dZlZ_lky 3. K\Zebeky dZd kg_] gZ ]heh\m 4. DZd \ \h^m dZgme dZd kd\hav a_fex ijh\Zebeky dZd dhjh\Z yaudhf kebagmeZ 5. Kfhljbl dZd [ZjZg gZ gh\u_ \hjhlZ 6. ?fm \k_ dZd h[ kl_gdm ]hjho 7. @b\ml dZd dhrdZ k kh[Zdhc 8. G_f dZd ju[Z 10.Ex[bldZdkh[ZdZiZedm fheqbldZd\jhl\h^ugZ[jZe9.=hedZdkhdhe 18. 1.DZdjmdhckgyeh 2.DZdgZeZ^hgb 3.DZdk\hbiylviZevp_\ 4.DZdh[kl_gdm ]hjho 5.DZdjZd 6.DZd^\_dZieb\h^u 7.DZd[ZjZggZgh\u_\hjhlZ 8.DZd\\h^m dZgmedZdkd\hava_fexijh\Zebeky 9.DZdk\bgvy\Zi_evkbgZo 19. 1. >h`^v ebe dZd ba \_^jZ 2. ... fZevqbrdZ ... kb^_e dZd gZ b]hedZo 3. Kdhjh ^_eh ...bihrehdZdihfZkem 4.=hklbk\Zebebkv\^hf 218 dZd kg_] gZ ]heh\m 5. FZevqbrdZ fheqZe dZd \ jhl \h^u gZ[jZe 6. K dhehdhevgb ]hjh^[ue\b^_gdZdgZeZ^hgb 7.YagZeZj[Zlkdb_i_j_medbdZdk\hbiylviZevp_\ 8. Hg [beky gZ^ ljm^ghc aZ^Zq_c dZd ju[Z h[ e_^ 9. Wlhl q_eh\_d \k_]^Z \j_l dZd kb\ucf_jbg 10.Mk_[y\h^\hj_FbrdZ[uedZdju[Z\\h^_ 20. 1. ...ih\ur_hgb ...,dhlhjh_ ... . 2. ...iZevpZfbb\f_klh ..., ih ... ,ihoh`bogZ agZf_gblh]hnhdmkgbdZdZd ... .Ijh[_`Z\ ...djm]h\hgb ...,dZd ...dZiexfgh]h ... . 3. ...,qlh[u ..., dhlhjZy kb^_eZ dZd ... . 4. ... \ ]hjeh kemrZe ... b ... lhqv\lhqv dZd ... . Wfbevkb^_e\aZi_jlhfkZjZ_aehcdZd ... .Hg[ueh^bgdZdi_jklB\^jm]i_lmomiZe dZdih^dhr_ggucKlhbeh_fmqmlvqmlvih^gylvkydZdhglml`_\Zebeky]heh\hc ... .G_dhlhjh_ ...,Z ...djuevyfbaZdmdZj_dZebdZdihehmfguc ... .WfbevagZeqlh ...,Z ...,dZd ... . Ko_f_khhl\_lkl\m_lij_^eh`_gb_ 4 (WfbevagZe ... ). 21. 1. ...,ihke_lh]hdZd ... 2. ...,lZddZd ... 3.Fhj_[uehdZd ... 4. ...,dZd ... 5, 7, 9 — g_gZ^haZiyluoi_j_^dZd 6. ... ,dZd ... 8. ...,dZd ... 10.LhdZda\_jvhgZ ...,lh ...,dZd ... 11. ...,dZd ... 12. ...,dZd ... 13. ...,dZd ... 14, 15, 17—g_laZiyluo 16. ...meZn_lZb ..., dZd ... 18. ...,dZd ... 19. ...\_khfh]jm[hajbfhdZd ... 22. 1. 11qZkl_c 2. 10qZkl_c 3. 21qZklv 219 H]eZ\e_gb_ DqblZl_eyf«……………………………….... 3 Iho\Zevgh_keh\hagZdZfij_ibgZgby«………….... 4 =eZ\Z,Ohly©imlvb^Ze_db^heh]ª......…………. 10 IjZ\beh²kZfhbgkljmdpby²lj_gbjh\dZ«………....— ©Ij_^qm\kl\b_ªagZdZij_ibgZgby«……………...... 13 IZfylvb]jZfhlghklv«………………………. 15 ;ehdb«……………………………………......... 16 =jZfhlghklvgZ©dhgqbd_i_jZª«………………....... 18 =eZ\Z,,KZfu_e_]db_agZdbij_ibgZgby………..... 21 Fukebqm\kl\ZbagZdb ...........…………………………...— AgZdihegucaZ]Z^hd«……………………….......……24 ;_kihdhcgucagZd«…………………………........... 28 IhklZ\bflhqdm«……………………………............ 35 =eZ\Z,,,GZq_f^_j`blkyij_^eh`_gb_...………..... 37 <ihbkdZo]jZffZlbq_kdhchkgh\u .....…………………...— Fgh`_kl\hh[ebqbcih^e_`Zs_]h«………………....... 42 G_[hevrh_hlklmie_gb_\aZsblmriZj]Zehd«……..... 45 <fbj_kdZam_fuo«……………………………..... 47 FZe_gvdZyih\_klvhkh\k_ffZe_gvdhf]eZ]he_ [ulvdhlhjuc[u\Z_lg_ihoh`gZkZfh]hk_[y«…..... 60 ©EmdZ\u_ªqe_guij_^eh`_gby«………………...... 66 GZg_ihgylghfyaud_«………………………....... 70 =eZ\Z,9Lbj_\gmljbij_^eh`_gby.....…………...... 72 F_`^mih^e_`ZsbfbkdZam_fuf ......……………….......— :_kebkdZam_fh_ijhiZeh«…………………….... 79 =eZ\Z9©B]jZffZlbdZimklbeZkv kZjbnf_lbdhcieykZlvª......………………………........ 83 KbglZdkbq_kdbckq_l ........……………………………....... — ?kebih^e_`Zs__bebkdZam_fh_g_hldebdgmehkv«…. 88 KbglZdkbq_kdb_©dZjebdbª«…………………….…107 KbglZdkbq_kdb_©\_ebdZguª«…………………......….111 ©=jZgbpZªb©ih]jZgbqgbdbª\ij_^eh`_gbb«…….….114 ©=mkbªb©fZlj_rdbª«………………………..….123 ©Kd_e_lªij_^eh`_gby«………………………....….134 Kl_q_gb_khxah\«…………………………….....….140 ©Kh[jZeZkvdhfiZgbyagZdh\ij_ibgZgbyª«………....…144 =eZ\Z9,I_j_^©hiZkgufbªkhxaZfbbeb JZkkdZauhaZ]Z^hqghcaZiylhc«…………………147 =jZffZlbdZgZ^\h_kdZaZeZ .........………………………......— Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_keh`gh_«…………………..…148 Dh]^Zij_^eh`_gb_ijhklh_«…………………….....….153 ©Ihki_rZcf_^e_gghª«………………………….163 ?kebjy^hfk©hiZkgufªkhxahf klhbl^jm]hckhxa«…………………………..168 H]eZ\e_gb_ <\_^_gb_«««««« H]eyg_fkygZijhc^_ggucimlv««««««« ?s_jZah[ehdZo«««««« Hl\_lu......................................................................................................……………..10 =eZ\Z,H^ghjh^gu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby««««««««« HaZiyluoijbh^ghjh^guoqe_gZo««««««« JZkkdZafh`ghgZqZlvlZd««««««« Khqbgbl_evgu_khxau«««««« Jy^uh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\««««««« Kd_e_lbdbh^ghjh^guoqe_gh\««««««« <hlwlh^Z HaZiylhci_j_^khxahf^Z ....................................…………………….20 ;Z[mrdZgZ^\h_kdZaZeZ HaZiylhci_j_^khxahfbeb\ijhklhfij_^eh`_gbb «««««««««« >\mebdh_keh\hh^gZdh....................................................................………………...23 H[h[sZxsb_keh\Zijbh^ghjh^guoqe_gZo«««««««« Hl\_lu......................................................................................................……………...33 =eZ\Z,,H[hkh[e_ggu_qe_guij_^eh`_gby««««««««« AZq_fgZfh[hjhlu"«««««« Iha^hjh\Z_fkyk^__ijbqZklbyfb««««««« H[hkh[e_ggh_h[klhyl_evkl\h \ujZ`_ggh_^__ijbqZklguf h[hjhlhf«««««««««««««««««««« >h[Z\hqgu_kdZam_fu_²h[klhyl_evkl\Z \ujZ`_ggu_^__ijbqZklbyfbb^__ijbqZklgufbh[hjhlZfb kaZiylufbb[_agbo«««««« H^bghqgu_^__ijbqZklby[_aaZiyluo«««««««« Kfhljbf\i_j_^«««««« Ki_pbZevgucjZa]h\hjhljm^guokemqZyo«««««««« Ghk\ulZsbrv²o\hklm\ya««««««« <kZfhfh[s_f\b^_«««««« Ljb\b^Zhij_^_e_gbc«««««« Dh]^Zhij_^_e_gbyh[hkh[eyxlky««««««« Hij_^_e_gbyk^h[Z\hqgufbagZq_gbyfb«««««««« Hij_^_eyfh_keh\hagZck\h_f_klh««««««« ?s_jZahlhfqlhghk\ulZsbrvo\hklm\ya«««««««« QlhlZdh_ijbeh`_gb_"««««««« H[yaZl_evgh_lbj_«««««« Lbj_g_h[yaZl_evghgh\u]ey^blohjhrh«««««««« Kkh[kl\_ggufbf_g_f«««««« Ijbeh`_gbyk^h[Z\hqgufbagZq_gbyfb«««««««« Kihfhsvx^jm]bokeh\«««««« H^bghqgu_ijbeh`_gbyij_h^he_\rb_h^bghq_kl\h««««««««« AZdZ\uq_ggu_ijbeh`_gby««««««« :[he__lhqgh" JZa]h\hjh[mlhqgyxsboh[klhyl_evkl\Zo «««««««« Fulh`_ohlbfh[hkh[eylvky H[hkh[e_ggu_\lhjhkl_i_ggu_qe_gukij_^eh]Zfb «««««««« Hl\_lu....................................................................................................……………....91 220 =eZ\Z,,,H^\h_lhqbyolbj_[_kkhxaguoij_^eh`_gbyo bijyfhcj_qb««««««« AZq_fbah[j_eb^\h_lhqb_"«««««««« >\h_lhqb_\[_kkhxaghfkeh`ghfij_^eh`_gbb«««««««« IjyfZyj_qvk^\h_lhqb_f««««««« Fgh]hh[jZab_keh\kb]gZeh\bbof_klh«««««««« BglhgZpbydhgpZij_^eh`_gby\ijyfhcj_qb««««««««« G_kdhevdhbklhjbcba`bagblbj_«««««««« Lbj_\[_kkhxaguoij_^eh`_gbyo««««««« <ke_^aZijyfhcj_qvx«««««««« Dh]^Zkeh\ZZ\lhjZ\gmljbijyfhcj_qb h^gh]hlbj_fZeh««««««« IjyfZyj_qv\hdjm`_gbbZ\lhjkdbokeh\«««««««« LjZ]_^bb^bZeh]Z«««««« DZd_s_i_j_^Zlvqm`mxj_qv««««««« Hl\_lu..............................................................................................………………….146 =eZ\Z,9Keh\Z]jZffZlbq_kdbg_k\yaZggu_kij_^eh`_gb_f«««««««««« DZdb_wlhqe_guij_^eh`_gby"««««««« H[jZs_gby««««««« Ih]h\hjbfhf_klhbf_gbyolub\u...........................................……………………160 <\h^gu_keh\Z««««««««««««««««««« M\_j_gghklvbg_m\_j_gghklv««««««« G_jZ\gh^mrgu_keh\Z««««««« BklhqgbdbgnhjfZpbb««««««« IhkemrZcl_«««««« <hi_j\uogZdhg_pb^jm]b_««««««« Ihijhklm]h\hjy««««««« ?s_h^gZg_[hevrZyijh[e_fZ aZiylZyijbkeh\_h^gZdh.................................................................…………………174 <\h^gu_ij_^eh`_gby«««««««««««« :obbhob JZa]h\hjhf_`^hf_lbyo ««««««««« >Zbg_l....………………..................…........................................................................182 Hl\_lu..........................……………….........................................................................187 =eZ\Z9AZiylZyi_j_^khxahfdZd ..…………………….......................................................194 HkdZam_fuokkhxahfdZd««««««« KhxadZdbh^ghjh^gu_qe_gu«««««««««« G_dhlhju_keh`ghklbkhkeh`gufij_^eh`_gb_f««««««««« Ijbeh`_gb_gZ^\h_kdZaZeh««««««« KjZ\gbl_evgu_h[hjhlu««««««« KhxadZdbmeu[dbyaudZ JZa]h\hjhnjZa_heh]bq_kdboh[hjhlZo «««««««« ImgdlmZpbygZdhiqbd_i_jZ««««««« Hl\_lu...........................................................................................………………......215 221