Что сказала Тереза

Что сказала Тереза
Ответы на вопросы
Вопрос 1
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The words
“another” and
“other”
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The word “another” is
correct if it means
anybody, but if it refers
to a party that has
already been
mentioned, it should be
“the other”.
Вопрос 2
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Street names
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For street names I think
there are two options:
Either transliterate the
whole phrase: ul.
Klochkova
Or translate the whole
phrase (in which case
the name must be in the
nominative): Klochkov
St.
Note: St., Ave., etc.
must begin with a capital
letter here a they are
part of a proper name.
Вопрос 3
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Figures
Please note that in English we never write the word
“thousand” in full when it’s part of a larger figure:
750 тыс. = 750,000 - NOT 750 thousand (NOT 750
thou.)
1,2 тыс. = 1,200 – 1.2 thousand is virtually
incomprehensible
Figures in millions and billions are written like this in
newspapers: 5m, 5bn.
Вопрос 4
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Times in the 12hour clock
Many native English
speakers find this
strange too!
12.00
12.00 noon
12.30
12.30 p.m.
24.00
12.00
midnight
24.30
12.30 a.m.
Вопрос 5
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Перевод слова “гость”
“Guest” – only if he or she is staying at your home
or in a hotel. In a restaurant he’s a customer, and in
most other situations (e.g. “гости столицы”) he’s a
visitor (to the capital).
Вопрос 6
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Effect/Affect
Most English people get this wrong. I am a pedantic
linguist and I can tell you that “effect” is the correct
spelling if it’s a noun and “affect” if a verb (“влиять”).
There is also a verb spelled “effect” (“осуществить”).
Вопрос 7
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“Best regards” or “Yours sincerely”
If you know the person well, then it is “Best
regards”; if not, I’d end “Yours sincerely” – or
“Sincerely yours” if he’s American.
Вопрос 8
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Артикли
Neither the definite nor the indefinite article is used
if the noun is qualified by a number: thus, “the
Instruction No. 41” is impossible – it must be
“Instruction No. 41”.
Вопрос 9
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Проценты, кредитование и
клиенты
Interest (“проценты”) is always singular in English
“Кредитная деятельность” и “кредитование” =
lending, not crediting
“Клиенты”: Law firms and translators have clients;
banks and shops have customers.
Вопрос 10
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Руководство
“Руководство компании”, “администрация
компании или гостиницы” и т.д. – management,
not administration.
“Администрация” (“органы власти”) administration
Вопрос 11
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Нарушитель
With respect to a contract, “нарушитель” should be
translated “defaulting party”
With respect to breaches of the law, it must be
translated “offender”.
Вопрос 12
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Стажировка
“Internship” is more likely to be used by
Americans, although we also use it now. An
internship is “стажировка”, short-term, e.g. six
weeks in the holidays.
“Trainee” is more likely to be a junior employee
who will continue work at the firm after the
training period is over. Note that a trainee is a
person and an internship a thing (the person
doing an internship is an intern).
A term more commonly used in the UK for
internship is work placement.
Вопрос 13
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Пункт
In a contract, it is a clause (Clause 4.3); in other
documents, I would say point 4.3. I keep item for
lists, and paragraph for “абзац”, but this last is just
my opinion, not a rule.
Вопрос 14
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Contract or Agreement
Often these words are interchangeable, but
agreement is wider than contract. In English law
a contract is not necessarily a written document,
however.
With a small-scale transaction the document is
more likely to be called a contract.
Вопрос 14 (продолжение)
Small-scale
transactions
Договор купли-продажи – sales contract
Трудовой договор – employment contract
Договор о поставке – contract of delivery
Договор страхования – insurance contract
Big
transactions
Договор купли-продажи (акций) – sale and
purchase agreement
Договор о займе – loan agreement
Договор о залоге – pledge agreement
Соглашение о разделе продукции – production
sharing agreement
Вопрос 15
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Экспертиза
Expertise means ONLY skills, knowledge, experience,
etc.!
“Экспертиза” can be translated as expert
examination, expert analysis, or (if it means people)
expert commission.
Вопрос 16
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Big and Large
В принципе, разницы нет – они синонимы, но big
также употребляется в переносном смысле: big
money, a big problem, a big cheese (большая
шишка) и т.д.
Вопрос 17
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Peacemakers and Peacekeepers
Peacemakers (the UN, the Pope or a good friend) try
to bring peace, to reconcile two warring nations or
people. Christ said “Blessed be the peacemakers”.
Peacekeeping forces are soldiers (usually UN) who
enforce the peace made by someone else. I have
not often heard the word “peacekeeper”, if at all.
Вопрос 18
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Have to, to be to and must
“Must” is generally safest. If I were you I’d avoid “to
be to” altogether as it’s quite rarely used and if used
incorrectly can be very unclear. “Have to” in the
present tense is colloquial, so is fine for journalism,
but not for legal and formal texts.
Вопрос 19
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Материальная ответственность
So far as I am aware there is no exact equivalent in
English law. I usually translate it “(financial)
liability”.
“Нести материальную ответственность” – to be
(financially) liable (for)
Вопрос 20
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Eastern or Oriental
We can only use Eastern, not Oriental, for
“восточный”, because “Oriental” refers to the Far
East (China, Japan, etc.)
Вопрос 21
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Памятник
“Памятник” has a much wider meaning that
“monument”, which means (and I quote Oxford
Dictionary) “a statue, building, or other structure
erected to commemorate a famous or notable
person or event”. So if it refers to a small thing, we
have to think of something else, like “treasure” or
“find”.
Вопрос 22
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Altay or Altai
I believe that “i” (not “y”) should be used, because
the average English-speaking reader seeing “Altay”,
“Abay”, etc. would pronounce these words “Алтей”
and “Абей”, whereas “Altai”, “Abai” are clearly
“Алтай” and “Абай”.
Вопрос 23
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“The purpose/objective is…” is followed by the
infinitive verb in English.
“Создать организацию, компанию” – to found,
establish, set up (NOT “create”)
“Активно участвовать” – to take an active part
(in) (better than “actively participate”)
“Как это называется?” – What (NOT “how”) is it
called?
Вопрос 24
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Оценка
“Appraisal” is a formal assessment, such as an
appraisal of an employee’s performance over the
past year, so the meaning is narrow.
In most contexts, I would use “evaluation” for
“оценка”, or perhaps “assessment”; and valuation
for “оценка (стоимости) имущества” etc.
Вопрос 25
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Неоконченное здание
Unfinished (or uncompleted, or half-finished)
building
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Отпускать товар со склада
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To release goods from a warehouse
Вопрос 26
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Cognac and champagne
Under EU law, only cognac and champagne
produced in particular regions of France may be
given these names. Therefore, strictly speaking
there is no such thing as “Armenian cognac”.
“Коньяк” and “шампанское” should be translated
“brandy” and “sparkling wine” to avoid offending our
French friends. There have actually been court cases
about this sort of thing!
Вопрос 27
Nursultan Nazarbayev
President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
(There should be no comma after his name unless his
title is on the same line as his name.)
Вопрос 28
“РАО ЕЭС” is usually called “United Energy System” in
our newspapers.
“Электроэнергия” is more likely to be called
“electricity” than “electric power” by non-scientists.
Вопрос 29
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Commas
In English there are not as many fixed rules
governing commas as in Russian. In Russian a
comma has a grammatical function, whereas in
English a comma may simply indicate a pause (for
added emphasis, or to take a breath!). For
example:
 In 1999 banks lent 730m tenge to companies.
 In 1999 [pause for emphasis], banks lent
730m tenge to companies.
It is a matter of personal choice.
Вопрос 29 (продолжение)
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Obviously, English does have punctuation rules: it is
wrong to use commas in many places where Russian
demands (e.g. “He said, that” and “Please, shut the
door”).
Вопрос 30
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Обращение
In our newspapers, the first time an official such as
a government minister is mentioned, he or she is
described in full (“Defence Minister Yesen Topoyev”
OR “Yesen Topoyev, Minister of Defence”), but after
that he/she is referred to by surname only:
“Topoyev”, not “Mr Topoyev”. The courtesy of “Mr” or
“Ms” is extended only to “ordinary” people.
Вопрос 31
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Initials
You will not see people’s initials in newspapers, e.g.
“N.A. Nazarbayev”, nut always “Nursultan
Nazarbayev” (except in the case of a few people who
prefer to be known by their initials always).