ГЕНДЕР И ПОЛИТИКА ВРЕМЕНИ

ВАЛЕРИ БРАЙСОН
ГЕНДЕР И ПОЛИТИКА
ВРЕМЕНИ
ФЕМИНИСТСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ
И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДИСКУССИИ
Киев
«Центр учебной литературы»
2011
УДК 396:316.356:159.922.1
ББК 60.651.5в6+66.74
Б 87
Это издание осуществлено при поддержке
российского научно-образовательного учреждения
«ИрлЕМ» (Институт Ритмологии Евдокии Марченко)
в рамках научного проекта «Время в зеркале науки»
Перевод с английского Алексея Якубина
Брайсон В.
Б 87 Гендер и политика времени. Феминистская теория и современные дискуссии.–
Пер. с англ. – К.: Центр учебной литературы, 2011. — 248 с.
ISBN 978-611-01-0250-6
Одна из наиболее известных работ современного представителя британской политологии и политической социологии В. Брайсон, в которой автор рассматривает проблему феминисткой теории и политики времени. Оригинальный подход, который использует британская исследовательница, состоит в рассмотрении с точки зрения феминистической теории взаимосвязи темпоральных предложений политической теории, темпоральных культур, а также средств использования времени в капиталистических обществах и
современных социальных государствах.
Для ученых, преподавателей, студентов высших учебных заведений, а также всех,
кого интересуют проблемы феминизма и политики времени.
УДК 396:316.356:159.922.1
ББК 60.651.5в6+66.74
ISBN 978-611-01-0250-6
© Серия «Время в зеркале науки»
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Ʉɧɢɝɚ, ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ɉ ɤɧɢɝɟ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ (ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ȻɅȺȽɈȾȺɊɇɈɋɌɂ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ȼɋɌɍɉɅȿɇɂȿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɉɈɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂȿ ȼɊȿɆȿɇɂ . . . . . . . . .
ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɄɇɂȽɂ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
15
16
19
ɑȺɋɌɖ ȱ. ȼɊȿɆə, ɉɈɅɂɌɂɄȺ ɂ ɈȻɓȿɋɌȼɈ:
ɋ ɌɈɑɄɂ ɁɊȿɇɂə ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂɃ
ɈɋɇɈȼɇɈȽɈ ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ɍɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ɍɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ. Ɍɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ/ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ
ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ⱦɸɪɤɝɟɣɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɝɨ: ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ . . .
Ɉɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ . . . . . . . . .
Ɉɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ ɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ . . . . . . . . . . .
ȼɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɵ: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. . . . . .
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ: ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ . . .
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25
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38
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44
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49
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɟɠɢɦɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
ɍɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
ɑȺɋɌɖ ȱȱ. ɎȿɆɂɇɂɋɌɋɄɂȿ ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ:
ɉɈɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȺ ȼɈɉɊɈɋɈȼ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ. Ɇɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ: ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ? . . . . . .
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ɉɬ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ — ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɨɜ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɩɹɬɚɹ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɜ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ . . . . . . . . . 94
Ɉɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ — ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɛɥɚɝɭ . . . . . . . . . 95
ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɲɟɫɬɚɹ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ . . . .
Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ . . . . . . . . . .
ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. . . .
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ. . . . . . . .
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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ɑȺɋɌɖ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɎȿɆɂɇɂɋɌɋɄɈɃ ɉɈɅɂɌɂɄȿ
ȼɊȿɆȿɇɂ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɫɟɞɶɦɚɹ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɦɵɫɥɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ɋɨɥɶ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ .
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
Ɇɚɪɤɫ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɢ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜɨɫɶɦɚɹ. «ɀɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ». . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ɂɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
«ɀɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɞɟɜɹɬɚɹ. ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ . . . . . .
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɚɹ. ȼɪɟɦɹ/ɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ/ɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɦɫɹ, ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ/ɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ/ɪɵɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ: ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ɍɯɪɨɧɢɹ: ɜɪɟɦɹ/ɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ/ɪɵɦɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ȼɪɟɦɹ/ɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ/ɵɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ — ɬɭɞɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
КНИГА, ВОСТРЕБОВАННАЯ ВРЕМЕНЕМ
Уважаемые читатели!
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ «Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ «ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ», ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɂɪɥȿɆ (ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɢɬɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȿɜɞɨɤɢɢ Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ).
ɍɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɢɬɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȿɜɞɨɤɢɢ Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɰɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ —
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
«ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ» — ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɺɧ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ — ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ. ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ —
ɹɪɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɏɚɞɞɟɪɫɮɢɥɞ,
ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɚɞɟɩɬɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ — ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɟɟ
ɤɧɢɝɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ «Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ».
ȿɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ
7
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ.
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɧɟɭɠɟɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ»? ɂɥɢ
ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ «ɞɪɭɝɨɟ» ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, «ɞɪɭɝɢɟ» ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ?
ɇɚ ɷɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɜɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɵɫɥɢ.
ɇɚɜɟɪɧɨɟ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɨɬɨɡɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɚɦɚ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ: «Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ. ɂ ɨɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ
ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ; ɧɟɭɫɩɟɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɧɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɩɥɚɱɟɜɧɵɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ».
ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ — ɜɚɠɧɨɟ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ, ɤɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɣ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɵ ɡɚ ɨɬɡɵɜɵ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ.
О КНИГЕ, ИЛИ ПОЧЕМУ КРИТИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ
ВРЕМЕНИ МОЖЕТ ПОМОЧЬ УЛУЧШИТЬ
НАШЕ ОБЩЕСТВО
Вступительное слово переводчика
Женское освобождение — тяжелейший процесс,
но я верю, что он станет необходимым,
ключевым этапом перехода к лучшему обществу
для мужчин и женщин.
Г. Маркузе
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ Ɇɚɪɤɭɡɟ, ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮ. ȿɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ
ɪɟɡɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɭɦɨɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ: «ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɠɢɜɟɦ, ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ». ȼɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɟɺ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ.
Ȼɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɹɜɥɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɭɠ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ «ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ»1 ɭɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɜ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɚɜɲɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ, ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɯ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɤɚɤ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɟɺ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ, ɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɬ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɢɡɭ1
Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ. ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝ. Ɉ. Ʌɢɩɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ
Ɍ. Ʌɢɩɨɜɫɤɨɣ. — Ɇ.: ɂɞɟɹ-ɉɪɟɫɫ, 2001.
9
ɱɚɟɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ — ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɢ «ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ».
ȼ ɤɧɢɝɟ «Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ» ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɤ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɚɦ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ
ɱɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɢ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɫɟɬ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ. ȼɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɨɧɢ — «ɧɚɲɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ», ɟɫɥɢ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ.
Ɂɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ
Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ — ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. Ɇɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ, ɜ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ, ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɞɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɛɟɡ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɟɬ ɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɠɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ «ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɧɟɫɫɚɧɫ». ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɛɵɥ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɩɥɟɹɞɨɣ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ Ʉɟɦɛɪɢɞɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ
ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɦ «ɉɚɫɬ ɷɧɞ ɉɪɟɡɟɧɬ» («ɉɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɢ ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ») ɢ Ʉɟɦɛɪɢɞɠɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɨɣ ɜɨ
ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ Ⱦɠɨɚɧ Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧ.
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ: «Ɇɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ,
ɯɨɬɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɨɧ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɬɢɩɚ «ɤɥɚɞɚ», ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ Ɇɚɪɤɫɨɦ ɢɞɟɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ
ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ»2. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɜ
2
Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ȼ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. — Ɇ.: ɂɞɟɹ-ɉɪɟɫɫ,
2001. — ɋ. 90—91.
10
ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɟ, ɷɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɂ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɷɬɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬ ɗɞɜɚɪɞ ɉɚɥɦɟɪ Ɍɨɦɩɫɨɧ (1967), ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɥ ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɯ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ — ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ, ɫ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ
ɥɸɞɟɣ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ), ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ — ɭɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ3, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɵ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦ—ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɢɡɦ. ɗɬɚ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɫɱɭɪ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ Ȼɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɚ Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɨɧɚ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɜ
ɤɧɢɝɟ «ȼɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ» (1981)4, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɺɧɧɨɟ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɢɡɦɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ.
ɗɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɣ. ɇɨ ɤɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ?
ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ Ʉɚɪɥɚ ɉɨɩɩɟɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨ
3
Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «relational time», ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ «ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ «relational», ɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
«ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ.
4
Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɨɧ Ȼ. ȼɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. — Ɇ.: Ʉɚɧɨɧ-ɉɪɟɫɫ-ɐ, Ʉɭɱɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɥɟ,
2001.
11
ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɚ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ
ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɤɚ, ɜɵɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɭɤɭ. Ⱦɭɦɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ — ɱɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɛɢɨɪɢɬɦɵ, ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬ ɨɛɟɡɞɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ, «ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɬɟɪɩɹɬ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ». Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɧɚɦ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚɲɟ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɟɝɨ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ, ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ «ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɦ», ɚ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ — «ɭɯɪɨɧɢɟɣ».
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɢ ɜ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ5. Ɇɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ) ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ. Ⱥ ɟɟ ɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɚ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɟɟ ɤɚɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ «ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ» ɢ «ɧɟɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ». Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 5—7 ɥɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɪɩɚɹ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦ «ɯɪɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ» ɪɹɞɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɂɥɶɢɧɚ6,
ɂɜɚɧɚ ɑɢɯɚɪɟɜɚ7.
5
Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɫɦ. ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ʌɨɣ Ⱥ.ɇ. «ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ «ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢ «ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ»». — Ʉ., ɇɚɭɤɨɜɚ ɞɭɦɤɚ, 1978.
6
ɂɥɶɢɧ Ɇ.ȼ. Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. — Ɇ.: ɆȽɂɆɈ,
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ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɟɦɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɯ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ, «ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
«ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (maɿnstream polɿtɿcal theory), ɨɧɨ (ɜɪɟɦɹ) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ (ɢ ɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ!), ɤɚɤ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɟ, ɢ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɟɞɱɚɣɲɢɦɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɟɬɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɬɶ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ — ɜɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɟ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɬ!»8 Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ
«ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ».
Ɍɚɤɨɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ
«Ƚɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ. ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɬ ɢɯ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ, ɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ, ɨɫɩɨɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɢɞɬɢ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɢɞɟɣ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ Ⱦɠ. Ʉɟɣɧɫ: «ɂɞɟɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɢɪɨɦ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɭɜɟɪɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ,
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɚɦɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɦɟɪɲɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɚ».
1995. — 112 ɫ. — (ɑɚɫɬɶ 1: ɏɪɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ); ɂɥɶɢɧ Ɇ. ȼ. Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ
ɯɪɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. — Ɇ.: ɆȽɂɆɈ, 1995. — 138 ɫ. —
(ɑɚɫɬɶ 2: ɏɪɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ; ɑɚɫɬɶ 3: Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ); ɂɥɶɢɧ Ɇ.ȼ. Ɏɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ//ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ [ɉɈɅɂɋ]. — 2005. — ʋ 1. — ɋ. 57—68.
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ɑɢɯɚɪɟɜ ɂ.Ⱥ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ // ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ. —
2009. — ʋ 1. — ɋ. 7—31; ɑɢɯɚɪɟɜ ɂ. Ⱥ. ɏɪɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ [Ʌɭɱɲɢɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ɆȽɍ
ɢɦ. Ɇ. ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ]. — Ɇ.: ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ, 2006. — 152 ɫ.
8
Bryson V. Time. — Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://www.hud.ac.uk/politics/research/
confs/index.html
13
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɡɚ ɥɸɛɟɡɧɨɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ «ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɟ
ɧɚɭɤɢ», ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ɋɢɬɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȿɜɞɨɤɢɢ Ɇɚɪɱɟɧɤɨ, ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ — Ʌɸɞɦɢɥɟ Ɂɭɛɪɢɰɤɨɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɢɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦ — Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɭ Ⱥɧɞɪɭɳɟɧɤɭ (ɡɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ), Ɉɥɟɝɭ Ɂɭɛɱɢɤɭ (ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ — ɡɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ), ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɟ Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɨɜɨɣ, Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɸ Ɋɨɸ ɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɭ Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɭ (ɡɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ) ɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ, ɦɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ.
Алексей Якубин,
кандидат политических наук
БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ
ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɨɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ, ɛɵɥɚ
ɛɵ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɠɨ Ʉɚɦɩɥɢɧɝ
(Jo Campling). ə ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɚ Ɋɭɬ Ʌɢɫɬɟɪ (Ruth Lister), ɱɶɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɧɹ, ɡɚ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɤɥɢɤ
ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ȼɢɤɢ
Ɋɷɧɞɚɥɥ (Vicky Randall) ɡɚ ɨɛɨɞɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ
ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ.
Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ — ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɦɨɟɣ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ.
Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɫɩɚɫɢɛɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɢɧɟ Ȼɥɷɤɥɢ (Georgina
Blakeley) — ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɧɹ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚ, ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ ɏɚɞɞɟɪɫɮɢɥɶɞɚ — ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɢ Ʌɸɫɢ Ȼɪɚɣɫɨɧ (Lucy Bryson) — ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɯɨɱɭ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɦɨɟɣ ɫɟɫɬɪɟ
Ɏɪɚɧ Ʌɚɦɛɟɪɬ (Fran Lambert), ɞɚɜɲɟɣ ɦɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɞ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚɬɹɧɭɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ, ɢ ɦɨɢɦ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ⱥɥɚɧ ɉɢɪɫɨɧ (Alan Pearson) ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɟɦɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɹ ɛɵ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɩɨɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ —
ɡɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ
ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɠɢɜɟɦ, ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ
ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟɟ, ɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ — ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ. Ɏɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɨɟ
ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ — ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ «ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ» ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ
«ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ».
Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ. ɂ ɨɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ; ɧɟɭɫɩɟɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɧɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɩɥɚɱɟɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ВРЕМЕНИ
ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ «ɤɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɤ»9
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɡɢɫɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ — ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ10 ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ, ɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ «ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɭ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ» ɢ
ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ.
ɗɬɚ «ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫ, ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ
ɢ ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɲɚɥɢ ɢɦ ɛɵɬɶ «ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɹɝɚɦɢ» (ɬɚɤɢɦɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ), ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ — ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɭɸ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɥɟɬ. ɇɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɨɫɭɝɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ
9
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɛɢɯɟɜɢɨɪɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɦ Ƚ. Ʌɚɫɫɭɷɥɨɦ (1902—1978) ɜ 30-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ: «ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ — ɤɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɤ» (1935). ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
10
ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɧɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ; ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40—48 ɱɚɫɨɜ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
17
ɧɚɡɚɞ ɏɚɧɧɚ Ɇɢɬɱɟɥ — ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɮɪɚɠɢɫɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɤɚ —
ɫ ɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ: «ɇɢɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɨɛɟɞ ɢ ɱɚɣ, ɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ, ɤɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɭɫɩɟɥ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚɦɭɠ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
ɪɭɤɨɣ» (Mitchell 1977, p. 130). ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ
«ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ» («time poverty») ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɜ ɧɚɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ.
ɇɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɢ — ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ «ɩɨɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ», ɨɛɪɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɸ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ, ɨɩɵɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɥɢ
ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɩɚɥ ɜ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɫɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɣ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ:
«Ɍɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɢɪɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɦɵ ɠɢɜɟɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɥɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚɫ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ ɦɪɚɱɧɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ: ɩɨɧɚɩɪɚɫɧɭ
ɪɚɫɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɤɭ,
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ
ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɤɢ ɢ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ» (UK’s Equal
Opportunities Commission 2007, p. 3).
ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɬ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ. ɑɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɢɞɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɟɳɟ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ» ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, — ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥ ɟɳɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ
ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚ-
18
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɬɦɚɦ, ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɱɚɫɨɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɨ ɫ
ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɟɦɭ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. ɇɚɲɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɭ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ, ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɫɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɝ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ
ɋɒȺ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ; ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ,
ɝɞɟ ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɚɦ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ
ɤɧɢɝɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɤɥɸɱɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ
ɫɟɛɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɟɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ «ɜɨɫ(ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ)»11 ɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɞɟɥɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨ «ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ». ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɱɶɢ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɤɢ — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɠɤɭ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵ.
11
ȼɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɚɧɝɥ. reproduction) — ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ (ɧɟɡɚɬɭɯɚɸɳɢɣ, ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɵɣ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɥɚɝ, ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ (ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ) ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ (ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ), ɢ
11
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
СТРУКТУРА КНИГИ
Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ12
ɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɟɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ, ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ: ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ»
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ — ɷɬɨ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ». ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ,
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ13 ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɶɸ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ» ɢ «ɞɪɭɝɢɟ». ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɫ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɨ
ɲɟɫɬɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɵ) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɝɥɚɜɵ ɫɟɞɶɦɚɹ — ɞɟɫɹɬɚɹ) ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ
ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȿɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ — ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ
ɜɫɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ, ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɢ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫɨ
ɜɫɟɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
12
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (mainstream
political or social sciences) — ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ. ɂɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬ — ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ — ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɚɧɝɚɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
13
Ɍɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɚɧɝɥ. ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) — ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦ; ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɲɥɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɸ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɢ, ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɛɟɫɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɧɚɜɹɡɱɢɜɨɦɭ, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
20
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɢ Ʉɚɪɥɚ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɗɧɬɨɧɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɢ ɉɨɥɚ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɚ (Paul
Pierson), ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɜɲɢɯ, ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɢ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɢ ɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɛɟɡ
ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ. ɂɞɟɹ
ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ (ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ) ɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ/ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ-ɱɚɫɨɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜɨ
ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ (ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ) ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɝɞɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɩɨɬɨɦ — ɤɚɤ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɥɢ
ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ». ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ;
ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɦɵ
ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ.
ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɨ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ» ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɣ, ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɣ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ» ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ. ȿɳɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ «ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ», ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ
ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɯ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ — ɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
ɉɹɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɸ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ «ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ»,
ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ (ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ) ɢ
ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ (ɫɮɟɪɚ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ). ȼɵɹɜɥɹɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ,
ɪɚɡɦɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ/ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɸ, ɷɬɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɧɢɝɢ
21
ɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ.
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ, ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɸ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɨɛɹɡɚɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ, — ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɲɟɫɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ «ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ/ɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ», ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɧɚɞɟɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɷɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ «ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ» ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ.
ɋɟɞɶɦɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ Ɇɚɪɤɫɭ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɭ ɢ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɭ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ), ɝɞɟ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɥɸɞɢ,
ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɟɤ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɤ ɧɟɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɤ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ.
ȼɨɫɶɦɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ: ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ», ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɶɸ? ȿɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ? ɋɥɟɞɭɹ ɡɚ
ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɝɥɚɜ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨɬɛɪɚɤɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɞɟɹ, ɱɬɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɦɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚɪ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ-ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɨɪɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɫ
ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ-ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ.
Ⱦɟɜɹɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ: ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɳɟ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ,
ɢ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɟɡɢɫɚ, ɧɨ, ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɩɨɞɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɯ
ɨɩɵɬ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ.
ȼ ɞɟɫɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɥɚɜ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɬɨɩɢɢ, ɢɥɢ «ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ». ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ; ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȿɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ «ɨɬɫɸɞɚ —
ɬɭɞɚ», ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɢɥɚ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: (1) ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ (2) ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ.
Часть І
ВРЕМЯ, ПОЛИТИКА И ОБЩЕСТВО:
С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ
ОСНОВНОГО НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ
ГЛАВА ПЕРВАЯ
ВРЕМЯ, ТЕМПОРАЛЬНОСТЬ
И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ
Ɋɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɹ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɛɨɣɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ,
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɟ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɧɚɲɟ
ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ (ɬɚɤ, ɞɧɢ
ɞɟɬɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɥɟɬ —ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɢ ɝɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɟɲɟɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ), ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ
ɭɛɵɫɬɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɧɹ, ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟɱɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɟɝɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ «ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ»
ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ — ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ, ɪɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥ ɜ Ⱦɚɥɥɚɫɟ… Ɇɵ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, — ɜɫɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɤɚɤ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɥɸɞɢɸ ɤ ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ
ɠɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ? Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɲ ɨɩɵɬ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɯ, ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɥɢ
ɦɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ?
ɗɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɧɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜɟɪɚ ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɦɵ ɠɢɜɟɦ, ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɢ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ», ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ —
ɷɬɨ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɤɨɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɢ: ɬɚɤɢɟ
24
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɜ
ɦɢɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɟɪɚ ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɪ — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɠɟ
ɛɥɚɝɚ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ. ɐɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ
ɝɥɚɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ: ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ; ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ» ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɤɧɢɝ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɧɚɭɤɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɹɜɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ, ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɤɬɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɥɚɥ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ ɦɵ ɨɬɨɣɞɟɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɢ
ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɵɯ, «ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ»
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɤɚɤ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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Темпоральные перспективы:
почему история имеет значение
Ʉɨɥɢɧ ɏɷɣ (Colin Hay) ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɭɤɭ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ, ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ» (Hay 2002, p. 137). ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ «ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɧɢɦɨɤ» ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ, ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ,
ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ «ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ» ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɵɟ (ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ) ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦ, ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɧ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɠɭɳɢɟɫɹ «ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ», ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɢ,
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ «ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ», ɟɫɥɢ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»» (Abbott, 2001, p. 256; Giddens,
1995, p. 17).
Маркс и Гидденс
ɐɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɨ
ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ. Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɥ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɟɡɠɚɥɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ
«ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ» ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ — ɷɬɨ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɟɫɬɶ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɟɫɬɶ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ; ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ
ɟɫɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɠɟ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ «ɜɟɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ» ɢ
ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɢɪ, ɤɚɤ ɢɦ ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɫɫɭɞɢɬɫɹ; ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ: «Ʌɸɞɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ
ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɦ ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɫɫɭɞɢɬɫɹ; ɨɧɢ ɟɟ
ɬɜɨɪɹɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ, ɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɦ» (Marx, 1968 [1851—52], p. 97).
ȼ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɷɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɢɞɟɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ,
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɩɢɫɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɟ, ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ
ɛɨɪɶɛɵ, ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɧɹɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɜɨɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, Ɇɚɪɤɫ
ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɬ ɛɟɫɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɷɬɚ ɦɢɫɫɢɹ.
ɗɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ — ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ — ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ
ɹɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɢ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ ɧɟ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɭɬɢɯɚɟɬ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɡɦ (ɫɦ.: Blakeley and
Bryson, 2005). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɭɬɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ, ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɷɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝ ɗɧɬɨɧɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ
ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɜɫɹɤɭɸ ɬɟɥɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɡɦ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ, ɨɧ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɷɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɤɚɤ ɡɚɫɬɵɜɲɢɣ ɫɥɟɩɨɤ; ɢ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢɡ
ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɟ.
Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ
«ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ». Ɉɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɚɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ (ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ) ɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ (ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɢɪ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ), ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɶ — ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ: «ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ — ɷɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ». Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɬ ɩɭɬɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɢ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ», ɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɵɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ,
ɢɯ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ (ɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ); ɫ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ, — ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ; ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ «ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ» ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, «ɫɟɦɟɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ»
(Giddens 1995, pp. 29, 27).
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Подход «определенного пути»
ɏɨɬɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ,
ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ» («path dependence»). ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ Ⱦɭɝɥɚɫ ɇɨɪɬ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɸ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ» ɤɚɤ «ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ». Ɉɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ, ɇɨɪɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ — ɷɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ,
ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ «ɢɞɟɹɦɢ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ, ɦɢɮɚɦɢ, ɞɨɝɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ», ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ «ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ
ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ» (North, 1994,
pp. 364, 362). Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɩɭɬɢ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ,
ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ «ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ»
(rational decision).
ɗɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɹɞɨɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɉɨɥɨɦ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɨɦ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɟ «ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Pierson 2004; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Putman, 1993, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ
ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ Greener, 2005). ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɨɦ
ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɛɵɥ ɬɟɡɢɫ, ɱɬɨ «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ», ɱɬɨ «ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ» — ɷɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɱɟɦ «ɫɧɢɦɨɤ» ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ, ɨɧ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɬ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ (ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ), ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ» ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ: «Ɉɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ «ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɝɪɵ» ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
29
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ, ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɣɦɭɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɧɚɡɚɞ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ, ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ ɭɬɟɪɹɧɵ» (Pierson, 2004, pp. 10—11).
Ʉɚɤ ɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ, ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ» ɨɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɟɬ: ɤɚɤ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɤɚɤ «ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɨ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ
ɢ ɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ»(Pierson 2004, p. 11).
Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ» ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɫ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɢ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɨ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɬɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ» ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ — «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ». ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɯ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, «ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
(ɢɥɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ) ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ, ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ» (Thelan, 1999, ɰɢɬɚɬɚ ɡɚ Kenny,
2006, p. 1, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ). Ɉɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ
ɧɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɚɥɶɹɧɫɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ»
(ɫɦ.: Thelan, 1999).
Темпоральность,
действие и стратегии для политических изменений
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ: ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ, ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɯ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ
30
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɭɬɶ» ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɷɬɨ ɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɟɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɥɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ» ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ,
ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɤɪɸɱɤɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ «ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ» ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɬɚɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɟɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ. ɂ
ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɦ
ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɯɨɠ, ɨɧ ɹɜɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ɉɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɚɹ Ɇɚɪɤɫɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ, ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɥɹɥɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɜɫɸɞɭ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɦɟɱɬɚɥ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ — ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɫɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɚ, ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɡɦɚ», ɫɦ. ɭ Popper, 1957).
ɏɨɬɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ, ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ, ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ,
(ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɵɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, «ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ», «ɞɪɭɝɢɟ», ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɠɟɪɬɜɚɦɢ «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ», ɞɟ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɥɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ «… ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ»
(Young, 1990, p. 123; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Griffiths, 1999, p. 150). ɂɡ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɟɪɬɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ) ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɹɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɯ-ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɰɚɯ), ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɥɢɲɟɧɢɟ
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɥɢɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɚɦɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɢɥɢ
ɚɛɨɪɢɝɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ) (ɩɪɢ)ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Социальные государства во времени
Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ. ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɥ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ» ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ (welfare policies). Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɨɧ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɭɸ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ.
Ɉɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ «ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ-ɤɜɨ» ɜ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ,
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ ɢ ɢɞɟɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɨɜ (Pierson, 2001a, p. 416; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ: Pierson, 2001b;
ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ: Byrne, 2003).
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ «Ɍɪɢ ɦɢɪɚ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ» (1990) Ƚɟɫɬɚ ɗɫɩɢɧ-Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧɚ (Gøsta
Esping-Andersen), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ «ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ». ɏɨɬɹ
ɨɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ, ɗɫɩɢɧ-Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ: ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ, ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɝɢɛɪɢɞ — ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ), ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ/ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ
32
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ) ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ (ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɹ). Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɝɨ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ: ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ,
ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɟɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ; ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɠɚ ɢ ɨɬɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɵ — ɷɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ/ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ, ɚ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɜɫɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ
ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ, ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɗɫɩɢɧ-Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ — ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɢɩ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɸɫɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ, ɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ —
ɋɒȺ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ. ɋɚɦ ɗɫɩɢɧ-Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ; ɷɬɨɬ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ — ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɨɣ
ɝɥɚɜɚɯ.
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ
(ɫɦ.: Esping-Andersen, 2002a). Ɉɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɯɨɬɹ «ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ» ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ — ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ (Byrne, 2003). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ
Ʉɨɤɫ (Robert Cox) (2004), ɯɨɬɹ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɦ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɋɬɸɚɪɬ ȼɚɣɬ (Stuart White)
(2003) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɫ
ɢɞɟɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ
ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɂɞɟɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɚ, ɧɚɣɞɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ
ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɣ «ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ», ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ
ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ.
Политическая теория, политические движения
и изменение представлений о времени
ɉɨɞɯɨɞɵ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ, ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɪɟɡɨɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ
ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɞɟɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɦɢ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ, ɨɧ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɚɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ.
ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ» ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ). Ɉɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɢɥɵ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ
ɤ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɷɬɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ «ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɞɟɚɥ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɪɚ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɞɭɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ,
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ 18-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ,
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɜɲɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ (ɫɦ.: Bury, 1960; Foley, 1994). ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ (ɫɦ.: Kamenka,
1966; Walzer, 1966). ɗɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɫɟɪɢɟɣ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ: ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
1776 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɹ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1789 ɝɨɞɚ.
əɜɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɭɥɹɪɢɡɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɞɟɣ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ,
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ; ɷɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɜɟɪɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɞɜɟ ɷɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɨɬ ɋɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ƚɪɟɯɨɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɋɭɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɧɸ (ɬɭɬ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɫɢɥ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɡɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɦ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ), ɷɬɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɯ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɨɫɦɟɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ
ɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɛɵɥ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɉɨɤɨɤ (Robert Pocock). Ɉɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ, ɠɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɥɢ ɜɫɸ
ɫɜɨɸ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɢɧ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ, ɢɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂ ɉɨɤɨɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɵɫɥɢ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 17-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ (Pocock, 1973; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Bury, 1960;
Wolin, 1961; Lane, 2000). Ɋɭɬ Ʌɟɜɢɬɚɫ (Ruth Levitas) ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɨ 17-ɝɨ
ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɬɨɩɢɣ ɤɚɤ «ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ», ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɠɟ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (Ruth Levitas 1990, p. 191).
ɏɨɬɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɥɨ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɦɢɥɥɟɧɚɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɢɡ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɭɬɢɧɭ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɡɚ ɯɚɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢ, ɨɛɟɳɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢ ɋɭɞɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɷɫɯɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɇɨɪɦɚɧ Ʉɨɧ (Norman
Cohn) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ «ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɫ ɧɚɦɢ», ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɹɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɦ ɷɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (Norman Cohn, 1957, p. 308 ɢ 1962;
Talmon, 1962; Olssen, 1968).
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɋɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɦɢ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 21-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, «ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɋɒȺ ɜɟɪɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɋɭɞɧɨɝɨ
ɞɧɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɤ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɡɦ ɜ
ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɠɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɟ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ʌɟɜɢɬɚɫ
(Levitas, 1990, 2001), ɷɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɪɚɱɧɵɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɵɫɥɹɦ, ɨɧɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɦ ɛɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ.
ɇɟɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚɭɤ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɷɬɨ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɫɜɨɟ
ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ/ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ (ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ) ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ (ɫɦ.: Lane,
2000). Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɚɹ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ
ɛɵ ɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɷɬɨ
ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Политические последствия и выводы
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɱɶɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɦɚɥɨ
ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɯ ɢɞɟɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟ-
36
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ — ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɭɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɢ
«(ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ» ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ, ɭɹɡɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɛɟɫɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɢɡɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɬɪɭɞɚ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɪɭɲɢɜ
ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ.
ɏɨɬɹ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ
ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ,
ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɦɵ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɦɫɹ ɤ «ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ», ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ
ɧɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ «ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ», ɚ ɧɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹɦɢ,
ɢɞɟɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɱɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɜɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɦɨɝɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ɋɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ, ɦɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɦɫɹ ɜ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ; ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
37
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ — ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ (Levitas, 2001). Ɍɭɬ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɨɜɤɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɝɪɭɲɤɚ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɱɭɬɶ ɥɟɝɱɟ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ!), ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɭɬ ɦɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ. Ɇɨɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ,
ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɷɬɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɹ
ɫɬɚɪɚɸɫɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɦɢɪ, ɦɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ «ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ» —
ɜɟɞɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ», ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ГЛАВА ВТОРАЯ
ТЕМПОРАЛЬНЫЕ КУЛЬТУРЫ/КУЛЬТУРА
И СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПРИРОДА ВРЕМЕНИ
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ. ɏɨɬɹ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ, ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɞɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ», ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɬ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɭ. ɗɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ
ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ
ɝɥɚɜɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɱɚɫɚɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
Дюркгейм и после него: социальные функции времени
Ɉɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɗɦɢɥɹ Ⱦɸɪɤɝɟɣɦɚ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɣ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɬɶ «… ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɵɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ» ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (1971 [1912], p. 10; ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɦ.: Starkey, 1988; Hassard, 1990; Gell,
1992; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫɦ.: Gell, 2000).
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢ ɷɬɭ
ɢɞɟɸ Ⱦɸɪɤɝɟɣɦɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» (Goudsblom,
2001, p. 20), ɢ ɱɬɨ «ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ»(Sorokin and Merton, 1990 [1937],
p. 60). ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
39
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɠɟ
ɧɚ «ɞɟɜɢɚɧɬɧɵɟ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 1960-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ Ʌɶɸɢɫ ɢ Ɋɨɭɡ
Ʉɨɡɟɪɵ (Lewis Coser and Rose Coser) ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ, ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɢɡ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɋɒȺ,
ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (!) (Lewis Coser and
Rose Coser, 1990 [1963]). Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ «ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ» ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɘɥɢɹ Ɋɨɬɚ (Julius Roth) ɨ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɯ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ «ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɯ» ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɨɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ «ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɷɬɚɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ
ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ» (1963, p. 15; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Frankenberg, 1988).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
(Roy, 1990), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ: ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ ɜ 1930-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɧɵɦɢ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɥɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɷɬɨ (ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Johada, 1988).
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, «ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɛɵɥɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɫ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Greenhouse, 1996, p. 9). ȼɚɠɧɵɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɇɚɥɢɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɛɨɪɢɝɟɧɨɜ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ɍɪɨɛɪɢɚɧ ɜ 1920-ɟ
ɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢ ɇɭɷɪ ɗɜɚɧɫ-ɉɪɢɱɚɪɞɚ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɦ ɋɭɞɚɧɟ ɜ 1930-ɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ «ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ» ɢɥɢ «ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ» ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɮɚɡɵ ɥɭɧɵ), ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɤɢɯ,
ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ) ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ (ɬɚɤɢɯ,
ɤɚɤ «ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɭɪɟɣ»). ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɦɢɮɭ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ
40
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɗɜɚɧɫ-ɉɪɢɱɚɪɞ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɇɭɷɪ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ. ɂɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɚɯ,
ɤɪɨɦɟ «ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɚɫɚ»; ɨɧ
ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ «ɇɭɷɪ ɩɨɜɟɡɥɨ» (Evans-Pritchard 1940,
pp. 101, 103; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Malinowski, 1990 [1926—27]). ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɗɞɜɚɪɞ ɏɨɥɥ (Edward Hall) (1989) ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ «ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢ «ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ», ɝɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. Ɉɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɒȺ, ɜɬɨɪɨɟ — ɞɥɹ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɝɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ. ɏɨɥɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ) ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɯ.
От традиционного времени к времени модерна
ɂɞɟɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɞɪɭɝɢɟ» ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɱɟɦ «ɧɚɲɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ», ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ 15-ɦ ɢ 19-ɦ ɜɟɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɥɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ; ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ
(ɫɦ., ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, Thompson, 1999 [1967] ɢ Thrift, 1988, 1990; ɨɛɳɢɣ
ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɦ.: Adam, 1990, 1995, 2004; Nowotny, 1994;
Macnaghten ɢ Urry, 1998). ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɚɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ
ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ: ɥɸɞɢ ɩɪɨɫɵɩɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ
ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɥɭɱɚɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ, ɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɩɚɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɬɶɦɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɥɢ ɬɚɤ
ɠɟ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥ «ɜɟɱɧɵɣ», ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ, ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɟɱɤɨɜɵɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ, ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɵɦ.
ɋ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɬɶ, ɡɚɦɟɧɹɹɫɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɞɟɪɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɨɣ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɨ,
ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ. ɑɚɫ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɭɠɞ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɦ.: Thompson,
1999 [1967]). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ
ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ, ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɥɢɦɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɶ ɢ ɤɭɩɢɬɶ. ȼ
ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦ, ɢ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ, ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɨ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɨ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, Ɇɚɤɫ
ȼɟɛɟɪ, ɩɨɞɵɫɤɢɜɚɹ ɰɢɬɚɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ «ɞɭɯɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ», ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ Ȼɟɧɞɠɚɦɢɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɤɥɢɧɚ: «ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ», ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ (Weber, 1965 [1904—05], p. 48).
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɨ; ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ, ɩɟɫɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ; ɟɝɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɜɨɧɚ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɤɨɥɨɜ, ɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɨɧɚɲɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɞɟɧɚɯ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 13-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ, ɩɨɨɳɪɹɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ,
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ
1687 ɝɨɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ «Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ» (ɥɚɬ. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica) ɂɫɚɚɤɚ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɨɜ
ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɱɚɫɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɨɛɵɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ. ɗɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɝɨ, ɞɟɥɢɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ; ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɚɫɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ. ɗɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɱɚɫɵ «ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ», ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɚɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɨɧɢ
ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɢɞɟɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ «ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»(Adam, 1995, p. 90).
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɑɚɫɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɛɪɢɤ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɚ ɨɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɦɟɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ
Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ «Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɥɟ», ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɰɢɬɚɬɭ ɯɥɨɩɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚ: «Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɥɨɩɚɬɭ, ɨɧ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɟɧ, ɢ ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɜɨɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɟɧɫɨɜ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɭ, ɨɧ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ £100,000» (1946 [1867], p. 404). Ⱦɥɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ; ɨɧɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ,
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ; ɩɨɡɠɟ
ɢɞɟɢ «ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ» ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ Ɏɪɟɞɟɪɢɤɨɦ Ɍɟɣɥɨɪɨɦ, ɱɶɢ «ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ», ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 1911 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɢ ɧɶɸɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɟɥɚ, ɥɟɬɹɳɚɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɫɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɞɨɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ɇɚɤɫ ȼɟɛɟɪ
ɜ «ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ», ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 17-ɦ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɜɟɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɣ, ɱɬɨ
ɭɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ — ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɤ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɝɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «Ɋɚɫɬɨɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ — … ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɟɯɨɜ» (Weber, 1965
[1904—2005], p. 157). ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɣ ɩɢɟɬɟɬ ɜɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɥɫɹ, ȼɟɛɟɪ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ «ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɤɟɬɢɡɦ» ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ 19-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ.
ɍɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɚ ɤ
ɭɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ, ɥɸɛɹɳɢɟ ɪɨɫɤɨɲɶ ɢ ɛɟɡɡɚɛɨɬɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɝɨɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɚɞɭ — ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɧɭɲɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɫɰɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ: «ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɤɚɩɢ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
43
ɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɨ, ɩɪɨɞɚɧɨ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ; ɷɬɨ ɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ — ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
«ɭɛɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ»» (Thompson, 1999 [1967], p. 395; see also Nowotny,
1994, pp. 118—19). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ 18-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɋɦɢɬ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɢɞɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɶ (ɫɦ. ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ ɩɨ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ: Nyland, 1990). ɇɨ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɨɫɶ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ: «Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ. ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ — ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ»
(Thrift, 1990, p. 119). Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɇɚɣɞɠɟɥ ɋɪɢɮɬ (Nigel Thrift), ɷɬɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɳɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɉɶɟɪɨɦ Ȼɭɪɞɶɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɚɥɠɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜ 1950-ɟ, ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ
ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɚ, ɨɧɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ: «Ȼɵɥɨ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨ ɨɳɭɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɠɟ ɪɭɤɚɯ» (Bourdieu, 1990
[1963], p. 236). ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟɦ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥ «ɜɨɫɯɢɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɥɶ ɝɧɟɜɚ» «ȼɟɫɬ ɂɧɞɢɣɫɤɢɯ» ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɷɦɚɧɫɢɩɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɛɵɜɲɢɟ ɪɚɛɵ ɛɪɨɫɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ: «ɷɬɨɬ ɫɚɯɚɪ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɭɫɬɶ ɯɨɬɶ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɟɬ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɞ» ɢ
ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɨɫɤɨɲɶɸ. ɗɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɥ Ɇɚɪɤɫ, «ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɜ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɛɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɚɦɢ» (Marx, 1971 [1857—58], p. 101).
Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪ — ɷɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɟ; ɨɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ
ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ — ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɨɳɭɳɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɜɨɞɧɵɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɥ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ, ɷɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ««ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢ «ɧɚɲɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ», ɢɥɢ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ», ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ», ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ «ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ» (Giddens, 1995, p. 137). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɜɫɟ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɬɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɟɞɶ ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɞɥɹ
ɫɛɵɬɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɥɚɝ (Thrift, 1990; Nowotny, 1994). ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
От времен модерна к временам постмодерна
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɥɢ, ɧɟɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɞɨɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ
ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ «ɩɚɫɬɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ», ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɢ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɜɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ»(Thrift, 1988, pp. 57, 55), ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɛɨɪɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ-ɱɚɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ.
ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɭɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ
ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɚɬɶ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɧɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɱɚɳɟ ɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɦ. ɭ Foster and Kreitzman, 2004). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
(ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɲɚɛɚɬ), ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ
ɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ «ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ» (Hochschild, 2003,
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ), ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ, ɱɟɦ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ. ȼ
ɰɟɥɨɦ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝ ɋɸɡɚɧ Ƚɪɢɧɯɚɭɫ (Susan Greenhouse) ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬ
ɢɞɟɸ, ɱɬɨ «ɰɟɥɵɟ» ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ «ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵ» (Greenhouse,
1996, p. 93), ɚ Ȼɚɪɛɚɪɚ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ,
ɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ: ɜ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɞ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜ,
ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜ (Barbara Adam, 1990, 1995, 2004).
ɗɬɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɚ
ɨɬɛɪɨɲɟɧɚ ɧɶɸɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɝɨ (ɫɦ.: Adam, 1988; Macnaghten ɢ Urry,
1998; Bluedorn, 2002). ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ «ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ», ɞɥɹ ɤɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ (ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ). ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ
ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɹɦɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ 24/714, ɝɞɟ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɦɚɪɤɟɬɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɲɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɦɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ «ɡɚɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ», ɧɟɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɦɨ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ (Harvey, 1989;
Macnaghten and Urry, 1998). ɏɨɬɹ «ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 20-ɝɨ
ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ», ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ
(ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɜ ɭɱɟɧɵɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɚ
ȼɫɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ) (Goudsblom, 2001, p. 33), ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚ, ɬɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ (Adam, 1995)? Ⱥɥɚɧ Ȼɥɭɟɞɨɪɧ (Allen Bluedorn) (2002)
ɝɨɪɶɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ» ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɭɬɪɚɬɢɜɲɟɦ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɏɟɥɶɝɢ ɇɨɜɨɬɧɢ (Helga Nowotny) ɫɚɦɚ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ,
ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɦ, ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɟɝɨ ɠɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ; ɨɧɚ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɪɵɣ ɦɢɮ ɨ ɏɪɨɧɨɫɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɪɚɲɢɥɫɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ
ɩɨɠɢɪɚɥ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ; ɩɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɝɞɟ «ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ, ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɨɠɢɪɚɬɶ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ» (Helga Nowotny, 1994, p. 11).
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɝɞɟ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɪɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɦɢɦɨɥɟɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ «ɨɛɥɢɤ», ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɦɭɞɪɵɟ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
«ɧɟɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ», ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ ɫɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɵ14
«Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ 24/7» — ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɨɦ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ «ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ», ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ «ɜɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɟɝɨ», ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɛɟɡ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɨɜ: 24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ,
7 ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɭɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɰɟɥɵɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ-ɱɚɫɵ ɜɬɨɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ: ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
ɢ ɞɨɦɨɦ, ɡɚɬɭɪɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɨɛ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɵɲɟ, ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɧɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ»
(Macnaghten and Urry, 1998, p. 143), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ «ɫɬɚɪɵɟ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ «ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ» ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɹɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ: ɤɚɤɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɜ ɱɶɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ, ɤɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ? (Adam,
1990, p. 109). ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ.
Все времена не равны: проблема власти и контроля
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɦ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɭ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ
ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɟɤɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɷɪɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɤɥɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟ «ɩɨɪɟɡɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɭɛɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɫɤɜɟɪɧɨ ɦɨɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɨɲɦɟɬɤɢ», ɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɢɤɬɭɸɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɟɫɬɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɥɨɞ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ (ɰɢɬɚɬɚ ɡɚ Foster and
Kreitzman, 2004, pp. 12—13). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɝɥɨ
ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɩɨɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ, ɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 1967 ɝɨɞɭ, ɗɞɜɚɪɞ Ɍɨɦɫɨɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ-ɱɚɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ,
ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ «ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɢɞɟɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɚɦɢ, ɚ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
47
ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɬɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɵɯ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɏɨɬɹ ɋɪɢɮɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɵɥ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ Ɍɨɦɫɨɧ ɨɩɢɫɚɥ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ
ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɧɚɜɹɡɚɧɚ
ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜ 19-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ
19-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: «ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɢɬɜɵ, ɧɨ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɢɦɢ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɚɧɚ» (Thrift 1990, p. 117). ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ
ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɜɟɰ-ɩɟɫɟɧɧɢɤ Ȼɨɛ Ⱦɢɥɚɧ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɛɵɥɚ «ɛɢɬɜɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»,
ɝɞɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɘɝɚ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ (Bob Dylan 2004, p. 86).
ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɩɪɢɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɨ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɨɩɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɡɧɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ: ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɠɞɚɥɢ, ɞɟɬɢ ɠɟ
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ. ɗɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɱɚ-ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ; ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, Ɋɨɧɚɥɶɞ Ɏɪɚɧɤɟɧɛɟɪɝ (Ronald
Frankenberg) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ
ɤɚɤ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ, «ɝɞɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ» (Ronald Frankenberg, 1988, p. 148; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Roth, 1963).
ɗɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɜɧɚɹ ɜ
ɫɮɟɪɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ, ɤɬɨ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɪɜɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɭ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɧɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɗɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɯ
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɫɦ.:
Collinson and Collinson, 2004). Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ (ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ), ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɢɯ
ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɥɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɦ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɬɦɚɦ.
ɗɬɚ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɨɧɚ ɩɨɲɥɚ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɩɨ
ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚ-
48
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ Ƚɪɢɧɜɢɱɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ15 ɜ 1884 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɨɬɦɟɪɹɥɢɫɶ. ɗɬɨ «ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɢ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ,
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɜɲɢɟ ɪɚɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ
ɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɞɟɧɟɝ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ; ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɛɢɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɥɠɢɪɟ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɱɚɫɵ «ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ ɞɶɹɜɨɥɚ» (Bourdieu, 1990 [1963],
p. 222). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɟɪɧɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɞɪɭɝɢɟ»
(ɧɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ, ɞɨɦɨɞɟɪɧɵɟ) ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ «ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɨɥɱɚɬɶ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ» (Fitzpatrick, 2004, p. 202),
ɥɸɛɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ, ɥɟɧɶ, ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɬɜɨ» (Adam, 2004,
p. 136; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Griffiths, 1999). Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ
ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ»,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɢɬɦ, ɫɯɨɠɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɜ «ɬɟɧɶ» ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ «ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ» ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɸ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ «ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ» ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ «ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɭ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Schendel and Nordholt, 2001, p. 11). ɋɯɨɠɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ Ƚɪɢɧɯɚɭɫ, ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɧɶɸɬɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, «ɧɚɲɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ), ɬɟɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɜɚɠɧɨɟ», ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ Ƚɪɢɧɯɚɭɫ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ
ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ (ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, «ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ»»,
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ («ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ»). ɗɬɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ Ƚɪɢɧɯɚɭɫ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ (Greenhouse,
1996, pp. 86, 80; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Weston, 2002 ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ ɫ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɨɦ ɜ
15
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) — Ƚɪɢɧɜɢɱɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ) ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ
Ƚɪɢɧɜɢɱɭ, ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
49
ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ). Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, «ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Выводы: сопротивление капиталистическому времени
Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ «ɜɵɪɜɚɥɨ ɫ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ» ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,
ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɦ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ
ɛɟɡɦɨɥɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɚ ɢɯ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶ. ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɶ «ɞɪɭɝɢɯ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ — ɷɬɨ ɜ
ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ;
ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, Ɍɨɧɢ Ɏɢɰɟɩɚɬɪɢɤ (Tony Fitzpatrick) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
«ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ» (Tony
Fitzpatrick, 2004, p. 210). ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɸ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɢɡɦɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȼɢɥɥɟɦ ɒɟɧɞɟɥ (Willem Schendel), ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɜ Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ «… ɧɟ ɤɚɤ
«ɞɨɦɨɞɟɪɧɵɟ» ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɤɢ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ». Ɉɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɞɚɥɟɟ: «ȼɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɨɣ… ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ
ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ» (Willem Schendel, 2001, p. 38). ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢ-ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ, ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ.
Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɸ, ɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ,
ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɤɨɦ-ɬɨ, ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ȼɚɪɛɚɪɚ Ⱥɞɚɦ, «ɇɟ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ. ɇɟ ɜɫɟ ɱɟ-
50
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɱɚɫɨɜ. ɇɟ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɵ» (Barbara Adam, 1995, p. 94).
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ɍɨɦɫɨɧɚ ɢ ɋɪɢɮɬɚ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɵ
19-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɷɬɢ — «ɞɪɭɝɢɟ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥɢ ɜ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɦ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉɟɧ ɋɬɚɪɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ 1982 ɝɨɞɭ ɨ «ɝɢɛɤɨɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ» ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ: ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɞɟɥɨ
ɟɝɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ; ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɥɢɜɟɪɩɭɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɟɪɵ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ
(Starkey, 1988; Lavalette and Kennedy, 1996). ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɛɚɬɚɯ ɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚ-ɠɢɡɧɶ» ɢ
«ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ», Ɇɚɞɥɟɧ Ȼɚɧɬɢɧɝ (Madeleine
Bunting) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ «ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ: «ɫɜɟɪɯɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ» ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ «ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ» ɧɭɠɞ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ». Ȼɚɧɬɢɧɝ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɜɟɪɯɭɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ». ɉɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɚ ɢɡ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ «ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɜ», ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɝɞɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧ ɤ ɭɫɩɟɯɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ (Bunting, 2004, pp. 16, ɫ. 215—16 ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ).
ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɬɟɡɢɫɵ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɢɯ ɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ ɨ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ (ɤɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɧɧɹɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ Ɍɨɦɫɨɧɨɦ) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɫɟɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ
ɢɯ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɹɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. Ɍɭɬ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɧɟɹɜɧɨɟ
ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
ГЛАВА ТРЕТЬЯ
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕНИ
В КАПИТАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ ОБЩЕСТВАХ
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ — ɷɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ», ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ,
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɷɬɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ. Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɏɨɬɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɛɨɪɫɬɜɨ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦɚ.
Свободное время как дефицитный ресурс
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 24-ɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɢ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɨɝɚɱɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɜ
ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ (Griffiths, 1999, pp. 254—6), ɧɢɤɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɠɢɬɶ ɜɟɱɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɭɦɢɪɚɬɶ, ɰɟɧɢɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɟɧɢɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ — ɞɟɧɟɝ,
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɵɯɨɦ,
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɂɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɧɢ
ɢɦɟɸɬ — ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɟɦ-ɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ-
52
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɞɢ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ;
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɜɨɢɯ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɞɭɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɧɭɬ; ɢ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɜ
ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɫɟɛɹ. ȼ ɬɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɷɬɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ Ⱦɠɨɧɚ Ɋɨɭɥɫɚ «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ»
(1971) ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɡɸɦɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, Ɋɨɭɥɫ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ «ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ «ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɠɟɥɚɟɬ»
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ «ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚɦɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ», ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ…
ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ» (Rawls, 1971, pp. 92, 62). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɢ Ɋɨɭɥɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɡɚɯɨɱɟɬ
ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɮɢɧɝɨɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɨɫɶɦɢɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ), ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ
ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ (Rawls, 2001, pp. 60, 179). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ Ɋɨɭɥɫ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɟɝɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦ ɛɟɡɞɟɥɶɧɢɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɥɨɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɚɤɰɢɣ, ɧɢ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɨɬɞɵɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ
ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɚɦ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ. ɏɨɬɹ Ɋɨɭɥɫɚ
ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɡɚ
ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ (laissezfaire capitalism), ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ — ɜɫɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ «ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ», ɝɞɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɢ
«ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ» (Rawls 2001, pp. 137—9; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ Taylor, 2004).
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ Ɍɨɧɢ Ɏɢɬɰɟɩɚɬɪɢɤ, ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɜ ɷɬɭ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ «ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟɦ Ɋɨɭɥɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
«ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ» ɭ Ɋɨɭɥɫɚ ɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ,
ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
«ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ». Ɍɚɤɚɹ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ» ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ», ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ: «ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɵ» ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ (Tony Fitzpatrick, 2004, pp. 206, 202).
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ, ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ (ɫɦ. Marx, 1963 [1844]). ɏɨɬɹ ɨɧ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ «ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ» ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɧɨ Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɜɟɪɢɥ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɢ «ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ» ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɜ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ (Marx 1971 [1867], p. 820). Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɦɢ, ɧɨ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɵ, ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ «Ɉɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ — ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ — ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ» (Marx, 1968 [1875], p. 325). ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɰɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ,
ɢ «ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ» (Marx 1971 [1857—58], p. 168).
Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɢɞɟɢ Ɋɨɭɥɫɚ ɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ,
ɨɧɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ16 — ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
16
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɡɚɧɹɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Политический ресурс
Ɏɢɬɰɟɩɚɬɪɢɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɤɚɤ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, «ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ — ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ, ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ» (Fitzpatrick, 2004,
p. 214). ȿɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɟɧ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɬɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ», ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɷɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɛɵɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɚɞɢ «ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ɍɚɤ, ɚɮɢɧɫɤɢɟ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥ,
ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɹ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ
ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɜɢɞɟɥɨɫɶ Ɋɭɫɫɨ17, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ (ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ) ɟɝɨ «ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ» ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɞɭɦɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ (ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ, ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ, ɱɬɨ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬ ɢɦ ɭɠɢɧ). ɉɨɡɠɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ,
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɥɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ: ɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɢ
ɜɫɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ?
ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ «ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ». Ɉɧɚ ɠɟ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɟɥɚɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɢɧ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
17
ɀɚɧ-ɀɚɤ Ɋɭɫɫɨ? (ɮɪ. Jean-Jacques Rousseau; 1712—1778) — ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ
ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɪ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ — ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
55
Ɋɹɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹɯ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ «ɍɬɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ. ɇɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɚɬ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ» (1991)
Ⱦɠɭɥɢ ɒɨɪ (Julie Schor) ɜɵɡɜɚɥ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɪɥɢ ɏɨɯɲɢɥɶɞ (Arlie Hochschild), ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɝɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɜ ɋɒȺ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ «ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɨɦɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ
ɨɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ» (Arlie Hochschild, 1997, p. 243). ɗɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ
ɩɟɪɟɤɥɢɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɚ ɉɚɬɦɚɧɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɦ
ɭɩɚɞɤɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ («ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦɢ — ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɫɬɢ/ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ»),
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɉɚɬɦɚɧ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ «ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ
ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɱɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɜɪɟɦɹ», ɨɧ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, — ɬɟ,
ɤɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɧɹɬ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ «ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɨɧɨɫɧɵɣ
ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ» (Putman, 2000, pp. 19,
40, 92).
ɏɨɬɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ», «ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»
(«time famine») ɢ «ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɫɭɦɚɬɨɯɢ» ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ: ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɧɨ, ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ
ɬɭɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ? ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟ ɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɉɚɬɦɚɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɦ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɱɟɦ ɭ «ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦɢ, ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ» ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɫɦ.: Warren,
2003; Fenwig and Tausig, 2004; Presser, 2004). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɫɠɚɬɨ.
ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Государства, использование времени
и темпоральные режимы
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɧɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, — ɟɳɟ ɧɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɧɚɲɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ.
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ, ɜɥɢɹɹ ɧɚ
ɧɚɲɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ; ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ
ɥɸɞɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɧɫɢɸ, ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ «ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɮɚɡ, ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɣ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ «ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ»» (Leisering and Leibfried, 1999, p. 6). Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɥɸɞɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. Ɉɧɢ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɜ, ɬɟɚɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɚɪɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬ ɱɚɫɵ ɫ
ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɨɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ. ɗɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɧɟɨɯɨɬɧɨ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
«ɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ» ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɢɯ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ
ɩɨɪ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ,
ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɚɤɚ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ «ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟ» ɢ
ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɦ ɬɪɭɞɟ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɫɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɨɩɥɚɬɵ
ɬɪɭɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ. Ʉɭɛɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɋɟɦɟɣɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ
1975 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɥ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɚ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɪɚɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɹɬɜɵ ɜ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɢ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɪɚɤɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ
(Sloan, 2005; Tremlett, 2005). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɜ Ɇɢɥɚɧɟ, Ɋɢɦɟ ɢ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1980-ɯ ɢ
ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1990-ɯ ɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɤ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɫɜɨɢɦ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɢ ɜɫɟ (Perez-Molina, 1998; Tronto, 2003;
Blakeley, 2004, p. 193).
ȼ «Ɇɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ», Ⱦɠɨɧɚɬɚɧ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ (Jonathan
Gershuny), ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɬɪɚɬɹɬ
ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ — ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ». ȿɝɨ ɰɟɥɶ ɷɬɨ «ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ, ɜɨɛɪɚɜɲɭɸ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɸ ɤɚɠɞɨɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɞɨɫɭɝ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ», ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ» (Jonathan Gershuny, 2000, pp. 1, 4). Ɉɧ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ (ɬɚɤ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɱɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɋɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚɦ, ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ «ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»
(Gershuny, 2005).
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɗɬɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɹɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ: «ɗɬɨ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟ ɞɧɹ, ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɢ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ», ɢ ɟɳɟ: «Ɍɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ». Ɉɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ «ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ — ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ
ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ, ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ — ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɧɫɢɸ. Ɉɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ «ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ» (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ), ɢ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ «ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ», ɩɨɨɳɪɹɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɍɭɬ ɨɧ
ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɣɞɟɬ ɜ
ɨɩɟɪɭ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɟɜɰɚɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ; ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɟɞɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɟɞɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ «ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɞɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ». Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢɬ «ɷɤɫɰɟɫɫɚɦ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, Ⱦɢɤɨɝɨ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ», ɢ «ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ»
(Gershuny, 2000, pp. 10, 97, 37, 10, 10—11).
Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ, ɟɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɗɫɩɢɧȺɧɞɟɪɫɨɧɚ, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɢ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ» Ƚɭɞɢɧɚ (2004)
(Goodin et al., 2004) ɢ Ɋɚɣɫɚ (Rice et al., 2006) (2006). ɗɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɤ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɪɚɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ. ȿɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɝɞɟ
ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
59
ɧɢɠɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ, ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ — ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ — ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɥɨɝɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
«ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɩɥɚɬɹɬ ɥɸɞɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɧɢ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ»… ɂ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɟɝ» (Goodin et al., 2004, p. 532). Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ,
ɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɢ Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɜ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɨ ɭ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ», ɚ ɟɳɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɜɥɢɬɶɫɹ
ɜ ɪɹɞɵ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ (Goodin et al. 2004, p. 544). ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɚɹ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
/ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɦɶɹɦ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ-ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɬɰɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ, «ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɧɟɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ» ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ; ɯɨɬɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɣ, ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɠɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (Rice et al., 2006).
Темпоральные режимы
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
«ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ». Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɡɧɚɤ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɦ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɱɭɠɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦ, ɢ
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-
60
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɯ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɟɟ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ
ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɷɬɢɦɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ (ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ), ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ, ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵɯ,
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ,
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɏɢɰɟɩɚɬɪɢɤ
(2004) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɟɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɣ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɚɦ,
ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɢɦ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɵ; ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɥɟɞ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɢɞɟɢ «ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Lister, 2004; Kershaw,
2005). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ «ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ» ɥɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ,
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ,
ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ. ɗɬɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ — ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɞɟɬɹɦ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɟɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɟ. Ȼɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ
ɥɸɞɹɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɨ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ, ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɟ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɚ ɉɨɥɥɢ Ɍɨɣɧɛɢ (Polly Toynbee) (2006) ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ «ɍɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɪɬ ɞɥɹ
ɞɟɬɟɣ» ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ: «ɀɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ». Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ
ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɷɬɢɦ ɜɵɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɢɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ. ɗɬɨ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ
ɷɬɢɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɜɟɞɶ
ɨɧɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɪɟɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. ɗɬɢ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɲ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɡɢɫ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɬɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦ, ɷɬɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦɢ, ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ
ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ.
Удлиненный рабочий день
и капиталистическая экономика
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ ɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ (ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ) ɡɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɳɟɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɚɦ
62
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ «ɩɨɱɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɭɸ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɸ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ» (Fitzpatrick, 2004, p. 213). ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɟɝɨ
ɨɛɳɢɦ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ɏɢɰɟɩɚɬɪɢɤ, ɷɬɨ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ «ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ» (Fitzpatrick, 2004, p. 213); ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɜɚɥɶɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɭɬ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɒɨɪ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ — ɤɚɤ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ. Ɉɧ, ɩɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜ
ɋɒȺ, ɡɚɝɨɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɜ «ɛɟɥɢɱɶɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ» — «ɤɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ», ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵɦ (Schor, 1991, p. 107). Ɉɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ:
«ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɟɱɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ,
ɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ», ɞɨɫɬɢɝɲɢɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ (Schor, 1991, p. 117). ȼ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ «ɉɟɪɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ» ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ (competitive
spending). ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɭɱɚɟɬ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɝɥɹɧɰɟɜɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɚɥɟ «Ⱦɪɭɡɶɹ») — ɷɬɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ
ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɫɦɨɝ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɟ; ɨɧɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɟɞɧɟɟ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. ɒɨɪ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɨɝɢ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ
(ɫɯɨɠɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɦ.: Rebick, 2000).
ɒɨɪ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɋɒȺ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜ 1948 ɝɨɞɭ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɜɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ. ɂ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
63
ɥɢɬɶ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɛɟɡ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɩɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨ ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɒɨɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɩɨɨɳɪɹɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɭɪɨɱɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ, ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ; ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɹɝɨɬ ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ: «ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɪɨɜɫɬɜɨɦ
ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɫɟ»
(Schor, 1999, p. 165).
ȼ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ (Schor, 1991) ɒɨɪ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɚ ɪɨɥɶ
ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɩɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ 19-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɟɪ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɧ «ɉɟɪɟɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ» ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ — ɩɪɢɡɵɜ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ
ɜɵɲɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ
ɰɢɤɥɚ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚ-ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ». Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ «ɞɥɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɷɫɤɚɥɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ» (1999, p. 145). ɗɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɤɭɩɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɤɢɞɤɚɦ. ɒɨɪ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1990 ɢ 1996 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɹɬɵɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɟɰ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɟɟ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ — ɷɬɨ
«ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ», ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȿɣ ɧɟ
ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɟɸ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɬ ɬɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ
ɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɒɨɪ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɉɢɬɟɪɚ Ɇɟɣɤɫɢɧɫɚ
(Peter Meiksins) ɢ ɉɢɬɟɪɚ ɍɨɥɥɢ (Peter Whalley) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ» ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨɛ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɞɢɤɨɜ, ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɧɫɢɸ, ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠɟɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɪɟɡɚɬɶ
ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɨɜ» (Meiksins and Whalley, 2002, p. 164). Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵ ɜ ɋɒȺ. ɉɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɥɸɞɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢɯ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɫɸɦɟɪɢɡɦ «ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɚɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɚɪɟɧɨɣ, ɝɞɟ
ɦɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ «ə» ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ»
(Bunting, 2004, p. 155). ɗɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɵ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɰɟɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɒɨɪ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɛɡɚɰ «ɗɩɢɥɨɝɚ» ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɡɢɫɚ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɋɒȺ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɢɦɵɦ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɧɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɺɬɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ Ɇɚɪɤɫ, ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɨɣ
ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ: ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ, ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɞɧɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ. Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɯɨɱɟɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢ
ɞɟɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɛɟɠɞɟɧ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ,
ɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɹ
ɧɟɨɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ
ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɷɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ (ɫɦ.: Harrison, 2002), ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɹɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɤɚɤ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ: ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱ. ȼɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
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ɞɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ; ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɭɬɫɨɪɫɢɧɝɚ; ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɉɶɟɬɪɨ Ȼɚɫɫɨ (Pietro Basso) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ:
«ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ «ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɵɟ» ɱɚɫɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ… ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ» (Basso, 1998, p. 8; ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ), ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ/əɩɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɜɢɞɢɬ
ɜ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɱɚɫɚɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɬɶ ɟɣ «ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɸ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɭɸ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɭɲɭ». ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɲɚɧɫɵ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɒɨɪ
(Basso, 1998, p. 39). ɗɬɨɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɡɚ 2006 ɝɨɞ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɲɟɣ, ɱɬɨ «ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɢ 7 ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɵɧɤɚ», ɞɟɥɚɹ
ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ» ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɬɪɭɞɚ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Crompton et al., 2005; Heintz, 2006).
ɗɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɫ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ ɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ
ɹɪɨɫɬɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 19-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɧɢ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ (ɫɦ.: Marx, 1946 [1867], ɱɚɫɬɶ III, ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ Nyland, 1990), ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɫɜɨɢ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɵ ɨɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɨɞɚɦ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ ɢɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰ,
ɧɟ ɬɟɪɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵɟ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ.
Ȼɚɫɫɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɜɟɞɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
«ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɬɥɟɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɩɟɩɥɨɦ» (Basso, 1998, p. 9). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɨɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɞɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɇɚɰɢɢ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨ — ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ (Harrison, 2002;
O’Brien, 2005). ɒɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɟ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ.
Выводы
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ — ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɗɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɟɣ ɨɤɚɠɭɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ɍɟɦ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɟɧ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɷɬɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɣ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɧɨ ɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ
ɤ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɚ ɠɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ. ɗɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ.
ЧАСТЬ ІІ
ФЕМИНИСТСКИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ:
ПОСТАНОВКА ВОПРОСОВ
ГЛАВА ЧЕТВЕРТАЯ
МУЖЧИНЫ И ЖЕНЩИНЫ
В ФЕМИНИСТСКОЙ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȱ
ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȱȱȱ, ɧɨ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦ
ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ ɨɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ, ɤɚɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ
ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ: ɢɦɟɟɬ ɥɢ ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧ» ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ
ɧɚɛɪɨɫɤɚ ɨ «ɧɟɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ «ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ» ɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɧɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ» — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɵɟ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɬɶ
«ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ» — ɷɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɦɵɫɥɵ, ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɯ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɣ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɧɟ ɭɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ «ɭɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤ
ɷɬɨɦɭ. Ɉɧɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɡɢɫɨɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ «ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢ» — ɷɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Женщины и мужчины: естественные
и/или социально обусловленные различия
в отношении ко времени?
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɹɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ
ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ» — ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɢɪɨɥɸɛɢɹ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ «ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ» — ɷɝɨɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȱȱȱ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
«ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ» («malestream») ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
«ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ». Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɶɸ,
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ — ɷɬɨ ɢɯ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɚ
(Hakim, 2000, 2007).
ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɪɨɠɚɥɢ. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɵ
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ
ɢ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɜɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ (Hird,
2000; Lorber, 2000); ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɯ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɨ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɯ, ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɋɢɦɨɧɵ ɞɟ Ȼɨɜɭɚɪ, ɱɬɨ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ»
(Simone de Beauvoir, 1972 [1949], p. 297). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ —
ɷɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɚ; ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɞɟɥɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ, ɨɧɢ — ɷɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɪɨɥɟɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ «ɦɭɠɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ»,
ɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ», ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, — ɬɟɪɩɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɰɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ; ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɣ
ɰɟɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Другое/лучшее понимание времени?
ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ «ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ», ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɨɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɢɯ ɨɩɵɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ, ɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
«ɥɭɱɲɟ», ɱɟɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɢɬɶ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɢɯ. ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ — ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɷɬɨ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɱɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɱɟɦ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ,
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ, ɫɦ.: Harstock 1985; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ, ɫɦ.: Harding, 1986; McLaughlin, 2003; Harding, 2004).
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɣ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ
ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɟɬ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ
ɩɨɪ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɦ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɷɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ-ɭɱɟɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɋɯɨɠɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɬɟɡɢɫɚ Ʉɷɪɨɥ Ƚɢɥɥɢɝɚɧ (Carol Gilligan).
Ɉɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɦɵɫɥɹɬ ɨɛ
ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ, ɢ ɬɭɬ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɤ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɢ: ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ «ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ» ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɛ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ; ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ,
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɢɥɥɢɝɚɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɦɚɥɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ; ɜɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ,
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ ɩɪɚɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ «ɷɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ», ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɯ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ
ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɢɦ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɟɝɨ
ɤɚɤ ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɫɫɭɞɢɬɫɹ. ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
«ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɦɵɫɥɶ Ƚɢɥɥɢɝɚɧ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ, ɡɚɛɵɜɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɵ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢ ɭɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɜɫɹɤɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ȼɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɦ, Ƚɢɥɥɢɝɚɧ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɫ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ȼɢɪɠɢɧɢɹ ɏɟɥɞ (Virginia Held)
(Held, 1994) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ, ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɦ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɦ» ɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɚ
ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɋɚɪɚ Ɋɚɞɞɢɤ (Sarah Ruddick, 1990) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ», ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ «ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ» ɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ. ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ
ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɷɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɢ ɜɟɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɛɳɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɤ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
71
Какие женщины, какая женщина?
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ «ɷɬɢɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ», ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ —
ɷɬɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟ, ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ — ɷɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɞɟɥɤɢ, ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ, ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ.
ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢ ɨɩɵɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜ. Ⱦɚɠɟ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɯɨɠɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ «ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ» ɜ ɋɒȺ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɤɬɨ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɤɚɪɶɟɪɭ, ɢ ɬɟɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ
(Buxton, 1998; Boyd, 2002). ɑɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ; ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ
ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ «ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɭɠɧɢɟ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ
ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɵ, ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ» (Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2003a, p. 11).
Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ «ɱɟɪɧɵɟ» ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɢ
ɨɩɵɬ, — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ «ɛɟɥɵɯ» ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɡɧɚɤ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ. Ɉɧɢ
ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɞɟɸ «ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ», ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ
ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɦɚɥɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
«ɞɪɭɝɢɯ» ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɦ.:
King, 1988; Lieu, 1994; West and Fenstermaker, 1996; Aziz, 1997).
ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ «ɱɟɪɧɵɣ» ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ, ɪɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɧɹɬɚ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɥɸɞɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
72
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
(ɫɦ.: ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: King, 1988; Collins, 1990;
Crenshaw, 1998). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢɜ ɷɬɭ ɢɞɟɸ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ: ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ «ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɯɭɞɲɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɣ», «ɱɟɪɧɵɟ» ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɪɚɫɵ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ (Collins, 1990, p. 70). Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɷɬɚ
«ɱɟɪɧɚɹ» ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɩɵɬ «ɛɟɥɨɣ», ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ,
ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɟɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɱɟɦ ɨɩɵɬ ɟɟ ɦɭɠɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɨɩɵɬ ɟɟ ɧɹɧɟɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ «ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ
ɧɚ ɬɚɤɫɢ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɹ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɛɨɪɤɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɧɹɧɟɱɤɚ — ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɤɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɚɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɟɟ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ «ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ
ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ», ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ (Ehrenreich and
Hochschild, 2003b). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɵ), ɭɯɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɪɟɥɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦɢ, ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɥɸɞɢ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɭɯɨɞɟ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ
ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ. əɫɧɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɫɱɭɪ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɞɧɹ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɢ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɦɭ
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɥɚɬɹɬ. ɗɬɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤ
ɷɬɨɬ «ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɫɧɢɡɭ» ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɦɚɥɱɢɜɚɸɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɷɬɨɬ
ɨɩɵɬ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ. ɏɨɬɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɨɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɛɚɬɨɜ ɜ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢɯ ɭɛɨɪɳɢɰ ɢ ɧɹɧɟɱɟɤ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɭɠɞɚɦɢ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɩɪɟɫɬɚɪɟɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɭ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ, ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ.
Влияние постмодернизма
Ⱥɤɰɟɧɬ «ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ» ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɫɟɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ «ɞɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ» «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ» ɢ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ», ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɫɬɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ/ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ, ɢ
ɟɺ ɠɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɪɚɫɤɪɨɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ
ɫ ɧɟɣ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɬ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ.
Деконструируя пол и гендер
ɉɨɫɬɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɢ «ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ», ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, — ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ, ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɤɚɤ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ» ɢ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ», ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɤɚɤ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɭ», ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɚ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ «ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɭɠɢɤ» — ɧɟ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɢɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɚ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɝɟɣ,
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ… ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ
ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɛɢɪɚɹ ɞɨɦ, ɫɬɢɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɭɡɧɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɦɢɪ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵ,
ɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ «ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ» ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ
ɬɟɤɭɱɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ.
ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɩɨɥ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ: ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɯ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ; ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɭɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɢ (ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɤɨɠɢ,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɰɜɟɬɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɥɚɡ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɭɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ). ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɉɚɦɟɥɚ Ɉɞɢɯ (Pamela Odih)
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ»
ɪɟɡɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»,
ɚ ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɟ, «ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ» ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (Pamela Odih, 1999, p. 14).
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ», ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵ. ɉɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ,
ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ, ɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɣ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ,
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɬɟɤɭɱɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɣ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ; ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ
ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ, ɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɗɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ «ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ» ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢ ɫ
ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɰɢɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɦɵɫɥɶɸ: ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ «ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ», ɬɨ ɷɬɨ
«ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ» ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɦ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ
Ⱦɠɭɞɢɬ Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ (Judith Butler) (1990) ɤ ɢɞɟɢ ɨ «ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ» ɢ ɤ ɬɟɡɢɫɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ «ɝɪɟɯɨɜɧɵɦɢ» ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ,
ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɜɟɫɬɢɡɦ, ɢɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ
(ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ, ɫɦ.: Grant, 1993; Segal, 1999; Squires,
1999; Weston, 2002). ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ «ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ»
ɢɥɢ «ɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ» ɧɚɲɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ
ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
75
Феминистская критика дихотомического мышления
Ɇɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ» ɢ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ» — ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɬɟɤɭɱɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ (ɢɡ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Gatens, 1991; Barrett
and Phillips, 1992; Coole, 1993; Squires, 1999; Zalewski, 2000;
Prokhovnik, 2002; Lister, 2003). Ƚɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɪɚɡɭɦ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ),
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨ ɢ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɚ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚɥɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɵ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ «ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ» ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ «ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ».
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɝɨɧɹɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɭ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟɭɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ «ɢɥɢ/ɢɥɢ», ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɹ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ,
ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɸ
ɢɫɤɨɧɧɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, — ɷɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɫɚɦɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ «ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ» (Lister, 2003, p. 68), ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɢ ɢɞɟɣ. ɗɬɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɹɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ». ɗɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɜɫɟ ɦɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ/ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɪɚɡɭɦ/ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɷɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɧɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ, ɜɟɞɶ ɨɧɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɫ ɟɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ
ɰɢɪɤɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ).
Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɋɚɹ ɉɪɨɤɯɨɜɧɢɤ (Raia Prokhovnik), ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦ/ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ/ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ/ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɵɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɢɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ
ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɞɟɜɚɥɶɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɤɚɤ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚ» (ɯɨɬɹ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɜɚɥɶɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɟɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ»
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ). ɗɬɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬ ɉɪɨɤɯɨɜɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ «ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ
ɫɱɟɬɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɷɬɨ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ/ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ»
(Prokhovnik, 2002, p. 13). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɟɜɚɥɶɜɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɬɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ «ɬɟɧɶ»
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ (Davies, 1989). ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɛɵɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ,
ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɢɫɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɜɟɞɶ ɟɫɥɢ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ» ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ», ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨɜ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɚ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ.
И все же…
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɞɭɦɚɸɬ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɝɪɨɣ ɜ ɝɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɪɨɞɟ, ɝɞɟ «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ» (Hird, 2000, p. 349). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɪɨɠɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɥ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, — ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ.
ɂ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɟɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɥ, ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɚɧɫɚɯ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɠɢɬɶ ɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɭɠɟɦ, ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢ ɭɛɨɪɤɭ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɦɭɠ. Ɇɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟ,
ɤɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɚɬɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ — ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɟɫ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɠɢɜɟɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɩɟɪɟɤɨɲɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ, ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ. ȼɫɟ
ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɤɚɤ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ» ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɚɤ «ɡɞɪɚɜɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ», ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɡɹɬɵɟ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɪɚɜɧɵ
ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɜɟɞɭɬ
ɫɟɛɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ «ɞɪɭɝɢɟ».
ɋ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ» ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɠɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɛɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɬ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɨ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫ ɭɯɨɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɛɟɡɞɭɦɧɵɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ
ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɤɚɤ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ», ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɥɢɲɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ (ɫɦ. ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ) ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɬɟɡɢɫ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɭɠɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɞɟɝɪɚɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ,
ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɢ, ɫɜɟɪɯ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɭɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ» (Thompson, 2001, p. 8). Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɋɬɟɜɢ
Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧ (Stevi Jackson), ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ», ««ȼɟɳɢ» ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɢɪɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ — ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɟ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɩɥɨɯɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ — ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ»
(Stevi Jackson, 2001, p. 287). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɟɬ Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɨɧ (Margaret
Andersen) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ,
ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ (ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɨɣ, ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ) «ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ (ɢ ɭɞɪɭɱɚɸɳɟ) ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Margaret Andersen, 2005,
p. 452).
Патриархат
Ʉɚɤ ɹ ɭɠɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ (Bryson, 1999a), ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɵ — ɷɬɨ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɯ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ, ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɦɢ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ «ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ
ɪɟɠɢɦɵ» ɢɥɢ «ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ», ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɧɟɮɢɰɢɚɪɢɹɦɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ — ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ, ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
79
ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɠɭɞɢɬ Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ ɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ, ɩɨɞɪɵɜɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɸɞɢ «ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ», ɨɧɢ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɨɥɟ,
ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ «ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ» (Lorber, 2000, p. 83). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ «ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ» ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ «ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ» (Sirianni and
Negrey, 2000, p. 65; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: West and Zimmerman, 1991). Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ «ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ» ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɨɦ; ɜɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ — ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ/ɧɟ ɫɢɞɟɥɤɚ, ɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ — ɫɢɞɟɥɤɚ/ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ» (Boyd, 2002, p. 466).
ɗɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬ — ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɟɪɬɜɚɦɢ
ɢɥɢ «ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ» ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢɝɪɟ ɫ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɨ ɜ
ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ». Ɉɧɢ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ — ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɳɭɸ,
ɱɬɨ «ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɨɬɰɵ» ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɚ «ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ» — ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɤɚɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɜɫɹɤɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɝɨɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɸ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɫ ɛɥɚɝɢɦɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɞɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɚ
Ʌɢɧɧ ɋɢɝɚɥ (Lynne Segal), ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ, ɩɨ
ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ «ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ» (Lynne Segal, 1999, p. 34; ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ
ɫ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ — ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɜ ɲɬɵɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ (ɫɦ. ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ ɨ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɨɦ: Sargent, 1986; ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ Bryson, 2003; Davis, 2005).
От сестринства
к солидарности — появление консенсусов?
ɏɨɬɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɧɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ
ɧɟ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ: ɤɚɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ? Ȼɵɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɟɪɩɟɬɶ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ
ɧɨɪɦ? Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ȼɟɧɞɢ Ȼɪɚɭɧ (Wendy Brown), «ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɚɦɢ: ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ — ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɢ
ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ» (Wendy Brown, 2003,
p. 366). ȼɵɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɭɩɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ, ɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ Ʉɨɥɥɢɧɡ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ «ɨɛɟ/ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ»,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ
(Collins, 1990, p. 225), Ȼɪɚɭɧ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ, ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ «ɭɝɥɚ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ» ɜ «ɤɨɧɬɪɚɩɭɧɤɬɟ», ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ «ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɟ ɢ …
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɦɟɫɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ» (Brown, 2003, pp. 366, 367). Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ Ɇɚɤɫɢɧ
Ɇɨɥɢɧɟ (Maxine Molyneux) ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ» ɢ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ» ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ (Molyneux, 1985, p. 232) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ — ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ — ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ
ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ
ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ», ɩɨɧɢɦɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ «ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ — ɨɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɬɚɤ» (Molyneux, 1985, p.
234). Ⱦɠɭɞɢɬ ɋɤɜɚɣɟɪɫ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ,
ɧɚɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɵ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɰɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɫɚɦɨɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɤɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫ «ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɧɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ» (Squires, 1999, p. 73). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ «ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ
ɋɚɥɥɢ Ȼɚɞɟɧ (Sally Baden) ɢ ɗɧɧ Ƚɟɬɰ (Anne Goetz) (1997) ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɉɟɤɢɧɟ ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɧɢ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɥɶɹɧɫɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɭɬɪɚɬɵ ɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɨɩɵɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ
«ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ», ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ Ⱦɟɧɢɡ Ɋɚɥɢ
(Denise Riley), ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɢɪ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɟɫɥɢ
ɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ», ɯɨɬɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ «ɞɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ» (Riley, 1988,
p. 112; Lister, 2003, p. 78).
ȼ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ «ɱɟɪɧɵɦ» ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɭɬɶ ɢɞɟɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ: ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭ-
82
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɢɬɶ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɞɟɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜ ɢɯ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɚɥɶɹɧɫɵ ɫ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɢ, ɯɨɬɹ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɸɬ ɠɟɪɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɟɤɫɢɡɦɚ,
… ɟɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɧɢ» (hooks, 1984,
p. 72). ɂɞɟɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ «ɛɟɥɵɟ», ɬɚɤ ɢ «ɱɟɪɧɵɟ»
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɚɧɬɢɪɚɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɨ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ
ɫɪɟɞɢ ɬɟɛɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
ɛɨɪɶɛɨɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɨɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɟɟɜ ɢ ɥɟɫɛɢɹɧɨɤ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɹɧɟɱɤɚ-ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɜɡɹɜɲɚɹ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɨɛɟ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɨɛɟ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ. ȼ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɡɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ — ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɰɟɥɢ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɚɦɢ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ —
ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚ. Ɍɚɤ, Ɋɭɬ Ʌɢɫɬɟɪ (Ruth
Lister) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ «ɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɵɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ» (Lister, 2003, p. 82), ɯɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ — ɷɬɨ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ «ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ» (Lister, 2003, p. 78). Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ,
ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ» ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɨɝɨɥɢɛɨ, ɤɬɨ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ Ʌɢɫɬɟɪ, ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ — ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɣɧɚɦɢ, ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ «ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ» («transversal
politics»), ɬɟɪɦɢɧ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɡɚ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɇɢɪɨɣ ɘɜɚɥ-Ⱦɟɜɢɫ (Nira Yuval-Davis).
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɫɫɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ «ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ». ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ «ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ»
(«rooting»), ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɸɬ
ɧɚɞ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, «ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ»
(«shifting»), ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, «ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɳɢ, ɜ
ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɷɦɩɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ» (Yuval-Davis, 1998,
pp. 184, 185; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Cockburn and Hunter, 1999; Massey, 1999).
ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ⱦɠɟɧɢɫ Ɇɚɤɥɚɮɥɢɧ (Janice McLaughlin), ɉɟɤɢɧɫɤɭɸ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (Beijing+5)
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ «ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ», ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
ȼ ɧɟɦ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɟɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ «ɉɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ» («Platform for Action»), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ «ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ» (Janice McLaughlin, 2003, p. 43). Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɷɬɚ ɉɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ
ɩɪɢɡɜɚɥɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɜɲɢɟ ɟɟ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɵ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɬɪɚɬɹɳɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɨɣ, ɨɛɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Выводы
ɏɨɬɹ ɢɞɟɢ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɹɞ ɹɫɧɵɯ, ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɦ ɪɹɞ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ
«ɠɟɧɳɢɧ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧ» ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ-ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ «ɜɟɱɧɵɯ» ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ,
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɬɶ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢ
«ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɢɪ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ —
ɷɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, — ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢ
ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɠɚ, ɟɣ ɷɬɚ «ɜɢɧɚ» ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɜɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ-ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚ (ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɵɦ, ɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɳɟɣ). ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ
ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɢ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɠɟɧɵ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɤɭɱɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɫ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. Ɇɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚɯ ɢ
ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ» ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ: ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
85
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ «ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ»,
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɭɜɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ, ɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ «ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢ» ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɨɬ
ɫɤɪɵɬɨɣ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ.
ГЛАВА ПЯТАЯ
ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ И ЧАСТНОЕ
В ФЕМИНИСТСКОЙ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ
ɗɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɣ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ — «ɢɥɢ/ɢɥɢ», ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ
ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ/ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɨɧɢ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɵ ɬɪɚɬɢɦ ɤɚɤ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ. Ɉɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ,
ɛɭɞɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ — ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ. Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɨɬ «ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ/ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ» ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ —
ɷɬɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ.
Феминистская критика
разграничения общественного/частного
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɧɚɡɨɣɥɢɜɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ. ɗɬɚ
ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ (ɫɦ. ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ: Elshtain, 1981; Eisenstein, 1984; Pateman, 1987; Okin, 1990;
Young, 1990; Phillips, 1991, 1993; Ackelsberg and Shanley, 1996;
Landes, 1998; Lister, 2003; Zelizer, 2005).
ɇɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ «ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɫɮɟɪɭ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɹɤɨɛɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ» (Holmes, 2002, p. 40). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɂɞɟɹ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɛɟɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ, «ɡɚɩɚɱɤɚɧɧɨɣ» ɫɬɪɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɫ ɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɢɯ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ. ɂ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ «ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ» ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ «ɫ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɷɦɨɰɢɣ, ɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ» (Arneil, 1999, p. 7) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ — ɷɬɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ
ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ.
ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɫɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢɜɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɛɨɪɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɭɠɟɣ) ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ
ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ (ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ, ɫɦ.: Phillips, 1991; Einhorn, 1996; Squires, 1999;
Lister, 2003, 2007). ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɚ ɟɝɨ
ɬɟɤɭɱɚɹ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ.
Общественная и частная работа
«Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ» ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɚ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ, ɭɛɨɪɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ɫɟɦɶɢ, — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ «ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ» ɞɟɥɨ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɬɨɠɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Floro, 1995; Beneria, 2001; Campillo, 2003;
Litt and Zimmerman, 2003; Pyle and Ward, 2003). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɜ
ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ: ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɹɬɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɢ ɷɬɚ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ — ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɤɢ (Daly and Rake, 2003). ɏɨɬɹ ɮɢɧɫɤɢɟ, ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɟ
ɢ ɞɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢ), ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɨɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (Finch, 2006a; Leira, 2006; Salmi, 2006), ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ (ɜ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ
ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɵɯ 36 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɭɯɚɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 35 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ. ȼ ɋɒȺ «ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ», ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɢ ɟɳɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɟɥɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ
ɬɚɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ «ɉɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ», ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ
ɜ ɉɟɤɢɧɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɟɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɜɲɢɯ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɯɨɞɚ (ɫɦ.: Holloway et al., 2002) ɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ» ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (ɷɬɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ;
ɫɦ.: ONS, 2001; Gray, 2003; Ruston, 2003; Babb, 2005).
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ — ɷɬɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ,
ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɧɟɟ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵ (ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
89
ɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɬɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɨɬ, ɤɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ? ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɨɧɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɹɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɞɥɹ «ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ» ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɥɢ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ» ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɞɟɥ ɜɵɧɭɞɢɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɳɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, «ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɠɞɭɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ» (Himmelweit, 1999, p. 3).
ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɫɨɫɟɞɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ «ɪɚɛɨɬɵ», ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɛɪɚɬɶ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɚɛɫɭɪɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, — ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ» ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ.
Платная помощь
Ɋɚɡɦɵɬɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ
ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ (ɫɦ.: Hobson,
2000a). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ — ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ;
ɨɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ; ɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɬ.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɵɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɸɞɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɥɚɬɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɥɢɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
90
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ — ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɧɤɢ ɟɟ
ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɢɬɦɚɦ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ
ɭɯɨɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɢɫɤɚɯ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɰɟɧɢɬ «ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ «ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ», ɚ ɧɟ
«ɧɟɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɟ» ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ «ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ», ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɢ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɚ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɦ ɫɢɞɟɬɶ ɫ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɸɬ, ɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɧɟɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ, — ɧɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɧɟ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɭɠɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ.
ɉɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ: ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
(ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɭɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɪɢɝɥɹɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ), ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɟɦɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ «Ʉɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ» Ⱥɪɥɢ ɏɨɯɲɢɥɶɞɚ (Arlie Hochschild): «ȼɫɟ ɥɢ ɭ
ɧɚɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɹɧɟɱɤɟ, ɚ ɫɬɚɪɭɲɤɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɦɟɞɫɟɫɬɪɟɫɢɞɟɥɤɟ?» (Arlie Hochschild, 2003: ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢ p. 3; ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɦ.: Zelizer, 2005). ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɪɢɰɚɸɬ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɡɚɛɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ» ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɬɟɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɏɨɯɲɢɥɶɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɜ
ɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ,
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɛɨɪ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ: ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɟɣ
«ɦɭɠɫɤɭɸ» ɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɫɹ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ, ɤɬɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬ ɷɬɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ — ɷɬɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɞɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ
ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɤ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Различия среди женщин
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ɇɢɪɢɚɦ Ƚɥɸɤɫɦɚɧ (Miriam Glucksmann, 1998), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ
Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɜ 1920-ɟ ɢ 1930-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ.
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɤɚɱɢɯɚɦɢ (ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ), ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɛɨɪɳɢɰɚɦɢ
ɢɥɢ ɧɹɧɟɱɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɬɤɚɱɢɯ), Ƚɥɸɤɫɦɚɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɢ ɜ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ. Ɉɧɚ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɷɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵ ɢ «ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɵ» ɫ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɟ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɂɯ ɦɭɠɶɹ
ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ, ɨɧɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ƚɥɸɤɫɦɚɧ, «ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɞɚɧɨ, ɩɪɨɞɚɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɟɧɨ — ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɚɜɲɢɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ/ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ». ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ, ɬɤɚɱɢɯɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ; ɨɧɢ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɭɠɟɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɨɧɢ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ
ɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ, ɛɵɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ,
ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɢɯ ɦɭɠɚ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɤɚɱɢɯ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɥɢ «ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɮɟɪɚɦɢ»; ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, «ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɤɚɱɢɯɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɛɵɥɢ «ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ» ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ», ɱɶɺ «ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɦɵɦ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ». ɗɬɢ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɟɥɢ ɢ
ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ
ɠɢɡɧɶɸ: ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɬɤɚɱɢɯɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, «ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɨɣɧɚɦɢ»), ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ («ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɹ ɜɵɲɥɚ ɡɚɦɭɠ») (Glucksmann,
1998, pp. 247, 252, 253, 253).
ɏɨɬɹ Ƚɥɸɤɫɦɚɧ ɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɢɥɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɹɬ ɢɦ
ɢɡ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɭɛɨɪɳɢɰɚɦ ɢ ɧɹɧɟɱɤɚɦ ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɭɠɟɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɭɲɧɵɦɢ»; ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɠɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ (Katz
and Monk, 1993) ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɢ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɞɚɸɬ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ «ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ», ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɳɢɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰ ɢɡ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɗɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɪɚɞɢ «ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɚɯ, ɫɟɦɶɹɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
93
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ» Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ (Litt and Zimmerman, 2003, p. 157;
ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Anderson, 2001; Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2003b; Pyle
and Ward, 2003). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ»,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɦ, ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɢ ɧɟ
ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɞɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ
ɭɛɨɪɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɦɟɜɚɸɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ɍɚɤ, Ɇɢɧɶɨɧ Ⱦɚɮɮɢ (Mignon Duffy), ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ,
ɱɬɨ «ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ» ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɧɚ «ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ», ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ «ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɨɣ» (Duffy, 2005,
p. 79). Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ȼɪɢɞɠɢɬ Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɨɧ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ — ɷɬɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ,
ɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ-ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɤɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ «ɧɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ», ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚɹ
(Bridget Anderson, 2001, p. 32).
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ», — ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɸ
ɟɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɟɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ —
ɜɚɠɧɵ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɸɬ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɹɜɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Гражданство в общественной и частной сферах
ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɳɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɧɚɲɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɩɵɬɨɜ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦɢ, «ɛɟɥɵɦɢ» ɢɥɢ «ɱɟɪɧɵɦɢ»,
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦɢ, ɝɟɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ, ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ, ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɢɧɨɦ, ɦɭɫɭɥɶɦɚɧɢɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɚɬɟɢɫɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ, ɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ
ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟ Ɍ. Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ
(T. H. Marshall), ɜɫɟ ɦɵ «ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɞɚɟɬ» (Marshall, 1983 [1949], p. 253). ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɦɢɪɚ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ «ɪɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ», ɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ «ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɳ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ… ɪɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɚɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɝɟɬɟɪɨɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ» (Lister, 2003, pp. 71, 68).
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ — ɷɬɨ ɤɜɢɧɬɷɫɫɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɝɞɟ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɵ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɢ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
Нехватка времени у женщин
ȼɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ «ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ», ɱɚɫɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
95
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɹɞ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ, ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɬɟɦɟ
ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɦ. ɭ Herd and Meyer, 2002). ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ʌɢɫɬɟɪ, «ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ: ɥɸɞɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɢɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɹɦɢ ɢ
ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɨɛɳɢɧɵ» (Lister, 1990, p. 456). ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ — ɷɬɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ: «ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɪɤɨɦ ɟɟ ɦɭɠɚ,
ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɟɟ ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ» (Mackay, 2001, p. 162; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Holmes,
2002; Vromen, 2003). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ — ɷɬɨ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ
ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ «ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɬɶ»(Phillips, 1991, p. 101).
Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ (ɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ), ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, — ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ «ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦɭ,
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɢ
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ.
От частной помощи — к общественному благу
ɋɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɨɛɳɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɝɞɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɯɨɬɶ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɝɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ, ɚ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɭɯɚ-
96
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ
ɡɚ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɹɫɤɚɯ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɢɯ ɤ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɲɤɨɥ (ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɬɚɤɨɣ «ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɫɦ.: Vromen, 2003). ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨ-ɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɞɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɜ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ» (Lister, 2003, p. 146; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Dominelli, 2006).
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɨɛɳɢɧɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ», ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ — ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ; ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɞɟɥɟ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɭ «ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɛɨɜ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (ɝɞɟ ɜ
1984 ɝɨɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ), ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ» (Lowndes, 2000, p. 534; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ:
Blakeley, 2002; Lowndes, 2004). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɏɟɪɞ ɢ Ɇɟɣɟɪ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ «ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɤɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ»
(Herd and Meyer, 2002, p. 667). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ «ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ», ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ
ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ «ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜ ɛɨɭɥɢɧɝ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɭ» (Putman, 2000, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ
ɤɧɢɝɢ), ɯɨɬɹ Ⱦɠɟɣɧ Ɇɚɧɫɛɪɢɞɠ (Jane Mansbridge) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɢ «ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɬɨɜɧɹ» ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ
ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ», ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ «ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ, ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɯɨɬɹɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ» (Jane
Mansbridge, 1999, pp. 215, 211). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɨɧɢ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
97
ɠɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ȼɢɜɶɟɧ Ʌɨɭɧɞɫ (Vivien Lowndes), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ — ɷɬɨ, «ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɬɹɠɟɥɚɹ ɧɨɲɚ ɞɥɹ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ — ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ»
(Vivien Lowndes, 2004, p. 59; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Bruegel, 2005). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɚ Ʌɢɫɬɟɪ, «ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɨɣɤɢ ɢ ɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɧɤɢ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ
ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ», ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɹɞ
ɥɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ!» (ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, 2006).
Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ «ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ» ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɧɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɉɚɦɟɥɚ
ɏɟɪɞ (Pamela Herd) ɢ Ɇɚɞɨɧɧɚ Ɇɟɣɟɪ (Madonna Meyer), ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ: «ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɦɢ
ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɜ ɯɨɫɩɢɫɚɯ — ɷɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ
ɡɚ ɩɨɠɢɥɨɣ ɬɟɬɟɣ — ɧɟɬ» (Pamela Herd and Madonna Meyer, 2002,
p. 674), ɯɨɬɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɭɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɛɥɚɝɭ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ,
ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɑɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ — ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɯ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ»
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ «ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ «ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ», ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ» (Prokhovnik, 1998, p. 88;
ɫɯɨɠɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɦ.: Dobson, 2003, p. 136).
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ «ɷɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ», ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ,
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ. ɗɬɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɨɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ɏɢɨɧɵ
Ɇɚɤɤɟɣ (Fiona Mackay) ɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɯ-ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɚɯ ɜ ɒɨɬɥɚɧɞɢɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɢɞɟɥɨɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɹɠɟɥɭɸ ɧɨɲɭ (Mackay, 2001). Ɂɞɟɫɶ
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɫɯɜɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ», ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɦ.: Segal, 1987).
ɗɬɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɟɬ Ɇɷɪɢ Ⱦɢɟɬɰ (Mary Dietz),
ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ: ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɜ «ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɣ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ», ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ ɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ; ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ, ɷɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ (Dietz,
1985, p. 31). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ʌɢɫɬɟɪ (Lister,
2007), ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɝɞɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ — ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɦ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Vromen, 2003). ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɬɢ ɟɞɹɬ ɜ
ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɢ ɤ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɚ.
Время, гражданские права и обязанности
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɨɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɤ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ — ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ
ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ (ɫɦ.: Bubeck, 1995; Kershaw, 2005).
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɚɤ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ» ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ — ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɫ ɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɭ, ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɬ, ɤɬɨ
ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ — ɛɨɥɶɧɨɣ, ɥɟɧɢɜɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɢ ɨɬ ɡɜɚɧɢɹ «ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ», ɨɧɢ
«ɡɚɣɰɵ», ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɭɞ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ⱥ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ
ɥɶɝɨɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ, ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɪɟɥɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɯɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ
ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ-ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
99
ɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɟɳɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ — ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ
ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɗɬɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ. ɉɨɤɚ
ɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ, ɷɬɨ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɨɬ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ»
ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɞɜɢɝ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɣ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Справедливость,
время и противопоставление общественного/частного
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɧɚɯ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɚɦ, ɱɶɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȱ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
Сьюзан Окин и темпоральная справедливость
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ
Ⱦɠɨɧ Ɋɨɭɥɡ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ
ɡɧɚɤ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɧ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ; ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɨɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜ
ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɷɫɫɟ, ɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ (ɫɦ. ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ Nussbaum, 2002).
ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɤɧɢɝɚ «ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɋɟɦɶɹ» (1990)
Ɉɤɢɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɭɥɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ
ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɟ». ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ (Okin, 1990, p. 4; ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɫɦ.: Richards, 1982). ɏɨɬɹ Ɉɤɢɧ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɭ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ, ɨɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɣ
ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɶɸ/ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɫɟɦ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ, ɤɚɤ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ «ɷɦɩɚɬɢɸ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ,
ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɬɨ, ɜ ɱɟɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ (Okin,
1990, p. 186). ɏɨɬɹ Ɉɤɢɧ ɧɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɷɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ «ɷɬɢɤɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ» ɢ
ɫɯɨɠɢɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɵɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɞɨɛɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɨ
ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ Ɉɤɢɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬ
ɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ȼɟɞɶ ɧɢɤɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɷɝɨɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ȼ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɨɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɢɞɟɹɦ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, «ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ-ɤɜɨ». Ɉɧɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ, ɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɷɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ (Okin, 1980, p. 303). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Ɉɤɢɧ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ
ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɬɟɪɩɹɬ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ «ɋɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɫɟɦɶɹ» ɨɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ «ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ»
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ.
Социализм, справедливость и время
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɬɨɪɚ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ, ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ Ɉɭɷɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɦɭɠɟɣ ɧɚɞ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɚɦɢ — ɷɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ȼɢɥɶɹɦ Ɍɨɦɫɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ
ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɫɦ. ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭ Bryson, 2003, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ
ɝɥɚɜɚ). ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɯɨɬɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ȱ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȿɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɹɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, — ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ⱦɟɣɦɭɬ Ȼɚɛɟɤ
(1995), ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫɚ, Ɍɪɨɰɤɨɝɨ ɢ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɭ Ʉɨɥɥɨɧɬɚɣ, ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ
ɞɨɦɭ ɢ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɩɪɚɜ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɦ.: Bryson, 2003,
ɝɥɚɜɵ 3 ɢ 7).
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ (ɜ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ), ɹ ɢɫɯɨɠɭ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɢɫɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ — ɧɟ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɚ ɦɧɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɢ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ, ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɜ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɞɟɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟ «ɭɩɚɥɚ ɫ ɧɟɛɚ» ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ.
Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɨɞ «ɡɨɧɬɢɤɨɦ» ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ
ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ
«ɞɪɭɝɢɯ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȿɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ
ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɨɧ ɠɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɲɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ» ɢ «ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ» ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɰɟɩɰɢɸ, ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɛɭɬɵɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ
ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɞɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ» ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɯɨɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɢɹ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɧɤɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɸ, ɝɞɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ» (Ward, 2002,
p. 139). ɇɟɨɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɫɚɦɨɧɚɞɟɹɧɧɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ.
ɉɨɫɟɦɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ
ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɲɬɵɤɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɢ ɦɚɥɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɚɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
103
«Мысленный эксперимент» Нэнси Фрейзер (Nancy Fraser)
ɂɬɚɤ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɬɨɣɤɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ
ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ. Ɍɚɤ, ɇɷɧɫɢ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɜ
ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ
ɫɜɨɟɦ «ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ» ɨɧɚ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɡɚ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ «ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ», ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɧɚ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ —
ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɧɢɳɟɬɨɣ, ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɚɧɞɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦɨɦ18. ɉɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
«ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚ» («universal breadwinner» model), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ «ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ» («care giver parity» model), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟɦ
ɨɩɟɤɭɧɨɜ, ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ — ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵ ɜ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ
ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɧɟɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɨɜ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ «ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ»
(«universal care giver» model). ɗɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɯɚɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜ18
Ⱥɧɞɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦ — ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɫɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ (ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ) ɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɟ, ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ, ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɧɞɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɡɦ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ ɫ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɚ «ɜɵɞɚɱɚ» ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. — ɉɪɢɦ. ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ.
104
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤ
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ, ɨɧɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ «ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ
ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ — ɧɨɪɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ» (Fraser, 2000,
pp. 3, 25).
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɷɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪ, ɨɧɚ «ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
«ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚɦɢ» ɢ «ɡɚɛɨɬɥɢɜɵɦɢ»», ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɭɤɥɚɞ (Fraser, 2000, p. 27). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɟ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɲɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ — ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ «ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ» (Baxter and Western, 1998,
p. 118; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Baxter, 2000, ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ).
Выводы
ɗɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦɢ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɹɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɹɦɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɷɬɨ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ» ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɞɟɥ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɦɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɟɧ
ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ; ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɢ ɰɟɥɢ
ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɢɞɟɹɦ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪ «ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɶ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
105
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɣɦɨɦ, ɭɯɨɞɨɦ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ — ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɣ». ɗɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ» ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ
ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ
Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪ, «ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ, — ɦɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ» (Fraser, 2000, p. 27).
ГЛАВА ШЕСТАЯ
ФЕМИНИСТСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА
И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ГОСУДАРСТВА
ȼ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɂɯ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ: ɷɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɚ ɷɬɨɣ
ɝɥɚɜɵ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɚ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ (the
welfare regime theories), ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ, ɨɧɚ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɯ ɜ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ: ɜɫɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ. Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɫ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ» ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ. ȼ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ: «ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢ».
ɋɜɨɞɹ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ, ɜ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɯ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɋɒȺ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɭɸ ɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
107
Феминистские перспективы социальных государств
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬ: ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɨ ɤ ɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɦ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɨɛɡɨɪ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ:
Bryson, 1999b). ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ «ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ» (Mazur, 2004;
Mottier, 2004), «ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ» (Kantola, 2004,
2006) ɢ «ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ» — ɷɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɨɬ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ «ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ» ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ, ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ,
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ. ɋ
ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, «ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ — ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɥɨɯɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɣ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬ, ɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɦɢ» (Mistra and Akins, 1998, p. 277), ɯɨɬɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ «ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ» (Pascall, 1986, p. 26; ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ
ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Pringle and Watson, 1992; Waylen and Randall, 1998;
Charles, 2000).
ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ: ɬɚɤ, Ƀɨɯɚɧɧɚ
Ʉɚɧɬɨɥɚ (Johanna Kantola) (2006) ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɦɭ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɸ ɜ Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ ɢ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ (ɮɢɧɫɤɢɟ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɢɡ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ). ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɧɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɚ, ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ
108
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɫɩɨɪɢɬɶ. ɏɨɬɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɹɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ
ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɬɟɤɭɱɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵ,
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ,
ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɭɸ ɨɬ
ɧɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɤɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ
ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɋɥɨɠɧɭɸ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ: ɤɚɤ
ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɫɢɥɵ, ɢɫɤɭɫɧɨ ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɭɸ, ɞɜɭɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢ
ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɟɣɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɜɲɭɸ
ɠɢɡɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ (see Wilson, 1977; Nelson, 1990; Connell, 1995; Mink,
1998; Brenner, 2000; Charles, 2000).
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ
ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɨ ɝɢɛɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ
ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɦɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ»
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ
ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ. ɏɨɬɹ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɫɹ, ɨɩɵɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ, ɚ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɨɬɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ,
ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɫɹ ɫ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ.
Ɉɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɶ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɢɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɛɟɡ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɧɢ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɢ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɒɢɪɢɧ Ɋɚɣ (Shirin Rai), ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ «ɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ
ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɭɸ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ, ɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ» (Shirin Rai, 2003a,
pp. 18, 19).
Социальное государство и (вос)создание гендера
ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɟ (ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ), ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɧ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ,
ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ɍɚɤ, Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ Ʉɨɧɧɟɥ (Robert Connell) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
«ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ «ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ» ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ, — ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ, — ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɭɤɥɚɞ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ». Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɵ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɟɦɶɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɨɧ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɫɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɜɢ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ «ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɟ» ɝɟɧɞɟɪ
(Robert Connell, 1995, p. 151).
ɗɬɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɬɚ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɟɦɶɟɣ, ɚ ɨɬɟɰ — ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ; ɢ
ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ, ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ (ɯɨɬɹ, ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ: ɫɦ.: Bittman et al., 2005). Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɹɜɧɨ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɰɨɜ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ
(Hobson, 2002). ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɹɯ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ
ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ — ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (Pascall and Lewis,
2004; Bittman et al., 2005; Lewis, 2006). ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɰɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ (ɩɪɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɜɤɟ) ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ, ɷɬɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɞɜɢɝɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɰɨɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ: 93 % ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɢ 31 % ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɢɛɤɢɣ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ (EOC, 2006a, 2006b; Smeaton, 2006; Dex
and Ward, 2007).
ȼ ɋɒȺ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɢ
ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ: ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɫɟɦɶɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (Buxton, 1998; Boyd, 2002). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ: «ɇɟɬ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɨ ɪɨɥɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ — ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ» (Orloff and Monson, 2002, p. 83). ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ,
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɱɬɨ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ», ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɦ, ɢ
ɨɧ ɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɹɝɨɣ», ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɜɨɸ
ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ: ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ
ɢɡ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ
ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɢɦ — 12 ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɵɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ (ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ; ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ; ɫɦ.: Moen and
Roehling, 2005).
Режимы благосостояния, феминизм и время
ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ
ɢɥɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ, ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɗɫɩɢɧ-Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɚ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɝɨ ɮɨɤɭɫ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɨɦɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɤɚɤ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ/ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɬ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ).
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɗɫɩɢɧ-Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ «ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ» ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɚ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ
ɪɨɥɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟɣ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ȿɫɩɢɧ-Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧ (2002a, 2002b) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ «ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ» ɫ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɭɯɨɞ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ» ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɜɨɥɧɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɦ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɬɚɯ, ɨɧ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɥɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ.
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ƚɜɟɧɧɟɥɟ Ȼɪɭɧɢɧɝ (Gwennaele Bruning)
ɢ Ⱦɠɚɧɧɟɤɟ ɉɥɚɧɬɟɧɝɚ (Janneke Plantenga) (1999) ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ» ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ;
Ⱦɠɢɥɥɢɚɧ ɉɚɫɤɨɥɥ (Gillian Pascall) ɢ Ⱦɠɟɣɧ Ʌɶɸɢɫ (Jane Lewis)
(2004) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɭɯɨɞ, ɞɨɯɨɞ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ — ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ. Ⱥ Ɇɷɪɢ Ⱦɟɣɥɢ (Mary Daly) ɢ Ʉɷɬɪɢɧ Ɋɟɣɤ
(Katherine Rake) ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, «ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɠɢɡɧɢ» (Mary Daly and Katherine Rake, 2003, p. 22). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɯ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ
ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ,
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ, ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɫɥɭɠɛ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ. ɋɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
113
ɞɚɪɫɬɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ-ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜ, ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ «ɞɟɫɟɦɶɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ» («defamilisation»)
(«ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ
ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ — ɥɢɛɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ; ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ» [Lister, 2003, p. 172]) ɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ
(ɦɨɞɟɥɶ «ɜɫɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ — ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ»). (ɂɡ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ȿɫɩɢɧȺɧɞɟɪɫɟɧɚ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɦ., ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ: Sainsbury,
1994, 1999; Daly and Rake, 2003; Pascall and Lewis, 2004; Kershaw,
2005; Jensen and Pfau-Effinger, 2005; Siim, 2005.)
Скандинавское благосостояние: время для заботы
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɸ (ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟɟ, ɒɜɟɰɢɸ) —
ɤɚɤ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ «ɜɫɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ — ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ
ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɨɠɢɞɚɸɳɢɯ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɧɨ
ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
(Lewis, 2001). Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ
ɛɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: «ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɬɨ ɤɬɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ?» (Gornick and Meyers, 2003, p. 8). ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, «ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɪɨɳɟ, ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɟɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ», ɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɧɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ (Lewis,
2001, p. 163).
ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɞɚɜɧɟɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɜɫɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ, ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ. ȼ 1980-ɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɵ Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ
ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ: ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɛɵɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɜ
1901 ɝɨɞɭ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɫ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ (Borchorst, 2006; Gupta et al., 2006).
ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ «ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ (ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ) ɜɢɞɵ ɝɢɛɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɜ), ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɰ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ: ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɥɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ — ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɧɚ 480 ɞɧɟɣ; ɚ ɒɜɟɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 60 ɞɧɟɣ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ — ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɥɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ
ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɭ (Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ
ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɯɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɞɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ; ɜ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɚɥɵɲɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ, ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ,
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ;
ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɠɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɧɢɤɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɡɚɛɨɬɚ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ.
ȼɫɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ. ȼɨɬ
ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ — ɷɬɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1970-ɯ
ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɨɜ, ɧɚ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɨɜ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
115
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ» ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ: ɢ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ (ɨɛɡɨɪ, ɫɦ.:
Ellingsaeter and Leira, 2006; Gupta et al., 2006). ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝɨ «ɉɚɩɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ» ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ (Bergman and Hobson, 2002), ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɳɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ, ɫɚɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɳɟɞɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ
(Alfredsson, 2006; Hook, 2006; Gupta et al., 2006). ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɞɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɹɯ ɞɨɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ, ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, — ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɭɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɦɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ
ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɦ., Bruning and Plantenga, 1999; Ruuskanen, 2003;
Haavind and Magnusson, 2005; Gupta et al., 2006; Leira, 2006; Lister,
2006). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɝɞɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɟɳɟ, ɢ ɷɬɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ (and Zahidi, 2005; UNDP, 2006). ȼ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
«ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ» ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɛɵɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɚ, ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, «ɩɚɩɢɧɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ» ɜɟɞɟɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɨɬɰɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɨɬɟɰ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ», ɚ ɦɚɬɶ — ɤɚɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ. ȼ ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ
ɞɥɹ ɨɬɰɨɜ, ɬɪɨɟ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɜɨɬɭ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɬɰɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ — «ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɢ, ɷɬɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɫ
ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ» (Lammi-Taskula, 2006, pp. 94, 97).
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɰɢɡɦ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1980-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ «ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ» (Leira, 1989), ɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ (ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɦ.: Holter,
1984; Haavio-Mannila et al., 1985; Sassoon, 1987; Jones and
Jonasdottir, 1988; Bergman, 1991; Meehan and Sevenhuisen, 1991).
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɵ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɟɪɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ», ɢ «ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ» (Karvonen and Selle,
1995, p. 9). ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ: ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɧɟ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɭɬɢ
ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ (Lister, 2006), ɢ ɷɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
«ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɫɦ., Sainsbury,
1994; Karvonen and Selle, 1995; Ellingsaeter and Leira, 2006).
Женщины, время и политическое представительство
Ⱦɚɥɟɤɨ ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ: ɧɚ 2006 ɝɨɞ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ
ɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɟɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
40% ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ — 47%. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 20% ɜ ɉɚɥɚɬɟ ɨɛɳɢɧ — ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɛɵɥ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɜ 1997 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɨɬ
Ʌɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɨ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɟɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ: ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ 2007 ɝɨɞɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 16% ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɉɚɥɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ 16 ɢɡ
100 ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ
23,5% ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹɯ ɲɬɚɬɨɜ (CAWP, 2006;
www.ipu.org; ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ
ɫɦ., Stokes, 2005).
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ — ɡɧɚɤ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɤɢ. ɇɨ ɨɧɢ ɠɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɱɚɸɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɢ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭ «ɛɟɥɵɯ», ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ/ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, Ƚɜɟɧɞɨɥɢɧ Ɇɢɧɤ (Gwendoline
Mink) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 1990-ɯ, «ɛɟɥɵɟ» ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣɨɞɢɧɨɱɟɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɛɨɬɹɫɶ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɹɯ ɞɨɦɚ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ «ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ
ɞɨɦɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ-ɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ, ɢ
ɬɨɠɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ» (Gwendoline Mink, 1998, p. 26).
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ
«ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ» ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ ɞɧɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɤ ɢɯ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɫɦ.: Young, 1990 and Phillips, 1995; ɨɛɡɨɪ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ
ɫɦ.: Childs, 2007; ɢɡ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Karvonen and Selle, 1995; Bochel and
Briggs, 2000; Lovenduski and Norris, 2003; Childs, 2004, 2006).
ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ
ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭ ɞɧɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɞɟɤɪɟɬ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ. ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɥɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɨɤ ɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɜ 1997 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥ
ɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ (Childs, 2004), ɚ
ɬɪɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ Ʉɚɛɢɧɟɬ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜ, ɢɦɟɥɢ ɹɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ (ɫɦ.: Coote et al., 1990; Harman, 1993; Hewitt, 1993; Kelly,
2000). ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɢɦɟɥɨ
ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦ (ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ — ɨɬɰɚɦ) ɧɚɣɬɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɟɬɹɦ. Ⱦɠɭɞɢ Ɋɟɛɢɤ (Judy
Rebick) (2000) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɞɚɜɧɹɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ
«ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ» (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ Ⱥɤɬ ɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɦɶɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ — 2005) ɛɵɥ ɜɧɟɫɟɧ 20 ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ 21 ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ ɜ ɉɚɥɚɬɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɦɶ ɪɚɡ
(www.theorator.com/bills109/hr1589.html).
Социальные государства, глобализация и время
Ʉɚɤ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɟɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɧɢ
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ,
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Dalla Costa, 1995; Ward,
2002; Chow, 2003; Croucher, 2004). Ɉɧɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɟɡɞɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, «ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ Ɍɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ… ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɉɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ»
(Litt and Zimmerman, 2003, p. 157).
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ «ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ
ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɢɪɚ» (Croucher, 2004, p. 179); ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɚɹ, ɨɧɚ
«ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ»
(Vargas, 2003, p. 906). ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ «ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ
ɩɚɭɬɢɧɭ ɢɡ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ», ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ «ɭɦɟɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
119
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɢɪɚ» (Chow, 2003, p. 450;
Fraser, 2007; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Baden and Goetz, 1997; Ackerly and Okin,
1999; Ali, Coate and Goro, 2000; Rai, 2003b; Antrobus, 2004).
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ 1972 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɗɬɚ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɧɢɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ȿɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ,
ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ, ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 1500 ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ, ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ
«ɩɪɨɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɚ» ɧɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɉɟɤɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ: ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɜ Ʌɨɫ-Ⱥɧɞɠɟɥɟɫɟ ɜ 1999 ɝɨɞɭ; ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɜ
Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ; ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ
ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɛ
ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ (2000 ɝ.); ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɸ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɵ
(1999 ɝ.) ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ «ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɨɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɭɸ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ» ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɤɚɦ
ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɑɚɜɟɫ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɞɨɯɨɞ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 80% ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ; ɫɦ.:
www.allwomencount.net; www.globalwomenstrike.net).
ɗɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɲɥɚ
ɪɟɱɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɨ ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ. ɂ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ (ɨɛ
ɷɬɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ) ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɞɧɸ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɘɝɚ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
120
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɝɢ ɢ ɧɹɧɟɱɟɤ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɵɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ. ɏɨɬɹ
ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɨɬ
ɷɬɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢ ɧɟɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ — ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ
(ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Call-ɰɟɧɬɪɵ) ɢ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɨɣ
(ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ, ɷɬɨ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɭɦɭ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ [Balakrishnan, 2006]), ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ
ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ
ɜɟɞɟɬ ɦɢɪ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɟ; ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ — ɷɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ., Rebick, 2000).
ɗɬɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɬɭɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ɍɟɦ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɪɨɥɨɝ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ (ɱɚɫɬɶ ȱ), ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ (Siim, 2005; Walby, 2005). ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ, ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, «ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɟɟ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɪɬɜɚɦɢ» (Harrison, 2002, p. 19). Ɉɧɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦ: ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ.
Выводы
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ — ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
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ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɫɫɭɞɢɬɫɹ.
ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ,
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɧɟ. ɏɨɬɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɫɟɫɬɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɚɯ» ɢ ɧɢɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ: ɬɚɤɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ «ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ
ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɹ ɢɯ ɨɬ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɧɚɤɚɥ
ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɟɫɨɦɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ — ɷɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ —ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɟ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɹɜɧɨ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ «ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɚ» ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɛɟɡ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, «ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ» ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ «ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɫɟɦɶɹ-ɪɚɛɨɬɚ» ɜ ɋɒȺ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ, —
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɭɯ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɧɢɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ (ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ)
ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ,
ɜɟɞɶ ɜ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ
ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ-ɨɩɟɤɭɧɚɦ, ɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɨɝɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɟ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
Ⱥɤɬɚ ɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɦɶɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ
ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ — ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (www.now.org),
ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɋɒȺ — ɥɢɲɶ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɟ ɞɧɹ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɇɚɲ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɜɟɞɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɪɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɵ,
ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ «ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ»: ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ,
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ.
Часть ІІІ
К ФЕМИНИСТСКОЙ
ПОЛИТИКЕ ВРЕМЕНИ
ГЛАВА СЕДЬМАЯ
ВРЕМЯ И ТЕМПОРАЛЬНОСТЬ
В ФЕМИНИСТСКОЙ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȱ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ: ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ; ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ; ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȱȱ ɦɵ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɵ ɨɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɫɟ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɵ: ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ» (ɜɨɫɶɦɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ); ɤɚɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɞɟɜɹɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ);
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ (ɞɟɫɹɬɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ). Ⱥ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɬɨɩɢɢ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ — ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɢɞɟɢ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ, ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ). ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɚɧɞɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɣ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ «(ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ» («(re)production»).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɟɡɸɦɢɪɭɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ
ɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ
ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɢɞɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɦɧɨɝɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɟɟ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ! ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ
(ɱɚɫɬɶ ȱȱ), ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɦɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ
ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɪɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɦɫɹ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ.
Время и темпоральность
в современной феминистской мысли
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ Ⱦɠɨɚɧ Ɍɪɨɧɬɨ (Joan Tronto), «ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵ: ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɢ
ɷɦɩɚɬɢɹ — ɢɯ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Joan Tronto,
2003, p. 134). ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɡɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɨɣ.
Ɍɚɤ, Ȼɚɪɛɚɪ Ⱥɞɚɦ (Barbara Adam, 1990, 1995, 2004) ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɟɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɢ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ. ɏɨɬɹ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ (ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɤɪɚɬɰɟ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɟɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ). ɗɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ⱥɞɚɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ,
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ «ɛɟɥɵɣ» ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ
ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ. Ɉɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɦɨɝɭɬ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ,
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ; ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɞɧɨɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ, ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɛɟɡ ɭɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ» (Adam, 1989, p. 463).
ɉɪɢɡɵɜ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɟɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɢ
ɟɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɹɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ɉɧɚ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɱɚɫɵ — ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ,
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ — ɛɨɪɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɬɨ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɹ ɩɢɲɭ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɞɟɹɯ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɢ ɹ ɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɚ
ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɮɟ, ɫɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɸ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɭɠɟ ɨɫɬɵɥ, ɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɜɨɧɢɥ, ɚ ɹ ɠɞɚɥɚ ɡɜɨɧɤɚ. ɂ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɥɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɞɨɠɞɹ (ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɱɟɪɚ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɭɯɭɞɲɢɥɚɫɶ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɧɟ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɟɬ, — ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɹ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ
ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧɵ ɏɶɸɡ (Christina Hughes), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ
ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɞɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ 1989 ɝɨɞɭ «ɜɫɟ
ɟɳɟ ɜɵɠɢɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ» (Hughes, 2002, p. 133), ɜ ɷɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɟ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɨɬ ɦɨɟɣ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ, ɢɡ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ. ɂ ɹ ɩɨɧɹɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɹ ɟɳɟ ɩɨɬɪɚɱɭ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɸ ɜ ɫɪɨɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɢ ɤɧɢɝɭ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɜ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ…
ɏɨɬɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ, ɢ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ
ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ «ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɟ, ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɛɨɪɨɬɶ ɟɝɨ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ, ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɪɨɣ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ, ɜɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɛɵ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ
ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɭ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ/ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ — ɢɛɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɬ «ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ», ɬɨɝɞɚ «ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ
ɫɦɵɫɥɚ». ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ, ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ, ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵ (Adam, 1989, pp. 462, 461).
Ⱥɤɰɟɧɬ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɣ, ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ «ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ» ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɏɟɥɝɚ ɇɨɜɬɨɧɢ (Helga Nowotny) (1994),
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ; ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ/ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɢ
ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ/ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ɋɶɸɡɟɧ Ƚɪɢɧɯɚɭɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ», ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,
ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɹ ɤɚɤ «ɦɢɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɵɫɥɢ», ɢɞɟɸ, ɛɭɞɬɨ «ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ» (Susan Greenhouse, 1996, p. 86).
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɗɥɢɡɚɛɟɬ
Ƚɪɨɫɫ (Elizabeth Grosz), ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɜɨ ɢɦɹ
«ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ» (Elizabeth Grosz, 1999, p. 15). Ɍɚɤɨɟ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɟ, ɧɟɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ, ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ, ɯɨɬɹ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɦ, ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ. Ɉɧɚ
ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ. Ƚɪɨɫɫ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ «ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɧɟɩɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɹɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ; ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɟɟ ɜ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ». ɋ ɟɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɜɢɞɢɬɫɹ «ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜ… ɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɩɟɤɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɟ,
ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ» (Grosz, 2005, pp. 1—2, 72).
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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Роль утопического мышления
Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ — ɷɬɨ, ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ Ƚɪɨɫɫ ɫ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ «ɩɪɨɫɬɨ» ɭɬɨɩɢɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɭɬɨɩɢɡɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ «ɪɚɡɨɪɜɚɬɶ» ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ. ɍɬɨɩɢɡɦ, ɩɨ ɢɯ
ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ
ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ «ɏɟɪɥɟɧɞ» («Herland») ɒɚɪɥɨɬɵ ɉɟɪɤɢɧɫ Ƚɢɥɦɚɧ (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1979 [1915]) ɢ «ɀɟɧɳɢɧɚ,
ɧɚ ɤɪɚɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» Ɇɚɪɞɠ ɉɢɪɫɢ (Marge Piercy, 1976), ɯɨɬɹ Ɋɭɬ Ʌɟɜɢɬɚɫ (Ruth Levitas) ɢ ɇɷɧɫɢ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪ (Nancy Fraser) ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɬɨɩɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ ɨ «ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ» (Levitas,
2001, p. 449; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Fraser, 2000). ɏɨɬɹ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɇɨɜɨɬɧɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ
ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ — ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪ ɢ Ʌɟɜɢɬɚɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ (ɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ).
ɂɬɚɤ, Ʌɟɜɢɬɚɫ (Levitas, 1990) ɢ ɇɨɜɨɬɧɵ (Nowotny, 1994) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɬɨɩɢɢ — ɷɬɨ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ; Ɏɪɟɧɫɢɫ
Ȼɚɪɬɨɜɫɤɢ (Frances Bartowski) ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟɦ» (Frances Bartowski, 1989,
p. 10). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɬɨɩɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɟ, ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɧɨ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ — ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɬɨɩɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ Ƚɪɨɫɫ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɫɬɶ
ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɧɬɢɭɬɨɩɢɟɣ ɢ
ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɭɠɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɡɠɟ
ɡɚɯɨɬɹɬ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ.
ɉɨɯɨɠɟ, ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɉɢɪɫɢ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɫɦ. ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ Tong, 1989). Ɉɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɋɭɥɚɦɢɮ Ɏɚɟɪɫɬɨɭɧ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɭɬɨɩɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɚɦɢ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɷɬɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɞɟɢ ɉɢɪɫɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ.
ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, «ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ» Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪ (ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ) ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɢɥ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ (ɫɦ., ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: Kershaw, 2005). ɋɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚɯ ɤɧɢɝɢ «Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ» (2003) Ⱦɠɚɧɟɬ Ƚɨɪɧɢɤ
(Janet Gornick) ɢ Ɇɚɪɫɢɹ Ɇɟɣɟɪɫ (Marcia Meyers). ȼ ɧɟɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ «ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɢɪ», ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɳɟɞɪɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ
ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ «ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ» ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ —
ɭɠɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ, ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɨɬ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚ ɜɟɡɞɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɜ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ (Molyneux, 1985).
Локализация феминистских теорий времени во времени
ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɬɨɩɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨɟ, ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɟ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ,
ɧɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɚ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ, ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ),
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ «ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ» ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɟ ɜɟɪɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ: ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ — ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɛɟɡɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɬɨ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ.
ɗɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɵɟ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ 1970-ɯ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɜɟɱɧɨɦ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ, ɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ — ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɞɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ
ɠɢɡɧɢ). ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ «ɦɟɬɚɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɵ» ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɢ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɢɞɟɟɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞ —
ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɸ, ɚ «ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ… ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɥɸɞɢɹ ɤ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦɭ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ» (Tronto, 2003, p. 141; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Weston,
2002). ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɦ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ
ɤ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ «ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ» ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
«ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ», ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɧɟ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
130
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɢɞɟɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ. ɗɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ.
Значение истории для феминизма
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢ ɬɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɬɚɢɬ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɲɥɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɪɭɠɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ. ɗɤɫɬɪɚɩɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ (ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ),
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɢ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ
ɫɜɨɟɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɛɨɥɟɟ 300 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ Ɇɷɪɢ Ⱥɫɬɟɥɥ (Mary Astell): «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɨɧɢ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ, ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɚɯ ɢ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤ» (ɰɢɬ. ɢɡ Perry, 1986, p. 3). ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ — ɜɢɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɟɝɨ
ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɢ — ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɚɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ.
История и угнетение женщин
ȼɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɝɭɦɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɰɢɬɚɬɚɦɢ. ȼ 1848
ɝɨɞɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɴɟɡɞ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɣɫɹ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
131
ɜ ɋɟɧɟɤɚ Ɏɨɥɫ, ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ) ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ —
ɷɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ, ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ — ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɬɢɪɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ» (ɢɡ Rossi,
1973, p. 416); ɜ 1969 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɫɤɨɦ «Ɇɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɟ Ʉɪɚɫɧɵɯ
ɱɭɥɨɤ» (Redstockings manifesto) ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ — ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ, ɛɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ… ȼɫɟ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ. ȼɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ» (ɢɡ Morgan,
1970, p. 598). ȼ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɦ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɬɨ ɫ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɸ, ɬɨ ɫ
ɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ, ɬɨ ɫ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ
ɨɯɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ, ɫɦ.:
Bryson, 2003, ɝɥɚɜɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɚɹ). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ Ⱦɟɣɥ ɋɩɟɧɞɟɪ
(Dale Spender) ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɵ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɟɟ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɥɝɨ,
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧɢ ɢ
ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ» (Spender, 1985,
p. 42).
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ
ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ, ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɱɺɬɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɡɜɟɪɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɤɚɤ ɫɨɠɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɞɭɧɢɣ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɝɧɟɜɚ, ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ «ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɚ ɚɦɧɟɡɢɢ», ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ Ɍɪɨɧɬɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ (Tronto, 2003, p. 140). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ
Ɍɪɨɧɬɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɟ «ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ … ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» (Tronto, 2003, p. 125).
Ʌɢɧɧ ɋɢɝɚɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ,
ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɛɟɫɫɢɥɢɟ, ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ… ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Segal,
1987, p. 11) ɢ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ — ɷɬɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨ-
132
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɛɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɋɢɥɶɜɢɹ ɍɨɥɛɢ (Sylvia Walby) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ, ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɭ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɨɧɚ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɚ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ (Walby, 1990, 1997). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ.
История как вдохновение
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨ ɫ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɛɵɬɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ. Ȼɵɬɭɟɬ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ — ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ), ɱɬɨ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɭ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɭɱɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ: Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧ ɞɟ ɉɢɡɚɧ (Christine de Pizan, 1365—
1430) ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ «ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ» ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɥɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɯ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ
ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ (Lerner, 1993). ɗɬɢ «ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ» ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɸ, ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɭɡɚɤɨɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱦɢɚɧɚ
Ʉɭɥ (Diana Coole), ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ «ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɧɢɣ
ɢ ɩɨɛɟɞ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɧɟɜɡɝɨɞ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Diana Coole, 2000,
p. 36).
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
133
Чья история? Что за история?
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢ
Ʉɭɥ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɸɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɛɟɥɵɟ» ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ
ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɷɦɚɧɫɢɩɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ
«ɩɥɸɪɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ» (Coole, 2000, p. 38).
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ,
ɬɚɤɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, Ʉɭɥ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɨɣ, ɚ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɢɯ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, — ɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ; ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
«ɦɟɬɚ-ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɚ» (Coole, 2000, p. 52).
Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ — ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ.
ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ «ɧɟɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɦɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, — ɩɢɲɭɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (Cowman and Jackson, 2003).
ɏɨɬɹ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ «ɢɫɬɢɧɵ», ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ
Ʉɪɢɫɬɨɣ Ʉɨɭɦɟɧ (Krista Cowman) ɢ Ʌɭɢɡɨɣ Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧ (Louise
Jackson) ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ «ɜ ɞɨɥɝɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɢɥɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ; ɦɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
«ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɨ»». Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ Ʉɨɭɦɟɧ ɢ Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ «ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ», ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ (Cowman and Jackson,
2003, pp. 43, 41). ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɧɚɲ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɟɬ
ɧɚɫ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɟɡɚɩɟɥɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɭ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Феминизм и история сегодня
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɨɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɛɨɪ, ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ «ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ» — ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ
Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ɉɪɭɷɥɥ ɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɦɪɚɱɧɨɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ «1984»: «Ʉɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ,
ɤɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ». Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɢɯ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ.
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨ
ɩɪɢɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢ ɟɳɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ — ɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɹ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ. Ɉɧɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɯ
ɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ, ɷɬɨ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ «ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ». Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɟɝɨ
ɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ. Ⱥ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɟɬ: ɪɟɱɶ ɨ
«ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ» ɢɥɢ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ» ɫɮɟɪɟ.
Возвращение к теориям основного направления:
Маркс, Гидденс и Пайерсон
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɨɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɢ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɫɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɱɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ: ɜɟɞɶ ɨɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɪɟɡɤɨ, ɚ ɩɨɪɨɣ — ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜɫɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼɢɞɟɥɢ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (Ɇɚɪɤɫ), ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ), — ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ
(ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ), ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ: ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɦɟɧɚ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɧɟ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ. ɇɢɤɬɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɯ ɢɞɟɢ, ɤɚɤ ɧɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ,
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɤɚɤ
ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ.
Маркс: человеческая история и (вос)производство
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɟɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɩɨɥɚ, ɢ
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɨ. ɗɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ, ɨɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɛɟɡɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɧɟɫɥɚ ɫɨɤɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɭ», ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɚɥɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚɦ), ɢɬɚɤ, ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
136
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ (ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɦ.: Bryson, 2003, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ). Ⱦɚɥɟɤɚɹ ɨɬ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɷɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɪɭɞɚ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ — ɷɬɨ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ
ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɡɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ, ɢ «…ɜɟɫɶ ɬɪɭɞ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɪɭɞ ɩɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ, ɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɧɟɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ,
ɢ ɧɚɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ» (Mies, 1998, p. 37).
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ, ɭ ɧɚɫ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɭ
ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɚɹ, ɨɧɚ — ɱɚɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɢɫɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɯɨɠɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɵ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ» ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ» ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ (ɫɦ. ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, Vogel, 1983; Brenner and
Laslett, 1991). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɟɦɭ ɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ
ɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɚɦ» (Bryson, 2004, p. 24). ɗɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
137
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ,
ɭɛɨɪɤɭ ɢ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɩɨɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ, ɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ.
Ɉɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɢɥɚɯ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɬɚɤɢɯ,
ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ) ɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
(ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ
ɫɞɜɢɝ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ/ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɜ ɟɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɞɶɸ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɦɭ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ» ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɛɭɬɵɥɨɱɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ, ɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɞ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ — ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ.
ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɭɝ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ.
ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ.
(ȼɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜ
(ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ, «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ» ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ
138
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɫɬɭɩɹɬ ɜ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɡɨɜɭɬ ɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ
ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ
ɬɨɠɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɧɟ
ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ. Ɉɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ
ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɝɢɛɤɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ
ɦɭɠɫɤɭɸ «ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɭ», ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ.
ɉɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɱɬɵ ɫ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ȼɫɟ
ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
(ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɢ ɫ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ.
Гидденс: структурация и создание гендера во времени
Ʉɚɤ ɢ Ɇɚɪɤɫ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ,
ɢɞɟɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ», ɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ. ɇɨ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢ ɧɟ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɚ, ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ; Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ.
ɇɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ, Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
«ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ» ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ «Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢ» (1992) ɨɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ». Ɉɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ «ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ» ɩɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ. ɗɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ. ȼ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɦ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ
ɩɨɪɚɛɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɚ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ. Ɉɧ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ, «ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ»
(Giddens, 1992, p. 195). ɏɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ. ȼɟɞɶ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ʌɢɧɧ Ⱦɠɟɣɦɢɫɨɧ (Lynn Jamieson)
(1999), ɟɳɟ ɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɷɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ
ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ. ȿɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ «ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ», ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ «ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ». ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɧ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɯ: ɩɨɫɬɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ — ɷɬɨ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
«ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨɧɤɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ» (Butler, 1990, p. 179, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ), ɢ ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ⱦɠɭɞɢɬ Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ
ɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ
ɬɚɛɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ; ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɢɞɟɢ Ʉɷɬ ɍɷɫɬɨɧ (Kath Weston) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɷɫɬɨɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɞɟɹ
«ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ» ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ, ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ «ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨ ɢɪɨɧɢɢ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ, ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ
(ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɞɟɣ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ, — ɫɦ.: Greenhouse, 1996). ɍɷɫɬɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɞɟɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵ «ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɭɸ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɟɛɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɤɭɫɨɦ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɜɟɳɟɣ». ɗɬɨ, ɩɨ ɟɟ
ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɛɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɸɬ. ɉɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɦɥɢɛɨ «ɬɚɦ» ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɢ ɡɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ «ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ». ɉɨɜɬɨɪɹɹ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɍɷɫɬɨɧ ɟɳɟ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ «ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ»
(Weston, 2002, pp. 74, 134, 135).
ɏɨɬɹ Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ ɢ ɍɷɫɬɨɧ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɤɚɤ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ «ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ». ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ Ȼɚɬɥɟɪ, ɷɬɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɨ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɜ
ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɛɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɥɸɞɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ
ɨ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɪɟɦɹɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ: «ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
«ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ»»; «ɟɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɱɤɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ
ɜɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɥɚɦɩɨɱɤɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɨɞɟɠɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɟɬ
ɤɨɦɧɚɬɭ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ»
(Sirianni and Negrey, 2000, p. 65; Blumberg, 1991, p. 20; ɫɯɨɠɚɹ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹ, ɫɦ.: West and Zimmerman, 1991; Bianchi et al., 2000).
ɗɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ «…ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɦ… ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ,
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɹ «ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ» ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ (ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ) ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ» (Epstein and Kalleberg, 2004a, pp. 17—18;
ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Gerson, 2002).
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɭɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɡɧɶɸ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɠɭɥɢ Ȼɪɚɣɧɟɫ (Julie Brines): ɫɟɜɟɪɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɠɟɧ (ɱɶɹ
«ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ» ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɟɟ
ɬɚɤɨɜɵ: «ɉɨɯɨɠɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɦɭɠɶɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ «ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ»» (Brines, 1994, p. 652).
ɂ ɉɨɥ Ʉɟɪɲɨɭ (Paul Kershaw) (2005) ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɜ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɐɢɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɱɟɫɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɧɢ ɢ
ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɚ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ —
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ
ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɗɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
«ɝɟɪɨɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ», ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ (Collinson and Collinson, 2004, p. 240). Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ
ɋɢɧɬɢɹ ɗɩɲɬɟɣɧ (Cynthia Epstein), ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ
ɧɨɪɦɵ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ «ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɢɦ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɟɦɭ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ» (Cynthia Epstein, 2004, p. 329). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɟɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɧɚ «ɜɞɜɨɣɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɜɢɚɧɬɧɨɣ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ» (Bittman,
2004, p. 165).
ɏɨɬɹ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɟɡ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Ɉɪɢɷɥ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ (Oriel Sullivan) ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɥɚ ɢɞɟɸ «ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ» ɫ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɹɯ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ) ɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɋɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɯ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɨɧɚ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ «ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɥɸɞɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ». ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ «ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ» ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɚɪɵ «ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ
ɟɦɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ», ɚ ɟɳɟ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ «ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ» ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ. ɗɬɨ, ɩɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ, ɤɚɤ «ɥɢɱɧɨɟ — ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɧɨ», ɚ ɟɳɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ,
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ: «Ʉɚɠɞɨɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ» ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɢ ɜ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ (Sullivan, 2004,
pp. 219, 208, 216). Ⱥ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧ ɇɚɬɚɥɶɟɪ (Kristin Natalier) ɢɪɨɧɢɱɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ: «ȼɪɹɞ ɥɢ Ƚɢɞɞɟɧɫ… ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɦɵɬɶɟ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɢɫɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ «ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ», ɧɨ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ» (Kristin Natalier, 2004, p. 17).
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɢɲɟɬ: «ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ» ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɟɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
143
ɠɚɬɶɫɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ (Sullivan, 2004, p. 219). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɤ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɚɜɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ʉɟɪɲɨɭ, ɫɞɟɥɚɸɬ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪ, ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɚ ɨɬɦɟɧɚ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ
ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ,
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ
ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
Пайерсон: гендерные пути
и критические точки во времени
ȼ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɨɧ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ.
ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ
ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭɠɟ ɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ, ɫɚɦ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɨɬ ɩɭɬɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ. ɇɨ ɨɧ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɨɥɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ:
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɬɟɣ
144
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɛɟɡ ɦɭɠɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɹ ɡɧɚɸ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɭ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɦɭ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɧ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ
ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɥɸɞɢ «ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɬɶɫɹ» ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ, ɢ ɬɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɧɨɪɦɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɱɚɳɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ; ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ. ȼɟɞɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɠɢɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɸ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɭ, ɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ, ɪɨɞɢɜ
ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɟ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɟɟ ɦɭɠ, ɞɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ. ȿɟ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞɬɨɥɤɧɺɬ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɦɭɠɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ; ɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɦɭɠ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɟ,
ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ (ɬ.ɟ. — ɠɟɧɚ). ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɦ: ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɢ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɠɟɧɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ — ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ. ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ
ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ — ɩɪɟɪɨɝɚɬɢɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ,
ɜɟɞɶ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɜ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɛɨɪɨɥɢɫɶ ɡɚ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ-ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚ, ɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ
ɞɨɦɭ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ: ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɠɟɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ, ɚ ɟɟ ɦɭɠ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚɹ
ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭ ɞɧɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɸ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɭɠ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ
ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɭɠɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɩɨɦɨɱɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ/ɧɢɫɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɣ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ.
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɉɚɣɟɪɫɨɧ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ- ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ, ɜɫɟ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, — ɨɧɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɛɚɡɢɫɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɫ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɬɚɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ.
Выводы
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɭɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ «ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ» ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦ
ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ, ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ «ɭɪɨɤɚɦɢ» ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ, ɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ. Ɍɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɸɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ
ɧɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɟɤɭɱɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵ,
ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɥɸɞɹɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ. ɗɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ
ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɢ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ». ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ГЛАВА ВОСЬМАЯ
«ЖЕНСКОЕ ВРЕМЯ»
«ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɱɭɠɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɚɦ ɞɨɦɚ. ȼ
ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɢ — ɝɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ; ɜ
ɯɭɞɲɟɦ ɨɧɢ — ɛɟɠɟɧɰɵ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ»
(Forman, 1989, p. 1)
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ I, ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ — ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɚ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɗɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ, ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ; ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɚ
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɲɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɪɢɬɦɵ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɸ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ, ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɩɨɞɨɣɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ», ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɤɚɤɨɜɨ ɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɧɚɲɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɟ, ɬɟɤɭɱɟɟ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɟ, ɚ ɜɟɞɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ,
ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɳɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ
ɬɚɤ, ɬɨ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ, ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɢɯ ɤ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɂɬɚɤ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ
ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɤɚɤ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ, ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɛɭɞɬɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ
ɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ; ɚ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ
ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ
ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɩɪɢɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɫɫɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɗɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɧɚɱɧɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɟɟ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɟɥɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ
ɪɨɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ (ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ
ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ). ɉɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɮɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ. Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɡɢɫɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɫ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ, ɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ», ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Биология и «женское время»
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɰɢɤɥ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ
ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ, ɡɚɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɬɟɥɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
Менструация
Ⱦɠɟɣ Ƚɪɢɮɮɢɬɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɞɚɟɬ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɩɵɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ Ʌɭɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɢ
ɞɨɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɟɣ. Ⱥ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɞɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɦɟɲɤɚɦ, ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɹ ɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɧɵɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ
ɰɢɤɥ» (Griffiths, 1999, pp. 108, 109; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Gottner-Abendroth,
1989). ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɦɭɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɩɵɬ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɟɬ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɟɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ «ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɵɛɢɪɚɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɜɟɱɟɪɢɧɨɤ, ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ). Ɇɟɧɚɪɯɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ
ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɫɬɵɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ, ɚ ɟɳɟ — ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɫ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ; ɞɚɠɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɬɚɛɭ. ɗɦɢɥɢ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ,
150
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ: «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ,
ɯɨɬɹɬ ɨɧɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ,
ɧɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɢɬɦɚɯ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ» (Martin, 1992, p. 198). ɏɨɬɹ ɨɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ, ɤɚɤ Ƚɪɢɮɮɢɬɫ, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ, ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɭɦɧɨɟ ɷɫɫɟ Ƚɥɨɪɢɢ ɋɬɟɣɧɟɦɬ
(Gloria Steinem) «ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ» ɩɪɨ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ, ɬɨ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (Steinem, 1984; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Shuttle and
Redgrove, 2005 [1978] ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɨɥɢ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɢ).
Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɭ ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ,
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɟɣ, ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɟɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ — ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ Ƚɪɢɮɮɢɬɫ ɢ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ
ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ, ɨɧɢ
ɬɨɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɵ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ, ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɡɚɱɚɬɢɸ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɫɬɶ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ ɪɚɡɭɦ/ɬɟɥɨ,
ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ/ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ, ɡɚɛɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ — ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɚɦɢ.
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ
ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ — ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ, ɜɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɩɵɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɵ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ, ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ — ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (ɫɦ.: Katz and Monk, 1993, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɭ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɭɸ Pratt and Hanson, pp. 27—54). Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ
ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɟɡɢɫ, ɜɟɞɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
151
ɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɵ, ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɹ ɜɫɟ
ɱɚɳɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ/ɢ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɡɚɱɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɟɬɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ «ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ», ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɪɨɠɚɬɶ. Ⱥ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɭɠ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɨɣ,
ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɟɟ
ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ, — ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɧɟɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
«Женское время» и созидание жизни
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɨɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤ
ɞɟɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤ, Ɇɷɪɢ Ɉ’Ȼɪɚɣɟɧ (Mary
O’Brien) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɯɨɬɹɬ ɨɧɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɬɚɸɬ
ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, «ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɢɡɧɢ» (1981, p. 53; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ O’Brien, 1989a,
1989b). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ Ɏɪɢɞɚ Ɏɨɪɦɚɧ, ɰɢɬɚɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɏɚɣɞɟɝɝɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ «ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: «… ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ — ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ, ɨɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɠɟ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ… ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ), ɨɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɢɯ
Ȼɵɬɢɟ-ɜ-ɦɢɪɟ (In-der-Welt-Sein)… ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ — ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɷɬɨ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ ɭɦɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ — ɫɦɟɪɬɶ»
(Forman, 1989, p. 7; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Gottner-Abendroth, 1989).
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ Ɉ’Ȼɪɚɣɟɧ ɢ Ɏɨɪɦɚɧ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɥɢɲɶ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ: Ɉ’Ȼɪɚɣɟɧ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɪɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ, ɚ Ɏɨɪɦɚɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ «ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» («generative temporality») ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ —
«ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ… ɭɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ȼɵɬɢɟ-ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ»
(Forman, 1989, pp. 8, 7). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ,
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɞɧɵɯ, ɧɟɤɢɦ ɱɭɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ
ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɧ
ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ
ɢ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɞɟɬɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɢ ɘɥɢɹ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɚ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɷɫɫɟ «ɀɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ», ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɜ 1979 ɝɨɞɭ.
ȼ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ»
ɤɚɤ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ) ɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ) ɫ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ; ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɟɪɟɱɺɪɤɢɜɚɥɚ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ
«ɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɫɬɶ». Ɉɛɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ,
ɢ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɚ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ (ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ) — ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɫɤɭɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɮɚɡɭ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɞɧɨɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɨɥɧ.
ɉɨɩɵɬɤɢ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ
ɗɥɢɡɚɛɟɬ ɗɪɦɚɪɬ (Elizabeth Ermarth), ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ: ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
«ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɞɟɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ
ɮɚɥɥɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ», ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» — ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ», ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ «ɜ
ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Ermarth, 1989, p. 37, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ). ɏɨɬɹ — ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ — ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ
ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ «ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɮɟɦɢɧɧɵɦ» ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɦɨɞɟɪɧɭ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ» (Coole, 1993, p. 212), ɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»
«ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɛɟɡ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ», ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ (Ermarth, 1989, p. 37).
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ,
ɨɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɸ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ, ɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Watts, 1998).
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɬ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɷɫɫɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɣ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ — «ɜɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ». Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ
ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ «ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ», ɷɬɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ «ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ» ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ; ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ,
ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ
ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ (Kristeva, 1986 [1979], pp. 191, 192).
ɗɫɫɟ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɟɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ, ɚ ɟɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɢ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɢɞɟɣ ɤ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɨ ɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɧɚ
ɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɚ, ɢ ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ʉɷɪɨɥ ȼɚɬɬɫ (Carol Watts): ɩɨɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɷɫɫɟ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ — ɪɨɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰ. ȼɚɬɬɫ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡ ɭɠ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɚ
154
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ. ɗɬɨ
ɞɚɟɬ ȼɚɬɬɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ: «ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɢɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ, «ɀɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» — ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹ» (Watts, 1998, p. 16).
Рождение и вскармливание детей
ɏɨɬɹ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ, ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ
ɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɪɨɠɚɸɬ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɢ ɪɨɞɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ,
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ. ɇɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ — ɪɨɞɵ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɦɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɨɞɚ. ɉɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɪɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ
ɜɵɡɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ; ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ Ɉ’Ȼɪɚɣɟɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɦɢɪɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ, ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɤɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɵɬ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ
ɜɢɞɚ» (O’Brien, 1989b, p. 17).
Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɛɨɟɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɜ Ƚɪɢɧɯɟɦɟ
(ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ) ɜ 1980-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ, ɡɚɛɨɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ
ɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɧɟ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɜɟɞɶ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ,
ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɰɨɜɫɬɜɨɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ
ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. əɫɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ,
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ.
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɣ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɪɨɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɟɫɚɪɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ» ɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɭɠ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɵ. ɂɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ, ɫ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ: ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ — ɷɬɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ.
ɇɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɹɜɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɪɨɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɩɚɫɥɨ
ɠɢɡɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɲɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɇɟɝ Ɏɨɤɫ
(Meg Fox), ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ
«ɫɛɨɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ», ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ
«ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ «ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ, ɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɦ», ɫɪɨɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ «ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ» ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ɏɨɤɫ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɟɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ,
ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɩɨɞɦɟɧɹɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ»
(Fox, 1989, pp. 128, 129, 131, 133; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Adam, 1995). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, Ɋɨɛɛɢ Ʉɚɧ (Robbie Kahn) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɱɬɨ, ɷɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɚɟɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɜ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ʉɚɧ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɛɵɥ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɰɟɦ: «ə ɛɭɞɬɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɥɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɬɢɩɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ… ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ
ɩɪɢɥɢɜɵ, ɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɺ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɛɟɡ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» (Kahn, 1989, p. 21).
ɗɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ʉɪɢɫɬɟɜɨɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɶ ɤ «ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦɭ, ɜɨɫɯɢɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɡɚɛɨɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɟɛɹ»
(Kristeva, 1986, p. 203).
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ Ʉɚɧ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɨɞɞɨɦɟ,
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɹ (ɞɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɟɡ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɤɟɫɚɪɟɜɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ; ɷɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ; ɫɦ.:
Laurance, 2006). Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɦɹɬ ɝɪɭɞɶɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɚɥɵɲɟɣ
(ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ). Ɉɧɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɚɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɟɞɟ ɦɚɥɵɲɟɣ (ɩɨ ɢɯ ɤɪɢɤɭ), ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɚ ɢ ɤɭɩɚɧɢɹ.
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɦɚɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ
ɝɢɛɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɦɚ,
ɤɚɤ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɷɬɨ Ʉɚɧ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ
ɠɟɥɚɸɬ, ɚ ɩɪɢɞɹ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɜɲɢɦɢ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ «ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɦɟɧɭ» — ɡɚɛɨɬɹɫɶ ɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɚ ɜɟɞɶ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɦɶɹ ɫ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ (ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɤɧɢɝ ɫɨɜɟɬɭɸɬ ɡɚɦɭɠɧɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɭ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɸɬ). Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ — ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɧɟɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɞɶ ɢɯ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɡɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ» ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɫɺ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ, ɢ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɭ ɠɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ
ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɚɤ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (National Childbirth Trust)
ɢɥɢ Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɭɲɟɪɨɤ (Association of Radical
Midwives) ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɢ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ»
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ.
ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɟɬɶ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
157
ɦɢ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
Забота и «женское время»
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ,
ɨɧɚ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɯ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ.
Часовое время и время процесса
ȼɨ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɗɞɜɚɪɞɚ Ɍɨɦɫɨɧɚ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ (ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ) ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɭɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɞɨɦɚ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «ɜɪɟɦɹ —
ɞɟɧɶɝɢ» ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ: «ɪɢɬɦɵ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɇɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɵɲɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɭ» (Edward Thompson, 1999 [1967],
pp. 381—2). ɗɞɜɚɪɞ ɏɨɥɥ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ,
ɫɯɨɠɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ «ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ»,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɟɫɬɶ «ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ», ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɞɨɦɚ «ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ — ɷɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɫɟ
ɤɪɭɬɢɬɫɹ». Ɉɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ «ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ
ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ, ɨɧɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɟɲɢ-
158
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɚɸɬɫɹ», ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ «ɩɪɟɞɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ» ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɧɧɨɟ — ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ, ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɭɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ (Hall, 1989, pp. 52, 45—6, 52).
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɸ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɬɹɯ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ», ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɱɶɢ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ: ɩɨɞɝɭɡɧɢɤɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟ ɡɚɩɚɱɤɚɥɢɫɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɹɬɶ ɱɚɫɨɜ; ɩɨɠɢɥɨɣ ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɨɩɤɟ ɤɚɦɢɧɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ; ɢ
ɞɟɬɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦ-ɬɨ, ɫ ɤɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɤɬɨ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɢɯ
ɜɵɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɚ ɧɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ
ɞɨɦɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɥɸɛɢɦɚɹ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɦɦɟɪɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɢɣ «ɭɩɪɹɦɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ» ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ
ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ;
ɬɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (Nowotny, 1994, p. 124;
Boyd, 2002).
Ʉɚɪɟɧ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ (Karen Davies) ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ «ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ» ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɸɪɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɰɟɩɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ» (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ), ɢ ɨɧɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ
ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɬɶ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɜ «ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ», ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɜ «ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɪɚɞɢ» ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɭɦɚɹ ɨ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɭɝɟ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɹ ɟɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɤɭ (ɤɭɩɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɲɨɩɢɧɝɚ;
ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɵɤɢ): ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ,
ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨɧɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ «ɧɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ, ɧɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɸ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ» (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ).
Ɉɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ, «ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɫɚɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ
ɪɢɫɤɚɯ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
159
ɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ», ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ «ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ» (Davies, 1994, pp. 280, 281, 278). Ɉɧɚ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ» ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ», ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ
ɡɚɛɨɬɚ, ɢ «ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ», ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɷɬɢɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ», ɫ ɟɟ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ (ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ). ɏɨɬɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ «ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ, ɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ» (Davies, 1989, p. 107). Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ — ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ, ɧɟɭɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ: ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ «ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɡɞɚɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ «ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ», ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ «ɩɭɫɬɭɸ ɛɨɥɬɨɜɧɸ» ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɦ
ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɨɦ, ɚ ɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ
ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɵ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɵɟ
ɹɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɝɢɛɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɨɛɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɢ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɲɢɬɶ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɚɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨ-
160
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɛɥɟɦɵ — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɟɡ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ
ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɞɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɫɜɹɡɚɥ ɧɟɞɨɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɢɞɟɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ
ɢɦ ɟɫɬɶ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɞɫɟɫɬɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
(Revill, 2005; Age Concern, 2006; Boseley, 2006). Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ
ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ
ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɸ «ɱɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ». ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɨɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ,
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɚ ɤ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ «ɬɚɣɦ ɚɭɬɚ», ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɤ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ, ɷɬɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɚɦɢ
ɩɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɠɨɧɝɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɜ
ɫɮɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɦɩɫɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ; ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ) ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ «ɬɚɣɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ» ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨɦ Ƚɢɥɛɟɪɬɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ (ɢɡ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ) ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ «Ɉɩɬɨɦ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ», Ƚɢɥɛɟɪɬ ɩɵɬɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɨ ɡɚɫɬɟɝɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɥɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɩɭɝɨɜɢɰɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ — ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ
ɬɪɢ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɟɦɶ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ «ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ» (Gilbreth and Carey,
1948, p. 53). ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɩɨ
«ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ «ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɣ» ɢ «ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɤ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɭ», ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɷɯɨ Ƚɢɥɛɟɪɬɚ, ɩɪɨɡɜɭɱɚɥ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ Ɏɨɧɞɚ Ȼɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ,
ɨɞɨɛɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ» ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ
ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ «ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ
ɫɮɟɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɤ» (Everingham, 2002, p. 329). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɸ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ: ɧɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɢɡ ɹɫɥɟɣ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ ɜ ɝɚɪɚɠɟ, «ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»
ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ «Ɇɚɤɞɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɥɸɛɜɢ» (Boyd, 2002, p. 466, ɰɢɬɚɬɚ ɢɡ
Anne Manne), ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɬɨɧ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɨɬɰɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ Ƚɢɥɛɟɪɬɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɣ ɢ ɥɸɛɹɳɢɣ, ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ
ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɷɤɫɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɵɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ; ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɣɞɭɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨ. ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ «ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɞɥɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɲɤɨɥ, ɞɚɧɬɢɫɬɨɜ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɫɟɦɶɹɦɢ (Davies, 1989; Everingham, 2002; Gray, 2003), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ Ʌɚɭɪɚ Ȼɚɥɶɛɨ (Laura Balbo) (1987) ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ «ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ», «ɫɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ» ɢ «ɩɪɢɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɚɬɨɤ» ɫɜɨɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵ ɢ
162
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɗɜɟɪɢɧɝɟɦ (Christine
Everingham): «ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɢɬɦɚɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɫɨɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɋɚɪɚ Ɋɚɞɞɢɤ (Sarah Ruddick) ɧɚɡɜɚɥɚ «ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɶɸ»» (ɫɦ. ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ). Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɗɜɟɪɢɧɝɟɦ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɸ «ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ, ɜɧɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»
(2002, pp. 340, 343, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ).
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ «ɨɫɟɞɥɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ» (Everingham, 2002, p. 338), ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɬɶ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɧɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɬɦɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ). Ʌɭɱɲɟɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ «ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɨɝɨ»
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɦɢ ɫ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ: ɬɭɬ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ
ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɚɸɬ (ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ), ɧɨ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɦɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɭɛɚɲɤɨɣ», ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ, ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Hernes, 1987; Nowotny, 1994; Franks, 1999; McKie et al.,
2002; Jacobs and Gerson, 2004; Carrusco and Mayordomo, 2005). Ʉɚɤ
ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɜɫɹ ɛɟɫɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɹɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɟɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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Индивидуальное и реляционное время
Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɫɤɭɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. Ɇɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɨɬ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɠɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɹ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɹ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧ ɩɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ; ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧ «ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɦ» (Everingham 2002, p. 340), ɢ ɨɧ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɧɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ:
«ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɳɢɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ» (Odih, 1999, p. 10;
see also Davies 1989; Leccardi and Rampazi, 1993; Carrusco and
Mayordomo, 2005). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɨɜ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɸ ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɵ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɉɚɦɟɥɚ
Ɉɞɢɯ (Pamela Odih), ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ Ɏɭɤɨ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ.
ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ
«ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ», ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɚɦɭ ɷɬɭ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ; ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɟ, ɨɧɨ — ɷɬɨ «ɬɚɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɢ,
ɱɶɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ «ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ»». ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ, ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɉɞɢɯ, «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɞɟɚɥ» ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ «ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ»; ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɟɛɹ «ɜ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɛɹ
164
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
«ɧɭɠɞɚɦ», ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ» (Odih, 1999,
pp. 11, 17).
Ɉɞɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɢɞɟɚɥ ɢ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ, ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ,
ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ. ɇɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ, ɩɨ ɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ: ɬɚɤ, ɨɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɫɟɛɹ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ — ɷɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ «ɜɥɚɫɬɢ/ɡɧɚɧɢɹ», ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɭɡɤɢɯ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ (Odih, 1999, p. 23). ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹ
«ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ, — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɝɨ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɱɚɬɶ, ɢɥɢ ɦɟɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ. Ɉɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɪɟɥɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵ; ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ «ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ» ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɨɬ «ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ»
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɟɛɟ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɬɭɬ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ Ɉɞɢɯ, «ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ» (Odih, 1999, p. 11), ɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɦ
ɦɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ «ɫɜɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɞɟɹ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɚ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɭɠɞɨ ɨɩɵɬɭ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ
ɧɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ-ɨɩɟɤɭɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ «ɧɚ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ», ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɚ
ɞɨɫɭɝɟ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɭ ɤɨɝɨ «ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɦɟɧɚ» ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ.
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɞɭɦɚɸɬ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɢɬɚɥɶ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
165
ɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤ Ʉɚɪɦɟɧ Ʌɟɤɤɚɪɞɢ (Carmen Leccardi) ɢ Ɇɚɪɢɬɵ Ɋɚɦɩɚɡɢ (Marita Rampazi), ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɢ Ʉɷɪɨɥ Ƚɢɥɥɢɝɚɧ (Carol
Gilligan) (ɫɦ. ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ), ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɜɢɱɶɹ «ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ
ɷɝɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ» ɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ, ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɪɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ), ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɦ «ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ» (Carmen Leccardi and Marita Rampazi, 1993, pp. 371,
370). Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɱɢɫɬɨ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ
ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɸ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ — ɩɪɢɦɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɟɥɢɤɚɬɧɭɸ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ.
Линеарное и циклическое время
Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ,
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ/ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ — ɷɬɨ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɛɟɡɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɢ ɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ
ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɷɬɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ, ɭɛɨɪɤɟ, ɤɭɩɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɢɳɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ, ɛɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ «ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ» (ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɚɧɬɤɚ: «ȼɵ ɫɬɟɥɢɬɟ, ɜɵ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟ ɜɫɹɤɭɸ ɫɧɟɞɶ — ɢ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ»).
Ⱦɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɩɥɟɬɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɚ ɧɟ «ɞɚɧɵ» ɤɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ
166
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ, ɨɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (Hall, 1989).
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ «ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ»
(Odih, 1999, p. 16). Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɟ
«ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ» ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ «ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɢ ɢ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. Ɇɭɠɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
(ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɞɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ⱦɧɹ ɋɟɦɶɢ,
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɞɢɤɚ), ɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ (ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɠɢɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɫɛɨɪ ɢɝɪɭɲɟɤ,
ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɫɨɪɧɹɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɟ).
Ʉɚɤ ɷɯɨ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɤ ɪɚɧɧɟɦɭ ɢɭɞɚɢɡɦɭ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ
ɧɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ, ɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ»
(Davies, 1989, p. 23). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɨɜɢɞɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ
ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ««ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ» ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ» (Davies,
1989, p. 23), ɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɥɢ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ — ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥ ɟɳɟ 2000 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɪɟɤɭ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɨɞɨɜ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɨɬ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ
ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ɂ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɜ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɯɨɞ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɨɛ ɢɥɥɸɡɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɨɬɛɪɨɲɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɫ ɧɭɥɹ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɛɪɨɫɚɟɬ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ «ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ» ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɟ.
ɗɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɞɟɬ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɢɞɟɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɮɨɪɞɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ, ɞɟɥɚɹ «ɩɨɞɤɨɩ» ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɜ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ
ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɚɧɞɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɵ ɜ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ»(Sirianni and
Negrey, 2000, p. 66); ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ
ɫɟɛɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ «ɠɢɜɭɬ
ɜɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ»
(Hughes, 2002, p. 132; ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ). ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ,
ɨ ɱɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɹɜɧɵɦ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɳɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
«Женское время»
в патриархальном капиталистическом обществе
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɨɧɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɛɨɪɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɦ, ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɹɯ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ. ȼ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ
ɷɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ.
ɗɬɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɹɯ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ: «Ʉɚɤ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚ,
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ-ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ», ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ». Ⱦɟɣɜɢɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɟ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ «ɬɟɧɢ» ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ «ɨɧɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ», ɯɨɬɹ ɞɨɦɚ «ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɭ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ»
(Davies, 1989, pp. 17, 38).
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ «ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ» ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɷɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ «ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɳɟ
ɨɞɢɧ ɜɢɞ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ» (Carrusco
and Mayordomo, 2005, p. 233).
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
169
ɏɨɬɹ ɢɞɟɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɢ ɹ ɨɬɞɚɸ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɬɱɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɚɧɚ ɢ ɹ ɫɚɦɚ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɵ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, Ⱥɞɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ, ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɢ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ» (Adam, 1995, pp. 8—9), ɚ Ɉɞɢɯ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ, ɪɢɫɤɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ «ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» (Odih, 1999, p. 33), ɢ ɗɥɢɡɚɛɟɬ ɋɢɥɶɜɚ (Elizabeth Silva) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: «Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ, ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚ
ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɚ, ɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ» (Silva, 2002, p. 186; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ:
Hughes, 2002).
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɷɬɨ
ɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɵ
ɢɦ; ɨɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɢ (ɷɬɨ
ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ 1994 ɝɨɞɚ).
əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ», ɬɚɤ ɠɟ
ɤɚɤ ɢ «ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬ», ɨ ɱɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɩɨ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɹɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɫɨ
ɜɫɟɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɋɢɥɶɜɚ, «ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ
ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ»(Silva, 2002, p. 186). Ɉɞɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ,
«ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ»; ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ «ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɢɥɢ
ɜ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɟ ɫ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɛɟɫɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Odih, 1999, pp. 11, 18).
ɏɨɬɹ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬ ɞɭɚɥɢɡɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ/ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ
ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ, «ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟ-
170
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ», ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ
ɟɫɬɶ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɬɨ «ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ…
ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɧɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ» (Adam, 1995, p. 8).
ȿɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɹɪɥɵɤ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ,
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ), ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɟ
ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ
ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ, ɟɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟ
ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɫ ɢɞɟɹɦɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɢɦɢ, ɢ ɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ Ⱥɞɚɦ, ɷɬɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ (ɫɦ.
ɬɚɤɠɟ: Odih, 1999, p. 22).
Сопротивление
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ — ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɤ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɣ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ,
«ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɚɧɞɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɧɢɸ», ɱɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ «ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ» (Odih, 1999, pp. 31, 33). ɉɨɦɢɦɨ
ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɡɚɛɨɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɛɪɨɫɚɟɬ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɚ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ
ɞɟɧɶ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɦ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɤɭɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɝɢɛɤɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɛɪɚɬɶ
ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɯ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ⱦɷɜɢɫ (1998) ɢ Ʌɟɤɤɚɪɞɢ (1996) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɫɬɮɨɪɞɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ⱦɷɜɢɫɚ, ɷɬɨ «ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ», ɢ ɨɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɧɟ «ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ» (Davies, 1989, p.
247). Ʌɟɤɤɚɪɞɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦ
«ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɢ ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ (Leccardi, 1996, p. 175). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ɇɚɲɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ,
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɭɸ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ: ɞɟɥɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɜɫɟ ɹɫɧɟɟ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɞɚɥɟɤɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɢɬɦɵ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ
(ɫɬɪɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ 3,7 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɚ
ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ; ɫɦ.: Health and Safety Executive, 2006). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ; ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ
ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɜɧɵɦ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Выводы
ɇɟ ɜɫɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɤ
ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ, ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɵɦ ɢ
ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ — ɧɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵ;
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɤ
ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɛɟ ɷɬɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ
ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ». Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ
«ɞɪɭɝɨɣ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɟ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ɗɬɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɢ ɬɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ
ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ,
Ɍɨɦɩɫɨɧ ɨɩɢɫɚɥ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ); ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɚɜ ɟɟ, ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɫɶ «ɡɚ
ɜɪɟɦɹ» (ɬ.ɟ. ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɯ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ,
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɜɵɢɝɪɚɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
173
ɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ. Ɂɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɬɶ ɫ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ,
ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɡɧɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ «ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ» ɰɢɤɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɤɚɧɶɸ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɟ
ɫɪɨɤɢ ɫɞɚɱɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɨ
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɝɞɟ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɤ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɞɚɦ: «Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ: ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɟɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɣ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ; ɷɬɨ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ» (Adam, 1995, p. 54).
ГЛАВА ДЕВЯТАЯ
ЖЕНЩИНЫ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕНИ
В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ КАПИТАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ
ОБЩЕСТВАХ
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɤɭɩɥɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɧ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ — ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɰɟɧɧɵɣ
ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ
ɜ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ — ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ
ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ.
ɗɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɫɚɦɢ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɨɤɭɫ —
ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ; ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɨ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ», ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦ «ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɦ ɚɛɫɟɧɬɟɢɡɦɟ» ɢ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ
ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ». ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
175
Феминистские утверждения
Женская «часовая бедность»
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɡɧɚɥɢ, ɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ ɢ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɫɟɦɶɟɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ — ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɟɦɶɹɦ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ
ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɫɬɶ
ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɢ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɬɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɟɸɬ, «ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɨ» ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɤ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Hays, 1998; Epstein,
2004). Ɂɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ — ɤɚɤ
ɢ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ.
Ɉɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɢɤɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ «ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɨɣ» ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨɦɚ, ɚ Ⱥɪɥɢ ɏɨɯɲɢɥɶɞ (Arlie
Hochschild) ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ» ɤɚɤ «ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɦ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ». Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ «ɭɫɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɩɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɢ
ɧɟɩɨɫɬɢɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɶɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ — ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɟɫɟɥɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ» (Hochschild, 1989,
book title; 1997, pp. 51, 44).
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɏɨɯɲɢɥɶɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɋɒȺ,
ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ: «ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɨɯɨɠɟɟ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɬɪɭɞɚ» (Moen
and Roehling, 2005, p. 7), ɢ ɷɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ «ɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ, ɚɧɬɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɞɧɸ… ɜɫɟ
ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ
ɩɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ « (Franks, 1999, p. 212).
ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɍɪɭɞɢ Ʉɧɢɠɧ (Trudi Knijn), ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɜɟɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɵ ɜɫɟ
ɧɭɠɞɚɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɟɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ «ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ — ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ» (Knijn, 2000, pp. 201—
2). Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɝɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɬ ɩɪɨɛɟɥ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɣ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɭɫɥɭɝ; ɨɧɢ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɞɟɥɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ ɞɟɬɹɦ (ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 85 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɭɞɜɨɢɬɫɹ ɜ 2028 ɝɨɞɭ;
ɫɦ.: Brindle, 2007). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɞɧɟɦ, — ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ; ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ «ɡɚɠɚɬɵ» ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ (Spillman and Pezzin, 2000;
Casey, 2004). ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɨ «ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ
ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ» ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ (Knijn, 2000, p. 205), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ-ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜ) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɟɫ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ
ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
177
Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɨɜ
ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ: ɬɚɤ, Ⱦɟɣɥ ɋɚɭɬɟɪɬɨɧ (Dale Southerton) (2003) ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɡɚɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ « («harriedness»),
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɢɯ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɯɜɚɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ (15 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɧɭɥɫɹ;
ɩɨɥɱɚɫɚ ɬɚɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɚɞɭ…), ɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɲɤɟ ɧɟ
ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɤɨ ɫɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ; ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, Ⱦɠɟɣɧ Ȼɚɤɫɬɨɧ
(Jayne Buxton) ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɫɥɨɜɨ «ɜɢɧɚ» ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
«ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɦɚɬɶ»» (Jayne Buxton,1998, p. 23). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ,
ɝɞɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, «ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɧɵ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ» (Skevik,
2006a, p. 245, ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ Lindvert; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Cousins and Tang,
2004; Strandh and Nordenmark, 2006). Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɷɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ
ɡɚɛɨɬɭ, ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɦɨɦ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ «ɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɢɦɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ» ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (Franks, 1999, p. 6).
Различия среди женщин
ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɛɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ. ȼɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɭɯɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ
178
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɢ ɨɧɢ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɋɆɂ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɟ,
ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɫ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɦɶɟɣ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɬɨ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ (ɫɦ.: Warren, 2003;
Selmi and Cahn, 2006). ɗɬɨɬ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ, ɤɚɪɢɤɚɬɭɪɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɗɥɥɢɫɨɧ ɉɢɪɫɨɧ (Allison Pearson) «ə ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ
ɷɬɨ» (2002), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ, ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɤɚɪɶɟɪɭ, «ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɹɳɟɣɫɹ» ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɭɩɢɬɶ ɩɢɪɨɠɤɢ ɜ 1.37 ɭɬɪɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɸ ɜɵɩɟɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɟɟ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ (Pearson, 2002, p. 3).
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ
ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɵ ɤ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ
ɞɧɸ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɝɢɛɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ. ɂɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ (Buxton, 1998; Dex, 2003), ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ,
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɵɟ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ
ɞɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ «ɜ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ, ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ,
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ» (Craig, 2006a, p. 554). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ «ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ
ɜɪɟɦɹ», ɩɢɬɚɹɫɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɢ, ɟɡɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɫɢ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹɯ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚɯ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ. ɑɚɫɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ, ɚ ɢɯ ɦɭɠɶɹ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɢ ɟɳɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ
ɜɡɹɬɶ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ (Gornick and
Meyers, 2003; Warren, 2003; McCrate, 2005; EOC, 2006a; Selmi and
Cahn, 2006; Smeaton, 2006).
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɛɨɣɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ-ɫɟɦɶɸ — ɷɬɨ ɨɬɫɪɨɱɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɢɦɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ. ɗɬɨɬ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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«ɜɵɛɨɪ» ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ
ɭɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ (ɫɦ.: Finch, 2006a; Forrsen and
Ritakillio, 2006; Hageman, 2006; ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɦ.: Ronsen and Skrede, 2006). ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɡɚɛɨɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ «ɩɭɬɶ ɦɚɦɨɱɟɤ» — ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ/ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɤ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ — ɷɬɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ
ɧɢɯ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɢɯ ɛɟɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɸɬ
ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ-ɨɬɰɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɭɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
48 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ (EOC, 2006a). Ʉɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɡɚ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ, ɭɬɪɚɬɢɜɲɟɣ ɫɜɨɸ
«ɫɢɥɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɳɢɤɚ» ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɦɭɠɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼɨ
ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ, ɚ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɢ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɛɟɞɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɞɹɯ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɭ, ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɞɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ. ɏɨɬɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚ: Ƚɨɪɞɢɤ ɢ Ɇɚɣɟɪɫ
(Gornick and Meyers) ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ,
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɤ (Gornick and Meyers, 2003, p. 54), ɚ ɜ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ 10 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ (Land, 2006,
p. 258). Ⱦɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɱɟɣ ɦɭɠ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ, ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɦɭ
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ. ɀɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɚɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ,
ɛɟɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɹɯ; ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ, ɱɬɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹ
ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ
ɧɢɯ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ» (Lister 2003, p. 141; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Mink, 1998).
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
ɞɥɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɤɚɪɶɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɨɬ
ɨɬɰɨɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ «ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ»
(«welfare-to-work’ policies»), ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ 1990-ɯ
ɝɨɞɚɯ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ
(Knijn and van Wel 2001; Millar and Rowlingson, 2001; Skevik, 2006a,
2006b). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɡɚɲɥɚ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɝɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ «ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦ-ɛɟɞɧɵɦ» ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ «ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɪɚɡɭ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɹ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»
(Waldfogel et al., 2001, p. 59; Mink, 1998, p. 27; Kershaw, 2005). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ — ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɚɮɪɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ, ɷɬɨɬ
ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɚɹ, ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɭ
ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ,
ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ (ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ, ɫɦ.: Craig, 2005). ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɹɦɢ (Daly and Rake,
2003; Ellingsaeter and Leira, 2006; Skevik, 2006a); ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɧɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɚɥɵɲɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
181
ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɱɟɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɛɪɚɤɟ (Hobson and Takahashi,
1997).
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɹɦɢ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬ
ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦɢ
ɫɟɦɶɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɨɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ — «ɷɬɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ» (Edwards, 2004, p.
5), ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɢɦ
ɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨ «ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɢɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ», ɨɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, «ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɦɭɠɶɹɦɢ» (Lowndes, 2004, p. 59). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ, ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɭɦɟɧɢɟ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɢ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ»
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ.
А как насчет мужчин?
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ
ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ,
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ
ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ
ɢɯ ɟɳɟ ɢ «ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɟɜ» ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɞɨɦɚ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜ «ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜɟɞɶ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ» (Benn, 1998, p. 247, ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ Suzanne Moore).
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɜ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɚ, ɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚɦɢ, ɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ — ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɷɬɪɢɧ ɏɚɤɢɦ (Catherine Hakim) (2000, 2007) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɦ
ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɯ, ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹɯ. ɗɬɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɨɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɦ «ɜɵɛɨɪɟ», ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ (Crompton and Lyonette, 2005).
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɚɤ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ (ɫɦ., ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ: Dex, 2003;
Jacobs and Gerson, 2004; EOC, 2006a, 2006b).
ɏɨɬɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ,
ɟɫɬɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɬɰɨɜɫɬɜɭ (Gerson,
2002; Crompton et al., 2005; Bianchi et al., 2006). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɷɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ
ɞɟɧɶ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɦɚɥɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ (Dex, 2003), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ» ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤ ɧɟɣ; ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɷɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɟɨɯɨɬɨɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ.
Изучение использования времени
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɟɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ, ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɚ, ɢ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɦɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɣ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɞɧɸ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢɥɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ,
ɝɞɟ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɹɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɹɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Исследования
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦ ɧɚɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ
20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɚɯ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ
ɞɧɹ ɢ ɧɨɱɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɢ-ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
(ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ
ɢɡ 20 ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ 1960-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɟɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɍɱɟɧɵɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɵ
ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ «ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ», «ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɧɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ» ɢ «ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɸ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ»,
ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ «ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ» (Harvey
184
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
and Pentland, 1999, p. 8; Robinson, 1999, pp. 53, 47, 48; ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚɯ, ɫɦ.: Pentland et al., 1999;
Gershuny, 2000; Michelson, 2005; ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɡɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɦ. ɜɟɛ-ɫɚɣɬɵ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (International Association for Time Use
Research [IATUR]) ɢ Ɇɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (Multi National Time Use Study [MTUS]) ɧɚ
www.iatur.org/ ɢ www.timeuse.org/mtus/).
ɗɬɨɬ «ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ» ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɪɵɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ
ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ
(ɤɚɤ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɝɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜɵɣɞɹ
ɡɚɦɭɠ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɧɨ ɱɶɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ). ɉɟɤɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɜ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɡɵɜ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ
ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ Ȼɸɪɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ (Gerencher,
2001; US Department of Labor, 2004), ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɨɫ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ, ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɨɮɢɫɟ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (Short, 2000; www.statistics.
gov.uk/hhsa).
ɇɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ «ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ», ɬɚɤ
ɱɬɨ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɟɳɟ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ» (Joyce and Stuart, 1999, p. 4). ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɟɦ
ɩɢɳɢ — ɭɠɟ ɧɟɬ. Ⱦɨɫɭɝ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ ɢ ɫɧɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ
ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ, ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ. ȼ ɋɒȺ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɥɨ ɟɟ ɩɨɞ «ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ», ɚ ɜ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
185
ɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ «ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ».
ɗɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɬɢɩ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
«ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ». Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ — ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ «ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ» (Ruston, 2003, p. 2), ɯɨɬɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ.
Результаты исследования
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ. ɏɨɬɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ (Joyce and Stewart, 1999; Short,
2000), ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ, ɫɦ.: Floro, 1995).
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɨɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ «ɞɜɨɣɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ» ɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ (ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ)
ɱɚɫɵ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɦɭɠ (Gershuny, 2000).
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ. ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ 1960-ɯ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɱɟɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ — ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Ⱦɠɨɧɚɬɚɧ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
«ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ»
(«gender
convergence») ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ; ɨɧ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ»,
ɩɨɨɳɪɹɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (Jonathan Gershuny,
2000, pp. 9, 69). ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ Ɉɪɢɷɥɶ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ (Oriel
Sullivan) ɞɚɥɟɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, «ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ»,
186
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɤɚɤ ɏɨɯɲɢɥɶɞ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ
ɞɟɧɶ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɱɟɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ (Oriel Sullivan, 2000, p. 451; ɨɛɨɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɫɦ.: Pilcher, 2000).
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɩɨ
ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɵ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɫɬɭɬ, ɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ (Gershuny, 2000, 2002) ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɨɧɝɢɬɸɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ɉɧ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ
ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɨɩɵɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ. ɋɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɇɨɪɦɚɧ Ȼɨɧɧɢ (Norman
Bonney) (2005) ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ, ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ
21-ɦ ɜɟɤɟ, ɚ ɗɫɬɟɪ Ⱦɟɪɦɨɬɬ (Esther Dermott) (2006) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɬɰɚɦɢ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɫɜɹɡɶ. ȼ ɋɒȺ, Ȼɢɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ (Bianchi et al., 2006) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɭɸ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɏɨɯɲɢɥɶɞ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ: ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɰɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɟɳɺ (Sullivan
and Gershuny, 2001; Bianchi et al., 2006; Craig, 2006b, 2006c, 2007a).
Ⱦɥɹ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɥɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɱɟɦ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ. Ɉɧ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ «…ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɚɯ; ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɬɨɝɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ» (Gershuny, 2000, pp. 8—9).
ɏɨɬɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜ
ɋɒȺ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
187
ɧɚ 20—30 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ (Sayer,
2005; Aliaga, 2006; Lader et al., 2006), ɷɬɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɧɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɢ
ɷɬɚ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ. ȼ
ɋɒȺ Ȼɶɹɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, «ɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ» ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɬɪɚɬɹɳɢɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ,
ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ — ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ (Bianchi et al.,
2006, p. 117). ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɨɫ (2005)
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɛɪɚɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ
ɢɬɨɝɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ» (Lader et al., 2006, p. 25;
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɛɡɨɪɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɦ.: Michelson, 2005; ɩɨ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɫɦ.: Aliaga, 2006; ɩɨ ɋɒȺ, ɫɦ.: US Department of Labor,
2004). ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɟ
ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɚɞɟɪɝɚɧɵ, ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨ
ɜɫɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɦɭɠɶɹ.
Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɢ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ (2003) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɦɭ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ ɢ
ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ, ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ. ɇɚɨɦɢ Ɏɢɧɱ (Naomi Finch, 2006b,
2006c), ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ
ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɬɟɧɶ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɢ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹɦ, ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Исследования использования времени
под пристальным вниманием
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ
188
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ.
Основополагающие допущения
Ⱦɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɢ ɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ
ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ», ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɭɠɫɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ
ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɹɞ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɢ ɱɬɨ
ɜɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɤɜɚɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ. ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɫ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɭɡɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɧɭ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɧɢɤɚ
Ɉɫɤɚɪɨɦ ɍɚɣɥɶɞɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɤɬɨ «ɡɧɚɟɬ ɰɟɧɭ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɰɟɧɢɬ
ɧɢɱɟɝɨ».
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɢɫɤɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ «ɛɵɬɢɹ ɬɚɦ» — ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɳɭɳɚɬɶɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɱɭɠɞɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ»
ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɩɢɡɨɞ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ
ɤɟɦ-ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
189
ɷɬɢ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɧɵ ɢ
ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɥɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ
ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ, ɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɞɚɦ, ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ: ««ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɬ «ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɨɬ
ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ»
(Adam, 1990, p. 96, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɟ). ɏɨɬɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ, ɢɞɟɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɟɡɞɟɫɭɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɟɧɚ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɫɚ (Ken Roberts), ɱɬɨ «ɜɫɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ 24-ɱɚɫɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɢɞɟɨɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ» (Ken
Robert, 2002, p. 177), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɱɭɠɞɵɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɚɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɗɜɟɪɢɧɝɟɦ (Christine Everingham), «ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ» ɢɥɢ ɤɟɦ-ɬɨ «ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ»
ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɤ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ… ɫ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. Ɂɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɟɱɟɪ ɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ… Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ» (Everingham, 2002, p. 335).
Ʉɜɚɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ,
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ «ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɜ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɞɟɥɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ, ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ (Everingham, 2002,
p. 340).
ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɵ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɟɲɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ɏɨɬɹ ɗɧɞɪɸ ɏɚɪɜɢ
(Andrew Harvey) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ» (Harvey, 1999, p. 19), ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɫ-
190
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɧɟ
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɭɠ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ, ɱɶɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚɯ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, «ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɡ
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɣ», ɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɬ «ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ
ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ». Ɉɧ ɪɟɡɸɦɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ «ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ
ɞɧɟ»» (Gershuny, 2000, pp. 254, 260). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ «ɦɵ» ɦɨɠɟɦ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ «ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɞɧɟ» ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɬɹɧɭɬɵ ɜ «ɫɦɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɭɛɚɲɤɭ» ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ «ɞɪɭɝɢɟ» ɨɩɵɬɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ.
Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɧ ɢ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜ 1950-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɟɥɚɥ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ «ɩɨɲɟɥ ɧɚ ɮɭɬɛɨɥ ɫ ɫɵɧɨɦ», ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɤɚɤ «ɜɡɹɥ ɫɵɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɭɬɛɨɥ»; ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ «ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ», ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɚɤ «ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ
ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ « (Sullivan and Gershuny, 2001, p. 342). Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ — ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
«ɫɞɟɥɚɧ» ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɧɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ «ɫɞɟɥɚɧ» ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɣ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
191
ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ,
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ.
Практические вопросы
Ⱦɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɵɥɨ
ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ «ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ» ɢɥɢ «ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ» ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɟɥɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ: ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɤɬɨɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ»
ɢɥɢ «ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɞɚ», ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɢ ɜ
ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ ɢ ɧɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ (Robinson, 1999;
Ironmonger, 2004). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ,
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɟ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɟɞ ɢ ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ,
ɦɚɬɶ, ɫɢɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɨɧɚ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ», ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ «ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ» ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ «ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ»
ɭɯɨɞ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ «ɩɨ ɡɜɨɧɤɭ», ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɩɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ ɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɩɟɲɚɬ ɞɨɦɨɣ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɭɠɢɧ, ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪ. ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɯɨɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɤɨɞɢɪɭɹ ɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤɚɤ «ɭɛɨɪɤɚ», «ɦɵɬɶɺ» ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦ» ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɯɨɞɚ:
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ,
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ȼɟɪɧɚɪɞ Ʉɟɣɫɢ (Bernard
Casey, 2004), ɷɬɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɤ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ
192
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɭɯɨɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ; ɷɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ: ɤ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɭɛɨɪɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɚɤ «ɭɛɨɪɤɚ» ɢɥɢ «ɩɨɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɚɦ», ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɷɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɺɦ ɩɢɳɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ
ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ. Ɂɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ
(ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ), ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ (Folbre
et al., 2005).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɦɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ «ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ» ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɭɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɣ, ɜɥɢɹɸɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɉɚɬɦɚɧ
ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɭɩɚɞɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ; ɷɬɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɟɥɟɡɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ» ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɫɤɪɵɬɵ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɭ «ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ» ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ, ɤɬɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɚɫɥɵɲɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ
«ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ» ɨɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɠɟɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɢ
ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ,
ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ.
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɧ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
ɏɨɬɹ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ: «Ɇɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɸɞɢ ɫɩɹɬ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɟɳɟ» (Gershuny, 2000, p. 264); ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ
ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɭɸ ɞɪɟɦɨɬɭ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɨɤ ɜɟɪɧɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɦɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ, ɚ ɏɢɫɥɨɩ ɢ
Ⱥɪɛɟɪ (Hislop and Arber) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
193
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ «ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚɹ» ɢ
«ɞɟɠɭɪɧɚɹ»… ɫɩɚɥɶɧɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ «ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ»,
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɭ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɟɦ ɫɟɦɶɢ»(Hislop and Arber, 2003, pp. 701, 703). ɗɬɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ; ɨɧɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɩɹɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ (Aliaga, 2006; www.statistics.gov.uk/timeuse/
summary_results). ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚɯ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɭɞɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ «ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ» ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɱɟɦ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ; ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ
ɭɯɨɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ 24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ (Holloway and Tamplin, 2001). Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ» ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Изучение использования времени:
последние достижения и результаты
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦ,
ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɩɪɨɫ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ «ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɡɚɩɢɫɶɸ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ»(Short, 2000). ȼ
ɧɺɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ
ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɜ ɧɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɫɩɨɧ-
194
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ
ɧɢɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ (Short, 2006; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Lader et al., 2006).
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɪɨɫɟ
2003 ɝɨɞɚ (Budig and Folbre, 2004; US Department of Labor, 2004), ɚ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹ ɈɈɇ ɨɬ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ «ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪ» ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ
(UN, 2005).
ɇɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɸɪɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜ 1992 ɢ 1997 ɝɨɞɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɧɸɚɧɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɢ «ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Bittman and Wajcman, 2000, p. 169).
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɋɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɵ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ: ɨɧɢ ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ «ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɣ»
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ «ɩɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɭ» ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ «ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɨɝɨ» ɫɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɱɟɣ ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɪɨɫ ɢɞɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ
ɡɚɛɨɬɵ (ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪ ɡɚ ɫɵɧɨɦ, ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧ ɩɥɚɜɚɥ ɜ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ»)
ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ «ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ
ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ» ɤɚɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɭɝɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ
ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, ɢ ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ «ɩɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɭ» ɜ ɬɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬ ɫɩɢɬ (US Department of Labor, 2004). Ɉɧ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɝɥɚɠɤɭ ɛɟɥɶɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ). ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ,
ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɢɞɟɥɨɤ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
195
ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɥɸɛɵɟ
«ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ» ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ,
ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɤɚɤ «ɭɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ».
Домашняя работа и уход за детьми
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
«ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɧɟɣ» ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɡɢɫɵ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ «ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɚ» ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
(Floro and Miles, 2003). Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ (Mattingly and Bianchi, 2003; Bianchi et al.,
2006). Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɧɟɭɱɬɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ «ɩɪɢɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ», ɰɢɮɪɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» (Folbre, 2006, pp. 193—194).
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɨ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɜ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɫɬɨɩɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ. ȼ ɋɒȺ Ȼɶɹɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɫ 1985 ɝɨɞɚ; ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ
ɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ 2000 ɢ 2005 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ, ɢ
ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɚ ɧɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (Lader et al.,
2006). Ʌɢɧ Ʉɪɟɣɝ (Lyn Craig, 2007a, 2007b) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɚɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɱɬɨ, ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ, ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɚɹ
ɬɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɧɚ
ɠɟ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɯɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, Ʉɪɟɣɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ
ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ
196
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɦɭɠɫɤɚɹ «ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɝɪɵ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɹɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɪɭɬɢɧɭ, ɬɚɤɭɸ
ɤɚɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɭɩɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ
ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ, ɢ ɨɬɰɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɟ (Craig, 2002;
Bianchi et al., 2006). ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɰɵ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, Ʉɪɟɣɝ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 90 % ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɰɵ ɭɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɚ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ «ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ
ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ» ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ
ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ «ɫ ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɦ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ»
(Craig, 2006b, p. 262).
ɏɨɬɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ,
ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɨɫɭɝ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ «ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ» ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɢɬɦɚɯ (ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ «ɡɚɜɬɪɚɤɚ» ɫ
«ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɜɬɪɚɤɨɦ ɞɟɬɟɣ», ɷɬɨ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɭ, ɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɜɬɪɚɤ — ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɟɥɸɞɢɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɚɞɢɤ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ
ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ, ɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, «ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ» ɞɥɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ; ɯɨɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ
ɷɬɨ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɞɵɯ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɳɢɦ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɞɵɯ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ.
Досуг
ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɥɸɞɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜ ɬɢɫɤɚɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ.
ɏɨɬɹ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ (2005) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ «ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ» ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɫ ɜɵ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
197
ɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ — ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ əɤɨɛɫ ɢ Ƚɟɪɫɨɧ (Jacobs and Gerson,
2004), ɯɨɬɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ
ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɨɫɶ. ȼɵɯɨɞɹ
ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɯ, əɤɨɛɫ ɢ Ƚɟɪɫɨɧ (Jacobs and Gerson) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɨɛɚ
ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɞɧɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ȼɢɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ — ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ» (Bianchi et al.,
2006, p. 57). ȼ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ȼɢɬɬɦɚɧ (Michael Bittman, 2004)
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ əɤɨɛɫɚ ɢ Ƚɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ
ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɤɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɍɨɪɪɟɧ (Warren, 2003), ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ; ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ
ɱɚɫɨɜ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ȼɢɬɬɦɚɧɚ (Bittman) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɢɧɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɞɨɫɭɝɚ. ȼ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɨɧ ɢ Ⱦɠɭɞɢ ɍɨɱɤɦɚɧ (Judy
Wajcman) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɚɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ
ɞɨɫɭɝɚ. ɀɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɭɝ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɚɦ, ɨɧ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ,
ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ȼɢɬɬɦɚɧ ɢ ɍɨɱɤɦɚɧ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ «ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɨɫɭɠɟɟ» (Bittman
and Wajcman, 2000, p. 169), ɢ ɷɬɨ ɬɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɵ ɚɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
(Floro and Miles, 2003; Craig, 2007a, 2007b), ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ
(Ruston, 2003). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ Ɇɷɬɬɢɧɝɥɢ ɢ Ȼɶɹɧɤɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ Ȼɢɬɬɦɚɧ ɢ ɍɨɱɤɦɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɋɒȺ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɪɚɝ-
198
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɢɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɡɢɫ: «Ɍɪɨɣɧɨɟ
ɛɪɟɦɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ. ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɂɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Mattingly and Bianchi,
2003, pp. 1022, 1023).
ɇɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɋɚɫɬɨɧ (Ruston, 2003) ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɡɢɫ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ,
ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ɉɧɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɭɠɟɦ, ɧɨ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɢ ɷɬɨɬ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɨɬɰɵ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬ, ɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ
Ȼɢɬɬɦɚɧɚ (2004), ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ (ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɠɚɥɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ)
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɢɬɨɝ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɡɚɦɭɠɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ
Ȼɢɬɬɦɚɧ, ɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ,
ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ
ɭ ɧɢɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ; ɤɚɤ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɤɭɩɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɹɳɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ «ɛɨɝɚɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ», ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɧɢ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɭɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɟɦɶɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɨɛɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ «ɱɚɫɨɜɭɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ» ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ
ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (Warren, 2003).
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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Влияние политики
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ,
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɱɭɬɨɱɤɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ, ɱɟɦ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (ɚ ɮɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ), ɨɧɢ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ,
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ: ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶɸ ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɱɚɫɚ — ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ (ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ Aliaga, 2006). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ
ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ, ɱɟɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ (University of
Michigan, 2002). ɒɜɟɞɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ: ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɥɥɟɝ, ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɱɶɢ ɦɭɠɶɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ, ɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɭɸ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɜɢɚɰɢɸ» ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ (Evertsson and Nermo, 2004, p. 1284).
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɢ
ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
«ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ» (Hook, 2006, p. 651). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ
ɞɨɦɭ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɟɳɟ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ; ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ,
ɩɪɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ, ɨɬɰɵ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ,
ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɥɢɧɺɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɰɨɜ
ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɞɚɬɫɤɢɟ,
ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɨɣ
ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɜ
ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɢ; ɯɨɬɹ ɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ
ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ, ɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɰɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ.
Ƚɥɹɞɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɭɡɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɤɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɚɯ Ƚɟɪɲɭɧɢ ɢ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧɚ,
ɹɫɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɞɨɦɚ,
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ
ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɟ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ — ɜ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ
ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɒɜɟɞɫɤɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɢ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɦ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɥɝɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ, ɧɟɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɨɦɭ, ɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɯɨɞɭ
ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɭɠɚ; ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɧɟɞɟɥɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɰɨɜ.
ɇɟɞɚɜɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ-ɧɟɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ» ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ȼɢɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ «ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ» (Bianchi et al., 2006, p. 109). Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
(Andersen et al., 2006) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɟɡɢɫ, ɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɢɥɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ; ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ
«ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ» ɜ ɋɒȺ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ (ɫɦ. ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ: PIU, 2002).
Политические последствия и выводы
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɝɥɚɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
201
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ/ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɦɢ (Crompton et al., 2005; Finch, 2006b, 2006c; Hook, 2006), ɢ
ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɚɹ/ ɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; ɷɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɱɶɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɞɟɟɣ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɨ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ), ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ. ɗɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪɨɦ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɹɬ» ɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɵ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɞɨɥɝɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜ ɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ «ɪɚɛɨɬɵ»
ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ» ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ
ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɚ. Ɋɚɡɨɛɥɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ
ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɛɚɬɚɯ.
ГЛАВА ДЕСЯТАЯ
ВРЕМЯ/НА, В КОТОРОМ/РЫХ МЫ НУЖДАЕМСЯ,
И ВРЕМЯ/НА, КОТОРОЕ/РЫЕ У НАС ЕСТЬ:
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ И ВЫВОДЫ
ɗɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɝɥɚɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɋɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ
(ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ, ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ), ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɬɨɩɢɹ ɢɥɢ «ɭɯɪɨɧɢɹ», ɩɪɟɠɞɟ
ɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ.
Ухрония: время/на, которым/рыми
мы хотели бы располагать
Ɋɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɹ ɨ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦɵ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɭɯɪɨɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɟ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ; ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨɫɟɦɭ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ
ɧɚɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɞɟɚɥ, ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
203
Темпоральные перспективы
Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ» ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ
ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɭ, ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ» ɢ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɚɤ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɢ
ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ;
ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ — ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɢ ɧɚɲɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɨɣ
ɧɚɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ, ɢ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɟ ɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɷɬɢ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ
ɧɚɲɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ.
«ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ» ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ ɢɥɢ
ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɚ
«ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ», ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɨɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɏɚɣɞɟɝɝɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. «ɉɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ
ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɦɢɪɨɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
«ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ» ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ «ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ», ɢ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ
ɠɟɪɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ.
ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɢɯ
ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ «ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ» — ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɦɟɪɚ ɤ ɥɸɛɵɦ «ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ», ɫɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ «ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ» ɜɨ ɢɦɹ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɠɚɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ. ȼ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ, ɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɬɟɩɟɪɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ. ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɦ
ɩɥɚɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ.
Темпоральная/ые культура/ы
ɗɬɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɚ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɪɢɬɦɵ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
«ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɦ», ɚ ɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ «ɜɟɳɶɸ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɨ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ.
ɗɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
«ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ», ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɬɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɢ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɨɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɭɯɨɞ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɟɧ ɱɚɫɚɦ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɵ ɡɚɜɚɥɟɧɵ ɧɭɠɞɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ
ɫɟɛɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ. ɑɬɨ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɧɟ ɛɟɡɞɭɦɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɯɜɚɥɟɧɢɟ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɧɨ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
«ɹ», ɢ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɦɵ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɦɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɤɚɤ «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ» ɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ; ɤɚɤ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ.
Как использование времени
будет организовано и вознаграждено
ȼ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ; ɡɚɛɨɬɚ — ɷɬɨ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ;
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ «ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ» ɇɷɧɫɢ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪ (ɫɦ. ɩɹɬɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ), ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ «ɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ» ɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɨɧɱɢɜ ɫ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɜ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼ ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ (Williams, 2005). ɏɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɨɧɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɛɭ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɞɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ.
«ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɨɩɵɬɚ ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɨɬ ɨɩɵɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ
ɢ ɬɜɨɪɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɛɚɬɵ.
ɗɬɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɵ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ,
ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɞɨɪɨɝɢɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɭɩ ɪɵɧɤɭ. ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ; ɤɚɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, — ɨɧɚ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɨɣ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ
ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɸ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɢɦ ɭɯɨɞ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɣɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ.
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ — ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɵ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ. ɏɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɤ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɪɭ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɨɜ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɬ, ɤɬɨ ɬɪɚɬɢɬ 60 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ
ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɨɦ, ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɢ ɤɬɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, «ɟɡɞɢɬ ɡɚɣɰɟɦ» ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɭ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɜɡɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɜɨɸ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɬɪɟɬɶɸ
ɝɥɚɜɭ). Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɧɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ, ɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤ ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɲɤɨɥ, ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɜ, ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɭɥɡɚ, ɥɸɛɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɟɡɞɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ — ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ
ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ; ɨɧɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
Время/на, которое/ые у нас есть
Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ.
Темпоральные перспективы
ȼɫɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟ-
208
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ, ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟɤɭɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫ ɧɟɭɝɨɦɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɥɨɡɭɧɝɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɜ: «ȼɵ ɜɢɞɢɬɟ ɷɬɨ, ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɷɬɨ, ɜɵ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɟɬɟ ɷɬɨ, ɜɵ ɡɚɛɵɥɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ». ɏɨɬɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɬɨɠɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɜɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɫ ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɜ «Ɇɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ»: «ȼɫɟ ɡɚɫɬɵɜɲɢɟ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɪɠɚɜɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɦ, ɜɟɤɚɦɢ ɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ
ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɭɫɬɚɪɟɥɵɦɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɫɬɟɧɟɬɶ. ȼɫɺ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɣɧɨɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ… « (1967 [1848], p. 125).
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɥɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɛɵɥɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɟɬ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ
ɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ «ɝɨɧɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ», ɜɵɛɢɪɚɹ ɜɡɚɦɟɧ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɞɟɣ «ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» (ɫɦ. ɬɪɟɬɶɸ
ɝɥɚɜɭ). ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ.
ɗɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ
ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɯ: ɤɚɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɫ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ? ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɥɝɨ- ɢ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
209
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɵɯ ɚɜɢɚɩɟɪɟɥɟɬɨɜ ɧɚɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɢɞɟɢ ɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɱɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɚ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɮɚɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɚɹ ɤ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɋɒȺ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ, ɢɞɟɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ, ɢɞɟɬ ɜɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɵ Ȼɨɝɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɋɭɞɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ.
Темпоральная/ые культура/ы
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɜɪɟɦɹ-ɞɟɧɶɝɢ» ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ «ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ», ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ.
ɉɥɚɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɦ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɟɦɶɢ
ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɏɨɬɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ (Knijn, 2000;
Glendinning and Kemp, 2006). ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ, ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ — ɫɬɪɟɫɫ
ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
210
Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɚ ɢɯ
ɫɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɠɚɬɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɲɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɚɦɢ
(Rubery et al., 1998; Crompton, 2005). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ» ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ — ɷɬɨ «ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ»
(Watts, 1998, p. 14) ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ «ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɥɢɰɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» (Boyd, 2002, p. 469, ɩɪɨɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɚ Haavind and Andenaes).
ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɋɒȺ, ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ
ɝɢɛɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɨɦ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɪɨɫɚɟɬ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɞɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɢɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚ-ɠɢɡɧɶ» ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɭɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɭɞ —
ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ.
Как использование времени организовано
и вознаграждается
ɏɨɬɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɟɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɬɶ ɫ Ɇɚɪɫɚ ɧɟ ɨɲɢɛɫɹ ɛɵ, ɞɭɦɚɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɬɪɟɯ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ: ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɬɪɚɬɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ
ɡɚɛɨɬɭ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɫɬɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ-ɞɨɛɵɬɱɢɤ/ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɨɩɟɤɭɧ, ɷɬɚ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɜɦɹɬɢɧɵ», ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ — ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɣɤɚɦɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, ɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬ
ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɨɝɧɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɤ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ — ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ; ɬɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ: ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ.
ɇɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɢɯ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɚ, ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟ, ɝɞɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ; ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɜɤɨɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ
ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ
ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ
ɋɒȺ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ-ɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ
ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ. ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ
ɫɟɦɶɢ.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɨɯɨɡɹɟɤ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɦ), ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɳɭɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ
ɜɫɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɜɨɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɢɪɚ.
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
Отсюда — туда
Ɍɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɪɭɸɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ, ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɯɪɨɧɢɟɣ (ɧɚ
ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɸɫɟ), ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɋɒȺ
(ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɵɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɢɥ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ.
Источники сил и признаки перемен
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ
(ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ ɫɟɞɶɦɭɸ,
ɝɞɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɷɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ). Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ-ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ
20-ɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ, ɭɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ
ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɫɢɥɵ, ɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɛɟɡ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɯ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɭ ɫ ɫɟɦɶɟɣ, ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɛɟɡɞɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɟ,
ɤɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ, ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɠɚɫɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ.
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ,
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɬɪɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɣ «ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ» ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
213
ɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ» ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɯɨɞɚ
ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɏɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ» ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɟɛɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɨɡɨɪɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ
ɢɦɹ ɢɯ ɠɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɥ Ɇɚɪɤɫ, «ɨɧɢ ɠɚɥɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ, ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɥɨ
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ» (ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ Taylor, 2005,
p. 65). ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɭɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɢ/ɢɥɢ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ
ɫɟɦɶɟ» ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɥɝɨ- ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɢɪ
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ «ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ»
(Callinicos, 2003, p. 21). ɏɨɬɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɧɢ ɤ
ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ; ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɜɵɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ «ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨ», ɞɟɥɚɹ ɲɚɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ «ɫɥɟɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ» ɢɥɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɣ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɬɶ» ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɹ
ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ «ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ» ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɧɢɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɢɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ. Ɇɟɣɤɫɢɧɫ ɢ ɍɨɥɥɢ (Meiksins and Whalley, 2002) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ. ɂɯ ɢɞɟɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱦɠɭɥɶɟɬɬɚ ɒɨɪ (Juliet Schor), ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɚɹ
ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɇɨɜɨɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɱɬɵ (New American Dream), — ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
«ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ
ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ» (www.newdream.org), ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ Ɇɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ (Slow Movement) ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɥɸɞɹɦ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɫɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ «ɦɢɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
ɧɚɫ» (www.slowmovement.com/). ȼ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ LETS
(ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ — local exchange trading
schemes) ɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (www.letslinkuk.net; www.timebank.
org.uk). ɗɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ «ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ», ɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ,
ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɫɟɦɭ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɟɬ, ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɞɨɦɨɜ).
ȿɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɧɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɷɬɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ȼ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɨɜ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɰɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ, ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ
ɧɚ ɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ (EOC, 2006b). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɷɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɰɨɜɫɬɜɭ (ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ) ɫ 1997 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɢ Ɍɨɧɢ Ȼɥɟɪɭ
ɪɟɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɦɶɟɪ-ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɦ; ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɢ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ ɤɚɡɧɚɱɟɣɫɬɜɚ
Ƚɨɪɞɨɧ Ȼɪɚɭɧ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɞɚɠɟ Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ,
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ» ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɬɹ
ɥɢɞɟɪ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɞ Ʉɚɦɟɪɨɧ (ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɞɟɤɪɟɬ) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ: ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ
ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɭ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɚɦɢ. ɇɟɞɚɜɧɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ
ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɬɚɜ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ
Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ Ɏɨɫɟɬɬ (Fawcett Society) ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ,
ɛɪɨɫɚɹ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɫɬɶ «ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ» ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɢɞɟɹ — ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ — ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɦ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ɉɬɰɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Fathers Direct)
(www.fathersdirect.com) ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ. Ɇɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚ ɫ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ «ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ-ɠɢɡɧɶ» ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ «ɗɬɨ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ»,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ (Trades
Union Congress) ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, «ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ/ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ ɞɧɹ» ɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɦɤɢ «ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ», ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɟɳɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ
(www.tuc.org.uk/work_life/).
ȼɡɹɬɵɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɞɭɬ ɧɚɦ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɤɚɤ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ, ɬɚɤ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɋɒȺ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɢɡɵɜ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɥɚɥɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɨɬɰɨɜ
ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ
Ƚɨɪɧɢɤ ɢ Ɇɚɣɟɪɫ (2003), ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɭɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɚ.
Стратегии для изменений
Ʌɸɛɭɸ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ:
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ — ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɸɬ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
(ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɪɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɨɪ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɷɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ,
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ
ɬɟɤɭɱɢɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɵɦɢ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ,
ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɧɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɧɟɬɚ. ɇɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɨɫɟɦɭ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ: ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɨɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ɉɨɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɟɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɰɟ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɥɶɸ, ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ «ɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟɬ (ɫɦ. ɲɟɫɬɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ). Ɏɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɚɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ
ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɦ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɢ «ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ». ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɥɵɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ
ɨɩɵɬɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɤɪɭɝ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɇɢɥ Ʌɨɭɫɨɧ (Neal Lawson),
«Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɨɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɪɭɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ» (Lawson, 2006, p.
4). ɏɨɬɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ
«ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ», ɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ-ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɭɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ,
ɤɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ «ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɞɢ
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ» (Lawson, 2006, p. 5), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɨɯɢɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɨɡɞɚɞɭɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ (ɫɦ. ɲɟɫɬɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ). ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɭɦɨɜ ɢ
ɧɚɞɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɪɨɞɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ
ɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ «ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ», ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ; ɤɚɤ
ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɤɧɢɝɟ, «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ», ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜɵɡɨɜɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɚɯ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɳɟɞɪɨɣ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ. ȼ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɞɟɥɚɹ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɩɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ «ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɯɭɞɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ
ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ»
(Williams, 2000, p. 49).
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ,
ɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ. ȼɵɲɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɨɬɫɸɞɚ», ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ
«ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɫɬɚɦɢ» (Purkis, 2004) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɤɨɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ƚɨɪɧɢɤ ɢ Ɇɚɣɟɪɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɬɪɢ «ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ, ɧɨ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ». Ɉɧɢ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ ɫ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɬ-
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
219
ɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɦ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ «ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɦɭ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ», ɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɝɞɟ ɜ
ɫɟɦɶɹɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɶɰɚ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ» (Gornick and
Meyers, 2003, pp. 2, 17). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ȼɚɣɬ (White, 2003) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ ɨ «ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɫɬɢ» («reciprocity»)
ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɨ
ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ (ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɦɵɫɥɢ). ɋɯɨɠɭɸ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɢ Ⱦɠɨɚɧ ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫ (Joan
Williams, 2000). ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɭɜɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɧɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɧɚ
ɪɵɧɤɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, —
ɷɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɨɥɚ, ɢ ɬɨ, «ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɧɨ ɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ
ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ… ɢ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ» (Williams, 2000, p. 3).
ɏɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ
ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɯɪɨɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɱɟɦ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɱɭɬɤɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɷɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɱɬɚɬɶ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɪɹɞ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ
ɲɟɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɞɟɜɹɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ɋ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɶɝɨɬ ɞɥɹ
ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ «ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ», ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ «ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɫɥɭ-
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Ƚɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɱɚɣ», ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢɦɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɭɸ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɟ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɦ ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ
ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɯ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ, ɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɚɣɦ ɚɭɬ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɟɤ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɞɥɹ
ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɰɨɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɯɨɞɚ,
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ». Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ «ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ»
ɨɬɰɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɩɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɹɯ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɨɤ ɧɚɣɞɭɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.
• ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ, ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ.
• ȼɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ, ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɦ 48 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ, ɫ
ɩɪɢɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɵ ɢ
ɭɫɢɥɟɧɵ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ.
• ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɨɞɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɜɹɬɢɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ
ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɡɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɪɢ — ɡɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ
ɨɫɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
• ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɠɟɥɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɛɵ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ȱȱȱ. Ʉ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
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ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɧɬɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ.
• Ɍɟ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ,
ɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ.
• Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɵ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ɏɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɝɢɛɤɢɦɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɞɧɸ
ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
• Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɢ, ɧɢ ɟɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɳɟɬɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɟɤɭɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ.
• ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɥɚɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɯɨɞɭ, ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ
ɜɵɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ.
• ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ
ɩɨɯɨɠɟɦ ɧɚ «ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ» («joined-up thinking») ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɜ, ɛɚɧɤɨɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
• ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɞɟɜɹɬɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ).
ɗɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ;
ɨɧɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ,
ɢ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɛɪɨɫɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɧɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɨɫɭɝɨɦ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
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Заключительные замечания
ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɚ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ:
(1) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ (2) ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɬɟɪɩɹɬ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ (ɜɨɫ)ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ, ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ.
ɋɬɪɟɫɫ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ» — ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤ ɡɚɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ «ɫɩɟɲɚɳɟɣ» ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɞɧɹ/ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɚɦɢ; ɧɟɢɡɛɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɢ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ,
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ, ɬɨ
ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
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